Chemical shifts of glycosidic residues of xylan (D2O).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6515",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Emerging Waveguide Technology",title:"Emerging Waveguide Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Recently, the rapid development of radiofrequency (RF)/microwave and photonic/optical waveguide technologies has had a significant impact on the current electronic industrial, medical and information and communication technology (ICT) fields. This book is a self-contained collection of valuable scholarly papers related to waveguide design, modeling, and applications. This book contains 20 chapters that cover three main subtopics of waveguide technologies, namely RF and microwave waveguide, photonic and optical waveguide and waveguide analytical solutions. Hence, this book is particularly useful to the academics, scientists, practicing researchers and postgraduate students whose work relates to the latest waveguide technologies.",isbn:"978-1-78923-493-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-492-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-516-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71142",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"emerging-waveguide-technology",numberOfPages:384,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"12ab2b13b1ca330409dc239647a53895",bookSignature:"Kok Yeow You",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6515.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26859,numberOfWosCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitations:60,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:84,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:189,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188673/images/5521_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kok Yeow You obtained his BSc degree in Physics (Honors) from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 2001. He pursued his MSc degree in Microwave from the Faculty of Science in 2003 and his PhD degree in Wave Propagation from the Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia in 2006. His main personal research interest includes the theory, simulation, and instrumentation of electromagnetic wave propagation at microwave frequencies focusing on the development of microwave passive devices and sensors for medical and agricultural applications. For the past 17 years, he has developed numerous projects concerning microwave waveguide measurement systems for agri-/food, biomedical processing, and microwave devices for biomedical treatments, as well as numerical electromagnetic modeling.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"61901",title:"Broadband Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78308",slug:"broadband-slotted-waveguide-array-antenna",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter describes the design and development of broadband slotted waveguide array (SWA) antenna. Conventional SWA antenna offers a few percentages of bandwidth, which can be enhanced using proposed novel differential feeding technique which electrically divides large resonating SWA into wideband subarrays by creating virtual shorts. This chapter discusses concepts to achieve broadband nature of SWA antennas, design, development, and characterization of edge fed slotted waveguide array antenna, coupling slot fed SWA antenna, and high efficiency broadband slotted waveguide array. The developed SWA antennas are characterized and their measured results are presented. The developed prototype of proposed SWA antenna demonstrates measured return loss better than −17 dB over 7.6% bandwidth and achieves 90.2% antenna efficiency. This chapter also briefs about planar broadband SWA antenna and its prototype development and characterization.",signatures:"Yogesh Tyagi and Pratik Mevada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61901",authors:[{id:"228031",title:"Mr.",name:"Yogesh",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"yogesh-tyagi",fullName:"Yogesh Tyagi"},{id:"228559",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratik",surname:"Mevada",slug:"pratik-mevada",fullName:"Pratik Mevada"}],corrections:null},{id:"61284",title:"Photonic Crystal Waveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76797",slug:"photonic-crystal-waveguides",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The original results of theoretical and experimental studies and the properties of microwave one-dimensional waveguide photonic crystals have been generalized. Methods for describing the electrodynamic characteristics of photonic crystals and their relationship with the parameters of periodic structures filling the waveguides have been presented. The results of an investigation on the characteristics of microwave waveguide photonic crystals made in the form of dielectric matrices with air inclusions have been presented. The model of effective dielectric permittivity has been proposed for describing the characteristics of the investigated photonic crystals containing layers with a large number of air inclusions. New types of microwave low-dimensional waveguide photonic crystals containing periodically alternating elements that are sources of higher type waves have been described. The possibility of effective control of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of microwave photonic crystals by means of electric and magnetic fields has been analyzed. Examples of new applications of waveguide photonic crystals in the microwave range have been given: the measuring parameters of the materials and semiconductor nanostructures that play the role of the microwave photonic crystals' periodicity defect; the resonators of near-field microwave microscopes; small-sized matched loads for centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges on the basis of microwave photonic crystals.",signatures:"Dmitry Usanov and Alexander Skripal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61284",authors:[{id:"228739",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Usanov",slug:"dmitry-usanov",fullName:"Dmitry Usanov"},{id:"230179",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Skripal",slug:"alexander-skripal",fullName:"Alexander Skripal"}],corrections:null},{id:"60948",title:"High-Gain Amplifier Module Integrating a Waveguide into the Module Case for Millimeter Wave Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76622",slug:"high-gain-amplifier-module-integrating-a-waveguide-into-the-module-case-for-millimeter-wave-applicat",totalDownloads:851,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A high-gain amplifier module with integrated waveguide (WG) has been presented for millimeter wave applications. In order to improve the isolation between the amplification stages in the multi-stage amplifier module, an isolated WG is integrated into the module case. It is possible to effectively suppress the oscillation occurring in the high gain stage. Microstrip line (MSL)-to-WG transitions are designed and fabricated on a 5 mil thick RT5880 substrate for interconnection of the isolated WG, input/output WG and amplifier PCB in a cascaded two-stage high gain amplifier module. The transition loss of −0.44 dB is obtained at 40 GHz and return-loss (S11) bandwidth below −10 dB is from 34.1 to 50 GHz. The fabricated high-gain amplifier module shows a high gain over 39.7 dB from 38 to 41 GHz. At 38.7 GHz, its maximum gain of 44.25 dB is achieved.",signatures:"Young Chul Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60948",authors:[{id:"188444",title:"Prof.",name:"Young Chul",surname:"Lee",slug:"young-chul-lee",fullName:"Young Chul Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"61194",title:"Mathematical Analysis of Electrical Breakdown Effects in Waveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76973",slug:"mathematical-analysis-of-electrical-breakdown-effects-in-waveguides",totalDownloads:931,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The designers of microwave devices in the industry use the analytical solutions of the corona discharge equation to determine the minimum power breakdown threshold, in a particular device, such as waveguides and filters, and know whether it is in the established margins. There are two main ways to determine the breakdown threshold of a waveguide analytically; the most commonly used describes the plasma density generation completely as a function of the geometry by using the characteristic diffusion length, while the second is a more thorough method that involves the use of the effective diffusion length which considers collision frequency and electric field into the equations. Hence the aim of the designers is to obtain the closest results to experimental results, both methods must be considered in addition to the environmental changes so that they know the operational limits. This chapter describes the different methods to obtain analytical results for the breakdown threshold in any rectangular waveguide device, the influence of environmental conditions in the analysis and the inhomogeneous electric field effect inside the devices.",signatures:"Isaac Medina and Primo-Alberto Calva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61194",authors:[{id:"225982",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaac",surname:"Medina",slug:"isaac-medina",fullName:"Isaac Medina"},{id:"225986",title:"Dr.",name:"Primo",surname:"Calva",slug:"primo-calva",fullName:"Primo Calva"}],corrections:null},{id:"62346",title:"Optical Waveguide for Measurement Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76781",slug:"optical-waveguide-for-measurement-application",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter provides the analysis of the behaviour of Mach Zehnder interferometer waveguide (MZIW) sensing structure and establishes the general design principles. Photonics interferometers have been widely used because of their highly sensitive detection technique. The present study is based on the MZIW structure for sensing application and deals with interferometer single-mode transmission. Theoretically, short wavelength and high difference in index (Δη) results in the low depth of the evanescence wave and increase in sensitivity. MZIW under consideration is very small in size hence it is very difficult to guide the light into waveguide. The output monitor detection sensitivity of the entire MZI structure depends on light-guiding efficiency. To maintain minimum losses at various micro-branches of the entire MZIW structure, effective light propagation is important and it is a critical parameter of the entire interferometer. Various tests have been carried out to study the effects of the Y branch angle variation on light guiding into the MZIW structure especially in measurement application.",signatures:"Prashant Bansilal Patel and Satish T. Hamde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62346",authors:[{id:"223158",title:"Mr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Patel",slug:"prashant-patel",fullName:"Prashant Patel"},{id:"245227",title:"Prof.",name:"Satish",surname:"Hamde",slug:"satish-hamde",fullName:"Satish Hamde"}],corrections:null},{id:"61838",title:"Review on Optical Waveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77150",slug:"review-on-optical-waveguides",totalDownloads:4881,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Optical devices are necessary to meet the anticipated future requirements for ultrafast and ultrahigh bandwidth communication and computing. All optical information processing can overcome optoelectronic conversions that limit both the speed and bandwidth and are also power consuming. The building block of an optical device/circuit is the optical waveguide, which enables low-loss light propagation and is thereby used to connect components and devices. This chapter reviews optical waveguides and their classification on the basis of geometry (Non-Planar (Slab/Optical Fiber)/Planar (Buried Channel, Strip-Loaded, Wire, Rib, Diffused, Slot, etc.)), refractive index (Step/Gradient Index), mode propagation (Single/Multimode), and material platform (Glass/Polymer/Semiconductor, etc.). A comparative analysis of waveguides realized in different material platforms along with the propagation loss is also presented.",signatures:"Shankar Kumar Selvaraja and Purnima Sethi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61838",authors:[{id:"236949",title:"Prof.",name:"Shankar Kumar",surname:"Selvaraja",slug:"shankar-kumar-selvaraja",fullName:"Shankar Kumar Selvaraja"},{id:"249514",title:"Dr.",name:"Purnima",surname:"Sethi",slug:"purnima-sethi",fullName:"Purnima Sethi"}],corrections:null},{id:"61264",title:"Graphene Based Waveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76796",slug:"graphene-based-waveguides",totalDownloads:1562,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene, which is well known as a one-atom thick carbon allotrope, has drawn lots of attention since its first announcement due to remarkable performance in mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, and optical areas. In particular, unique properties of graphene such as low net absorption in broadband optical band, notably high nonlinear optical effects, and gate-variable optical conductivity make it an excellent candidate for high speed, high performance, and broadband electronic and photonics devices. Embedding graphene into optical devices longitudinally would enhance the light-graphene interaction, which shows great potential in photonic components. Since the carrier density of graphene could be tuned by external gate voltage, chemical doping, light excitation, graphene-based waveguide modulator could be designed to have high flexibility in controlling the absorption and modulation depth. Furthermore, graphene-based waveguides could take advantages in detection, sensing, polarizer, and so on.",signatures:"Xianglian Song, Xiaoyu Dai and Yuanjiang Xiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61264",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61264",authors:[{id:"106075",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanjiang",surname:"Xiang",slug:"yuanjiang-xiang",fullName:"Yuanjiang Xiang"},{id:"226350",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianglian",surname:"Song",slug:"xianglian-song",fullName:"Xianglian Song"},{id:"226500",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyu",surname:"Dai",slug:"xiaoyu-dai",fullName:"Xiaoyu Dai"}],corrections:null},{id:"61408",title:"Lithium Niobate Optical Waveguides and Microwaveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76798",slug:"lithium-niobate-optical-waveguides-and-microwaveguides",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lithium niobate has attracted much attention since the 1970s due to its capacity to modify the light by means of an electric control. In this chapter, we review the evolution of electro-optical (EO) lithium niobate waveguides throughout the years, from Ti-indiffused waveguides to photonic crystals. The race toward ever smaller EO components with ever-lower optical losses and power consumption has stimulated numerous studies, the challenge consisting of strongly confining the light while preserving low losses. We show how waveguides have evolved toward ridges or thin film-based microguides to increase the EO efficiency and reduce the driving voltage. In particular, a focus is made on an easy-to-implement technique using a circular precision saw to produce thin ridge waveguides or suspended membranes with low losses.",signatures:"Nadège Courjal, Maria-Pilar Bernal, Alexis Caspar, Gwenn Ulliac,\nFlorent Bassignot, Ludovic Gauthier-Manuel and Miguel Suarez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61408",authors:[{id:"31946",title:"Mr.",name:"Gwenn",surname:"Ulliac",slug:"gwenn-ulliac",fullName:"Gwenn Ulliac"},{id:"31950",title:"Mr.",name:"Florent",surname:"Bassignot",slug:"florent-bassignot",fullName:"Florent Bassignot"},{id:"223063",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nadege",surname:"Bodin Courjal",slug:"nadege-bodin-courjal",fullName:"Nadege Bodin Courjal"},{id:"227862",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Pilar",surname:"Bernal",slug:"maria-pilar-bernal",fullName:"Maria-Pilar Bernal"},{id:"239866",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexis",surname:"Caspar",slug:"alexis-caspar",fullName:"Alexis Caspar"},{id:"239868",title:"Mr.",name:"Ludovic",surname:"Gautier-Manuel",slug:"ludovic-gautier-manuel",fullName:"Ludovic Gautier-Manuel"},{id:"239932",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Suarez",slug:"miguel-suarez",fullName:"Miguel Suarez"}],corrections:null},{id:"59919",title:"Raman Solitons in Nanoscale Optical Waveguides, with Metamaterials, Having Polynomial Law Nonlinearity Using Collective Variables",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75121",slug:"raman-solitons-in-nanoscale-optical-waveguides-with-metamaterials-having-polynomial-law-nonlinearity",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A mathematical analysis is conducted to illustrate the controllability of the Raman soliton self-frequency shift with polynomial nonlinearity in metamaterials by using collective variable method. The polynomial nonlinearity is due to the expanding nonlinear polarization \n\n\nP\nNL\n\n\n in a series over the field \n\nE\n\n up to the seventh order. Gaussian assumption is selected to these pulses on a generalized mode. The numerical simulation of soliton parameter variation is given for the Gaussian pulse parameters.",signatures:"Yanan Xu, Jun Ren and Matthew C. Tanzy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59919",authors:[{id:"223008",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Xu",slug:"yanan-xu",fullName:"Yanan Xu"},{id:"223668",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Tanzy",slug:"matthew-tanzy",fullName:"Matthew Tanzy"},{id:"248250",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Ren",slug:"jun-ren",fullName:"Jun Ren"}],corrections:null},{id:"60221",title:"Silicon-on-Insulator Slot Waveguides: Theory and Applications in Electro-Optics and Optical Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75539",slug:"silicon-on-insulator-slot-waveguides-theory-and-applications-in-electro-optics-and-optical-sensing",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:32,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the basic concept of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) slot waveguides, including slot waveguide theory, fabrication steps, and applications. First, in the theory section, a modal field expression and the characteristic equation is derived, which is also valid for higher-order modes. SOI slot waveguide structures are simulated and characteristic values like the effective refractive indices and the field confinement factors are determined. The fabrication section describes typical SOI fabrication steps and the limits of current fabrication techniques. Additionally, developments regarding loss reduction in SOI slot waveguides are given from the fabrication point of view. This is followed by the theory and practice of slot waveguide based electro-optical modulators. Here, the SOI slot waveguide is embedded in an organic nonlinear optical material in order to achieve record-low voltage-length products. In the field of optical sensors, it is shown that slot waveguides enable remarkable waveguide sensitivity for both refractive index sensing and surface sensing.",signatures:"Patrick Steglich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60221",authors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich"}],corrections:null},{id:"61148",title:"Investigation of Ring Waveguide Add/Drop with Grating Couple",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76800",slug:"investigation-of-ring-waveguide-add-drop-with-grating-couple",totalDownloads:963,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The silicon photon technology platform is low transmission loss, small size, low cost of the process and easy integration with electronic components and other characteristics. It is designed to design high-density optical communication network system has a considerable advantage. Such as high-density wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system, that is through the different wavelengths of signal processing. So that it can be used for optical connection switches, routing and other applications. It composed of a DWDM system, through the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, ring resonator (Add/Drop), array waveguide grating (AWG) and grating coupler and other structural components. It is designed by components to filter, switch, adjust and detect functions. The characteristics of the ring resonator are for wavelength selection. It is suitable for the design of optical switches, signal switching and modulation applications. It is also the focus of this lab and this chapter to explore and study. The general edge coupling, between the optical fiber and the waveguide dimension is very different. As a result, larger insertion loss is caused. This study uses the vertical coupling method to investigate the characteristics of a ring resonator.",signatures:"Jian-Chiun Liou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61148",authors:[{id:"222901",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian-Chiun",surname:"Liou",slug:"jian-chiun-liou",fullName:"Jian-Chiun Liou"}],corrections:null},{id:"60915",title:"Multimode Waveguides on an SOI Platform for Arbitrary Power Splitting Ratio Couplers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76799",slug:"multimode-waveguides-on-an-soi-platform-for-arbitrary-power-splitting-ratio-couplers",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Optical power couplers with arbitrary power splitting ratios are important components for many applications such as Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based structures, filters, switches, dispersion compensations, optical interconnects, and microring resonators. In this chapter, we present a new approach to achieve a very high compact coupler with arbitrary power splitting ratios on silicon on insulator (SOI) waveguides. The proposed device requires only one 4×4 multimode interference (MMI) coupler. We use a passive wide SOI waveguide to achieve the phase shifter. The footprint of the whole device is only about 6×150 μm2. A large fabrication tolerance of ±50 nm can be achieved. The modified effective index method, beam propagation method, finite difference method, and finite difference-time difference method are used to optimally design the whole device.",signatures:"Trung-Thanh Le and Duy-Tien Le",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60915",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60915",authors:[{id:"223579",title:"Prof.",name:"Trung-Thanh",surname:"Le",slug:"trung-thanh-le",fullName:"Trung-Thanh Le"},{id:"240025",title:"Dr.",name:"Duy-Tien",surname:"Le",slug:"duy-tien-le",fullName:"Duy-Tien Le"}],corrections:null},{id:"60830",title:"Longitudinal Differential Protection of Power Systems Transmission Lines Using Optical Waveguide",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76621",slug:"longitudinal-differential-protection-of-power-systems-transmission-lines-using-optical-waveguide",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes using optical waveguide for communication between two relays on the opposite ends of the power systems transmission line (or transmission line). Transmission lines are a very important part of the power system. Because of that, relay protection must be fast and safe. Longitudinal differential protection satisfies these requirements. Pilot wire differential relays are commonly used for the protection of short lines. The existence of the pilot wires is a disadvantage. This protection is limited to lines of a few tens of kilometers. However, if optical protection ground wires (OPGWs) are used, instead of pilot wires, the length of the line ceases to be a limiting factor. The following sections tell more about constructions, assembly and utilization of the optical waveguides in differential protection. Also, the newest algorithms of this protection are listed.",signatures:"Tomislav Rajić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60830",authors:[{id:"227492",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Rajić",slug:"tomislav-rajic",fullName:"Tomislav Rajić"}],corrections:null},{id:"60096",title:"End-Fire Mode Spectroscopy: A Measuring Technique for Optical Waveguides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75558",slug:"end-fire-mode-spectroscopy-a-measuring-technique-for-optical-waveguides",totalDownloads:956,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"End-fire mode spectroscopy technique provides reliable measurement of the whole mode spectrum of optical waveguides having arbitrary cross refractive index profile. The method is based on registration of light beams radiated from the abrupt output edge of the waveguide, with each beam corresponding to the individual waveguide mode. Due to different values of mode propagation constants, modes of different orders demonstrate different refraction angles at the output waveguide face when modes reach that face under the same nonzero inclination angle. Just this feature is used in the technique. Mode excitation is performed directly through the input waveguide face, and therefore the technique can be applied to analyze mode spectrum of arbitrary waveguides, including the ones with non-monotonic index profiles (particularly, symmetric step-index profiles or buried graded-index waveguides with any burying depths).",signatures:"Dmitry V. Svistunov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60096",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60096",authors:[{id:"200376",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Svistunov",slug:"dmitry-svistunov",fullName:"Dmitry Svistunov"}],corrections:null},{id:"61252",title:"Polymer Resonant Waveguide Gratings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76917",slug:"polymer-resonant-waveguide-gratings",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the advances in polymeric waveguide gratings for filtering and integrated optics applications. Optical polymer materials are widely used for planar and corrugated micro-optical waveguide grating structures ranging from down a micrometer to several hundred micrometers. Light in a polymeric waveguide is transmitted in discrete modes whose propagation orders depend on incident wavelength, waveguide dimensional parameters, and material properties. Diffracted optical structures are permittivity-modulated microstructures whose micro-relief surface profiles exhibit global/local periodicity. The resonant nature and location of such globally periodic structures (diffraction gratings) excite leaky waveguide modes which couple incident light into reflected/transmitted plane wave diffraction orders. It describes design & analysis, fabrication, and characterization of sub-wavelength polymer grating structures replicated in different polymeric materials (polycarbonate, cyclic olefin copolymer, Ormocomp) by a simple, cost-effective, accurate, and large scale production method. The master stamp (mold) for polymer replication is fabricated with an etchless process with smooth surface profile.",signatures:"Muhammad Rizwan Saleem and Rizwan Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61252",authors:[{id:"227567",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Rizwan",surname:"Saleem",slug:"muhammad-rizwan-saleem",fullName:"Muhammad Rizwan Saleem"},{id:"398554",title:"Dr.",name:"Rizwan",surname:"Ali",slug:"rizwan-ali",fullName:"Rizwan Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"61296",title:"Applications and Solving Techniques of Propagated Wave in Waveguides Filled with Inhomogeneous Dielectric Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76793",slug:"applications-and-solving-techniques-of-propagated-wave-in-waveguides-filled-with-inhomogeneous-diele",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents techniques to solve problems of propagation along the straight rectangular and circular waveguides with inhomogeneous dielectric materials in the cross section. These techniques are very important to improve the methods that are based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and their inverse transforms also for the discontinuous rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section (and not only for the continuous profiles). The main objective of this chapter is to develop the techniques that enable us to solve problems with inhomogeneous dielectric materials in the cross section of the straight rectangular and circular waveguides. The second objective is to understand the influence of the inhomogeneous dielectric materials on the output fields. The method in this chapter is based on the Laplace and Fourier transforms and their inverse transforms. The proposed techniques together with the methods that are based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and their inverse transforms are important to improve the methods also for the discontinuous rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section. The applications are useful for straight waveguides in the microwave and the millimeter-wave regimes, for the straight hollow waveguide and for infrared field, also in the cases of inhomogeneous dielectric materials in the cross section.",signatures:"Zion Menachem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61296",authors:[{id:"147585",title:"Dr.",name:"Zion",surname:"Menachem",slug:"zion-menachem",fullName:"Zion Menachem"}],corrections:null},{id:"61256",title:"Periodic Rectangular and Circular Profiles in the Cross Section of the Straight Waveguide Based on Laplace and Fourier Transforms and Their Inverse Transforms and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76794",slug:"periodic-rectangular-and-circular-profiles-in-the-cross-section-of-the-straight-waveguide-based-on-l",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents propagation along the straight rectangular waveguide with periodic rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section. The objectives in this study are to explore the effect of the periodic rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section of the straight waveguide on the output field and to develop the technique to calculate two kinds of the periodic profiles. The method is based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and the inverse Laplace and Fourier transforms. The contribution of the proposed technique is important to improve the method that is based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and their inverse transforms also for the discontinuous periodic rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section (and not only for the continuous profiles). The proposed technique is very effective to solve complex problems, in relation to the conventional methods, especially when we have a large numbers of dielectric profiles. The application is useful for straight waveguides in the microwave and the millimeter wave regimes, with periodic rectangular and circular profiles in the cross section of the straight waveguide.",signatures:"Zion Menachem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61256",authors:[{id:"147585",title:"Dr.",name:"Zion",surname:"Menachem",slug:"zion-menachem",fullName:"Zion Menachem"}],corrections:null},{id:"59870",title:"A Theoretical Model of the Holographic Formation of Controllable Waveguide Channels System in Photopolymer Liquid Crystalline Composition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74838",slug:"a-theoretical-model-of-the-holographic-formation-of-controllable-waveguide-channels-system-in-photop",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid development of the integrated optics and photonics makes it necessary to create cheap and simple technology of optical waveguide systems formation. Photolithography methods, widely used for these tasks recently, require the production of a number of precision amplitude and phase masks. This fact makes this technology expensive and the formation process long. On another side there is a cheap and one-step holographic recording method in photopolymer compositions. Parameters of the waveguide system formed by this method are determined by recording geometry and material’s properties. Besides, compositions may contain liquid crystals that make it possible to create elements, controllable by external electric field. In this chapter, the theoretical model of the holographic formation of controllable waveguide channels system in photopolymer liquid crystalline composition is developed. Special attention is paid to localization of waveguides in the media caused by light field attenuation during the formation process.",signatures:"Artem Semkin and Sergey Sharangovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59870",authors:[{id:"226143",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Sharangovich",slug:"sergey-sharangovich",fullName:"Sergey Sharangovich"},{id:"226145",title:"Dr.",name:"Artem",surname:"Semkin",slug:"artem-semkin",fullName:"Artem Semkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"59829",title:"Application of Numeric Routine for Simulating Transients in Power Line Communication (PLC) Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74753",slug:"application-of-numeric-routine-for-simulating-transients-in-power-line-communication-plc-systems",totalDownloads:886,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Applying numerical routines based on trapezoidal rule of integration (Heun’s method for numerical integration), simple models of transmission lines are used to analyze and simulate the propagation of communication signals in PLC-type systems (power line communication systems). Such systems are shared by the same systems for the transfer of electrical power and signal transmission. For the mentioned routines, the main objectives are: simulate the propagation of electromagnetic transients in these systems and analyze the interference of such phenomena in the transmitted signal. Such simulations are performed with classical structures that represent infinitesimal units of transmission lines. Modifications in the structure of such units are analyzed to improve the results obtained by the mentioned simulations.",signatures:"Afonso José do Prado, Luis Henrique Jus, Melissa de Oliveira Santos,\nElmer Mateus Gennaro, André Alves Ferreira, Thainá Guimarães\nPereira, Aghatta Cioqueta Moreira, Juliana Semiramis Menzinger,\nCaio Vinícius Colozzo Grilo, Marinez Cargnin Stieler and José\nPissolato Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59829",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59829",authors:[{id:"148612",title:"Dr.",name:"Afonso",surname:"Prado",slug:"afonso-prado",fullName:"Afonso Prado"},{id:"148614",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Pissolato Filho",slug:"jose-pissolato-filho",fullName:"José Pissolato Filho"},{id:"239891",title:"Mr.",name:"Luis Henrique",surname:"Jus",slug:"luis-henrique-jus",fullName:"Luis Henrique Jus"},{id:"239892",title:"Ms.",name:"Melissa De Oliveira",surname:"Santos",slug:"melissa-de-oliveira-santos",fullName:"Melissa De Oliveira 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Monteiro\nand Marcelo A. Moret",authors:[{id:"182667",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:"Batista",surname:"Figueredo",fullName:"Marcos Figueredo",slug:"marcos-figueredo"}]},{id:"52036",title:"Watch Your Step! Terrain Traversability for Robot Control",slug:"watch-your-step-terrain-traversability-for-robot-control",signatures:"Mauro Bellone",authors:[{id:"158265",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Bellone",fullName:"Mauro Bellone",slug:"mauro-bellone"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3711",title:"Robot Localization and Map Building",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-localization-and-map-building",bookSignature:"Hanafiah Yussof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32065",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafiah",surname:"Yussof",slug:"hanafiah-yussof",fullName:"Hanafiah Yussof"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5263",title:"Robot Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ee44b867a4e27c8e3bae6016c4f698",slug:"robot-control",bookSignature:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5263.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74057",title:"Chemical Modification of Xylan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94208",slug:"chemical-modification-of-xylan",body:'Xylan is a natural biodegradable polymer, a major component of hemicellulose which is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature after cellulose and starch. Hemicellulose can be extracted by alkaline solution from plants, including agricultural and forestry products [1, 2]. Xylan is a major component of the hemicellulose of straw, grasses and agricultural residues. It has a skeleton consisting of β (1 → 4) xylopyranose units, and generally has individual arabinose units attached to some of the C3 positions of the xylan skeleton as the main substituent, and small amounts of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid residues essentially linked to C2 position [3]. The solubility of xylan is favored by the presence of charged substituents such as uronic acids, which increase the hydrophily of the polymer and the intermolecular electrostatic repulsions. Its original physico-chemical properties bring it closer to hydrocolloids. It is used in particular in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors, as a thickener, emulsifier or gelling agent. In addition, its binding properties have been exploited as additives in the preparation of paper pulps. They provide better flexibility to fibers and improve the mechanical resistance of paper. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to poly (lactic acid) due to increasing environmental concerns and the decrease in fossil resources [4, 5, 6, 7]. In addition, this polymer comes from renewable plant resources and has excellent properties such as biodegradability, mechanical strength, transparency and biocompatibility. It has considerable market potential in the fields of packaging, agriculture and biomedical and it is considered as a substitute for polymers of non-degradable basic products [8, 9]. In order to improve the specific, thermal and mechanical properties of xylan, modification is one of the ways that best responds to this limitation of properties and that can enhance it. For example, acetylation of xylan increases its hydrophobicity and thermal stability [10, 11]. Indeed, the grafting of poly (L-lactide) is one of the modifications which gives a product derived entirely from nature. The concept of grafting PLLA on polysaccharides is already studied. Recently, a study has shown that PLLA-g-hemicellulose is a good accounting for a mixture between wood hydrolysates and PLA [12]. The blocks or grafted copolymers such as cellulose-graft-PLA, xylans-grafts-PLA, PLA-grafted starch copolymers, having hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments, have been reported to form different types of microstructures and have been applied as biomaterials [13]. Several researchers have studied cellulose graft copolymers such as poly (lactide) grafted cellulose or poly (ε-caprolactone) grafted cellulose, as biodegradable plastics, and have indicated that chains of poly (lactide) or poly (ε-caprolactone) acted as internal plasticizers for the polysaccharide and it was found that the properties of the xylan-g-PLA copolymers strongly depend on the length of the PLA chains grafted on the xylan [14, 15, 16, 17]. In fact, the grafting reaction depends on the method used according to the case of the modification of the xylan or of the PLLA [18] and also of several parameters such as: temperature, reaction time, type and quantity of catalysts, etc. Trimethylamine is the catalyst used for grafting PLLA on chitosan with a yield of less than 50%. Other catalysts are used for this type of reaction such as DMAP which can open the lactide cycle [12], carbine [19]. In a study [20], the catalyst used is triazobicyclodecene (TBD) at low temperatures and for short periods of time. This part is concerned with the structural analysis of xylans extracted from chestnut sawdust as well as their transformation into plastic films. After extraction and purification, the structure of these polysaccharides was characterized by IR and NMR. In a second part, the xylans were modified by the grafting of the PLLAs. Finally, a study of the physical and thermomechanical properties of the synthesized copolymers is carried out [21].
Cellulose and starch are the main plant-based polysaccharides for industrial use. Hemicelluloses in general, xylans in particular, although they currently represent a modest volume of exploitation, are nevertheless receiving increasing attention [22]. Their original physico-chemical properties bring them closer to hydrocolloids. The latter denote polysaccharides of natural origin or their derivatives, which dissolve or disperse in water to form viscous solutions or suspensions. Hydrocolloids, which have a great affinity for water, affect the texture of the medium to which they are added and modify the consumer’s perception of a product, hence their use in particular in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors, as a thickener, emulsifier or gelling agent [23]. These polymers have in solution a low viscosity under stress and a high viscosity at rest at high concentration. These characteristics are those sought after for commercial naturally occurring thickeners such as xanthan gum and locust bean gum. In addition, their binding properties have been exploited as additives in the preparation of paper pulps. They provide better flexibility to the fibers and improve the mechanical strength of the paper [24]. Finally, their nutritional properties are not negligible. Xylans are in fact used as dietary fibers. They are not degraded by human digestive enzymes and thus accelerate intestinal transit. In addition, their ingestion would significantly decrease the accumulation of lipids in the liver and the blood cholesterol level [25]. Xylans can therefore be used in the native state, on the basis of their physicochemical properties, but the main ways of upgrading these polysaccharides are based either on their hydrolysis to form precursors used in the chemical industry, or on their functionalization which allows to consider new applications.
The petrochemical plants of the world consume 270 million tonnes of oil and gas every year in the production of plastics [26]. Fossil fuels provide the energy and raw material needed to transform crude oil into materials such as polystyrene, polyethylene or polypropylene. The progressive scarcity of these organic materials will inevitably be accompanied by a significant increase in their cost. Biotechnologies and organic chemistry can nevertheless provide solutions and literature offers numerous references on this subject [27, 28]. Biotechnologies currently seem to favor three approaches to replace plastics with products derived from plants: the direct production of plastics by micro-organisms, by cultivated plants or the transformation of sugars. It was in 1977 that the American companies Cargill and Dow Chemical joined their efforts to produce, after fermentation sugars of plant origin into lactic acid and polymerization of the latter, a plastic called polylactic acid [26] or PLA. A few years later, Imperial Chemical Industries marketed another plastic obtained after fermentation of sugars of plant origin [29], Biopol, which is a copolymer of the family of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA). This bioplastic is however significantly more expensive than its synthetic counterparts derived from fossil fuels. Its only advantage is its biodegradability. Faced with high production costs, scientists have directed their research towards the direct synthesis of plastics by plants. The objective here is to modify the genetic heritage of cultivated plants in order to make them synthesize plastic directly. However, these works face a series of problems linked to: the physiology of the plant: the chloroplasts of the leaves which are the seat of photosynthesis seem to be a privileged place for the production of plastics by the plant. Too much synthesis at this level lowers the yields of photosynthesis and therefore the amount of produced plastic; to the methods of extraction and purification of plastics from the plant: These methods require the use of huge amounts of solvent; to public opinion: the dissemination of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in our environment is currently causing sometimes violent controversies. The recent statement of the precautionary principle and the tightening of the regulations linked to this type of manipulation undoubtedly constitute a serious obstacle to the development of such technologies since they impose strictly controlled cultivation conditions incompatible with large-scale production. Organic synthesis provides different responses. One strategy is to chemically modify plant polymers. Remember that the first synthetic polymers were obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, such as nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate, used among others as thermoplastics. The esterification of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulosic fibers by aliphatic chains profoundly modifies their properties, and in particular the thermoplasticity and the hydrophobic character, but also the biodegradability, the solubility, the inflammability, etc. The properties of the material obtained then depend on the length of the grafted chain, as well as on the degree of substitution of the esterified polymer or DS;ie, the number of esterified hydroxyl functions per anhydroglucose unit in the case of cellulose. Cellulosic esters with a short carbon chain (less than six carbon atoms) currently represent an important industrial market, used and marketed in fields as varied as textile fibers, films, film substrates and membranes, coatings and varnishes, thermoplastic materials or composite materials. Cellulose esters, such as cellulose acetate (CA) or mixed esters such as cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and acetate butyrate (CAB), all made from highly purified microcrystalline cellulose, compete with plastics derived from the petrochemical industry such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonates, nylons, etc., for which the basic products, ethylene, propylene, xylene or even ethylene glycol are still very economically attractive. In addition, obtaining cellulose esters requires the prior solubilization of the cellulose, which generates the implementation of a heavy and costly methodology, unlike the synthetic polymers derived from polycondensations. Their properties remain original, however, and they continue to satisfy certain markets. The thermomechanical qualities of cellulose esters remain their main handicap. Indeed, due to the fragility of the polysaccharide chains at high temperatures, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the material decomposition temperature are often very close. The glass transition temperature corresponds to the transition from a glassy state, in which the polymer is hard and brittle, to a rubbery state for which the polymer is soft and flexible. From this temperature, the material is more flexible and easier to work. This is the reason why a plasticizer is often added in order to lower the glass transition temperature and therefore widen the field of application of thermoplastics. Several plasticizers are commonly used, including on an industrial scale. This is the case for triethylcitrate for cellulose acetate and dioctyladipate for CAP. However, the use of plasticizer can sometimes be inconvenient for certain applications. These small molecules tend to evaporate over time, which can change the performance of the material in the short or medium term. Another solution for lowering the Tg of a polymer is to graft long chain substituents, so as to increase the free volume and therefore reduce the interactions between the polymer chains. The presence of bulky and flexible side substituents such as fatty chains, by removing the polysaccharide chains, lowers their Tg and therefore influences the field of use of these thermoplastics. Studies have shown on a series of cellulose esters ranging from acetate to palmitate (C16), that Tg decreases significantly with the increase in the length of the grafted fatty chains [30]. Thus, without adding plasticizer, it is possible to obtain hydrophobic plastics that are more flexible, more deformable, less brittle, which suggests new areas of application, such as packaging or plasticulture and, in particular, agriculture mulch films [31, 32]. All of these works, initiated from a model substrate, cellulose, makes it possible to envisage new ways of upgrading for polysaccharides, and in particular for wood xylans. The objective of this study is the synthesis of new plastic materials by grafting poly (lactic acid) on xylan (4-O-methylglucuronoxylanes) extracted from chestnut sawdust.
The main problem facing the experimenter is that of the chemical richness of the plant cell wall, which is reflected in the great structural diversity of the macromolecules, essentially polysaccharides, which are represented there. The protocols to be used must therefore be sufficiently selective to allow the extraction of a category of macromolecules; they must also be concerned with protecting the integrity of molecular structures by limiting the degradation of the latter. A detailed study of literature in the field of hemicellulose extraction reveals the existence of a large number of protocols. This observation can only be explained by the wide variety of hemicellulosic structures identified within the plant cell wall. The development of a specific extraction protocol for xylans with a view to their commercial exploitation is the subject of numerous studies. The question to be answered by the experimenter is what type of xylans to extract, from which plant material, for what properties, for what applications and using which protocols. The presence of a polyphenolic frame formed by lignin, as well as the existence of chemical bonds between the different hemicelluloses which constitute the wall, and between the hemicelluloses and lignin limits the extraction of xylans. It is then impossible to extract a type of polysaccharide without breaking these bonds and therefore without modifying the polymer with respect to its state in situ. It is therefore necessary to apply sufficiently strong extraction conditions to allow the rupture of these bonds, without degrading the extracted molecules. In the case of extraction from wood, the xylans are conventionally collected, after delignification in the presence of sodium chlorite, by an alkaline extraction. Beforehand, it is necessary to eliminate the extractables, so that they do not interfere in the analyses later. A schematic representation of the separation of the constituents of wood is illustrated in Figure 1.
Separation of wood constituents.
The DMAc/LiCl solution is prepared for 1 hour at a temperature of 80° C with mechanical stirring. In a flask equipped with a condenser, we mixed a quantity of the solution of DMAc/LiCl, L-lactide (2, 4 or 8 equiv./ OH) and DMAP catalyst (0.1, 0.5 or 1 equi/OH) then heated it to 80° C with magnetic stirring at different reaction times (8, 16, 24 h). At the end of the reaction, a quantity of ethanol is added in order to precipitate the xylan-g-PLLA. The product obtained is purified with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and precipitated in ethanol. The obtained copolymer is dried at room temperature and is characterized by different methods.
Chestnut wood glucuronoxylans were extracted by this procedure (Figure 2).
Scheme of fractionalizationof 4-O-methylglucuronoxylans (MGX) from chestnut wood.
They were obtained from chlorite-delignified sawdust by aqueous KOH extraction. The MGX has been extracted with a yield of 19%. The obtained fraction is characteristic of a classical MGX with more than 99% of xylose and 4-
Structure of 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan extracted from
The result of 1
Glycoside residues | Chemical shifts in ppm (J en Hz) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
(1 → 4)- D-Xylp | 1H | 4,48 (7,5) | 3,29 (8,2) | 3,55 (9,0) | 3,79 | 4,10 (4,5; 11,5); 3,38 (11,0) |
Chemical shifts of glycosidic residues of xylan (D2O).
1H NMR spectra of xylan (D2O).
The IR spectra of xylans (Figure 5), and more particularly of 4-Omethylglucuronoxylans, have been studied in detail by Marchessault and Liang (1962) (see [33]) and more recently by Kacurakovaet
FT-IR spectra of xylan.
The synthesis of the biodegradable xylan-g-PLLA copolymers is carried out at atmospheric pressure by opening the L-lactide ring and the DMAc/LiClxylan solution (0.2 g/l) in the presence of DMAP as catalyst. The degree of substitution and the degree of polymerization express the efficiency of the grafting reaction. They are calculated from 1H NMR spectra. The medium DS is defined as the medium number of grafted PLLA chains per repeat unit which is calculated by comparing the integration of the 3 protons of the terminal CH3 with the equatorial proton H5 of xylose. The medium DP, meanwhile, is calculated by comparing the integration of internal CH3s with terminal CH3s. The yield is defined as the ratio between the weight of plastic film and the initial weight of polysaccharide.
It should be noted that the DS and the DP show that the latter both increase with the amount of L-lactide and the DMAP and decrease beyond the 16 h time. In addition, it has been proven that DMAP is used as a hyper nucleophilia catalyst which is 104 times more active than pyridine [10], this is more favorable when the reaction time is longer, favoring depolymerization reactions. The maximum conditions for having a larger DS and DP are: 16 h, 8 eq/OH, 1 eq/OH.
One of the properties verified after the grafting reaction is the solubility of the copolymers and some have been found to be soluble in water and others not; which confirms the modification of the properties of xylan. A copolymer is dissolved in water in a petri dish after evaporation of the solvent at 40° C in an oven, a casting plastic film was obtained (Figure 6).
Photograph of a xylan-g-PLLA film. Note: Xylan-g-PLLA, xylan-graft-poly(L-lactide).
The IR analysis of xylan, PLLA and xylan-g-PLLA is presented in the Figure 7. All the xylan absorption bands of type (1 → 4) are presented in the Table 2. An absorption band of the groups of hydroxyl is observed at 3544 cm−1, another absorption band at 897 cm−1 of glycosidic C-H (β). [36] Other bands at 1096 cm−1 and 1044 cm−1 of the C-O, C-C and C-OH groups of the ring. A strong absorption band at 1784 cm−1 is observed on the chemically modified xylan characteristic of ester functions (C = O) [36, 37]. Other bands that characterize CH and CH3 are seen at 2984 and 2934 cm−1. All of these absorption bands confirm the modification of the xylan structure.
Fourier transform infrared spectra of xylan, PLLA, xylan-graft- poly (L-lactide) copolymer.
Absorptions (cm−1) | Relative Intensity | Type of vibration |
---|---|---|
3404 | w | ν(O-H) |
2919 | m | ν(C-H) |
1721 | m | ν(C=O) uronic acid |
1609 | e | ν(C=O)acid salt, anti-symmetric vibration |
1465 | f | δ(CH2) symmetric |
1413 | f | ν(C=O) acid salt, symmetric vibration |
1257 | f | δ(CH2) |
1165–1149 | m | ν(C-O-C), ν(C-C) |
1131–1121 | e | ν(C-O-C), ν(C-C) |
1096 | s | ν(C-O), cycle, ν(C-C) |
1044 | s | ν(C-O), ν(C-C) |
984 | m | ν(C-O), δ(OH), cycle vibrations |
896 | m | δ(CH) glycosidic (β), cycle vibrations |
Absorption bands characteristic of glucuronoxylans.
w: wide, m: medium, f: weak, s: strong, e: shoulder; ν: valence vibrations; δ: deformation vibrations.
The 1H NMR spectrum (Figure 8) shows intense signals corresponding to the protons of the xylose units of the unsubstituted main chain, as well as less intense signals attributed to the uronic acid units and to the xylose units which carry them in position 2. The intensity of these signals depends on the degree of substitution by uronic acid. The doublets attributed to the anomeric protons of the xylose units, substituted (4.5 ppm) or not (4.6 ppm), are associated with a coupling constant of about 7 Hz, characteristic of an osidic bond. The coupling constant of the doublet corresponding to the anomeric protons of uronic acid, at 5.3 ppm, is in the order of 2 Hz, which characterizes an osidic bond. It is also possible to observe on the different 1H spectra of xylans, a fine singlet around 3.4 ppm, which is to be associated with the existence of methyl groups carried, given the integration, by the uronic acid. This last remark confirms the presence of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid. This is fixed in position 2 of the xylose, which results in a greater deshielding of the H2 compared to the unsubstituted xylose units. We can distinguish on the 1H NMR spectrum of the modified xylan, signals between 1 and 2.5 ppm of the protons of the aliphatic chains shows a signal at 5.20 ppm which corresponds to the C
1H RMN spectra of xylan-graft-poly (L-lactide) copolymer (DMSO).
The mechanical properties of PLA have been studied by various researchers [38, 39]. PLA has mechanical properties similar to those of polystyrene [40]. Dynamic mechanical analysis (Figure 9) showed that the glass transition temperature of the xylan-g-PLLA film is 147°C. For the new PLLA-g-xylan material, the results of mechanical tests (Figure 10) show that the film has a nominal strain ε rupture = 8 ± 2.5%, its Young’s modulus E = 1.2 ± 0.1 GPa (1200Mpa) and a nominal stress of about 60 MPa. These mechanical properties are close to those of polypropylene [41].
Evaluation of the tangent of the loss angle and the loss modulus E” of xylan-g-PLLA as a function of temperature.
Elongation at breakaccording to thenominalstrain (5%).
The modification of xylan by grafting the PLLA on the xylan extracted from the sawdust of chestnut was carried out in this work. The synthesis of branched xylan-g-PLA co-polymers is carried out from L-lactide and xylan using DMA as solvent for the xylan and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as catalyst at a temperature of 80° C. These copolymers are characterized and infrared analysis has shown the appearance of the characteristic band of the esters at 1784 cm−1 and of other bands of the group CH3 on the xylan-g-PLLA spectrum. Following the 1H NMR analysis, the appearance of the PLLA aliphatic protons was observed on the spectrum of the grafted xylan. The xylan copolymers are insoluble in water. The higher the DS, the more difficult the solubility is in water. Dynamic mechanical analysis has shown that Tg of the xylan-g-PLLA film is 147°C.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. 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