\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"185",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Artificial insemination is used instead of natural mating for reproduction purposes and its chief priority is that the desirable characteristics of a bull or other male livestock animal can be passed on more quickly and to more progeny than if that animal is mated with females in a natural fashion. This book contains under one cover 16 chapters of concise, up-to-date information on artificial insemination in buffalos, ewes, pigs, swine, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Cryopreservation effect on sperm quality and fertility, new method and diagnostic test in semen analysis, management factors affecting fertility after cervical insemination, factors of non-infectious nature affecting the fertility, fatty acids effects on reproductive performance of ruminants, particularities of bovine artificial insemination, sperm preparation techniques and reproductive endocrinology diseases are described. This book will explain the advantages and disadvantages of using AI, the various methodologies used in different species, and how AI can be used to improve reproductive efficiency in farm animals.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-312-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6434-0",doi:"10.5772/713",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",numberOfPages:314,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d8c5b0152828cb1d252f0531fe4024fa",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",publishedDate:"June 21st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/185.jpg",numberOfDownloads:191475,numberOfWosCitations:77,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:111,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:231,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 13th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 10th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 17th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 16th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 15th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",middleName:null,surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/56772/images/1697_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Milad Manafi is Associate Professor of the Department of Animal Science at Malayer University (Iran) since 2009. His research interests are poultry nutrition, digestive physiology, poultry production and management, development of digestive function in poultry and other farm animals, as well as mycotoxins in poultry feed and mycotoxin resistant chickens. He has co-authored more than 70 scientific publications and presentations.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Malayer University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1379",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"animal-science-theriogenology"}],chapters:[{id:"16096",title:"Artificial Insemination: Current and Future Trends",doi:"10.5772/17943",slug:"artificial-insemination-current-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:22461,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jane M. Morrell",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16096",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16096",authors:[{id:"29913",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane M.",surname:"Morrell",slug:"jane-m.-morrell",fullName:"Jane M. Morrell"}],corrections:null},{id:"16097",title:"Artificial Insemination at Fixed Time in Bufalloes",doi:"10.5772/23026",slug:"artificial-insemination-at-fixed-time-in-bufalloes",totalDownloads:4635,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gustavo Angel Crudeli and Rodolfo Luzbel de la Sota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16097",authors:[{id:"50247",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo Angel",surname:"Crudeli",slug:"gustavo-angel-crudeli",fullName:"Gustavo Angel Crudeli"},{id:"50249",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto Luzbel",surname:"De La Sota",slug:"roberto-luzbel-de-la-sota",fullName:"Roberto Luzbel De La Sota"}],corrections:null},{id:"16098",title:"Artificial Insemination of Sheep - Possibilities, Realities and Techniques at the Farm Level",doi:"10.5772/16642",slug:"artificial-insemination-of-sheep-possibilities-realities-and-techniques-at-the-farm-level",totalDownloads:11178,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandor Kukovics, Erzsebet Gyoker, Timea Nemeth and Elemer Gergatz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16098",authors:[{id:"25894",title:"Dr.",name:"Sándor",surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"},{id:"112137",title:"Dr.",name:"Timea",surname:"Németh",slug:"timea-nemeth",fullName:"Timea Németh"},{id:"112138",title:"Dr.",name:"Elemér",surname:"Gergátz",slug:"elemer-gergatz",fullName:"Elemér Gergátz"},{id:"112139",title:"Dr.",name:"Erzsébet",surname:"Gyökér",slug:"erzsebet-gyoker",fullName:"Erzsébet Gyökér"}],corrections:null},{id:"16099",title:"Artificial Insemination in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/20374",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-dogs",totalDownloads:40172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rita Payan-Carreira, Sonia Miranda and Wojciech Nizanski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16099",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16099",authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"},{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",surname:"Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda"},{id:"62597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Nizanski",slug:"wojciech-nizanski",fullName:"Wojciech Nizanski"}],corrections:null},{id:"16100",title:"Artificial Insemination in Pigs",doi:"10.5772/16592",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-pigs",totalDownloads:15268,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maes Dominiek, Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso, Rijsselaere Tom, Vyt Philip and Van Soom Ann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16100",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16100",authors:[{id:"25704",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominiek",surname:"Maes",slug:"dominiek-maes",fullName:"Dominiek Maes"},{id:"41076",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"Lopéz Rodriguez",slug:"alfonso-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Alfonso Lopéz Rodriguez"},{id:"41077",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",surname:"Rijsselaere",slug:"tom-rijsselaere",fullName:"Tom Rijsselaere"},{id:"41078",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Vyt",slug:"philip-vyt",fullName:"Philip Vyt"},{id:"41079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",surname:"Van Soom",slug:"ann-van-soom",fullName:"Ann Van Soom"}],corrections:null},{id:"16101",title:"Artificial Insemination in Swine",doi:"10.5772/20630",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-swine",totalDownloads:5983,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Eduardo Paulino da Costa, Aurea Helena Assis da Costa, Gustavo Guerino Macedo and Emílio César Martins Pereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16101",authors:[{id:"39833",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Paulino da Costa",slug:"eduardo-paulino-da-costa",fullName:"Eduardo Paulino da Costa"},{id:"40900",title:"Prof.",name:"Aurea Helena",surname:"Assis da Costa",slug:"aurea-helena-assis-da-costa",fullName:"Aurea Helena Assis da Costa"},{id:"40901",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Guerino Macedo",slug:"gustavo-guerino-macedo",fullName:"Gustavo Guerino Macedo"},{id:"91358",title:"Dr.",name:"Emílio César",surname:"Martins Pereira",slug:"emilio-cesar-martins-pereira",fullName:"Emílio César Martins Pereira"}],corrections:null},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",doi:"10.5772/17026",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:30064,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ilaria Natali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16102",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",surname:"Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali"}],corrections:null},{id:"16103",title:"Effect of Vitamin E on the Development of Testis in Sheep",doi:"10.5772/21080",slug:"effect-of-vitamin-e-on-the-development-of-testis-in-sheep",totalDownloads:4924,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hailing Luo, Suyun Ge, Dubing Yue, Leyan Yan, Xu Xu, Kun Liu and Fei Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16103",authors:[{id:"41716",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailing",surname:"Luo",slug:"hailing-luo",fullName:"Hailing Luo"},{id:"112897",title:"Dr.",name:"Suyun",surname:"Ge",slug:"suyun-ge",fullName:"Suyun Ge"},{id:"112898",title:"Dr.",name:"Dubing",surname:"Yue",slug:"dubing-yue",fullName:"Dubing Yue"},{id:"112899",title:"Dr.",name:"Leyan",surname:"Yan",slug:"leyan-yan",fullName:"Leyan Yan"},{id:"112900",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",surname:"Xu",slug:"xu-xu",fullName:"Xu Xu"},{id:"112901",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",surname:"Liu",slug:"kun-liu",fullName:"Kun Liu"},{id:"112903",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",surname:"Yuan",slug:"fei-yuan",fullName:"Fei Yuan"}],corrections:null},{id:"16104",title:"Evaluation of a New Method and Diagnostic Test in Semen Analysis",doi:"10.5772/16798",slug:"evaluation-of-a-new-method-and-diagnostic-test-in-semen-analysis",totalDownloads:5296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Petra Zrimšek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16104",authors:[{id:"26350",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",surname:"Zrimšek",slug:"petra-zrimsek",fullName:"Petra Zrimšek"}],corrections:null},{id:"16105",title:"Particularities of Bovine Artificial Insemination",doi:"10.5772/17871",slug:"particularities-of-bovine-artificial-insemination",totalDownloads:5432,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonio Nelson Lima da Costa, Airton Alencar de Araujo and Jose Valmir Feitosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16105",authors:[{id:"29673",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Nelson",surname:"Lima da Costa",slug:"antonio-nelson-lima-da-costa",fullName:"Antonio Nelson Lima da Costa"},{id:"38360",title:"Prof.",name:"Airton",surname:"Alencar de Araujo",slug:"airton-alencar-de-araujo",fullName:"Airton Alencar de Araujo"},{id:"38361",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Valmir",surname:"Feitosa",slug:"jose-valmir-feitosa",fullName:"Jose Valmir Feitosa"}],corrections:null},{id:"16106",title:"Management Factors Affecting Fertility in Sheep",doi:"10.5772/18013",slug:"management-factors-affecting-fertility-in-sheep",totalDownloads:9531,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pilar Santolaria, Inmaculada Palacin and Jesus Yaniz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16106",authors:[{id:"30119",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",surname:"Santolaria",slug:"pilar-santolaria",fullName:"Pilar Santolaria"},{id:"32657",title:"Mr.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Yaniz",slug:"jesus-yaniz",fullName:"Jesus Yaniz"},{id:"32658",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inmaculada",surname:"Palacin",slug:"inmaculada-palacin",fullName:"Inmaculada Palacin"}],corrections:null},{id:"16107",title:"Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility",doi:"10.5772/16563",slug:"effect-of-cryopreservation-on-sperm-quality-and-fertility",totalDownloads:15484,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:35,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alemayehu Lemma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16107",authors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}],corrections:null},{id:"16108",title:"Effect of Fatty Acids on Reproductive Performance of Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/16938",slug:"effect-of-fatty-acids-on-reproductive-performance-of-ruminants",totalDownloads:8258,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jose Herrera-Camacho, Alejandra Soberano-Martinez, Karlos Edmundo Orozco Duran, Carlos Aguilar-Perez and Juan Carlos Ku-Vera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16108",authors:[{id:"26730",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Herrera-Camacho",slug:"jose-herrera-camacho",fullName:"Jose Herrera-Camacho"},{id:"26734",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Ku-Vera",slug:"juan-carlos-ku-vera",fullName:"Juan Carlos Ku-Vera"},{id:"91278",title:"MSc.",name:"Karlos Edmundo",surname:"Orozco Duran",slug:"karlos-edmundo-orozco-duran",fullName:"Karlos Edmundo Orozco Duran"},{id:"91279",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"Soberano-Martinez",slug:"alejandra-soberano-martinez",fullName:"Alejandra Soberano-Martinez"},{id:"91280",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Aguilar-Perez",slug:"carlos-aguilar-perez",fullName:"Carlos Aguilar-Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"16109",title:"Mechanical and Pharmacologic Applications of Artificial Insemination in Ewes",doi:"10.5772/16564",slug:"mechanical-and-pharmacologic-applications-of-artificial-insemination-in-ewes",totalDownloads:5062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Faruk Aral, Fusun Temamogulları and Semra Sezen Aral",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16109",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"115582",title:"Dr.",name:"Füsun",surname:"Temamoğulları",slug:"fusun-temamogullari",fullName:"Füsun Temamoğulları"},{id:"115583",title:"Dr.",name:"Semra",surname:"Sezen Aral",slug:"semra-sezen-aral",fullName:"Semra Sezen Aral"}],corrections:null},{id:"16110",title:"Relationship Between IFN-t Production by Bovines Embryos Derived Ex Vivo and Completely Produced In Vitro",doi:"10.5772/21928",slug:"relationship-between-ifn-t-production-by-bovines-embryos-derived-ex-vivo-and-completely-produced-in-",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jorge Alberto Neira, Daniel Tainturier,\nRene L'Haridon and Jacques Martal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16110",authors:[{id:"45433",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Tainturier",slug:"daniel-tainturier",fullName:"Daniel Tainturier"},{id:"115401",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Alberto",surname:"Neira",slug:"jorge-alberto-neira",fullName:"Jorge Alberto Neira"},{id:"115402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",surname:"Martal",slug:"jacques-martal",fullName:"Jacques Martal"},{id:"115403",title:"Dr.",name:"René",surname:"L'Haridon",slug:"rene-l'haridon",fullName:"René L'Haridon"}],corrections:null},{id:"16111",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology Diseases: Hormone Replacement and Therapy for Peri/Menopause",doi:"10.5772/20618",slug:"reproductive-endocrinology-diseases-hormone-replacement-and-therapy-for-peri-menopause",totalDownloads:4410,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zoe Roupa, Greta Wozniak, Konstantinos Tsipras and Penelope Sotiropoulou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16111",authors:[{id:"39779",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoe",surname:"Roupa",slug:"zoe-roupa",fullName:"Zoe Roupa"},{id:"50408",title:"Dr.",name:"Greta",surname:"Wozniak",slug:"greta-wozniak",fullName:"Greta Wozniak"},{id:"50409",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Tsipras",slug:"konstantinos-tsipras",fullName:"Konstantinos Tsipras"},{id:"50410",title:"MSc.",name:"Penelope",surname:"Sotiropoulou",slug:"penelope-sotiropoulou",fullName:"Penelope Sotiropoulou"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5315",title:"Poultry Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2b2b8ff84b12d9afe428b7d059b0b46",slug:"poultry-science",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6898",title:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c615706c8e4220ea5a24d231947ac7a",slug:"comparative-endocrinology-of-animals",bookSignature:"Edward Narayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-africa",title:"Corrigendum: Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African Populations",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79528.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79528",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79528",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79528",chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]},book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12173",leadTitle:null,title:"Dairy Processing - From Basics to Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe primary aim of this book is to integrate the knowledge of dairy product manufacturing with the chemistry of ingredients, along with the chemistry of several reactions which appear during the preparation of these products. Therefore, understanding the basic composition of milk and the chemistry of various constituents is of utmost importance. This will be the first topic that will be covered in this book, along with the advance and updated knowledge on the ingredients/ milk constituents. Over the years, the processing and manufacturing of several dairy products have witnessed upgraded processing equipment and hence the protocols of manufacturing. We also hope to cover the advanced processing methods for the production of dairy products.
\r\n\tFurthermore, during the preparation of high-quality dairy products, several physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial transformations take place. We will consciously focus on this interaction of different constituents of milk under different processing conditions for the development of the products.
Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a major cause of disabling stroke and death [1] and it is thought to be the predominant etiology of stroke in Western society [2]. Moreover, stroke is the third leading cause of death and the primary cause of disability in the world [2].
Compared with medical therapy, surgical endarterectomy or carotid stenting have been proven to decrease stroke in symptomatic patients with severe stenosis[3-7] and in a very selective group of asymptomatic patients suffering of this pathology[8-9]
Nevertheless, clinical assessment of stroke risk had not progressed beyond the use of luminal stenosis in spite of evidence to suggest that this is an inadequate predictor of stroke. [10]
More recently, imaging studies have suggested plaque composition as an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. [11]
Because of this, many efforts have been made to correlate symptoms and cerebral events with histological studies, color doppler ultrasonography (CDU) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Carotid dolichoarteriopathies were have also been proposed as a source of cerebral vascular insufficiency but this issue remains very controversial in the literature.[12-14]. In this chapter, our experience on CDU of neck vessels in 885 individuals with carotid dolichoarteriopathies (age 1-day-old infants to 90-year-old adults),[15-16], the correlation of plaque appearance between B ultrasonography and pathology, [17] and the histological assessment in 281 carotid endarterectomy specimens [18] will be widely described and discussed.
In this connection, in a pioneer study we made a complete immunohistochemical characterization in complicated carotid plaques. [18] The cellular components of carotid endarterectomy specimens were analyzed to assess their role in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage without rupture. The site of plaque rupture is associated with the presence of an extensive infiltrate of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, scarce B-lymphocytes, mast cells, and smooth muscle cells. Both the plaques showing these features and those with large amounts of lipid and thin fibrous caps, should be considered as “plaques at risk”. Intraplaque hemorrhages without plaque rupture may be caused by the breakdown of neoformed vessels in the core, base, and periphery of the plaques. [18]
This paper emphasized the importance of the detection of vulnerable plaque for preventing future cerebral events. The main factors in advanced plaque that are most likely to lead to complications are the thickness of the fibrous cap, the size of the necrotic core and intraplaque hemorrhage, and the extent of inflammatory activity within the plaque.
Later on, we analyzed the relation between the anatomy of the carotid plaques and the presence of symptoms in 281 carotid endarterectomy specimens. [19] Almost 70% of plaque specimens demonstrated thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, or both. Thrombosis was observed in one fourth of specimens, and intraplaque hemorrhage in almost two thirds of specimens. Sixty four percent of plaques demonstrated neovascularization. In spite of findings in some published articles, [20] it was not possible to demonstrate that complicated plaques (plaque rupture, thrombosis, intraplaque hemorrhage) are associated with symptoms, and it appears that complicated plaques may occur at any time, irrespective of symptoms. [19]
Regarding the biology of the unstable atherosclerotic carotid plaque, an expression of c-fos, p53 and PCNA was demonstrated by us. [21]
On the other hand, MRI has excellent soft tissue contrast and is able to quantify carotid plaque size and composition with good accuracy and reproducibility and provides an opportunity to prospectively examine the relationship between plaque features and subsequent cerebrovascular events. [22] In a paper by Takaya et al [23] 154 patients with an asymptomatic 50% to 79% carotid stenosis by ultrasound with > or =12 months of follow-up were included for multicontrast-weighted carotid MRIs were included. Over a mean follow-up period of 38.2 months, arteries with thinned or ruptured fibrous caps, intraplaque hemorrhage, larger maximum %lipid-rich/necrotic cores, and larger maximum wall thickness were associated with the occurrence of subsequent cerebrovascular events. [23]
MRI imaging techniques have permitted serial monitoring of atherosclerotic disease evolution and the identification of intraplaque risk factors for accelerated progresión. [22]
At last, based upon our research, carotid barochemoreceptor involvement in old patients who died from stroke and suffering obstructive carotid atheromatosis will be discussed. [24]
Carotid atherosclerosis is commonly associated with symptoms of cerebral ischemia. However little attention has been directed to intraplaque factors that precipitate the onset of symptoms. [25] On the other hand, the treatment of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis, requires an understanding of the pathogenesis of plaque fissure. [26] Advances in molecular biology, coronary diagnostic techniques and cardiac treatments have suggested new factors leading to plaque fissure. [26-28] It was suggested that the risk of plaque fissure depends on plaque composition rather than plaque size, because only plaques rich in soft extracellular lipids are prone to rupture. [27] Also, it was demonstrated that ruptured plaque caps have much larger transverse gradients of connective tissue constituents than non-ruptured plaque caps, and that the development of these transverse gradients may be critical in determining the propensity of a plaque to rupture. [28] It was also shown that the site of rupture of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is marked by an inflammatory infiltration where the macrophages are the dominant cells. [29]
However, the exact mechanisms causing plaque rupture are yet not complete known. [29] In this connection, papers dealing with rupture of carotid plaque surface are few in spite of the growing importance of the subject. [18,19,30] We analyzed in pioneer papers[18,19,30] the cellular and vascular components of surgically excised carotid endarterectomies. Thus, the cell populations involved in the inflammatory activity in atherosclerotic lesions were further characterized with cell specific monoclonal antibodies in order to obtain information about their role in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage.[30] In brief, 76 surgical specimens of 74 patients who were submitted to carotid endarterectomy were used for these studies. There were 55 males and 19 females. Age ranged from 40 to 83 years (mean 69.4 years).Patients were divided into three clinical subgroups: asymptomatic (carotid lumen obstruction > 70%), symptomatic (stable) and symptomatic (unstable). The usual unifying pathologic feature in the plaques was the presence of large lipid cores with a fibrous cap overlying the lipid core and a band of fibrous tissue of varying thickness separating the plaque from the atrophic media (Figure 1). This collagen rim was in general extensively vascularized. Exceptionally the plaque was composed of fibrocellular tissue without a clear lipid core. In most cases, widespread chronic inflammatory infiltrates were observed either in the cap or in the lipid core (Figure 2). In all cases the carotid bifurcation and the first 1.5 cm of the internal carotid were involved.
The result of immunophenotyping of the cellular constituents of the plaques were described in relation to the different layers (from the lumen to the media), namely: Endothelial lining (Anti-CD31 and anti-CD34). The fibrous cap at the site of the rupture/erosion had an eroded surface characterized by loss of the endothelial lining (Figure 3). On the other hand in the remaining surface a continuous, not damaged row of endothelial cells stained with anti-CD31 and anti-CD34 was observed in all cases
A large lipid core with a thin fibrous cap (arrow) overlying the lipid core is observed.
A neoformed thin-walled vessel is shown with lymphocytes migrating to the highly vascularized lipid. Magnification ´250
Intraplaque hemorrhage without plaque rupture. Superimposed parietal thrombus. A continuous non ruptured thick cap is shown (arrow). A parietal thrombus is implanted in an eroded surface (arrowhead), and a rich lipid core is heavily embedded by intraplaque hemorrhage(LC).Trichrome-stained collagen,
Basically atherosclerotic plaques were found to be-long to six different lesions, namely: plaque rupture plus thrombosis (18/76, 23.6%), plaque rupture plus intraplaque hemorrhage plus thrombosis (18/76, 23.6%), intraplaque hemorrhage without plaque rupture (16/76, 21.0%), plaque rupture plus intraplaque hemorrhage (5/76, 6.5%), stable calcified non complicated plaque (14/76, 18.4%) and unstable, soft, non complicated plaque (5/76, 6.5%). The first four lesions were considered as "complicated lesions".
Foamy macrophages show brown staining corresponding to the expression of CD68 and weak red staining for CD31.
Intense neovascularization of the lipid core. Immunoperoxidase technique for smooth muscle cells (α-actin). In panel A, the asterisk indicates a thick neovascularization vessel. Panel B shows the middle arterial layer. In panel C:,a central neoformed vessel outgrowth in "glove finger" is seen into the lipid core. Endothelial pyknotic cells surrounded by scarse pericytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes in the periphery are shown.
Lipid-rich core is heavily vascularized by great number of thin-walled, neoformed,CD34-positive vessels. Magnification ´250.
Vascularization of the shoulder of the plaque. Note thin-walled neoformed vessels of different shapes and sizes. Outer zone shows media and an extensive quantity of thin-walled normal capillaries,longitudinally oriented
Low magnification view of an entire endarterectomy specimen shows actin-positive vessel walls (HHF35) and hyperplastic smooth muscle cells (asterisc). Media (arrowheads) shows normal arrangement and at this level is composed of only 5 to 10 layers of smooth muscle cells (arrow). Magnification x25.
Plaque rupture (arrow) plus intraplaque hemorrhage and parietal thrombosis. An entire specimen from a carotid endarterectomy frontally cut is shown. 1, Common carotid artery; 2,external carotid artery. *Large lipid core with huge intraplaque hemorrhage with thrombotic components, and small parietal thrombus are observed. Fibrous cap is extremely thin (hematoxylin-eosin; original magnification 3).
Sample of carotid endarterectomy. Laminar hemorrhage, distal to the main lesion Trichrome-stained collagen,
Plaque rupture. A intraplaque hemorrhage (arrow ) B-. Breakdown of cap is clearly shown (between arrowheads)
Stable calcified plate. Lipid core (1), thick cover (2), and abundant calcified areas in black
The same mechanism postulated for the vessels of the core may operate in neoformed vessels. The presence of histological signs of old hemorrhages and the existence of slitlike hemorrhages at that level strongly suggest that a local origin of bleeding may operate. Lusby et al[25] demonstrated that the resultant angiogenesis associated with hemorrhages might make those lesions prone to mechanical stress and subsequent hemorrhages. Accordingly, our observations and those by other authors suggest that intraplaque hemorrhages may occur at any time in the history of carotid plaque. [37] Hypertension may be a predisposing factor in the rupture of neoformed vessels and the development of the hemorrhage within the plaque.
Our results in 76 endarterectomies suggest that the site of plaque rupture is associated with the presence of a large macrophagic infiltration, [38] as well as T-lymphocytes rare B-lymphocytes and mast cells and lack of smooth muscle cells. These peculiar type of plaque should be considered as a "plaque at risk”[29] in addition to plaques containing large amounts of lipid pools and a thin fibrous cap. [34] Conversely, intraplaque hemorrhages without plaque rupture might be due to the breakdown of neo-formed core vessels and/or neoformed vessels of the base and shoulder of the plaque.
The decision of whether to perform endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic disease should be made on the basis of data including degree of stenosis and activity of the carotid lesion, as well as issues of medical and surgical morbidity. [39]
For statistical purposes, plaques were divided into two subsets:
Complicated plaques (205 of 281) exhibited mononuclear infiltrates in the periphery, shoulders,and bases in 137 of 205 (67%) plaques, compared with only 22 of 76 (29%) noncomplicated plaques (p< 0.001). Complicated plaques demonstrated neoformed vessels in the periphery, shoulders, and bases in 146 of 205 (71%) plaques, compared with only 38 of 76 (50%) noncomplicated plaques (p<0.001). Twelve of 18 unstable, soft, non complicated plaques exhibited neoformed vessels surrounding the plaques. The remaining 6 plaques had huge lipid cores without evident neoformed vessels, suggesting very recent development. In 34 of 205(17%) complicated plaques, old hemorrhages were found surrounding neoformedvessels. Ruptured versus non-ruptured plaques. Infiltrates were noted in the caps and shoulders in 108 of 130 (83%) ruptured plaques and 22 of 151 (15%) unruptured plaques (p< 0.0001).External carotid arteries arteries exhibited typical histopathologic findings of advanced atheromatosis in 51 of 281 cases(18%).Only 2 of 51 affected cases demonstrated complicated plaques.This resulted in a significant difference when compared with the internal carotid artery ruptures (1of40 vs 85 of 165 p< 0.001).Risk factors could not be associated with any pathologic findings. Hypertension (74%), smoking (61%), hyperlipidemia (61%), and diabetes mellitus (24%) were the risk factors most frequently noted. No correlation could be established between plaque type and symptoms (Table I). Of note, although 99 of 205 (48%) complicated plaques were found in patients with symptomatic disease, a high percentage (106 of 205, 52%) were also found in patients with asymptomatic disease. The same was observed for ruptured plaques; 67 of 130 (52%) were found in patients with symptomatic disease, compared with 63 of 130 (48%) in patients with asymptomatic disease. No relation could be found between symptomatic versus asymptomatic disease with regard to old hemorrhage (18 [12%] vs 26 [19%]), distal IPH(19 [13%] vs 13 [10%]), laminar hemorrhage (14 [9%] vs 22 [16%]), and parietal thrombosis (14 [9%] vs18 [13%]).
Differences in flow velocity profiles and wall shear stress might explain the lower atherosclerotic involvement and rare complications of the external carotid artery as compared with the internal carotid artery (205 of 281 vs 2 of 281; P<0.0001). Areas of carotid plaque rupture were characterized by macrophagic infiltration at the rupture. This finding suggests that inflammation, through enzymatic degradation of the fibrous cap by macrophages, might destabilize the plaque, causing weakening at the site of rupture.[25,30,40] Complete rupture of the cap (46% of cases) was the cause of thrombosis in 7%, IPH plus thrombosis in 18%, and IPH in 19%. Therefore plaque rupture was the cause of thrombosis in only 25% of cases. Many factors can modulate the development of thrombus. Long-term preoperative administration of aspirin and use of heparin during surgery may explain the relatively low frequency of thrombosis observed in ruptured plaques. Other possibilities are that fibrin or platelet deposition was missed at previous embolization orduring microscopic examination because of sampling. However, inasmuch as excisionwas
Patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis should be screened for other treatable risk factors for stroke with institution of appropriate lifestyle changes and medical therapy (Class I; Level of Evidence C).
Selection of asymptomatic patients for carotid revascularization should be guided by an assessment of comorbid conditions and life expectancy, as well as other individual factors, and should include a thorough discussion of the risks and benefits of the procedure with an understanding of patient preferences (Class I; Level of Evidence C).
The use of aspirin in conjunction with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is recommended unless contraindicated because aspirin was used in all of the cited trials of CEA as an antiplatelet drug (Class I; Level of Evidence C).
Prophylactic CEA performed with <3% morbidity and mortality can be useful in highly selected patients with an asymptomatic carotid stenosis (minimum 60% by angiography, 70% by validated Doppler ultrasound) (Class IIa; Level of Evidence A). It should be noted that the benefit of surgery may now be lower than anticipated based on randomized trial results, and the cited 3% threshold for complication rates may be high because of interim advances in medical therapy.
Prophylactic carotid artery stenting (CAS) might be considered in highly selected patients with an asymptomatic carotid stenosis (≥60% on angiography, ≥70% on validated Doppler ultrasonography, or ≥80% on computed tomographic angiography or MRA if the stenosis on ultrasonography was 50% to 69%). The advantage of revascularization over current medical therapy alone is not well established (Class IIb; Level of Evidence B).
The usefulness of CAS as an alternative to CEA in asymptomatic patients at high risk for the surgical procedure is uncertain (Class IIb; Level of Evidence C).
Population screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is not recommended (Class III; Level of Evidence B).
Other points to consider is the necessity of interventionally treating an asymptomatic carotid artery disease are: age 80 years or less, life expectancy higher tan 5 years, hemispheric hypoperfusion, significant intracerebral vascular disease,unstable carotid plaque, rapid progression of the stenoses, presence of silent cerebral infarcts, neck radiotherapy and the necessity of a coronary by pass surgery. [66-74]
As it can be seen, up to date criterium for percentage stenoses in this group of patients are higher than in the ACAS study (60%). [75]
Finally and taking into consideration the mechanisms of atherosclerosis: cells component behavior, IPH, biology and gene expression, it can be seen in the literature a new tendency of treatment in animal models. However, attention should therefore focus on the processes of plaque breakdown andt hrombus formation in humans, whereas the use of animal models should probably be reserved for studying the function of particular genes and for investigating isolated features of plaques,such as the relationshipbetween cap thickness and plaque stability. [76] In this connection, Peter et al [77] described a ApoE(-/-) mice mouse model reflecting human atherosclerotic plaque instability in which atorvastatinwas used aimed at preventing plaque rupture. They concluded that distinctly expressed genes andmicroRNAscan be linked to plaque instability.On the other hand, Forte et al described the role of polyamines in reducing carotid arteriotomy-induced (re)stenosis s in vitro and in a rat model suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for this pathophysiological process. [78]
The atherosclerotic process in the carotid arteries begins with a thickening of the intima-media complex and, according to factors of disease progression can reach arterial occlusion, throughout intermediate stages of mild, moderate and severe stenosis. Moreover, depending on several factors, the structure of the plaque can show different evolutionary behaviors, from simple stable plaque, fibrotic, and non stenotic, to that hemorrhagic, ulcerated, with rupture that produces severe stenosis and strokes. Carotid risk factors are identical to those mentioned for coronary disease.[79,80]
The incidence of cerebrovascular events depends primarily on the degree of carotid stenosis but plaque structure is also relevant, as well as the speed of progression of plaque, and consequent carotid disease stenosis and also the presence of systemic thrombogenic factors.[81-83]
Several studies have described a good correlation between intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) with ulceration and cerebrovascular symptoms.[25,53] According to Bluth the plaque structure is even more important than the degree of stenosis, in predicting neurologic events. [84]
Bearing in mind than more than 40 % of the patients with transient ischemic attacks later may suffer a stroke some authors believe that these stroke occur because plaques with IPH are unstable.[25,28,53] Embolization of fibrin and platelets and/or atherosclerotic material from the plaque itself will continue.
As was mentioned, Geroulakos et al[81] classified ultrasonographic carotid plaques in 5 different types of stenosis, and correlated plaque type with symptomatology (not with pathology), showing the predominance of echolucent plaques in symptomatic patients with stenosis > 70 percent (see below) From the histologic point of view it was found that 50 % of the IPH had connections with the lumen while 20 % had not.[30] Lusby et al[25] showed that "haemorrhage in carotid atheromatous plaques plays a unique and major role in the development of cerebrovascular disease". IPH was not only identified in most symptomatic patients but also a close relationship was established between the onset of symptoms and the presence of plaque haemorrhage. Seeger et al[81-85] reported that the composition of plaques from symptomatic patients is significantly different from those asymptomatic. The former contains more total lipid and cholesterol, and less collagen and calcium.
Johnson et al [86] classified asymptomatic plaques according to ultrasonographic characteristics into calcified, dense and soft. At the end of a 3 year follow-up a large proportion of asymptomatic patients with soft plaques had become symptomatic, while a small proportion of those with calcified plaques have developed symptoms. Hennerici et al [87] reported that patients with fibrous carotid plaques had a tendency to remain stable while plaque progression was common in those with soft and complex calcified plaques. Spontaneous regression of minor carotid atheroma occurred in soft plaques corresponding to a reduction in plaque volume while fibrous and calcified plaques did not regress. [87]
Despite that currently the presence of symptoms and percentage of luminal narrowing remain the most useful predictors of transitory ischemic cerebral attacks or stroke risk, [3,75,88,89] there is a body of evidence that plaque morphology is crucial in the development of its natural history.
Regarding the relationship of IPH with a higher prevalence of symptoms or hemorrhagic stroke, the results are contradictory. [23-64] However, current guidelines recommend reporting the plaque structure in question and that in occasions define therapeutic behaviors. [82-83]
There are several reasons that make knowledge of plaques structure very important. It is well known that fibrous plaques, are predominantly collagen in content, showing a highly echogenic quality and being generally homogeneous in texture. When lipid content of the plaque increased, the plaque turns more echolucent. [84] Complex plaques protrude more frequently into the lumen presenting high incidence of surface irregularities and ulcers. [60] Several authors found that the incidence of IPH, histologically assessed, in symptomatic carotid stenosis is higher than 90 %. [25,44,53,99] Imparato et al, prospectively studied 376 carotid artery plaques concluding that IPH was strongly associated with the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms and it was the main characteristic of the carotid plaque that correlated statistically with the presence of symptoms. [44] O´Donnel theorized that IPH is the most common morphologic characteristic in symptomatic patients. [60]
In the 80´s, several authors attempted to describe plaque morphology and the presence of ulceration by ultrasonographic imaging. However, results were not convincing [90,91]. Other authors mentioned only relevant the percentage of carotid stenosis [92,93].
The accuracy of the carotid ultrasonography procedure in assessing the percentage of luminal diameter narrowing is well established [94,95].Percentage of stenosis has been the main point of interest for noninvasive carotid testing due to its correlation with stroke risk.[96,97]
Developed technics in ultrasound (US) permit a more detailed analysis and accurate information about the plaque morphology. This technique is useful to evaluate the natural history and the stroke risk associated to the lesions.
High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography (B-mode) seems advantageous over arteriography for characterizing atherosclerotic plaque. [53] The method can identify those lesions that place the patient at risk for transient ischemic attacks.
It was suggested that echolucent plaques have increased lipid and cholesterol levels, making them unstable and prone to rupture and hemorrhage. On the other hand, the echogenic plaques which contain significantly more fibrin and collagen are more stable and therefore less likely to cause complications. [81,85] There is a paper correlating these two ultrasonic types of plaques with whole frontal and/or transverse histological sections, correlating the B mode ultrasonographic diagnosis of at carotid arteries with their respective pathological examinations assessing US accuracy. [98]
According to Lehay, [99] Bluth, [84] Goes [100] and the recommendations from the Committee on Standards in Non - invasive Vascular Testing, [101] carotid plaques were classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. But these two groups arose from categorizing the plaques into 4 types according to the scale of l to 4 based on the Geroulakos\' classification [81]. In this classification, Type 1 corresponded to uniformly sonolucent; type 2, predominantly sonolucent; type 3 predominantly echogenic and type 4 uniformly echogenic. In this way types l and 2 corresponded to heterogeneous plaques and types 3 and 4 to homogeneous plaques. (Figures 13 and 14)
Panels A and B correspond to type 1 plaques-. The arrows indicate fully anechoic stenotic plaques which may correspond to fatty tissue and / or blood which indicate the instability of the same. Panel C Carotid plaque type 2 showing dense echoes (white color) alternating with most hypoechoic or anechoic areas(in black) which indicate plaque instability
Panel A: it can be seen between arrows a carotid plaque containing predominantly echogenic areas (type 3 )that generally correspond to fibrous tissue which gives it stability Panel B.This carotid plaque (type 4) is practically composed by echogenic areas (between arrows).
The analysis of the complex plaque structure regards defining histological types [98]:
Thrombus, described “a brightly eosinophilic mass of compacted fibrin and degenerating erythrocytes sometimes accompanied by evidence of organization".
Ruptured plaque was defined as "disruption of the fibrous cap of a lesion that provoked exposure of the thrombogenic lipid core region to the flowing blood and was classified histologically as an irregular plaque surface with breaks in of loss of the fibrous cap often associated with surface thrombus directly overlying the lipid~rich necrotic core of the lesion"[26]
Inflammation was described as chronic inflammatory infiltrates (lymphocytes, histiocytes, macrophages and mast cells) within the plaque itself. Hemorrhage was identified by a macroscopic hematoma within the arterial wall with or without extension through the luminal surface.
Hemorrhage is identified by disruption of red blood cells and macrophage engulfment of hemosiderin, to distinguish it from surgical related hemorrhage consisting in preserved erythrocytes.
Plaque morphology analyzed by US, identifying those unstable or complicated plaques found a very good correlation unless calcium deposits exist. [98]
Ultrasonographically, calcium deposits are characterized by a highly echoreflective area with acoustical shadowing masking the real plaque structure below, resulting in a worse correlation between US and pathology.
Carotid plaques having calcium deposits correspond to a third classification (stable, unstable and calcium), as their evolution can be unpredictable. The presence of "acoustic shadows" that mask the true tissue structure is characteristic of this type of plaque on ultrasonography, making morphological interpretation difficult. [81] (Figure 15)
A type 5 calcified carotid plaque significantly reduces the lumen in the carotid bulb (between small arrows) The typically acoustic shadowing is clearly seen (big arrow)
In this sense, we published the results of an investigation showing ultrasonic vs pathologic correlation of carotid atheromatous plaques. This manuscript involved two ultrasonographers and one pathologist. [98] This work implied seventy-four carotid ultrasonographic studies randomly selected from a registry of 250 carotid endarterectomy specimens. (Thirteen of them had poor quality images and were excluded). The remaining 61 studies, belonging to 59 patients (2 bilateral endarterectomies) had been sent from five different laboratories and were analyzed blindly and independently by two different observers. There were 17 females and 42 males. Age ranged from 52 to 83 years (mean 68 years). A very good interobserver correlation was observed and, in turn, with histopathological findings. However, calcium plaques produced less agreement.
In our research regarding interobserver agreement, there were 2 non-coincidences vs. 59 coincidences (efficacy 98%), K = 0.956, demonstrating very good agreement.
Regarding the strictly classification in heterogeneous, homogeneous and calcified plaques, there were 59 coincidences, (96.7%) and 2 non-coincidences (3.3%), accuracy 98 %, K = 0.95 (very good agreement).
Coincidences not always were total. If we consider the fourth group in which operators agreed in plaques being heterogeneous but with difficulties in distinguishing IPH, calcium and lipids as non-coincidences, then the accuracy falls to 88.5 %.
When we considered agreement between observers and pathologist and taking into consideration the overall results from both observers, there was an agreement of 84% with the pathologist. When calcified plaques were not considered it is expected with 95% of confidence that US will agree with pathology in 70-93% of the cases (CI0,95).
When calcified plaques were considered, the percentage of coincidence fell to 67% (CI 0,95 54-79%). In others words calcified plaques clearly blurred the diagnosis of plaque structure. Operator l had an agreement of 67% with 18% of calcified plaques. Operator 2 had an agreement of 79% with 8% of calcified plaques.
Regarding the coincidence of IPH between B - mode and pathology, operator 1 had an agreement of 50% (11/22) while operator 2 agreed in 65 % of the cases (11 / l7). The pathologist diagnosed IPH in 33 cases, therefore both observers, together were able to detect IPH in only l / 3 of the cases.
This investigation has correlated the ultrasound aspect of carotid atheromatous plaques with pathology demonstrating the highest incidence of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in those complex, irregular and heterogeneous producing stenosis 98. (Figure 16)
A.Two dimensional and color ultrasound image displays a very tight stenosis (between arrows) caused by an anechoic plaque (large arrow) B. The corresponding gross morphology shows an irregular stenotic plaque composed by a brownish tissue (arrow). C. Microscopically this plaque belongs to an intraplaque hemorrhage (arrow). Mallory Trichrome
Correlation with histology shows that lipid rich regions are the least echogenic on US and calcified areas are the most. [81,98] Dense collagen is also very echogenic not associated with acoustic shadowing. For example O´Donnel [60] emphasized that plaque haemorrhage could be differentiated from lipid-laden plaque because the former was more irregular, echolucent, frequently associated with irregular borders, and randomly distributed through the plaque producing a non-homogeneous texture. The surface of the plaque with hemorrhage is usually irregular and ulcerated. Surface ulceration is unusual in lipid plaques. By contrast, plaque hemorrhage produces an echolucent area within the plaque, in which its degree may be correlated with the age of hemorrhage. [60]
The anechoic or highly echolucent qualities of fresh hemorrhage are comparable with those of the lumen, being irregular and randomly distributed through the plaque (heterogeneous shape).
On the other hand, Bluth et al [84] found that the incidence of IPH in theheterogeneous type was 81 % vs. 3 % in the homogeneous plaques. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of US to detect this lesion was 94 % and 88 % respectively.
Ultrasonography fails in detecting plaque ulceration even using color-flow Doppler assisted duplex, as was recently demonstrated by Sitzer et al. [102]
Hartmann et al [103] reported poor results between US and pathology concluding that visual assessment of B-mode images is not reliable. Lehay et al [99] found that plaques that caused a narrowing greater than 50% in the carotid lumen were more likely to be heterogeneous, suggesting that plaque appearance is a more relevant finding on preoperative duplex scanning than the percentage of carotid narrowing.
Taking all these concepts into consideration, decreased echogenicity would correspond either to lipid deposits or to hemorrhage within a plaque being both of them characteristic of instability. Lipid deposits appear more uniform and are less randomly distributed throughout the plaque.
Julian et al [104] divided plaques into two categories: "simple" composed of fibrous material and that do not generally cause stenosis greater than 50 %, and "complex" consisting of an atherosclerotic material, calcified deposits, surface fibrin, platelet material and hemorrhagic areas.
The European Carotid Plaque Study Group [105] correlated B-mode imaging studies with histology in 270 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. They concluded that US appearance of carotid plaque is related to histological composition being the echogenicity inversely related to the relative amount of soft tissue.
Backscattered radiofrequency derived signals devices have been applied for better characterization of the different components of plaque structure[106-108].But this technique is more expensive and not always available in most laboratories so we consider that conventional good quality B-mode images allow a reliable differentiation between the three types of plaques.
Although carotid ulltrasound is the method of choice to study the structure of carotid plaques MRI also plays a significant role. Singh et at, [109] in an interesting paper describing structural MRI findings in 98 asymptomatic carotid arteries with moderate stenosis (50-70%) and subsequent one year evolution to symptomatic status: 36 (36.7%) had IPH on NMR, with 6 cerebrovascular events, ie 16%, (2 stroke and 4 AIT) related to carotid IPH showed, compared to the absence of events in the carotid without IPH. Their statistical analyzes confirmed that the detection of IPH on NMR was associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events. In another relevant work involving MRI, Cheung et al [110] investigated the presence of IPH in the carotid arteries of 217 patients who had symptomatic stenosis less than 50%. IPH was detected in 13% related to the hemisphere ipsilateral symptoms and 7% contralateral.
In summary, we believe necessary to describe and report the B-mode characteristic of carotid plaques together with the percentage of luminal stenosis. Ultrasonic plaque description correlates with histogy. The adoption of plaque characterization despite of the degree of carotid stenosis would allow recognition of a high-risk subset of patients that may benefit from carotid intervention.
Atherosclerosis is the most frequent cause of extracranial carotidartery disease. [111] However, although atheromatous pathology of the carotid bulb and bifurcation is a major causes of stroke, other causes of carotid disease may also cause vessel occlusion, such as fibrodysplasia, trauma (with subsequent dissection of carotid arteries), aortic arch pathology as in Takayasu disease, and aortic dissection. [112]
Among nonatheromatous alterations of the carotid arteries, interest has long been placed on specific anatomical abnormalities called dolichoarteriopathies.
Carotid dolichoarteriopathies can be classified into three different types [113](Figure 17).Type 1: tortuosity – a nonrectilinear stretch of an artery with an angulation >90; type 2: loop – a 360 angulation of an artery on its transverse axis (‘‘coil’’ configuration) (Figure 18); type 3: kinking – the inflection of 2 or more segments of an artery with an internal angle of 90° or less. (Figures 19 and 20).
Dolichoarteriopathies of carotid arteries are frequent, ranging between 10% and 45%. [114] For type 3, a prevalence of 5% to 25% has been described.[115,116]
Published studies have reached disparate conclusions with regard to the origin or cause of carotid dolichoarteriopathies, as well as their hemodynamic and prognostic significance. [114-119] Mukherjee and Inahara [119] proposed that carotid kinking would induce turbulent flow, thus favoring intimal ulceration, platelet deposition, and distal thrombus embolism. Other investigators similarly believe that a causal connection exists between cerebral flow alteration and severe carotid dolichoarteriopathies, to the point of proposing surgical correction of kinking and coiling to prevent stroke. [14,120,121]
Conversely,other authors consider carotid dolichoarteriopathies as a mere anatomical variety, devoid of clinical consequences. [122]
Establishing the clinical impact of dolichoarteriopathies is further complicated by the fact that the mechanisms responsible for their formation are still debated.
The different types of dolichoarteriopathies, according to the definition of Weibel and Fields.
Color flow Doppler imaging shows circular-shaped internal carotid artery
A: Color flow Doppler imaging discloses an internal carotid artery kinking.B: Color and pulsed-wave Doppler showed turbulences at the site of the kinking. However, both maximum systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity of internal carotid arteries were substantially unaffected by kinking
A double angled internal carotid artery showing a S shaped configuration (image corresponding to color Doppler ultrasound)
One theory maintains that they are pathological alterations caused by arterial aging and/or changes induced by atherosclerotic remodeling, which would cause the vessel to bend, [114,123-126] while other reports do not support an association between dolichoarteriopathies and cardiovascular risk status. [122,127,128] Alternatively, it has therefore been postulated that they have an embryological origin. Indeed, Kelly [129] observed that carotid arteries may be kinked or show loops at some point during intrauterine development, when the descent toward the mediastinum occurs enabling the union of the third aortic arch with the dorsal aorta.
Obviously, as these 2 etiological theories are so different from each other, they may also entail different implications both clinically and prognostically. Part of the uncertainty derives from the fact that previous observations had been made in small studies or in selected populations. [122-128] Therefore, it would be important to establish which theory has more solid basis.
Prevalence varies according to different diagnostic methodology and patients’ inclusion criteria, but in aggregate they concur to indicate that this is a rather frequent finding. In contrast, lack of consensus exists over the clinical and prognostic significance of these alterations or even about their etiology. Much of the controversy revolves around a ‘‘nature- or-nurture’’ type of issue, that is, whether carotid dolichoarteriopathies develop late in life as a manifestation of vessel remodeling, particularly in individuals at risk of atherosclerosis, or rather they originate from alterations of embryological development.
With regard to the possibility that dolichoarteriopathies may be the result of a degenerative process, over the years several hypotheses have been put forward trying to explain how they may develop. Some of these seem quite unlikely, such as the possibility that carotid kinking could be due to kyphosis or lordosis of the spine, which might deviate the carotid axis, [130] or that inflammation of the tissues around the carotid arteries would cause them to retract. [131] Other investigators have proposed that arterial hypertension would produce alterations in the wall over time, which would favor its weakening withsubsequent kinking of the artery, [121-123] while other authors hypothesized a relationship between aging and arterial anatomical abnormalities. [114,126]
Data gathered in modern times also do not help in establishing firm conclusions. Two rather large reports by Ghilardi et al [125] and Del Corso et al [132] described a great prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerosis in patients with carotid dolichoarteriopathies; however, both studies lack a group of normal participants, and deal with a population of patients selected for vascular pathology, and in whom predominance of such cardiovascular risk factors is expected. Pancera et al [127] have reported an association between carotid artery kinking and age and with hypertension as well. However, in that study, prevalence of carotid abnormalities was actually identical across the age groups from 60 to>80 years, which represented 87% of their cohort: younger patients, in whom prevalence was apparently lower, were instead too few to make a solid comparison. This same reasoning applies to the effect of hypertension reported in that study, which was actually based on about a dozen patients. [127]
The possibility that carotid dolichoarteriopathies may have an embryological origin had also been suggested in the past. Again, however, those reports were not conclusive. Sometimes, this was because of the small numbers of cases studied. In this respect, Weibel and Fields [113] described at angiography 14 cases of anatomical abnormalities in patients aged between1 and 20 years, while Sarkari et al [133] reported 8 children (aged 9 months to 16 years) with symptomatic carotid kinkings and coilings. In a substantially largerstudy, there may have been a selection bias [134] in that case, 282 angiographies of neck vessels were obtainedin patients aged between 6 months and 82 years. The authors found that prevalence ofcarotid abnormalities in adults was 24% and even greater (43%) in children. Although that finding may seemingly support the view that in fact there is no association with aging and that dolichoarteriopathies have an embryological origin, the significance of such a high frequence in children might have been restricted to the peculiar population studied, as it is quite conceivable that children who were subjected to an invasive procedure such as angiography underwent it because of a high clinical suspicion of carotid abnormalities.
Togay-Isikay et al,through noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography assessment, observed carotid dolichoarteriopathies in 24.6% of a consecutive patient series, with no apparent relation between carotid alterations and cardiovascular risk factors. [122] In 1924,Cairney [135] had already reported autoptic findings in fetuses from the fifth month in whom morphological carotid arteries abnormalitieswere observed. In this respect, it is important to notice that the vascular wall in fetus develops from mesenchymal cells islets; in any artery, the tunica muscularis develops first in the main trunk and later in its branches. The proximal portion of the internal carotid artery originates from the third aortic arch while the more distal parts originate from the left dorsal aorta. [130] Harrison and Dávalos [130] suggested that development of carotid arteries and of skeletal system might be asynchronous, the different velocity explaining the tortuous path.Ochsner et al [136] proposed that fibromuscular dysplasia occurring during fetal life, located in a sector of the carotid artery, would be responsible for subsequent weakening and kinking of the wall at that level. Contrary to this specific hypothesis, however, is the fact that presence of fibromuscular dysplasia in areas with dolichoarteriopathies is very rare.[137-139]
Regarding the issue of congenital or adquired condition of dolichoarteriopathies, our group conducted an observational study involving 885 participants of either sex, aged between newborn(4 hour 30 minutes) to 90 years old. [16]
Patients were divided into 2 groups (G): G1 (control, healthy participants) n = 245. It consisted of infants, children, and adolescents up to 15 years of age (mean 6 + 3 years) from a town of 43 000 inhabitants just outside of Buenos Aires; these children participated in a voluntary screening health program, approved by their parents, under the patronage of the local municipality that was performed in the hospital and different schools. Group 2 (G2; n = 640) consisted of patients from 16 to 90 years of age (mean 57+8 years) in whom diagnostic color Doppler ultrasonography investigation of neck vessels had been requested for clinical suspicion of atherosclerotic disease. Patients were assessed with regard to presence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking). Presence of atheromatous plaques in the regions affected by dolichoarteriopathies was also evaluated.
Coiling prevalence was similar in healthy participants (G1 4%; n ¼ 10) and in patients (G2 3%; n = 19; NS;). At the same time, kinking prevalence in G1 was 27% (n = 67), and it was 22% (n = 143) in G2, which did not show any statistically significant association either Atheromatous plaques intrakinking were only observed in 3 G2 patients (0.47%). In this group, 56.2% of patients presented carotid atherosclerotic disease. Within G2 patients, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors evaluated individually was similar when patients were divided according to presence or absence of kinking and/or coiling.
We observed that the dolichoarteriopathies, namely, kinking and coiling of carotid arteries, had similar frequency across all ages, from newborn infants to elderly individuals. Furthermore, their prevalence was unrelated to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors or of frank atherosclerotic pathology of carotid artery. Collectively, these findings suggest that carotid dolichoarteriopathies are a result of alterations in embryological development rather than of vascular remodeling secondary to aging and/or atherosclerosis. [16]
As was previously mentioned, there a wide span of clinical consequences have been atributed to the presence of carotid dolichoarteriopathies, ranging from asymptomatic carotid anatomical variety to carotid induced cerebral ischemia. [122] As referred, Mukherjee et al [119] proposed that carotid kinking would generate distal thrombus embolism, by means of the turbulent flow, intimal ulceration and platelet deposition. Surgical correction of kinking and coiling carotid arteries has been proposed to prevent stroke. [14,121]
The prevalence of cerebrovascular symptoms in patients with carotid dolichoarteriopathies varies between 15 and 23%. [140-141] But, there is not uniform criterion about the role of carotid dolichoarteriopathies in the development of neurological symptoms. If dolichoarteriopathies were certainly responsible for these events, cerebral ischemia could be demonstrated by functional hemodynamic tests.
In 1997, Oliviero et al. [128] demonstrated, in 36 patients suffering from hypertension and with kinks, that the percentage of neurological events was similar to the other 36 patients with hypertension but without kinks. The same author published new results of the follow-up of these patients, confirming the former conclusions as in the group of hypertensive patients with kinkings there were 10 neurological events registered, whereas 14 occurred in the control group (hypertensive patients without kinkings). [142]
Several previous papers [62,120,121,143-157] considered that carotid dolichoarteriopathies can produce neurological symptoms and proposed surgery and furthermore, they describe different surgical techniques.
A recent report of 7 kinkings of internal carotid arteries, defined five asymptomatic, one syptomatic for odynophagia and another symptomatic for pharyngeal bulge considering that no typical clinical symptoms were shown in the malformation of cervical segment of internal carotid artery. Pharyngeal bulge with pulsation could be encountered.
Grego et al. [156] assured that natural history of carotid dolichoarteriopathies is practically unknown but in some cases surgery would be justified, such as: a) transient ischemic attack (hemispheric symptoms); b) asymptomatic patients with a kinking angle less than 30° together with contralateral carotid occlusion; c) patients with non-hemispheric symptoms after evaluating that there were no other possible neurological or non-neurological causes through positive results of the following studies: 1) Doppler ultrasonography of neck vessels with increase in circulatory velocity; 2) computerized cerebral tomography and MRI angiography of ischemic lesions in the ipsilateral hemisphere and 3) Inversion of the circulatory flow in the anterior cerebral artery and its reduction in the middle cerebral artery, in both cases in relation to the rotation and flexo-extension maneuvers of the head.
Recent papers regarding surgical intervention on carotid arteries kinking, totalizing roughly 150 patients, flaw to show convincing evidence on the benefits of intervention.[158-160]
Up to now, there are no guidelines nor is there consensus (with a level of recommendation) for surgical treatment of dolichoarteriopathies.
Taking into account the pitfalls in measuring stenotic percentage in bended arteries, it is our point of view that manuscripts reporting big number of operated patients with carotid dolichoareriopathies failed in the diagnostic ultrasonographic criterions of stenotic kinkings and coils, furthermore, there is no mention about which method for angiographic measures were used. Also, most of their patients had cardiovascular risk factor which could have been the responsible of the neurological symptoms remaining doubts about their true relation with carotid abnormalities. [157,161]
Our group conducted an investigation study regarding the clinical implications in the genesis of neurological complications related to kinking and looping (coiling) of the carotid arteries. [162] Sixty patients with non-atheromatous carotid kinkings were subjected to head rotation tests, and were studied by carotid artery B-mode, color Doppler ultrasonography, and scanning the ophthalmic artery in order to assess the hemodynamic behavior of carotid dolichoarteriopathies. Results suggested that carotid dolichoarteriopathies are not the cause of neurological events or symptoms taking into account that no events were recorded during the study, and registering significant reduction in the velocities in the ophthalmic artery in only 3 of the 60 cases studied, in performing the head rotation tests.in the patient cohort. 23 % (n=14) were asymptomatic as only 6 patients were referred for stroke or transient ischemic attack. Consecuently we concluded that carotid dysembryoplasias, would not cause neurological events nor symptoms.
Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed excellent ability to depict the malformation of cervical segment of internal carotid artery and its relationship with surrounding structures, which could protect carotid artery from unintended damage. [163]
It may be concluded that dolichoartheriopathies recognize a congenital origin other than an acquired condition, based on controlled studies regarding juvenile control cases. Additionally, in the current state of knowledge, it unlikely appears that these dolichoartheriorpathies induce relevant symptomatic cerebral ischemia
The significance of the ability of the carotid sinus baroreceptor to sense and regulate blood pressure has been known since Hering’s publications in 1927. [164]. Later, in1930, Heymans unequivocally demonstrated the chemoreceptor activity of the carotid (or glomus) bodies. [165] However, there have been few human necropsies and therefore, evidence relies on case patients with damage to the carotid sinus and glomus following surgery, radiotherapy and carotid endarterectomy. [166,167] Therefore, little information is available on the morphology of barochemoreceptor structures in disease. [168]
The baroreflex is very important for the maintenance of arterial pressure, particularly during orthostatic stress. Chemoreflexes play an important role in maintaining blood gas homeostasis. [169] Thus, barochemoreflex failure is a disabling and potentially life-threatening condition. Data on the long-term effect of human bilateral carotid sinus denervation on arterial blood pressure are limited and controversial. [166,170-173]
In patients submitted to bilateral tumoral carotid glomus resection it was found a long-term effect on the level, variability and rapid reflex control of arterial pressure included increased daytime and nighttime blood pressure variability, unopposed sympathetic activation in response to physical and mental stress, and the elimination of orthostatic hypotension and normocapnic hypoxic drive as a result of peripheral chemoreflex failure. [174] Barochemoreceptors are compromised in diseases such as diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, arterial hypertension and heart failure. [175] Fatal complications in most stroke patients likely result from baroreceptor malfunction. [175]
The available experimental and clinical evidence suggests that a pattern of chronic intermittent hypoxia, with short episodes of hypoxia followed by normoxia, selectively enhances the chemosensory and ventilatory responses of the carotid body to hypoxia, suggesting this sensor has an essential role in the enhanced ventilatory and cardiovascular responses observed in animals and obstructive sleep apnea patients. [176]
In a previous study we found a strong involvement of the chemoreceptor structures and corresponding supplying arterioles in a selected group of elderly patients who had died from cerebral vascular disorders with critical carotid artery lesions. [177] Despite the accepted dogma that the amount of connective tissue separating the glomic lobules increases with age, [166] the significant fibrotic involvement and the unquestionable reduction in the vascularity, could not merely be explained by the aging process. However, a possible limitation to the interpretation of those results was the superposition of arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis and aging in the patients.
Due to these facts, and to characterize the potential damage of the carotid glomus related to hemodynamic stress alone, we performed experiments using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an animal model with arterial hypertension, in which other factors such as dyslipidemia, high blood sugar or aging were absent. In SHRs, we found a significant increase in extracellular matrix expansion in the carotid glomus and autonomic nerves, along with a decreased number of neurons in autonomic ganglia compared with normotensive controls. All these findings were highly correlated with high blood pressure and an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β-1) deposits in the carotid glomus and autonomic ganglia. Additionally, SHRs presented a higher wall to lumen arteriole ratio in small periglomic vessels, a higher number of S100 protein-positive cells (sustentacular or type 2 cells) and a decreased number of type 1 cells in the carotid glomus. Interestingly, extracellular matrix expansion was highly correlated with the blood pressure level. Because of this, these structures must be considered as target organs in the model of systemic hypertension. [178]
Our group carried out an investigation in which the objective was to morphometrically characterize the alterations of the carotid barochemoreceptor structures and their supplying arteries in patients who died from stroke with complicated versus noncomplicated internal carotid atheromatosis. [179] For this purpose, samples consisting of bilateral or unilateral carotid segments were obtained at autopsy from 23 elderly patients who died from ischemic neurological disorders. Transient ischemic attacks preceding their strokes, with extensive cerebral damage precipitated their deaths.
Plaques were pathologically characterized) into seven categories (see page 3). [18]
Patients were also divided arbitrarily by age. Group 1 was older than 80 years, Group 2 was 65 to 80 years and Group 3 was younger than 65 years of age. The carotid bifurcation and the first 10 mm to 15 mm of the internal carotid artery were involved in all cases by atherosclerotic lesions. Large lipid cores with a fibrous cap and a band of fibrous tissue of variable thickness separating the plaque from the extensively damaged media were observed in all plaques. In one-third of cases, extensive calcified deposits were also found. The collagen border was frequently vascularized. In most cases, extensive chronic inflammatory infiltrates were observed, consisting of macrophages and minor numbers of lymphocytes as well as extensive neoangiogenesis and calcified deposits. Complicated plaques presented with mononuclear infiltrates in the periphery, shoulders and bases in two-thirds of the cases. In contrast, only one-third of noncomplicated plaques had inflammatory infiltrates (P<0.0001).
The carotid glomus was located in the carotid fork, measuring approximately 3 mm X 1.5 mm, and formed by lobules compactly arranged, separated by connective tissue [177,180-182] (Figure 21). The functional units consisted of numerous small groups of cells arranged in clusters. They were grouped to form lobules organized as compact nests that were embedded in a fibrous stroma through which numerous nerve fibrils and small blood vessels were observed (Figure 22). Parenchymal cells consisted of two types: the ‘chief cells’ (epithelioid or type 1 cells), which were large cells with a round nucleus and a large amount of cytoplasm containing vesicles and granules stained by the Grimelius silver reaction; and elongated cells, known as ‘sustentacular cells’ or type 2 cells. Chief cells were arranged in the centre and sustentacular cells at the periphery. [177] Complex arrangements of afferent nerves and postganglionic sympathetic nerves, as well as autonomic ganglion cells, were found surrounding the lobules. [181] The carotid glomus showed moderate atrophy and fibrosis to severe atrophy with extensive fibrosis (cirrhotic appearance) (Figure 23).
Whole specimen of a frontally cut carotid segment. The arrow points to the glomus located in the interstitial tissue between the internal and external carotid arteries and its corresponding nerves. Multiple nonstenotic fibrolipidic and fibrotic plaques are observed along the carotid axis.Also an intraplaque hemorrhage is shown (asterisk)Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×20 objective lens. 1 Common carotid artery;2 External carotid artery showing an atheroma inside (P)
Carotid glomus showing almost normal structure and vascularization.Veins are dilated (arrow) and there is a mild increase in interstitial fibrosis (asterisk). Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×100 objective lens
Carotid glomus. A Marked decrease in cells and moderate fibrosis. Typical rounded chief cells are shown in the centre of the section (arrowhead).Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×400 objective lens. B Severe atrophy and, in some areas, absence of acinar structures with replacement by dense connective tissue with a so-called ‘cirrhotic’ appearance (asterisk). Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×100 objective lens
There was a loss of the characteristic chief cells (more than 50%) and loss of their argyrophilic Grimelius-staining granules, suggesting a decrease in their catecholamine content. Fibrosis and glomic cell loss was assessed as 2.6±0.5. A focal reduction of glomus vascularization (more than 50%) was also observed in the areas of atrophy and fibrosis when capillaries were stained with anti-CD34, which was assessed as 2.76±0.6 (Figure 24) In a few cases, it was possible to observe autonomic ganglia showing moderate fibrosis, mild-to-moderate neuronal damage and lipofuscin deposits (Figure 25). Interestingly, the arterioles to the glomus showed severe fibrointimal proliferation and disruption of the internal elastic lamina, marked thickening of the media and luminal narrowing. Luminal thrombi were also observed, as well as focal areas of medial homogenization (Figure 26). At the outer media of the carotid sinus, corresponding to the deeper layers of the plaques, it was possible to identify damaged nerve endings that reacted specifically with S100 protein. No differences were found among groups for glomus area, number of type 1 cells, number of type 2 cells or the wall to lumen arteriole ratio. Also, no statistical differences could be demonstrated when complicated (intraplaque hemorrhage and/or rupture and/or thrombosis) and noncomplicated plaques were compared or when comparing age groups 1, 2 and 3. No correlation between morphometric data and age was found. Patients with stenosis of the extracranial carotid arteries constitute a multimorbid population that frequently shows several vascular risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes. Our study [179] demonstrated that, in patients who died from cerebral vascular disorders with critical carotid artery lesions, a strong involvement of the chemoreceptor structures and their supplying arterioles was found.
Accordingly, at the outer media of the carotid sinus, corresponding to the deeper fibrocalcified layers of the plaques and in periglomic areas, damaged nerve endings were observed as well as fibrotic autonomic ganglia. Therefore, a strong involvement of the baro-(carotid sinus) and chemoreceptor (carotid body or glomus) structures and their corresponding nerves and arterioles was observed in the group of elderly patients. These lesions were independent of patient age, as well as the presence of a complicated carotid plaque. Despite the observation that the connective tissue separating the glomic lobules increases with age, [166] the marked fibrotic involvement and the clear decrease in its rich vascularity, shown by the CD34 immunophenotyping, cannot be explained only in terms of aging. Several studies have found the grade of fibrosis to be dependent on age, [183] while others have demonstrated considerable differences, not only within comparable age groups but, in a few cases, between the right and left sides. [184]
A :Acinar structure belonging to a carotid glomus showing a moderate-to-severe decrease in the number of chief cells, and loss of argyrophilic intracellular granules (shown in black). Grimelius stain; ×200 objective lens. B: Carotid glomus. A focal absence and global decrease of vascularization is shown in the areas of acinar atrophy and fibrosis. anti-CD34 stain; ×100 objective lens
Autonomic ganglia showing moderate fibrosis and mild-to moderate neuronal damage with intracytoplasmic lipofuscin deposits (arrowhead).Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×200 objective lens
A::Glomic arteriole showing marked intimal fibrosis with moderate thickening of the media and focal areas of medial homogenization, and severe adventitial fibrosis. Hematoxylin and eosin stain; ×100 objective lens. B: Glomic arteriole with marked fibrointimal proliferation and thickening of the wall with luminal narrowing. Azan stain; ×100 objective lens. C: Small artery supplying the glomus. Marked fibrointimal fibrosis with reduction of the lumen and medial fibrosis. Azan stain; ×100 objective lens
On the other hand, examination of surgical specimens removed from patients older than 60 years of age showed that the organ almost had a ‘cirrhotic’ appearance. [181] This suggests an arteriolar involvement leading to fibrosis by a chronic hypoxic mechanism. Most of the autonomic parameters, including heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity, decline with age. [185] However, in the rat, aging of the cardiovascular system may not be associated with the attenuation of the baroreflex function. [184] Accordingly, the carotid baroreceptor reflex is well maintained in both young and old dogs, suggesting a lack of morphological involvement. [186] Nevertheless, the attenuation of the baroreflex is far less pronounced in patients in whom the possible effects of disease counteract the age effects. [187]
Therefore, it is possible that the age-related baroreflex attenuation observed in humans may not be due to aging
Early studies [187-189] speculated that a high systemic arterial pressure may deactivate the baroreceptor function by damaging the nerve endings in the arterial wall. An alternative explanation was issued by Heath and Smith, [190] who suggested that an increased stiffness of the arterial wall would splint the baroreceptor endings, reducing their sensitivity to changes in arterial pressure instead. These authors pointed out that, to some extent, atherosclerosis must depend on the orientation of the receptors in the arterial wall. If they are pulled circumferentially, an increased rigidity of the arterial wall should lead to a decreased baroreceptor response. In contrast, if the structure is compressed outwards from within, an increased rigidity of the vessel wall may not have such an effect. [191]
Baroreflex is aroused by changes in blood pressure that are collected by autonomic nerve ‘sensors’ that are distributed in the arterial tree and convey the stimuli elicited by mean pressure, rate of change in pressure (dP/dt), pulse pressure and heart rate. These mechanoreceptors, typically gathered in the outer tunica media of the carotid sinus, are found as nerve terminals and, occasionally, with the features of drumstick swellings. The smooth muscle layer is thinner there to allow for an increased vessel compliance favouring an enhanced mechanical stimulation. [192]
Adjustment of the respiration rate in response to changes in levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in body fluids are mediated by a complex interplay between central and peripheral chemoreceptors. The peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, located in the carotid and aortic glomus, are responsible for the immediate ventilatory and arterial pressure increments during acute hypoxia. [165] Type 1 cells in the carotid and aortic glomus release neurotransmitters in response to hypoxia, causing depolarization of nearby afferent nerve endings. [191,192]
Unquestionably, permanent high blood pressure causes a deleterious effect in peripheral nervous structures. However, few studies deal with the findings reported in our papers [18,177,178] regarding the deleterious effect of arterial hypertension on carotid glomus and autonomic ganglia.
As said, our studies in SHRs has demonstrated a strong correlation between arterial hypertension and the development of lesions in the carotid glomus and autonomic ganglia characterized by extracellular matrix expansion, as well as a reduction in the number of ganglia neurons. [178]
Because lowering blood pressure is the first step in controlling the deleterious effects of arterial hypertension, we have evaluated the possible differences between the effects of the beta-blocker atenolol (AT) and the ACEI ramipril (RAM) regarding a protective role on these structures, as target organs in SHRs. [193] At the end of the experiment, SHRs receiving AT and SHRs receiving RAM (SHR-RAM) showed a similar control in blood pressure compared with untreated SHRs. However, SHR-RAM presented with a significant reduction in extracellular matrix expansion in the carotid glomus, autonomic ganglia and autonomic nerves. Moreover, the number of neurons was preserved with AT and even more with RAM compared with the untreated SHR group. TGF-β-1 and PAI-1 were increased in the carotid glomus and autonomic ganglia in SHRs and in SHRs receiving AT, whereas SHR-RAM showed a similar expression to the normotensive group (Wistar-Kyoto rats), indicating that RAM, but not AT, provided a significant protective role against structural changes in these structures caused by arterial hypertension in SHRs. This effect seems to be independent of blood pressure reduction. [194]
These structures were well preserved by an ACEI because permanent high blood pressure stimulates extracellular matrix expansion as a result of enhanced TGF-β-1 and PAI-1 production, through a mechanism regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. [193]
Previous studies have shown the existence of a local reninangiotensin-aldosterone system in the carotid glomus. [194] In agreement with this information, ACEIs could prevent fibrosis in barochemoreceptor structures observed in SHR by reducing local angiotensin II production. [194] The clinical importance of these data could be that the baroreflex attenuation in humans might be a consequence of atherosclerotic and/or hypertensive processes. [177,187,188]
Also the relationship between atherosclerosis and baroreflex sensitivity has been well documented in animal models. [55,63,194,195] Similar evidence in humans is both limited and indirect. [64] It is possible that the age-related baroreflex attenuation observed in humans may not be due to aging per se, but it may reflect atherosclerotic and/or hypertensive processes. [177,188,189]
Carotid barochemoreceptors are of utmost importance in the rapid adjustment of circulation and ventilation; the different degrees of involvement of these structures may explain various clinical responses. [196] These may encompass chronic hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, blood pressure lability, postural lightheadedness and periodic orthostatic hypotension. [196] Elderly hypertensive patients with these relatively common conditions could be considered as a high-risk stroke group. [19,177]
Cooper et al [197] reported that the effect of both peripheral and central chemoreceptors on baroreflex function may contribute to promoting hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Accordingly, Kario et al [196] investigated the clinical significance and mechanism of orthostatic blood pressure dysregulation in elderly hypertensive patients. They found that silent cerebrovascular disease is advanced in elderly patients with orthostatic hypertension.Elderly hypertensive patients with orthostatic hypertension or orthostatic hypotension may have an increased risk for developing cerebrovascular disease. In conclusion Severe carotid chemoreceptor damage exists in elderly patients who died from stroke and suffered from carotid atheromatosis, independently from aging and plaque type. The damage is plausibly related to a marked narrowing of their supplying arterioles as a consequence of hemodynamic (hypertension) and/or metabolic (diabetes, dyslipidemia) disturbances.
A high density of angiotensin II receptors was observed in the rat carotid body by in vitro autoradiography employing 125I- [SarÁ,IleÌ]-angiotensin II as radioligand. Displacement studies demonstrated that the receptors were of the AT1 subtype. [198]
As written above, the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to be responsible for ageing and hypertension which are the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases.[197,199-202] We conducted an investigation [203] in which the the aim was to compare the effects of losartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, on systolic blood pressure, (SBP), and histopathologycal changes in the carotid body and autonomic lymphs in 14 spontaneously normotensive rats (WKY) They were divided into two groups, one of them treated with Losartan (n=7) and the other was a control group (n=7) not receving this drug. We also compared to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). As expected, at the end of the study the rats treated with losartan had a SBP of 105 ± 8.3 mm Hg, significantly less than controls (115 ± 8.1 mm Hg, p = 0.0375).The carotid body was found in the area fork or carotid bifurcation, formed by lobes compact traversed separated by connective tissue by numerous small blood vessels and nerve fibers blood (Figure 1). Parenchyma was formed by two cell types: primary cells or type I, large round nuclei and cells Hold or type II, elongated and located peripherally of the first (Figure 2). Lobes comprise the functional units of the structure they were best preserved in the group treated with losartan (Figure 3, A). Also, fibrous stroma was much more apparent in the control group, where the gap was increased with cell replacement and decreased in number (Figure 4, A). Clearly losartan treated rats showed glomus area more, a smaller thickness wall in the arterioles and a light periglómicas higher compared with the control group (Figures 3 and 4, A, B, C). All this made that the losartan group had a wall / lumen ratio significantly lower than controls in these vessels. These findings strongly suggest atrophy of the structures analyzed. Through the increasing age is mainly linked with decreased arterial blood supply them and that the inhibition of AT1 receptor would a prominent role in the prevention of such alterations.
In conclusion, a severe carotid chemoreceptor damage does exist in old patients who died from stroke and suffering from carotid atheromatosis. The damage involved the glomic structures and of note, a ‘‘culprit’’ narrowing of the arterioles belonging to those structures was also observed. The clinical implications of these findings related to the development and/or worsening of all types of blood pressure and ventilatory disturbances in elderly patients are obvious. Hypertension could play aa very important role in the development of carotid body lesions -Beta blockade or Ramipril or Losartan could prevent morphologic and functional abnormalities
This chapter was based on our experience in the pathology of the carotid arteries and barroreceptor as well as what exists in the international literature. The importance of knowing the biological phenomena that produces the formation of carotid atheromatous plaque is clearly emphasized. We also mentioned different plaque types (stable, unstable and calcified) and its correlation with diagnostic techniques. Concepts approached in the chapter offer the reader elements to enhance decision making in patients suffering carotid atheromatous disease. Additionally we emphasized the need to report on the origin and hemodynamic behavior of the carotid dolichoarteriopathies. Finally, we have highlighted the functions and the various pathological processes that can be observed in the carotid glomus.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Gabriel Persi for his academic assistance.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11527",title:"Six Sigma and Quality Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11949",title:"LiDAR Technology - From Surveying to Digital Twins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1a71ec59de076cdb37d854e4bb72fbd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Linh Truong - Hong and Dr. Anh Thu Anh Phan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188308",title:"Dr.",name:"Linh",surname:"Truong - Hong",slug:"linh-truong-hong",fullName:"Linh Truong - Hong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11798",title:"Listeria monocytogenes - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Cristina Saraiva, Dr. Sónia Saraiva and Prof. Alexandra Esteves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11798.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226197",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Saraiva",slug:"cristina-saraiva",fullName:"Cristina Saraiva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11876",title:"Esophageal Surgery - Current Principles and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9592bd7a6a3809cdc6a66f6100233aaa",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Andrea Sanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11876.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"327116",title:"M.D.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Sanna",slug:"andrea-sanna",fullName:"Andrea Sanna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:280},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"133",title:"Environmental Pollution",slug:"environmental-pollution",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:18,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:652,numberOfWosCitations:560,numberOfCrossrefCitations:400,numberOfDimensionsCitations:912,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"133",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9653",title:"Light Pollution, Urbanization and Ecology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1e5d120ec03412f5e22b7cd0d7c69f8",slug:"light-pollution-urbanization-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8863",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25243b6684e6a441a6bf1f854d49f9e8",slug:"hydrocarbon-pollution-and-its-effect-on-the-environment",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7547",title:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4700c71016d4ab73a99b22cee68da2fe",slug:"monitoring-of-marine-pollution",bookSignature:"Houma Bachari Fouzia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95997",title:"Dr.",name:"Houma",middleName:null,surname:"Bachari Fouzia",slug:"houma-bachari-fouzia",fullName:"Houma Bachari Fouzia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6975",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:"Monitoring, Quantification and Removal of Gases and Particles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba35a5093e6aa0bf13500c37a23976f6",slug:"air-pollution-monitoring-quantification-and-removal-of-gases-and-particles",bookSignature:"Jorge Del Real Olvera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166103",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Del Real Olvera",slug:"jorge-del-real-olvera",fullName:"Jorge Del Real Olvera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7224",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06c3095a17bf790c56c71013cc5e3ad6",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Stephen Kudom Donyinah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26196",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen Kudom",middleName:null,surname:"Donyinah",slug:"stephen-kudom-donyinah",fullName:"Stephen Kudom Donyinah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd61e407dc2dc5a74ffe354b294f71a8",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6644",title:"Emerging Pollutants",subtitle:"Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e03aeca8b09510ef11fcf3621a2a996",slug:"emerging-pollutants-some-strategies-for-the-quality-preservation-of-our-environment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5356",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:"Measurement and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a7d0d06a1f8d925fcfa9d8b79858729",slug:"air-quality-measurement-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Philip Sallis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10893",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip John",middleName:null,surname:"Sallis",slug:"philip-john-sallis",fullName:"Philip John Sallis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4572",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86ac538cdf00ceeb823842ebdef2997c",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",bookSignature:"Farhad Nejadkoorki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71481",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Nejadkoorki",slug:"farhad-nejadkoorki",fullName:"Farhad Nejadkoorki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:18,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"64674",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81869",title:"Nitrogen and Phosphorus Eutrophication in Marine Ecosystems",slug:"nitrogen-and-phosphorus-eutrophication-in-marine-ecosystems",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) eutrophication in marine ecosystems is a global problem. Marine eutrophication has a negative impact on food security, ecosystem health and economy through disruptions in tourism, fisheries and health industries. Both N and P have known point and non-point sources. Control of point sources has been easier than non-point sources particularly agricultural sources for both N and P as well as fossil fuel combustion for N, which remains a major challenge. Implementing mitigation strategies for N has been reported to be effective for P mitigation; however, the converse is not true due to mobility and volatility of N. Excessive N and P cause algae blooms, anoxic conditions, and ocean acidification with these conditions leading to dead zones, fish kill, toxin production, altered plant species diversity, food web disruption, tourism disruption and health issues. Management of N and P pollution includes reduction of leaching from farms through crop selection, timely and precise application of fertilizer and building artificial wetlands, proper management of animal waste, reduction of fossil fuel N emission, mitigating N and P from urban sources and restoration of aquatic ecosystem. Mitigation measures need to focus on dual nutrient strategy for successful N and P reduction.",book:{id:"7547",slug:"monitoring-of-marine-pollution",title:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",fullTitle:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution"},signatures:"Lucy Ngatia, Johnny M. Grace III, Daniel Moriasi and Robert Taylor",authors:[{id:"246475",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngatia",slug:"lucy-ngatia",fullName:"Lucy Ngatia"},{id:"256676",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"robert-taylor",fullName:"Robert Taylor"},{id:"266289",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Moriasi",slug:"daniel-moriasi",fullName:"Daniel Moriasi"},{id:"269661",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnny",middleName:null,surname:"Grace III",slug:"johnny-grace-iii",fullName:"Johnny Grace III"}]},{id:"48145",doi:"10.5772/59749",title:"Health Effects of Metals in Particulate Matter",slug:"health-effects-of-metals-in-particulate-matter",totalDownloads:2622,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"T.I. Fortoul, V. Rodriguez-Lara, A. Gonzalez-Villalva, M. Rojas-Lemus,\nL. Colin-Barenque, P. Bizarro-Nevares, I. García-Peláez, M. Ustarroz-\nCano, S. López-Zepeda, S. Cervantes-Yépez, N. López-Valdez, N.\nMeléndez-García, M. Espinosa-Zurutuza, G. Cano-Gutierrez and\nM.C. Cano-Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"38601",title:"Dr.",name:"Vianey",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Lara",slug:"vianey-rodriguez-lara",fullName:"Vianey Rodriguez-Lara"},{id:"38603",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Villalva",slug:"adriana-gonzalez-villalva",fullName:"Adriana Gonzalez-Villalva"},{id:"38609",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Lemus",slug:"marcela-rojas-lemus",fullName:"Marcela Rojas-Lemus"},{id:"63230",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"García-Peláez",slug:"isabel-garcia-pelaez",fullName:"Isabel García-Peláez"},{id:"172360",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortoul-van der Goes",slug:"teresa-fortoul-van-der-goes",fullName:"Teresa Fortoul-van der Goes"},{id:"172724",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bizarro-Nevares",slug:"patricia-bizarro-nevares",fullName:"Patricia Bizarro-Nevares"},{id:"172725",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Ustarroz-Cano",slug:"martha-ustarroz-cano",fullName:"Martha Ustarroz-Cano"},{id:"172726",title:"Ms.",name:"Sofía",middleName:null,surname:"López-Zepeda",slug:"sofia-lopez-zepeda",fullName:"Sofía López-Zepeda"},{id:"172727",title:"Ms.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Cervantes-Yépez",slug:"silvana-cervantes-yepez",fullName:"Silvana Cervantes-Yépez"},{id:"172728",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelly",middleName:null,surname:"López-Valdez",slug:"nelly-lopez-valdez",fullName:"Nelly López-Valdez"},{id:"172729",title:"Ms.",name:"Nayeli",middleName:null,surname:"Meléndez-García",slug:"nayeli-melendez-garcia",fullName:"Nayeli Meléndez-García"},{id:"172730",title:"Ms.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa-Zurutuza",slug:"maribel-espinosa-zurutuza",fullName:"Maribel Espinosa-Zurutuza"},{id:"172731",title:"Dr.",name:"Gumaro",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Gutierrez",slug:"gumaro-cano-gutierrez",fullName:"Gumaro Cano-Gutierrez"},{id:"172733",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Colín-Barenque",slug:"laura-colin-barenque",fullName:"Laura Colín-Barenque"},{id:"173263",title:"Dr.",name:"María Concepción",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Rodríguez",slug:"maria-concepcion-cano-rodriguez",fullName:"María Concepción Cano-Rodríguez"}]},{id:"64603",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81657",title:"Detection and Monitoring of Marine Pollution Using Remote Sensing Technologies",slug:"detection-and-monitoring-of-marine-pollution-using-remote-sensing-technologies",totalDownloads:4528,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Recently, the marine habitat has been under pollution threat, which impacts many human activities as well as human life. Increasing concerns about pollution levels in the oceans and coastal regions have led to multiple approaches for measuring and mitigating marine pollution, in order to achieve sustainable marine water quality. Satellite remote sensing, covering large and remote areas, is considered useful for detecting and monitoring marine pollution. Recent developments in sensor technologies have transformed remote sensing into an effective means of monitoring marine areas. Different remote sensing platforms and sensors have their own capabilities for mapping and monitoring water pollution of different types, characteristics, and concentrations. This chapter will discuss and elaborate the merits and limitations of these remote sensing techniques for mapping oil pollutants, suspended solid concentrations, algal blooms, and floating plastic waste in marine waters.",book:{id:"7547",slug:"monitoring-of-marine-pollution",title:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",fullTitle:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution"},signatures:"Sidrah Hafeez, Man Sing Wong, Sawaid Abbas, Coco Y. T. Kwok,\nJanet Nichol, Kwon Ho Lee, Danling Tang and Lilian Pun",authors:[{id:"225316",title:"Dr.",name:"Sawaid",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"sawaid-abbas",fullName:"Sawaid Abbas"},{id:"259861",title:"Ms.",name:"Sidrah",middleName:null,surname:"Hafeez",slug:"sidrah-hafeez",fullName:"Sidrah Hafeez"},{id:"259890",title:"Prof.",name:"Man Sing",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",slug:"man-sing-wong",fullName:"Man Sing Wong"}]},{id:"35057",doi:"10.5772/33720",title:"Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Nigeria: Situational Analysis and Future Management Strategy",slug:"surface-water-quality-monitoring-in-nigeria-situational-analysis-and-future-management-strategy",totalDownloads:13273,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"1998",slug:"water-quality-monitoring-and-assessment",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment"},signatures:"A.M. Taiwo, O.O. Olujimi, O. Bamgbose and T.A. Arowolo",authors:[{id:"96826",title:"Prof.",name:"Toyin",middleName:null,surname:"Arowolo",slug:"toyin-arowolo",fullName:"Toyin Arowolo"},{id:"138905",title:"Mr.",name:"Adewale Mathew",middleName:null,surname:"Taiwo",slug:"adewale-mathew-taiwo",fullName:"Adewale Mathew Taiwo"},{id:"138908",title:"Mr.",name:"Olanrewaju Olusoji",middleName:null,surname:"Olujimi",slug:"olanrewaju-olusoji-olujimi",fullName:"Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi"},{id:"138915",title:"Prof.",name:"Olukayode",middleName:null,surname:"Bamgbose",slug:"olukayode-bamgbose",fullName:"Olukayode Bamgbose"}]},{id:"17390",doi:"10.5772/17734",title:"Spatial Interpolation Methodologies in Urban Air Pollution Modeling: Application for the Greater Area of Metropolitan Athens, Greece",slug:"spatial-interpolation-methodologies-in-urban-air-pollution-modeling-application-for-the-greater-area",totalDownloads:3560,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"193",slug:"advanced-air-pollution",title:"Advanced Air Pollution",fullTitle:"Advanced Air Pollution"},signatures:"Despina Deligiorgi and Kostas Philippopoulos",authors:[{id:"29291",title:"Prof.",name:"Despina",middleName:null,surname:"Deligiorgi",slug:"despina-deligiorgi",fullName:"Despina Deligiorgi"},{id:"38634",title:"MSc.",name:"Kostas",middleName:null,surname:"Philippopoulos",slug:"kostas-philippopoulos",fullName:"Kostas Philippopoulos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64603",title:"Detection and Monitoring of Marine Pollution Using Remote Sensing Technologies",slug:"detection-and-monitoring-of-marine-pollution-using-remote-sensing-technologies",totalDownloads:4528,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Recently, the marine habitat has been under pollution threat, which impacts many human activities as well as human life. Increasing concerns about pollution levels in the oceans and coastal regions have led to multiple approaches for measuring and mitigating marine pollution, in order to achieve sustainable marine water quality. Satellite remote sensing, covering large and remote areas, is considered useful for detecting and monitoring marine pollution. Recent developments in sensor technologies have transformed remote sensing into an effective means of monitoring marine areas. Different remote sensing platforms and sensors have their own capabilities for mapping and monitoring water pollution of different types, characteristics, and concentrations. This chapter will discuss and elaborate the merits and limitations of these remote sensing techniques for mapping oil pollutants, suspended solid concentrations, algal blooms, and floating plastic waste in marine waters.",book:{id:"7547",slug:"monitoring-of-marine-pollution",title:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",fullTitle:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution"},signatures:"Sidrah Hafeez, Man Sing Wong, Sawaid Abbas, Coco Y. T. Kwok,\nJanet Nichol, Kwon Ho Lee, Danling Tang and Lilian Pun",authors:[{id:"225316",title:"Dr.",name:"Sawaid",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"sawaid-abbas",fullName:"Sawaid Abbas"},{id:"259861",title:"Ms.",name:"Sidrah",middleName:null,surname:"Hafeez",slug:"sidrah-hafeez",fullName:"Sidrah Hafeez"},{id:"259890",title:"Prof.",name:"Man Sing",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",slug:"man-sing-wong",fullName:"Man Sing Wong"}]},{id:"52206",title:"Particulate Matter Sampling Techniques and Data Modelling Methods",slug:"particulate-matter-sampling-techniques-and-data-modelling-methods",totalDownloads:3492,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Particulate matter with 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is known to have adverse effects on human health and the environment. For countries committed to reducing PM10 emissions, it is essential to have models that accurately estimate and predict PM10 concentrations for reporting and monitoring purposes. In this chapter, a broad overview of recent empirical statistical and machine learning techniques for modelling PM10 is presented. This includes the instrumentation used to measure particulate matter, data preprocessing, the selection of explanatory variables and modelling methods. Key features of some PM10 prediction models developed in the last 10 years are described, and current work modelling and predicting PM10 trends in New Zealand—a remote country of islands in the South Pacific Ocean—are examined. In conclusion, the issues and challenges faced when modelling PM10 are discussed and suggestions for future avenues of investigation, which could improve the precision of PM10 prediction and estimation models are presented.",book:{id:"5356",slug:"air-quality-measurement-and-modeling",title:"Air Quality",fullTitle:"Air Quality - Measurement and Modeling"},signatures:"Jacqueline Whalley and Sara Zandi",authors:[{id:"188593",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Whalley",slug:"jacqueline-whalley",fullName:"Jacqueline Whalley"},{id:"188594",title:"Ms.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Zandi",slug:"sara-zandi",fullName:"Sara Zandi"}]},{id:"72766",title:"Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation",slug:"industrial-air-emission-pollution-potential-sources-and-sustainable-mitigation",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex interaction of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoidable product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it. Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions. There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency, agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are necessary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies like CO2 sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion processes of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture cultivations.",book:{id:"10178",slug:"environmental-emissions",title:"Environmental Emissions",fullTitle:"Environmental Emissions"},signatures:"Rabia Munsif, Muhammad Zubair, Ayesha Aziz and Muhammad Nadeem Zafar",authors:[{id:"251787",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Zubair",slug:"muhammad-zubair",fullName:"Muhammad Zubair"},{id:"318519",title:"Ms.",name:"Rabia",middleName:"Jathol",surname:"Munsif",slug:"rabia-munsif",fullName:"Rabia Munsif"},{id:"320637",title:"Ms.",name:"Ayesha",middleName:null,surname:"Aziz",slug:"ayesha-aziz",fullName:"Ayesha Aziz"},{id:"320675",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nadeem",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"muhammad-nadeem-zafar",fullName:"Muhammad Nadeem Zafar"}]},{id:"48090",title:"Biological Contamination of Air in Indoor Spaces",slug:"biological-contamination-of-air-in-indoor-spaces",totalDownloads:2778,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"Anca Maria Moldoveanu",authors:[{id:"25924",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Moldoveanu",slug:"anca-moldoveanu",fullName:"Anca Moldoveanu"}]},{id:"64537",title:"Degradation Pathways of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Environment",slug:"degradation-pathways-of-persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-in-the-environment",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are resistant to most of the known environmental degradation processes. Because of their persistence, POPs bioaccumulate in animal tissues and biomagnify along food chains and food webs with potential adverse impacts on human and wildlife health and the environment. Although POPs are resistant to most of the environmental degradation processes, there are some environmental processes mostly microbial degradation that can degrade POPs to other forms that are not necessarily simpler and less toxic. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants adopted in 2001 was meant to restrict the production and use of these toxic chemicals in the environment.",book:{id:"7224",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants"},signatures:"James T. Zacharia",authors:[{id:"28551",title:"Dr.",name:"James T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zacharia",slug:"james-t.-zacharia",fullName:"James T. Zacharia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"133",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"
\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"marcio-oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/262735",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"262735"},fullPath:"/profiles/262735",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()