Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10796",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells that mediate horizontal cargo transport from donor to recipient cell, thereby establishing cell-cell communication and signaling. This book provides critical information on the fundamentals of EVs, their roles in diseases like cancer, and their use in disease management. The chapters emphasize the emerging data confirming the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of diseases and discuss the scientific advances that have made it feasible to characterize and engineer EVs, leading to their use as tools in biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic application, and theranostics. This volume is a valuable resource for basic biologists, translational scientists, and clinicians.",isbn:"978-1-80355-055-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-054-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-056-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94822",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",numberOfPages:338,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2308,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 27th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 25th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 14th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 12th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"171",title:"Cell Biology",slug:"medicine-cell-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"80876",title:"Introductory Chapter: Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Diseases and Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103865",slug:"introductory-chapter-role-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-human-diseases-and-therapy",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Manash K. Paul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80876",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80876",authors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],corrections:null},{id:"79084",title:"Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Cargo Loading, and Release",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100458",slug:"mechanisms-of-extracellular-vesicle-biogenesis-cargo-loading-and-release",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of various biomolecules including bioactive enzymes, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. EVs are classified into three main types based on their size, biogenesis, and cargo. Exosomes originate from endosomal membranes and are the smallest type of EV. Microvesicles (MVs) or microparticles are larger in size, and like apoptotic bodies which represent the largest type of EVs, both of these vesicles originate from outward budding of the plasma membrane. As discussed in this chapter, cargo loading of EVs and their release into the extracellular space where they can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells plays an important role in physiology and pathophysiology. This chapter will outline specific mechanisms involved in the loading and enrichment of miRNAs, proteins, and lipids within EVs. As explained here, various external and biological stimuli play a role in EV release. Finally, recent studies have shown that the biogenesis, cargo loading, and release of EVs are governed by circadian rhythms. Although EVs were once thought to serve as garbage disposals of cells, the numerous roles they serve in physiology and pathophysiology are now being appreciated.",signatures:"Abdel A. Alli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79084",authors:[{id:"428767",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel",surname:"Alli",slug:"abdel-alli",fullName:"Abdel Alli"}],corrections:null},{id:"79407",title:"Extracellular Vesicles and Their Interplay with Biological Membranes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101297",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-and-their-interplay-with-biological-membranes",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Most cells secrete vesicles into the extracellular environment to interact with other cells. These extracellular vesicles (EVs), have undergone a paradigm shift upon the discovery that they also transport important material including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. As natural cargo carriers, EVs are not recognised by the immune system as foreign substances, and consequently evade removal by immune cells. These intrinsic biological properties of EVs have led to further research on utilising EVs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery systems (DDSs). However, the internalisation of EVs by target cells is still not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether EVs can cross certain biological membranes like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) naturally, or require genetic modifications to do so. Hence, this review aims to evaluate the relationship between the composition of EVs and their association with different biological membranes they encounter before successfully releasing their cargo into target cells. This review identifies specific biomarkers detected in various EVs and important biological barriers present in the gastrointestinal, placental, immunological, neurological, lymphatic, pulmonary, renal and intracellular environments, and provides a recommendation on how to engineer EVs as potential drug carriers based on key proteins and lipids involved in crossing these barriers.",signatures:"Jacob Yeo Xian Ping, Yub Raj Neupane and Giorgia Pastorin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79407",authors:[{id:"428108",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giorgia",surname:"Pastorin",slug:"giorgia-pastorin",fullName:"Giorgia Pastorin"},{id:"441569",title:"Mr.",name:"Jacob",surname:"Yeo Xian Ping",slug:"jacob-yeo-xian-ping",fullName:"Jacob Yeo Xian Ping"},{id:"441570",title:"Dr.",name:"Yub Raj",surname:"Neupane",slug:"yub-raj-neupane",fullName:"Yub Raj Neupane"}],corrections:null},{id:"79834",title:"Morphology and Formation Mechanisms of Cellular Vesicles Harvested from Blood",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101639",slug:"morphology-and-formation-mechanisms-of-cellular-vesicles-harvested-from-blood",totalDownloads:97,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Theoretical and experimental evidence on cellular vesicles (CVs) isolated from blood is presented. It is suggested that comparison of the observed shapes with theoretical shapes obtained by minimization of membrane-free energy in combination with electron microscopy is key in the assessment of CV identity. We found that shapes of CVs isolated from blood by repetitive centrifugation (up to 20.000 g) and washing, and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) agreed well with theoretically observed shapes. It is indicated that these CVs are colloids deriving from residual blood cells, mostly platelets. SEM images of washed erythrocytes undergoing budding and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of isolated erythrocyte microvesicles likewise showed smooth shapes that we described as characteristic for colloidal CVs. Besides these, the CV isolates may contain other small particles, such as exosomes and viruses, as observed in isolates from tomato homogenate, however, we could not identify such particles in isolates from healthy human blood. Theory of deviatoric elasticity underlaying minimization of the membrane free energy and simulated two-component vesicles with the orientational ordering of anisotropic constituents are presented to indicate the interdependence of curvature—sorting of membrane constituents and their orientational ordering in strongly anisotropically curved regions.",signatures:"Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Gabriella Pocsfalvi and Aleš Iglič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79834",authors:[{id:"80823",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriella",surname:"Pocsfalvi",slug:"gabriella-pocsfalvi",fullName:"Gabriella Pocsfalvi"},{id:"81114",title:"Prof.",name:"Veronika",surname:"Kralj-Iglič",slug:"veronika-kralj-iglic",fullName:"Veronika Kralj-Iglič"},{id:"122210",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleš",surname:"Iglič",slug:"ales-iglic",fullName:"Aleš Iglič"}],corrections:null},{id:"77248",title:"High-Throughput Single Extracellular Vesicle Profiling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97544",slug:"high-throughput-single-extracellular-vesicle-profiling",totalDownloads:236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous due to their cell of origins, biogenesis, stimuli in the microenvironment and so on. Single EV analysis is required for the study of EV heterogeneity. Besides the investigation of EV biology, single EV analysis technologies are promising approach for liquid biopsy, which relies on the detection of biomarker EVs readily available in body fluids but in trace amount. However, EVs are nano-scaled structures, which beyond the resolution of conventional technologies like optical microscopes, flow cytometers and so on. In this chapter, we will discuss advanced strategies for studying single EVs, including single EV imaging systems, flow cytometers, nano-sensing technologies and single EV barcoding assay.",signatures:"Yanling Cai and Di Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77248",authors:[{id:"342317",title:"Dr.",name:"Di",surname:"Wu",slug:"di-wu",fullName:"Di Wu"},{id:"350282",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanling",surname:"Cai",slug:"yanling-cai",fullName:"Yanling Cai"}],corrections:null},{id:"79775",title:"Extracellular Vesicles as Intercellular Communication Vehicles in Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101530",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-as-intercellular-communication-vehicles-in-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent cell-specific carriers of bioactive cargos that can be of importance in either physiological or pathological processes. Frequently, EVs are seen as intercellular communication vehicles, but it has become more and more evident that their usefulness can vary from circulating biomarkers for an early disease diagnosis to future therapeutic carriers for slowing down the evolution of different afflictions and their ability to restore damaged tissue/organs. Here, we summarize the latest progress of EVs classification, biogenesis, and characteristics. We also briefly discuss their therapeutic potential, with emphasis on their potential application in regenerative medicine.",signatures:"Gaspar Bogdan Severus, Ionescu Ruxandra Florentina, Enache Robert Mihai, Dobrică Elena Codruța, Crețoiu Sanda Maria, Crețoiu Dragoș and Voinea Silviu Cristian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79775",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79775",authors:[{id:"71558",title:"Dr.",name:"Crețoiu",surname:"Sanda Maria",slug:"cretoiu-sanda-maria",fullName:"Crețoiu Sanda Maria"},{id:"442427",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaspar",surname:"Bogdan Severus",slug:"gaspar-bogdan-severus",fullName:"Gaspar Bogdan Severus"},{id:"442428",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionescu",surname:"Ruxandra Florentina",slug:"ionescu-ruxandra-florentina",fullName:"Ionescu Ruxandra Florentina"},{id:"442429",title:"Dr.",name:"Enache",surname:"Robert Mihai",slug:"enache-robert-mihai",fullName:"Enache Robert Mihai"},{id:"442430",title:"Dr.",name:"Dobrică",surname:"Elena Codruța",slug:"dobrica-elena-codruta",fullName:"Dobrică Elena Codruța"},{id:"442432",title:"Dr.",name:"Crețoiu",surname:"Dragoș",slug:"cretoiu-dragos",fullName:"Crețoiu Dragoș"},{id:"442434",title:"Dr.",name:"Voinea",surname:"Silviu Cristian",slug:"voinea-silviu-cristian",fullName:"Voinea Silviu Cristian"}],corrections:null},{id:"79225",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101046",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-human-reproduction",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly identified as cell-to-cell communication mediators that carry and transfer various regulatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that EVs play important roles in normal physiology and pathological conditions of human reproduction. In the female reproductive system, EVs in follicular fluid, oviduct fluid, and uterine luminal fluid are considered as vehicles to regulate follicular development, oocyte maturation and mediate embryo–maternal crosstalk to affect embryo implantation and pregnancy. In the male reproductive system, prostasomes and epididymosomes are involved in regulating sperm maturation, motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, and fertilization. EVs transmitted cargos also play important roles in reproduction-related pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, pregnancy complications, male infertility, and gynecological malignant tumors. In view of the important roles in the reproductive system, EVs may be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for reproductive abnormalities and related diseases. In this chapter, we sorted EVs in human reproduction through their physical/pathological functions and mechanisms, and listed several EVs as biomarkers and clinical therapeutic applications in the future.",signatures:"Weidong Zhou, Teng Zhang, Yikai Lian and Wenjing Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79225",authors:[{id:"426840",title:"Dr.",name:"Weidong",surname:"Zhou",slug:"weidong-zhou",fullName:"Weidong Zhou"},{id:"426855",title:"MSc.",name:"Teng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"teng-zhang",fullName:"Teng Zhang"},{id:"438618",title:"MSc.",name:"Yikai",surname:"Lian",slug:"yikai-lian",fullName:"Yikai Lian"},{id:"438619",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenjing",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wenjing-zhang",fullName:"Wenjing Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"80108",title:"Exosomes and HIV-1 Association in AIDS-Defining Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101919",slug:"exosomes-and-hiv-1-association-in-aids-defining-patients",totalDownloads:122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that help to facilitate cell-to-cell communication by transporting cellular cargo locally or systemically to a recipient cell. These are subsequently fused and internalised by recipient cells. Exosomes are secreted from all cell types in HIV-1 infected patients. Recent studies reveal that exosomes from various sources modulate the pathophysiology of HIV-1, and conversely, exosomes are also targeted by HIV-1 factors. Semen or plasma exosomes could suppress/inhibit HIV-1 replication in humans and rodent models. Exosomal cargo components could be used as a biomarker in HIV-1patients and AIDS-defining patients. Exosome in semen and plasma is a useful tool for the diagnosis of HIV-1 and an alternative therapeutic tool for antiretroviral therapy.",signatures:"Sushanta Kumar Barik, Sanghamitra Pati, Keshar Kunja Mohanty, Sashi Bhusan Mohapatra, Srikanta Jena and Srikanth Prasad Tripathy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80108",authors:[{id:"427441",title:"Dr.",name:"Sushanta",surname:"Barik",slug:"sushanta-barik",fullName:"Sushanta Barik"},{id:"428036",title:"Dr.",name:"Keshar Kunja",surname:"Mohanty",slug:"keshar-kunja-mohanty",fullName:"Keshar Kunja Mohanty"},{id:"450277",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanghamitra",surname:"Pati",slug:"sanghamitra-pati",fullName:"Sanghamitra Pati"},{id:"450278",title:"Dr.",name:"Sashi",surname:"Bhusan Mohapatra",slug:"sashi-bhusan-mohapatra",fullName:"Sashi Bhusan Mohapatra"},{id:"450279",title:"Dr.",name:"Srikanta",surname:"Jena",slug:"srikanta-jena",fullName:"Srikanta Jena"},{id:"450280",title:"Dr.",name:"Srikanth",surname:"Prasad Tripathy",slug:"srikanth-prasad-tripathy",fullName:"Srikanth Prasad Tripathy"}],corrections:null},{id:"79955",title:"The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immunomodulation and Pathogenesis of Leishmania and Other Protozoan Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101682",slug:"the-role-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-immunomodulation-and-pathogenesis-of-em-leishmania-em-and-othe",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have lately emerged as crucial mediators in parasite infections. Recent research suggests that protozoan parasites, including Leishmania, employ EVs as transport vehicles to deliver biologically active effector molecules such as parasitic virulence factors to modulate the host immune system and their microenvironment. The immunomodulatory effects of EVs play an essential role in the formation and progression of parasitic diseases. The immunomodulatory strategies applied by EVs of protozoan origin have similarities to the development and progression of other infections or diseases such as cancer. In this chapter, we will provide recent insights into the role of EVs in host-pathogen interactions, intercellular-communication, immunomodulation and pathogenesis of Leishmania and other protozoan parasites, including Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma spp. and Trypanosoma spp. In addition, biologically inspired by the immunomodulation strategies of protozoan parasites, new immunotherapeutic models are being currently investigated to implement EVs more intensively in both therapy and diagnostics. Therefore, besides highlighting the role of EVs in protozoan infections, this chapter sheds light briefly on new immunotherapeutic approaches utilizing the strategies of protozoan EVs in medicine.",signatures:"Zeynep Islek, Batuhan Turhan Bozkurt, Mehmet Hikmet Ucisik and Fikrettin Sahin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79955",authors:[{id:"205481",title:"Prof.",name:"Fikrettin",surname:"Şahin",slug:"fikrettin-sahin",fullName:"Fikrettin Şahin"},{id:"207657",title:"BSc.",name:"Batuhan Turhan",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"batuhan-turhan-bozkurt",fullName:"Batuhan Turhan Bozkurt"},{id:"436236",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Zeynep",surname:"İşlek",slug:"zeynep-islek",fullName:"Zeynep İşlek"},{id:"437244",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Hikmet",surname:"Ucisik",slug:"mehmet-hikmet-ucisik",fullName:"Mehmet Hikmet Ucisik"}],corrections:null},{id:"79850",title:"Retracted: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Tumors towards Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101635",slug:"retracted-the-role-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-the-progression-of-tumors-towards-metastasis",totalDownloads:185,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid membrane bound vesicles that serve as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs have been found to regulate a wide range of cellular processes through the transference of genetic, protein and lipid messages from the host cell to the recipient cell. Unsurprisingly, this major mode of intracellular communication would be abrogated in cancer. Ever increasing evidence points towards a key role of EVs in promoting tumor development and in contributing to the various stages of metastasis. Tumor released EVs have been shown to facilitate the transference of oncogenic proteins and nucleic acids to other tumor cells and to the surrounding stromal cells, thereby setting up a tumor permissive microenvironment. EVs released from tumor cells have been shown to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling through the modulation of neighboring tumor cells and stromal cells. EVs released from disseminated tumor cells have been reported to attract circulating tumor cells (CTCs) via chemotaxis and induce the production of specific extracellular matrix components from neighboring stromal cells so as to support the growth of metastatic cells at the secondary tumor site. Circulating levels of tumor derived EVs of patients have been correlated with incidence of metastasis and disease relapse.",signatures:"Bhaskar Basu and Subhajit Karmakar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79850",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"79732",title:"Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis and Radiation Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101684",slug:"exosomes-in-cancer-diagnosis-and-radiation-therapy",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are released by all types of cells, including tumor cells, and mediate intercellular communication via the transport of various intracellular components, including microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins. Radiation produces reactive oxygen species and induces DNA double-strand break in cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells have severe damage and die by irradiation, but normal cells can keep proliferation with their high DNA repair ability. Irradiated cells generate communication signals and cause biological changes in neighboring or distant non-irradiated cells. This review outlines the role of exosomes in radiation therapy. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes are considered to regulate cell survival, migration, and resistance to therapy by interacting with vascular endothelial cells and various types of immune cells. Nowadays, radiation therapy is typically combined with immunotherapy. Regulation of the activity of exosomes may overcome the problem of resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, exosomes can attenuate resistance to chemotherapy by transporting certain types of microRNA. The current evidence suggests that exosomes may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future.",signatures:"Ai Nakaoka, Kana Kobayashi, Mennaallah Hassan and Ryohei Sasaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79732",authors:[{id:"152908",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryohei",surname:"Sasaki",slug:"ryohei-sasaki",fullName:"Ryohei Sasaki"},{id:"428648",title:"MSc.",name:"Ai",surname:"Nakaoka",slug:"ai-nakaoka",fullName:"Ai Nakaoka"},{id:"428650",title:"Dr.",name:"Kana",surname:"Kobayashi",slug:"kana-kobayashi",fullName:"Kana Kobayashi"},{id:"441347",title:"Dr.",name:"Mennaallah",surname:"Mennaallah",slug:"mennaallah-mennaallah",fullName:"Mennaallah Mennaallah"}],corrections:null},{id:"80195",title:"Diversity of Extracellular Vesicles (EV) in Plasma of Cancer Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101760",slug:"diversity-of-extracellular-vesicles-ev-in-plasma-of-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all cells and are found in all body fluids. They function as intercellular messengers that carry and deliver signals regulating cellular interactions in health and disease. EVs are emerging as potential biomarkers of diseases and responses to therapies, and much attention is being devoted to understanding their role in physiological as well as pathological events. EVs are heterogenous in their origin, size, molecular characteristics, genetic content and functions. Isolation of EV subsets from plasma and characterization of their distinct properties have been a limiting factor in ongoing efforts to understand their biological importance. Here, we discuss the immunoaffinity-based strategies that are available for isolating distinct subsets of EVs from plasma and provide a road-map to their successful immunocapture and molecular profiling, with special attention to tumor-derived EVs or TEX.",signatures:"Theresa L. Whiteside and Soldano Ferrone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80195",authors:[{id:"274591",title:"Prof.",name:"Theresa L.",surname:"Whiteside",slug:"theresa-l.-whiteside",fullName:"Theresa L. Whiteside"},{id:"428093",title:"M.D.",name:"Soldano",surname:"Ferrone",slug:"soldano-ferrone",fullName:"Soldano Ferrone"}],corrections:null},{id:"80126",title:"Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101783",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-as-biomarkers-and-therapeutic-targets-in-cancers",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles refer to exosomes, apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and large oncosomes, which are membrane bound structures secreted by cells including cancer cells. The pathological role and translational potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancers are receiving research attention recently. The cargoes of cancer-derived EVs retain the molecular properties of their sources and cancer cells actively release EVs into body fluids that are easy to access. EVs released from cancer cells not only promote cancer progression through the delivery of cancer-associated molecules but also reflect alterations in the state of cancers during therapy. They are considered promising biomarkers for therapeutic response evaluation, especially resistance to therapy and diagnostics. This chapter discusses the various roles of extracellular vesicles in cancers and their potential as therapeutic targets.",signatures:"Prince Amoah Barnie, Justice Afrifa, Eric Ofori Gyamerah and Benjamin Amoani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80126",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80126",authors:[{id:"425772",title:"Dr.",name:"Prince Amoah",surname:"Barnie",slug:"prince-amoah-barnie",fullName:"Prince Amoah Barnie"},{id:"442609",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Amoani",slug:"benjamin-amoani",fullName:"Benjamin Amoani"},{id:"443387",title:"Dr.",name:"Justice",surname:"Afrifa",slug:"justice-afrifa",fullName:"Justice Afrifa"},{id:"443388",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Ofori Gyamerah",slug:"eric-ofori-gyamerah",fullName:"Eric Ofori Gyamerah"}],corrections:null},{id:"79698",title:"Extracellular Vesicles and Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101412",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-and-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a varied group of cell-derived, microscopic, fluid-filled pouches released from cells into neighboring microenvironments that are quickly gaining recognition as a potentially powerful tool against epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Recent studies show that not only do EVs play an integral part in the development of cancer through intercellular communication, cell survival, and immune modulation but also may assist with early diagnosis and improved treatments. EOC currently has few effective screening options for early detection of this disease; and, therefore, it is detected at an advanced stage where it is more likely to recur, develop chemoresistance, and ultimately become fatal. Newer research has evaluated EVs as biomarkers for early screening and diagnosis and as novel targets for treatment of EOC. Moreover, EVs are possible targets for novel immunomodulatory therapies to directly target cancer cells or make cancer cells more susceptible to other treatment modalities. Therefore, EVs present an exciting, promising approach which may improve clinical outcome for EOC patients.",signatures:"Diego Aviles, David Warshal, Lauren Krill and Olga Ostrovsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79698",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79698",authors:[{id:"354318",title:"Dr.",name:"Lauren",surname:"Krill",slug:"lauren-krill",fullName:"Lauren Krill"},{id:"428170",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Ostrovsky",slug:"olga-ostrovsky",fullName:"Olga Ostrovsky"},{id:"428567",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Aviles",slug:"diego-aviles",fullName:"Diego Aviles"},{id:"428569",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Warshal",slug:"david-warshal",fullName:"David Warshal"}],corrections:null},{id:"79271",title:"Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles as Nano Therapy for Breast Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101149",slug:"engineering-of-extracellular-vesicles-as-nano-therapy-for-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles are membrane-derived nanoparticles that represent a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. It is well reported that EVs play a central role in the tumor microenvironment by mediating intercellular signaling among cancer cells. This has resulted in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting various EV signaling pathways in cancer. However, because of their small size and endogenous origin, they have been extensively explored for cancer drug delivery. Hence, owing to their natural ability to mediate intercellular communication, high stability, and low immunogenicity, they have emerged as an attractive platform for cancer treatment. However, limited production and insufficient loading with therapeutic moieties are some of the issues constraining their clinical translation. In this chapter, recent research studies performed in an attempt to develop EVs as cancer biomarkers or drug delivery systems will be discussed. Further, it will also discuss various strategies such as direct and indirect cell surface modification, which can be employed to make EVs successful as cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, it will highlight the current and completed clinical trials using naturally derived EVs as cancer therapeutics.",signatures:"Sapna Jain and Manjari Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79271",authors:[{id:"428825",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manjari",surname:"Singh",slug:"manjari-singh",fullName:"Manjari Singh"},{id:"428827",title:"MSc.",name:"Sapna",surname:"Jain",slug:"sapna-jain",fullName:"Sapna Jain"}],corrections:null},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological active vesicles and carriers of information in intercellular communication. In cancer settings, EVs especially exosomes (Exo), play a focal role in modulating the tumor microenvironment mainly by increasing tumor proliferation, facilitating the crosstalk between tumor and tumor-neighboring cells, and influencing the host immune response. Amongst these functions in tumor growth, Exo modulate fundamental steps of tumor progression, such as growth, invasion, and immune modulation. On the endocrine level, Exo released from tumors were shown to mediate distant cell-cell communication processes via secretory factors and miRNAs, which result in the set-up of pro-tumorigenic microenvironments supportive of metastatic dissemination. This is achieved through processes such as fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix ECM production, angiogenesis, and immune modulation.",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81298",authors:[{id:"428871",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eman",surname:"Helmy Thabet",slug:"eman-helmy-thabet",fullName:"Eman Helmy Thabet"}],corrections:null},{id:"80871",title:"Tumor-Derived Exosome and Immune Modulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103718",slug:"tumor-derived-exosome-and-immune-modulation",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tumor cells, like most other cells, release exosomes called tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) and are vital for intercellular communication. TEX are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing unique cargo reminiscent of the parent tumor cells and possess immunomodulatory functions. TEX carries factors that directly promote immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and indirectly attract immunosuppressive T-regulatory (Treg) cells. The tumor-secreted exosomes can transfer their cargo by multiple mechanisms like fusion, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis, activating the recipient cells. TEX directly engages and releases cytokines, inactivating natural killer (NK) cells and T-cells and activating apoptosis. Tumor-derived exosomes also release soluble factors to suppress dendritic cell (DC) maturation while activating the expansion of immune-suppressive cells like Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Regulatory T (Treg) cells. Several studies have shown the relevance of TEX containing tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in reducing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and adoptive cell therapy. Hence understanding the basic biology and mechanism of TEX-mediated immunosuppression is critical in discovering cancer biomarkers and finding better immunotherapy and cell therapy approaches. In this chapter, we have discussed TEX biogenesis, TEX’s structural and molecular features, TEX-mediated immunosuppression, and its relation to immunotherapy.",signatures:"Deepak S. Chauhan, Priyanka Mudaliar, Soumya Basu, Jyotirmoi Aich and Manash K. Paul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80871",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80871",authors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu"},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich"},{id:"446537",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",surname:"S. Chauhan",slug:"deepak-s.-chauhan",fullName:"Deepak S. Chauhan"},{id:"446539",title:"MSc.",name:"Priyanka",surname:"Mudaliar",slug:"priyanka-mudaliar",fullName:"Priyanka Mudaliar"}],corrections:null},{id:"81510",title:"Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy: Biomarkers and Beyond",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103783",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-for-cancer-immunotherapy-biomarkers-and-beyond",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-bound vesicles released by most cell types in response to cellular stress as well as normal physiologic conditions. EV plays a vital part in cell communication and tumor immunology. Tumor-derived EVs carry a wide range of tumor neoantigens and have a distinct molecular signature that reflects the tumor’s genomic complexities. These tumor-derived EVs provide a glance into the immunological tumor microenvironment and have a perspective to be a novel, minimally invasive cancer immunotherapy biomarker. Antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have changed the treatment of broad diversity of solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer, head, and neck squamous cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, melanoma, etc. Invasive tissue biopsy is necessary for both histologic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing efforts. The latter has become increasingly widespread in today’s healthcare. There is an unmet need for non-invasive or minimally invasive (e.g., plasma-based) biomarkers in both diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The selected investigation of EV in biospecimens, including plasma and saliva, can achieve this goal by potentially avoiding the need for tissue samples. In this chapter, we discuss the present challenges of biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy and the mechanistic role of tumor-derived EV in regulating the anti-tumor immune response.",signatures:"Baranya Murugan and Suresh Sagadevan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81510",authors:[{id:"171619",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"},{id:"435145",title:"Dr.",name:"Baranya",surname:"Murugan",slug:"baranya-murugan",fullName:"Baranya Murugan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"11",series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",issn:"2631-8261",editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6333",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Living Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8972c97fd05cba63e93369e23d4e178a",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-ros-in-living-cells",bookSignature:"Cristiana Filip and Elena Albu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6333.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143599",title:"Dr.",name:"Filip",surname:"Cristiana",slug:"filip-cristiana",fullName:"Filip Cristiana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6618",title:"Current Understanding of Apoptosis",subtitle:"Programmed Cell Death",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e0cb4c1161da3ce332cac3608361ddf",slug:"current-understanding-of-apoptosis-programmed-cell-death",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6618.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6403",title:"Novel Prospects in Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee0b0ca2377fa1b1dae12ab751675fea",slug:"novel-prospects-in-oxidative-and-nitrosative-stress",bookSignature:"Pinar Atukeren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6252",title:"Multidimensional Flow Cytometry Techniques for Novel Highly Informative Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"668e45256b86d49c04db950772472e15",slug:"multidimensional-flow-cytometry-techniques-for-novel-highly-informative-assays",bookSignature:"Marica Gemei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6252.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44270",title:"Dr.",name:"Marica",surname:"Gemei",slug:"marica-gemei",fullName:"Marica Gemei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10240",title:"Post-Translational Modifications in Cellular Functions and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27349927a8f626359f696ba5472bc2b2",slug:"post-translational-modifications-in-cellular-functions-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Shibo Ying",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"306153",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shibo",surname:"Ying",slug:"shibo-ying",fullName:"Shibo Ying"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7991",title:"Understanding the Molecular Crosstalk in Biological Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4b678bab3a6334187a4fb5bb44a3811",slug:"understanding-the-molecular-crosstalk-in-biological-processes",bookSignature:"Mohamed A. 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Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. 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1. Introduction
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that possess unique chemical properties for the control of detrimental pests and insect vectors [1, 2]. Pests are living organisms that pose health risks such as biting and sucking, transmission of allergy-inducing constituents, diseases, as well as parasites, thereby causing harm to humans, animals and various components of the ecosystem [3]. Pesticides can be classified as algicides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, pyrethroids, fumigants, miticides, molluscicides, etc. with discrete chemical characteristics that decrease economic, health, and environmental risks elicited by pests [4, 5]. The inappropriate application of pesticides can evoke deleterious outcomes in several organisms and the environment. Notably, pesticides do not usually differentiate between pests and other living things, consequently they may cause injury to the organisms they encounter [1].
It has been observed that pesticides may gain access into biological systems through diverse routes. For instance, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are quickly absorbed after dermal, oral, and inhalation exposures [6]. Damalas and Koutroubas [7] reported that pesticide applicators are commonly exposed to pesticides through the dermal route. Besides, pesticides may be absorbed dermally through a splash, spill, or spray device, when being mixed, loaded or disposed of [8]. Liquid preparations of pesticides are more readily absorbed through the dermal route and other body tissues compared to powders, dusts and granular types [7]. According to [8], oral exposure to a pesticide may occur by accident or intentionally. Moreover, marked damages to the nasal, throat and pulmonary tissues have been observed after inhalation of appreciable quantities of pesticides [7].
Furthermore, exposure of populations to pesticides have been associated with negative health conditions including cancers, congenital disorders, immunological aberrations, respiratory, neurobehavioral and reproductive deficits [9]. These undesirable effects of pesticides may be evoked in several tissues and organs through genetic impairments, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endocrine disruption, among others [10]. Some of the clinical manifestations of pesticide toxicosis are confusion, agitation, lacrimation, salivation, emesis, bronchospasm, respiratory failure, micturition, diarrhoea, muscle weakness, paralysis, fasciculations, etc. [11].
Pets are animals that are domesticated and catered for by human beings for companionship, pleasure, provision of services and assistance, among others. They include dogs, cats, ferrets, pet birds, rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs, as well as exotic species like cubs, reptiles, etc. Pets are an essential part of human lives and they have been existing with human beings for thousands of years [12]. They are continually exposed to fleas and ticks. These ectoparasites may cause distress, itching, anaemia and systemic infections in the pets [13]. It is crucial to control ectoparasites in companion animals to prevent vector-borne diseases that may eventually result in high morbidity and mortality [14]. Moreover, the presence of fleas and ticks on pets may make their owners vulnerable to parasitism and zoonosis [15, 16].
The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the advantages of using pesticides for the optimum care of pet animals, while also outlining the adverse effects that may be associated with their applications.
2. Benefits of pesticide usage in pets
Insecticides such as organophosphates (e.g., malathion, diazinon, phosmet, fenthion, chlorfenvinphos, and cythioate) and carbamates (e.g., carbaryl and propoxur) are used to control insect and nematode infestations in animals [17]. They are formulated as sprays, pour-ons, baits, collars, etc. [17]. Carbamates are used more frequently because they are considered safer than organophosphates. However, some signs of intoxication linked to the application of carbamates are abdominal cramping, emesis, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, seizures, among others [18]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides competitively impede acetylcholinesterase by binding to its esteric site [19]. The excessive acetylcholine that ensues brings about unwarranted stimulation of smooth muscles and glandular secretions [17]. However, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates is irreversible, while the inhibition by carbamates is reversible [20]. The classification, examples, routes of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets are shown in Table 1.
Mimic insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26]
Oxadiazine insecticide
Indoxacarb
Administered topically in a spot-on formulation
Bioactivation to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18]
Phenylpyrazole insecticide
Fipronil
Topical administration
Binds to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates [13, 27, 28, 29]
Macrocyclic lactones
Selamectin, aprinomectin, milbemycin
Topical administration
Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites [18]
Formamidines
Amitraz
Available as a dip. Also formulated as impregnated collars for dogs
Binds to octopamine receptors for its insecticidal effects [18]
Spinosyns
Spinosad
Formulated as edible tablets for dogs and cats
Targets the binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [18]
Table 1.
Classification, examples, route of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets.
Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from the plant, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, and they contain esters of chrysanthemum acid [21]. They are 2250 times more poisonous to insects compared to higher organisms [30]. This is because insects possess additional sensitive sodium channels, a reduced conformation and lower body temperature [30]. Permethrin, a type I pyrethroid, exists in the form of a liquid, yellow-brown and brown crystals, and it is soluble in organic solvents [31]. It may enter the body through the dermal, oral and inhalational routes [32, 33]. It is found in shampoos, dips, spot-ons, and sprays for the control of ectoparasites in companion animals [33]. Also, it is used for the treatment of scabies and lice [31, 34, 35]. Permethrin evokes injury to insect neurons by elevating the impulse conduction, thereby causing paralysis and death of insects [21]. It is broken down in the body by hydrolysis, esterification, oxidation and conjugation [30, 36].
Its metabolites include cis-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl) 2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and (3 phenoxybenzoic acid) [31]. The metabolites of permethrin are principally excreted in the urine and faeces [21].
Furthermore, cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is used for the control of pests in agricultural, public and animal health programmes [37]. It evokes toxicity through the interruption of sodium channels in neurons, thereby disrupting neuronal transmission [22]. Also, it produces oxidative stress in living organisms [38, 39, 40]. Type II pyrethroids are more neurotoxic relative to type I pyrethroids because of their α-cyano constituents [41].
Another class of insecticides administered for pest control in pets are neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid, nitenpyram and dinotefuran (stated in Table 1). Imidacloprid is structurally similar to nicotine, and is endorsed as a topical spot-on for dogs, as well as for agricultural purposes [14, 23]. It exerts its insecticidal activities by binding to the acetylcholine receptor on the postsynaptic region of insect neurons, thereby averting acetylcholine binding [23, 24]. Besides, imidacloprid has been reported to elicit oxidative stress and cause injury to crucial biological molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and lipids [42]. Moreover, nitenpyram is administered per os to eliminate fleas in dogs and cats [18]. It undergoes fast absorption with utmost blood concentrations attained within one and a half hours, and thirty-six minutes in dogs and cats respectively [18]. Dinotefuran is applied as a topical spot-on with different formulations for dogs and cats against external parasites like fleas, flies, lice, etc. [43].
Fluralaner (an isoxazoline) is a systemically administered insecticidal and acaricidal formulation that elicits long-acting efficacy after oral administration to dogs [44]. Another isooxazoline, afoxolaner, has been reported to be efficacious in dogs and cats against fleas [45, 46, 47], ticks [46], and mites [47, 48, 49, 50]. It is detected in plasma 20–30 minutes following administration through the oral route and it attains its uppermost level in 2–4 hours [51]. Sarolaner is a broad spectrum isooxazoline with efficacy against fleas, ticks and mites in dogs [52, 53]. Isoxazolines bind to the ligand-gated chloride channels in insects and acarines [17]. Consequently, the presynaptic and postsynaptic transmission of chloride ions across the cell membranes ensue, thereby causing hyperexcitation and uninhibited activity of the central nervous system, ultimately resulting in the death of ectoparasites [17].
Lufenuron, a benzoylphenylurea derivative, is a chitin synthesis inhibitor [25]. It is available as an oral suspension and injectable formulation for cats, and an oral tablet for dogs [17]. It eliminates emerging larvae within the egg or after hatching, and female fleas feeding on treated animals are hindered from producing viable eggs or larvae [25].
Methoprene is an insect growth regulator that mimics insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26]. It is formulated as suspensions, emulsifiable and soluble concentrates, sprays and spot-ons, etc. [17]. It is used for flea control in dogs and cats, marine mosquito control, as well as agricultural and domestic pest control [54].
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is approved for agricultural usage, pest control, as well as topical flea and tick treatment for companion animals [55]. It dissolves in sebum because of its high lipid solubility and it is disseminated throughout the body for the manifestation of its insecticidal effect [13]. It has been shown that fipronil binds non-competitively to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates (e.g., fleas and ticks), thereby eliciting excessive excitation [13]. Additionally, fipronil also binds to mammalian GABA receptors, [27], and engenders oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species [28, 29]. Some investigators have asserted that the foremost metabolite of fipronil, fipronil sulfone, exerts a more robust inhibitory effect on GABAA receptors and brings about cell impairment at lesser concentrations compared to fipronil [27, 28, 29].
Selamectin, aprinomectin and milbemycin are macrocyclic lactones that are used for the control of endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs and cats [18]. They are widely administered for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs [56]. Selamectin and aprinomectin are semisynthetic avermectins, while moxidectin is semisynthetic. These substances bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites, and this culminates in a speedy and sustained entry of chloride ions into neurons [18]. As a result of this, the activity of the neurons is impeded and paralysis of the parasites occurs. The macrocyclic lactones are administered topically, and are swiftly absorbed through the dermal route. Selamectin exhibits effective control against the flea, Ctenocephalides felis [57, 58], biting lice (Felicola subrostratus) and ear mites (Otodectes cynotis), among others in cats [59].
Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that is administered topically in a spot-on formulation for the control of fleas on companion animals [18]. It is found in insect baits for home use and granules, as well as liquids for agricultural applications [60]. Moreover, it is bioactivated to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18].
Furthermore, formamidines are acaricidal compounds that exert their effects through binding to octopamine receptors [18]. Amitraz is the only approved formamidine for use in veterinary medical practice, and it is applied primarily as an acaricide to control ticks and mites [18]. It is available as a dip for the control of demodicosis in dogs, as well as the control of scabies. An amitraz-impregnated collar is also marketed for the control of ticks on dogs.
Spinosyns are a family of insecticides obtained from the fermentation of an actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa [18]. Spinosyns A and D are the main products of the fermentation procedure, as well as the principal components of Spinosad [61]. Spinosyns mostly target the binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and they also influence GABA receptor function [18]. This ensues in spontaneous muscle contractions, prostration, tremors, and paralysis of insects. Spinosad is used to control numerous insects and it is formulated as edible tablets for dogs and cats [61].
3. Risks of pesticide usage in pets
There is a predominant exposure of human and animal populations to pesticides and this may be associated with detrimental effects on their health status [4, 62]. According to [17] , clinical signs of pesticide intoxication can occur within a short or long duration of exposure, depending on the dose, route, and noxiousness of the pesticide administered. It has been documented that those pesticides have severe effects on non-target organisms, including various components of the ecosystem [63].
Various pesticides, especially, insecticides applied to pets for the prevention and control of ectoparasites may be associated with some adverse effects. For instance, permethrin poisoning may produce symptoms including epidermal lesions, pharyngitis, salivation, nausea, emesis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal mucosal irritation and dyspnoea in animals [32, 63, 64]. Cats are more likely than dogs to develop pyrethroid toxicosis because the feline liver cannot conjugate glucuronide efficiently, and conjugation with glucuronide is essential for permethrin metabolism [33]. Permethrins are regarded as the commonest aetiology of poisoning in cats in the United States of America [65]. Cats may be exposed to permethrin from dermal application of topical formulations, oral intake, and direct contact with dogs administered with it topically [66]. The commonest clinical signs of permethrin intoxication in cats are muscle tremors and seizures, but hypersalivation, depression, emesis, anorexia and even death may ensue [33].
Moreover, alpha-cypermethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid like permethrin) intoxication can cause lacrimation, salivation, nausea, emesis, diarrhoea, mucosal irritations, motor coordination dysfunction, chorea, inactivity, tremors and clonic seizures [30, 36]. It has been observed that dogs usually exhibit signs of intoxication such as shaking of their limbs, slight muscle fasciculation, rubbing of the application site, distress and uneasiness after dermal administration of pyrethrins/pyrethroids [67, 68, 69].
Cats are more susceptible to insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase such as organophosphates and carbamates compared to dogs [70]. Also, neonate, geriatric and incapacitated animals are more vulnerable to these groups of pesticides. Organophosphates and carbamates elicit muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system signs of toxicity in biological systems. The muscarinic signs are salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, respiratory distress, vomiting, pupillary constriction and reduced heart rate [70]. The nicotinic symptoms include muscle tremors, fasciculations, feebleness, incoordination, and paresis that may culminate in paralysis [71], while the central nervous system signs of toxicity comprise hyperactivity, incoordination, convulsion and unconsciousness [71].
The predominant clinical signs linked to isoxazoline toxicity are emesis, anorexia, diarrhoea and exhaustion in dogs and cats [17]. The administration of lufenuron to cats causes pain at the site of injection and oedema [17]. Additionally, dogs treated with the parenteral formulation of lufenuron developed a marked local reaction [25].
Some investigators asserted that young animals are more likely to exhibit exhaustion and incoordination after oral dosing with methoprene (an insect growth regulator) [71], while the commonest clinical signs of toxicity seen in companion animals exposed to indoxacarb are anorexia, emesis, diarrhoea and lethargy [17]. Moreover, amitraz (a formamidine insecticide, mentioned in Table 1) can cause temporary pruritus, urticaria and oedema after the initial administration to pets [18]. In addition, a brief sedation has been recorded in dogs after an amitraz bath that may last for one day or three days in puppies.
4. Conclusion
This chapter review presented information on the benefits and risks of the applications of pesticides, mainly insecticides, to pets. Even though pests are harmful to companion animals and their owners, they should be controlled cautiously with the use of appropriate pesticides approved by Veterinarians and relevant regulatory agencies in different countries. This will ensure that the hazards inherent in the pesticides are adequately mitigated. Also, there is a need for researchers, Veterinarians, related health care professionals and pesticide manufacturers to collaborate and find out innocuous methods for the prevention and control of pests in pets. This effort can improve human, animal and ecosystem health and integrity.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the staff of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Abuja, Nigeria, for their support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"pesticides, pets, benefits, risks, toxicity, ectoparasites",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81363.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81363.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81363",totalDownloads:24,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2022",dateReviewed:"March 22nd 2022",datePrePublished:"May 6th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 18th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the advantages of applying pesticides for the optimum care of pet animals, while also outlining the adverse effects that may be associated with their use. Pesticides can be defined as substances that can be applied for the prevention, control or eradication of unwanted organisms in living systems or in the environment. Companion animals, fondly called “pets” include dogs, cats, ferrets, pet birds and some laboratory animals like albino rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. Pesticides are usually applied on pets to control ectoparasites like ticks, fleas, mites, among others. However, pets may be poisoned by pesticides if their dosages and appropriate routes of administration are not strictly adhered to. Pesticides should be administered to pets by Veterinarians and other suitably qualified personnel. Subsequently, the pets should be monitored for signs of toxicity and be treated promptly if such develop.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81363",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81363",signatures:"Motunrayo Ganiyat Akande, Solomon Usman Abraham and Johnson Caleb Ogunnubi",book:{id:"11318",type:"book",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Pesticides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcelo L. Larramendy and Dr. Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11318.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-039-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-038-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-040-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Benefits of pesticide usage in pets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Risks of pesticide usage in pets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Yadav IS, Devi NL. Pesticides classification and its impact on human and environment. 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Use of intravenous lipid therapy in three cases of feline permethrin toxicosis. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2012;22:697-702. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00804.x'},{id:"B69",body:'Ceccherini G, Perond F, Lippi I, Grazia G, Marchetti V. Intravenous lipid emulsion and dexmedetomidine for treatment of feline permethrin intoxication: A report from 4 cases. Open Veterinary Journal. 2015;5:113-121'},{id:"B70",body:'Nafe LA. Selected neurotoxins. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1988;18:593-604. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(88)50057-8'},{id:"B71",body:'Humphreys DJ. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Motunrayo Ganiyat Akande",address:"akande.ganiyat@uniabuja.edu.ng",affiliation:'
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
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Bogolubov (Jr.) \n\nI would like to begin my reminiscences with a quite unique episode in my student life which many years later had a great impact on my future scientific and everyday life. As far back as early seventieth of the past century, being a student at the Physics Department of Lviv State University, walking along its corridors, I occasionally entered the Big Physical Hall amphitheater and found there a lot of young people sitting and listening attentively to a youthful speaker standing at the rostrum of the Hall and energetically explaining some overhanding visual aids filled\nwith mathematical formulae. I also took a vacant seat and tried to catch what he was speaking about. . .On the front wall of the Hall there hung a long advertisement in big bold letters: The All-Union Statistical Physics Conference Workshop - 1973 under the auspices of academician Nikolai N. Bogolubov. I understood that it could be interesting for me too, as I had then already taken lecture courses on quantum mechanics and statistical physics. I listened to the speaker until he finished and became a witness of a very hot and emotional discussion following the report. As during this discussion some people referred to the speaker - Professor Nikolai Bogolubov, I right away understood that the speaker, being then young enough, was in reality Professor Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Junior) contrary to the Workshop chair academician Nikolai N. Bogolubov\n(Senior)! It is appropriate to say here that I had been already familiar with the name Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Sr.) since my university mate Dmytro Petryna had already told me a few things of him with great enthusiasm and had shown me his three-volume "Collected oeuvres" recently published in Kyiv. Moreover, his uncle Professor Dmytro Ya. Petryna, living then in Kyiv, was a disciple of academician Ostap S. Parasyuk, who was actively working together with academician Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Sr.), and had tried to urge his nephew Dmytro Petryna to study some fundamental N.N. Bogolubov's (Sr.) works on statistical physics and quantum field theory. Having been intrigued by my friend's scientific passion and persistence I also started looking through\nBogolubov's monographs stored in the libraries of Lviv University and Academy of Sciences. This way I soon became aware of such N. Bogolubov's books as "Introduction to the theory of quantized fields", "Lectures on statistical mechanics" and "Axiomatic approach backgrounds to the quantum field theory" etc. and tried to understand something therein. The first lesson I was taught while reading these and other related books, consisted in clear understanding that my mathematical\neducation was quite insufficient for these books to be read with profit. Keeping deeply in mind this feeling, I started my "advanced" self-education by studying functional analysis and operator theory, differential geometry and topology, complex analysis and algebraic geometry, advanced algebra, differential equations and variational analysis etc. Being fascinated with very interesting problems in the quantum field theory and electrodynamics I secretly decided to try to start my graduate Ph.D. studies in the near future at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of NAS1 in Kyiv and continue my already imagined theoretical physics investigations of such puzzling physical phenomena as electron-positron annihilation, physical vacuum polarization and so on. Now I would\nlike to turn back to the episode of my occasional "participation" in the Statistical PhysicsWorkshop held in the Lviv State University: when the discussion, following the Nikolai N. Bogolubov's (Jr.) report, finished I was eager to approach him and ask whether he was also interested in quantum electrodynamics and what he thought of the electron-positron annihilation phenomenon that had bothered me for the last two years. To my regret, I failed to realize this intention because of people crowding the very narrow passages, when I descended along the bench rows to the rostrum, Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) had already disappeared in the neighboring rooms.\nNonetheless, I promised myself that I would do my best to meet Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) and in the future, upon the University graduation, start my postgraduate physics studies under his supervision. Having graduated from the Lviv State University and trying to make my beloved electrodynamics and quantum fields theory research, I soon became a non-formal disciple of academician Ostap S. Parasyuk, who was the head of Mathematical Department at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of NAS in Kyiv. To a great extent this became possible owing to the help of my friends Petro I. Holod (a former Ph.D. student of academician Ostap S. Parasyuk) and Ivan M. Kopych (a former Ph.D. student of Prof. Volodymyr P. Hachok from the Institute for Theoretical Physics of\nNAS in Kyiv and my Physics Department student-mate from Lviv). The scientific work under Prof. Ostap S. Parasyuk's supervision and friendly cooperation with Petro I. Holod had run successfully enough and I decided to enter the Institute for Theoretical Physics of NAS in Kyiv having applied for Ph.D. studies under Prof. Ostap S. Parasyuk's supervision. But very soon I was asked by Prof. Ostap S. Parasyuk to withdraw my Ph.D. application to him and instead apply for Ph.D. studies at the Institute of Mathematics of NAS in Kyiv under Nikolai N. Bogolubov's (Jr.) supervision, who worked in Moscow for the V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of RAS and had already agreed to take the duty of my supervisor. Thus, having soon passed my entrance exams with merit, I became\na Ph.D. student of Prof. N.N. Bogolubov (Jr.) just as I had dreamed some years before being a Physics Department student at Lviv State University. Soon enough, in five months, I was directed by the Institute of Mathematics authority to continue my studies in Moscow at the V.A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of RAS, where I carried out some interesting research devoted both to the study of exact solutions to classical two-dimensional Thirring type two-dimensional field theory models and to the old mathematical integrability by quadratures problem of ordinary differential Riccati equations, making use essentially of the algebraic-geometrical tools, devised recently\nby such mathematicians as S.P. Novikov, B.A. Dubrovin, V.B. Matveev, L.D. Faddeev, P. Lax, J. Moser, M. Adler and some others. It should be mentioned here that most of the problems I was then working at had been posed by Prof. Ostap S. Parasyuk and which appeared to be also of great interest to Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.). Having soon defended these results as a Ph.D. thesis (in 1980), I began jointly with Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) to investigate the problems posed by academician N.N. Bogolubov (Sr.) in early fortieth of the past century that consisted in the description of algebraic-analytical properties of physical solutions to dynamical systems of quantum\nstatistical and quantum field theory physics making use of functional operator, Lie-algebraic and C*-algebra representation methods and techniques. Amongst the problems studied jointly with Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) it is necessary to mention the following: i) construction of a quantum analogue of the Bogolubov functional equations for many-particle distribution functions by means of the functional-operator methods and representation theory of the current algebras [1, 2]; ii) the Lie-algebraic proof of the Hamiltonian structure for the classical Bogolubov functional equations [2]; iii) the complete quantum integrability of new Schrodinger type nonlinear quantum dynamical systems with delta- and delta-prime many-particle interaction [1]; iv) devising an effective, so-called direct gradient-holonomic algorithm for studying the Lax type\niso-spectral and parametric integrability of a wide class of nonlinear dynamical systems on functional (two-dimensional) topological jet-manifolds [1, 3-6]; v) construction of the Delsart-Lions generalized transmutation operators by means of the de Rham-Hodge type theory to solve the multi-dimensional quantum inverse spectral transform\nproblem [4, 7, 8]; vi) application of Lie-algebraic and differential-geometric methods to construct quantum computer algorithms [9]; vii) symplectic theory analysis of helicity and vortex type invariants of classical hydrodynamical and magneto-hydrodynamical systems [10-12]. It should be mentioned here that a wide cycle of investigations was also carried out by Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) jointly with his Moscow students on the well known approximating Hamiltonian method in quantum statistical mechanics. His works in this field have brought an outstanding contribution to the development of rigorous methods of statistical mechanics. Having been originally called for solving the modelling problems connected with fermion operators, many results by Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.) have subsequently found application in a wider range of problems. The known work by Ginibre [13] in its essential part follows the Bogolubov's N.N. (Jr.) remarkable work [14]. Recently the approximating Hamiltonian method has been also applied to rigorous problems related to Bose systems [15, 16]. In 1954 Bogoluubov N.N.(Sr.) developed a new approach [17] for expressing physical observables as continual integrals. This approach was based on the representation of Green functions in terms of vacuum expectations of suitable chronological products. The averaging operation over the boson vacuum was interpreted as a functional integral. Later in 1981,\nBogolubov N.N. and Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.) [18] developed this construction within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics. The measure that arises in this approach is a Gaussian measure in an appropriate space of continuous functions. The Gibbs equilibrium averages of the chronological products of operators are expressed as functional integrals with respect to this measure. Subsequently some mathematical problems of integration with respect to the Bogolubov's measure were considered [19]. It was found that the Bogolubov-Bogolubov (Jr.) approach is highly fruitful in quantum statistical mechanics side by side with the Feynman functional integration. Unlike the\nFeynman approach, the Bogolubov-Bogolubov (Jr.) approach is based on the well defined Gaussian measure. (As is well known, the natural analogue of Wiener measure with complex variance parameter is not a countably additive complex measure.) Some of these studies were later defended as my doctor habilitation thesis in mathematics and physics sciences (in 1987) at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of the international Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow region, of Russian Federation. During the next fifteen years I was much traveling abroad visiting research centers at the universities of Canada, USA and West Europe, and my contacts with Professor Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) had become more rare. The situation has abruptly changed for the past ten years owing to our joint research collaboration grants obtained from the International Center for Theoretical Physics and the SISSA-International school for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy. This period was marked by turning back our research efforts to studying the old and new problems of classical and quantum electrodynamics and gravitation. Jointly with Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) and some of our co-authors, we have analyzed in detail, having based on the modern symplectic theory methods, the classical Dirac-Fock-Podolsky problem [20, 21] of embedding the well known Lorentz constraint into the canonical Hamiltonian formalism, suitable for quantization of the related Maxwell equations. Concerning the space-time and physical vacuum based description of the classical Maxwell equations we have recently developed jointly with Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) a new, so-called vacuum\nfield theory approach [22-32] to the study of the Lorentz type particle charge interaction with external electromagnetic field. The obtained results have enabled us, in particular, to suggest a new physical interpretation of the inertial (dynamical) particle mass notion well fitting to be applied to the gravity theory, based on completely new no-geometry approach, and being free of well known singularity problems. Dropping the point finishing these recollections, I cordially express my sincere appreciation to my Teacher and Friend Prof. Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.) for our many-year scientific relations and true friendship, owing to which I was able to do my beloved and God blessed Physics and Mathematics investigations of the beautiful Nature so freely, so happily and, I hope,\nfruitfully.\nThe author is cordially appreciated to my friend Prof. Dmitriy Sankovich for the discussion of a manuscript and help in presenting some important data and related references. \n\nReferences\n1. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Mitropolski Yu.A., Prykarpatsky A.K., Samoylenko V.H., Integrable Dynamical\nSystems: Differential-Geometric and Spectral Aspects. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1987.\n2. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Phys. Part. Nuclei, 1986, 17, No. 4, p. 790-827.\n3. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Blackmore D., Prykarpatsky A.K. On Benney type hydrodynamical systems and their Boltzmann-Vlasov equations kinetic models. Preprint of the Italy ICTP: IC/2006/006, 2006, p. 1-36 (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n4. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., On generalized de Rham-Hodge complexes, the related characteristic Chern classes and some applications to integrable multi dimensional differential sytstems on Riemannian manifolds. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2006/107, 2006, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n5. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Blackmore D., Prykarpatsky A.K., The Lie-algebraic structures and integrability of differential and differential-difference nonlinear dynamical systems. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2007/029, 2007, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n6. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., Gucwa I., Analytical properties of an Ostrovsky-Whitham type dynamical system for a relaxing medium with spatial memory and its integrabil-ity.\nPreprint of the ICTP: IC/2007/109, 2007, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n7. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Ukr. Math. J., 2007, 59, No. 3, 753-766.\n8. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., The characteristic chern-type classes and integrability of multi-dimensional differential systems on Riemannian manifolds. In: World Scientific book (http://www.worldscibooks.com/mathematics/7124.html), 2008, p. 743-759; Proc. of the ISAAC-2007 Congress: Further Progress in Analysis, 13-18 August, 2007, Ankara, Turkey.\n9. Samoilenko A.M., Prykarpatsky A.K., Prykarpatsky Ya.A., Math. Comput. Simulat, 20004, 35, No. 2, 734-753.\n10. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., A symplectic generalization of the Peradzynski helicity theorem and some applications. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2007/118, 2007, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n11. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., Int. J. Theor. Phys., 2008, 47, 1919-1928.\n12. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Pavlov M., Popowicz Z., Prykarpatsky A.K., A new Riemann type hydrodynamical hierarchy and its integrability analysis. Preprint of the ICTP: ICTP-IC/2009/095 (Available at: http://publications.ictp.it).\n13. Ginibre J., Commun. Math. Phys., 1968, 8, 26.\n14. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Physica, 1966, 32, 933.\n15. Pulle J.V., Zagrebnov V.A., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 2004, 37, 8929.\n16. Bogolyubov N.N. (Jr.), Sankovich D.P., Ukr. J. Phys., 2010, 55, 104.\n17. Bogolubov N.N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954, 99, 225.\n18. Bogolubov N.N., Bogolubov N.N.(Jr.), Aspects of polaron theory, Report No. R1-81-65, JINR, Dubna, 1981.\n19. Sankovich D.P., Proc. Steklov Inst. of Math., 2005, 251, 1.\n20. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., 2009, 42, 165401.\n21. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., The electromagnetic Dirac-Fock-Podolsky problem and symplectic properties of the Maxwell and Yang-Mills type dynamical systems. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2009/005, 2009, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n22. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., The vacuum structure, special relativity theory and quantum mechanics: a field theory no-geometry approach. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2008/051, 2008, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it); Preprint arXiv:0807.3691v5, 2008.\n23. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., The vacuum structure of vacuum, Maxwell equations and relativistic theory aspects. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2008/091, 2008, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n24. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., Theor. Math. Phys., 2009, 160(2), 1079-1095.\n25. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Ukr. J. Phys., 2009, 54, No. 8-9, 753-766.\n26. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., Condens. Matter Phys., 2009, 12, No. 4, 603.\n27. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., The relativistic electrodynamics least action principles revisited: new charged point particle and hadronic string model analysis. Part 3. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2009/027 (Available at: http://publications.ictp.it).\n28. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., Introductive backgrounds of modern quantum mathematics with application to nonlinear dynamical systems. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2007/108, 2007, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n29. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Samoilenko A.M., Blackmore D., Prykarpatsky A.K., The differential-geometric aspects of integrable dynamical systems. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2007/030, 2007, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n30. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Prykarpatsky A.K., On the analytical structure of the Bogolubov generating functional method in classical statistical physics and related "collective" variable method. Preprint of the ICTP: IC/2006/106, 2006, Trieste, Italy (Available at: publications.ictp.it).\n31. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., Int. J. Theor. Phys., 2008, 47, 2882-2897.\n32. Bogolubov N.N. (Jr.), Golenia J., Prykarpatsky A.K., Taneri U., Introductory Background to Modern Quantum Mathematics with Application to Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. In: World Scientific book (http://www.worldscibooks.com /mathematics/7124.html), 2008, p. 760-780; Proc. of the ISAAC--2007 Congress: "Further Progress in Analysis", 13-18 August 2007, Ankara, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"AGH University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"27072",title:"Dr.",name:"Irismar",surname:"Da Paz",slug:"irismar-da-paz",fullName:"Irismar Da Paz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27072/images/2245_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Piauí",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"31169",title:"Ms.",name:"Olena",surname:"Shafalyuk",slug:"olena-shafalyuk",fullName:"Olena Shafalyuk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Macquarie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"31869",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",surname:"Sirenko",slug:"yuriy-sirenko",fullName:"Yuriy Sirenko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Armenia"}}},{id:"31870",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Smith",slug:"paul-smith",fullName:"Paul Smith",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Macquarie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"44004",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Carolina",surname:"Nemes",slug:"maria-carolina-nemes",fullName:"Maria Carolina Nemes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"44005",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Geraldo",surname:"Peixoto de Faria",slug:"jose-geraldo-peixoto-de-faria",fullName:"Jose Geraldo Peixoto de Faria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Piauí",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"about-open-access",title:"About Open Access and Open Science",intro:"
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
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Carlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
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Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
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Reproducible research data and re-analysis
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Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
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Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
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Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
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Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
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Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
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Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
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We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
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At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
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“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
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OAI-PMH
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As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
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License
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Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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Peer Review Policies
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All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
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OA Publishing Fees
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The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
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Digital Archiving Policy
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IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
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Open Science
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Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
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Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\n
\n\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\n\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\n\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\n\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\n\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\n\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\n\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\n
\n\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n
\n\t
Open Access
\n\t
Open Data
\n\t
Open Metrics and Impact
\n\t
Open Source
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\n\n
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Magnetic materials absorb greatly microwaves. The more magnetic, the more microwaves are absorbed. The aim of this chapter is to present the fundamental physics of the absorption of microwave power (energy per unit time) by ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic matter in the nano and micro size scale. The magnetic moments and their collective modes are the basic microscopic absorbers under in-resonance and out-of-resonance conditions. Experimental setups and measurement techniques are described. The profiles of microwave absorption are described and connected to the micromagnetic environment that elicits such absorption. Section by section and the overall microwave power absorption profiles are related to the micromagnetic structures. Emphasis is made on nano- and micromagnets. These interactions of microwaves with nano- and micromagnets serve to infer microscopic magnetic information.",book:{id:"7617",slug:"electromagnetic-fields-and-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves"},signatures:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa, Ma. Guadalupe Hernandez Santiago\nand Veronica L. Villegas Rueda",authors:[{id:"176210",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Zamorano Ulloa",slug:"rafael-zamorano-ulloa",fullName:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa"},{id:"289450",title:"Mrs.",name:"María G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"maria-g.-hernandez",fullName:"María G. Hernández"},{id:"289451",title:"Ms.",name:"Verónica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Villegas",slug:"veronica-l.-villegas",fullName:"Verónica L. Villegas"}]},{id:"16094",title:"Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health",slug:"electromagnetic-waves-and-human-health",totalDownloads:14425,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"166",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Feyyaz Ozdemir and Aysegul Kargi",authors:[{id:"24790",title:"Prof.",name:"Feyyaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"feyyaz-ozdemir",fullName:"Feyyaz Ozdemir"},{id:"36228",title:"Dr.",name:"AYSEGUL",middleName:null,surname:"KARGİ",slug:"aysegul-kargi",fullName:"AYSEGUL KARGİ"},{id:"128104",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysegul",middleName:null,surname:"Kargi",slug:"aysegul-kargi",fullName:"Aysegul Kargi"}]},{id:"66579",title:"Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Development of Chick Embryo: An In Vivo Study",slug:"effects-of-electromagnetic-field-on-the-development-of-chick-embryo-an-in-vivo-study",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study was conducted to explore the effects of electromagnetic waves on a developing chick embryo. The radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RFW) emitted by different smart phones was measured by using a TriField meter. Chick fertilized eggs were placed in an egg incubator, divided into control and exposed groups. In the exposed group, a mobile phone was placed inside an incubator in call receiving mode, while in the control group, the mobile phone was not used. Studies were conducted at low and high exposure (dose) of RFW. Chick embryos were sacrificed at day 10 and day 15, and embryos were examined for mortality, gross malformation, weight, and length. Histology, electron microscopy, and Hsp 70 of liver were done for the high dose group. No mortality was observed in the low dose group; however, in the high dose group, the mortality was 14%, and deformities of the limbs and skin abnormalities were observed. Weight and length in the exposed groups were significantly lower than the control at higher dose. Histology and ultrastructure of liver revealed fatty infiltration, increase number of mitochondria, deformation, and disappearance of its cristae. Hsp 70 and mRNA levels were elevated in the exposed groups for high dose group.",book:{id:"7617",slug:"electromagnetic-fields-and-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves"},signatures:"Najam Siddiqi and Nasser Al Nazwani",authors:[{id:"278673",title:"Dr.",name:"Najam",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqi",slug:"najam-siddiqi",fullName:"Najam Siddiqi"},{id:"291777",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Al Nazwani",slug:"nasser-al-nazwani",fullName:"Nasser Al Nazwani"}]},{id:"16084",title:"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Thin Dielectric and Metallic Films",slug:"propagation-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-thin-dielectric-and-metallic-films",totalDownloads:5912,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"166",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Luc Levesque",authors:[{id:"26483",title:"Dr.",name:"Luc",middleName:"Joseph",surname:"Lévesque",slug:"luc-levesque",fullName:"Luc Lévesque"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"737",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81875",title:"Terahertz Conductivity of Nanoscale Materials and Systems",slug:"terahertz-conductivity-of-nanoscale-materials-and-systems",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104797",abstract:"The history of RF technology can provide human beings a powerful lesson that the infrastructure of modern-day wireless communication depends on the complexity and configurability of silicon-based solid-state devices and integrated circuits. The field of THz technology is undergoing a developmental revolution which is at an inflection point and will bridge the ‘technology’ and ‘application’ gap in meaningful ways. This quantitative progress is a result of continuous and concerted efforts in a wide range of areas including solid-state devices, 2D materials, heterogeneous integration, nanofabrication and system packaging. In this chapter, the innovative theoretical approaches that have enabled significant advancement in the field of system-level THz technology are discussed. The focus is kept on the formulation of terahertz conductivity which plays a critical role in the modeling of devices that integrate technologies across electronics and photonics. Further, the findings build on coupling a probe pulse of terahertz illumination into the photoexcited region of amorphous silicon are presented and discussed in detail. Terahertz light has a higher penetration depth for opaque semiconductor materials which provides an accurate method to measure the conductivity of novel materials for the construction of efficient solar cells. This paves the way for the possibility to develop energy systems can address the need for reconfigurability, adaptability and scalability beyond the classical metrics.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Rahul Goyal and Akash Tiwari"},{id:"80442",title:"Interdigitated Photoconductive Antenna for Efficient Terahertz Generation and Detection",slug:"interdigitated-photoconductive-antenna-for-efficient-terahertz-generation-and-detection",totalDownloads:86,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102379",abstract:"THz signals can be generated commonly from Photoconductive Antenna (PCA) but the efficiency is low for the conventional PCA. This work improves the optical to terahertz conversion efficiency of the terahertz radiation by changing the conventional PCA structure to Interdigitated PCA (IPCA). The efficiency of PCA is dependent on the current pulse generated in the antenna structure when the laser pulse is incident on it. This paper targets to achieve high photo-current, as well as THz electric field from the IPCAs which are simulated using FEM and FDTD techniques. Also, the effect of various parameters such as current, gain, frequency bandwidth, optical to terahertz conversion efficiency, etc. are studied to study the importance of IPCAs.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Shyamal Mondal, Nisha Flora Boby Edwin and Vaisshale Rathinasamy"},{id:"80114",title:"Terahertz Sensing Based on Photonic Crystal Fibers",slug:"terahertz-sensing-based-on-photonic-crystal-fibers",totalDownloads:112,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101732",abstract:"Photonic-crystal-fiber (PCF) based sensors in the terahertz spectrum have been immensely studied and implemented due to their unique advantages and high sensitivity. At an early stage, conventional and hybrid structured porous core PCF-based sensors were proposed, but the sensitivity was not so high. With the advancement of PCF fabrication technology, hybrid structured hollow-core PCFs have been reported and offer superior sensing characteristics than the previous types. In this chapter, both porous core and hollow-core PCF-based THz sensors are analyzed and the propagation characteristics are explained using terahertz spectrum. Finally, some promising terahertz sensors are studied and compared at the end of this chapter.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Ahasan Habib, Md. Shamim Anower and Md. Nazmul Islam"},{id:"79181",title:"Terahertz Nano-Imaging with s-SNOM",slug:"terahertz-nano-imaging-with-s-snom",totalDownloads:157,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99102",abstract:"Spectroscopy and imaging with terahertz radiation propagating in free space suffer from the poor spatial resolution which is a consequence of the comparatively large wavelength of the radiation (300 μm at 1 THz in vacuum) in combination with the Abbe diffraction limit of focusing. A way to overcome this limitation is the application of near-field techniques. In this chapter, we focus on one of them, scattering-type Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) which − due to its versatility − has come to prominence in recent years. This technique enables a spatial resolution on the sub-100-nm length scale independent of the wavelength. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of this imaging and spectroscopy modality, and describe a few selected application examples in more detail.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Matthias M. Wiecha, Amin Soltani and Hartmut G. Roskos"},{id:"77821",title:"Optical Heterodyne Measurement of Terahertz Wave",slug:"optical-heterodyne-measurement-of-terahertz-wave",totalDownloads:145,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99168",abstract:"One of the most notable frequency regions in terms of research currently lies in the ‘frequency gap’ region between microwaves and infrared: terahertz wave. Although new methods for generating and detecting terahertz wave have been developed, few detectors operating at room temperature are able to capture low-energy terahertz beams. Here we introduce the optical heterodyne measurement (nonlinear frequency up-conversion detection) of terahertz wave using parametric wavelength conversion in a nonlinear crystal; this has better sensitivity than many commonly used thermal detectors such as pyroelectric detectors. Additionally, optical heterodyne techniques allow the beams of terahertz wave to be visualized and their frequency and intensity determined directly as visible light. These are very promising for extending applied researches into the terahertz region, and we expect that these will open new research fields such as wireless information communications or non-destructive inspection in the terahertz region.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Shin’ichiro Hayashi and Norihiko Sekine"},{id:"77432",title:"A Novel Approach for Room-Temperature Intersubband Transition in GaN HEMT for Terahertz Applications",slug:"a-novel-approach-for-room-temperature-intersubband-transition-in-gan-hemt-for-terahertz-applications",totalDownloads:154,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98435",abstract:"Terahertz (THz) technology has attracted tremendous attention recently due to its promising applications in various domains such as medical, biological, industrial imaging, broadband, safety, communication, radar, space science, and so on. Due to non-availability of powerful sources and highly sensitive and efficient detectors, the so-called THz gap remains largely unfilled. Despite seamless efforts from electronics and photonics technology researchers, the desired level of technology development to fill the THz gap still remains a challenge. GaN-based HEMT structures have been investigated as potential THz sources and detectors by a number of researchers. This chapter presents a very new and versatile mechanism for electrical tuning of intersubband transitions (ISBT) GaN high electron mobility transition (HEMT) devices. ISBT phenomena are usually demonstrated in photonic devices like a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Here we explore ISBT in an electronic GaN HEMT device. Conventional photonic devices like a QCL are operated at cryogenic temperature to minimize thermal effect. Tuning the conduction band through external gate bias is an advantage of an HEMT device for room temperature (RT) THz applications. This chapter demonstrates the theoretical and experimental novel ISBT phenomenon in GaN HEMT is for potential ambient applications in the THz range.",book:{id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg"},signatures:"Rakesh Kaneriya, Gunjan Rastogi, Palash Basu, Rajesh Upadhyay and Apurba Bhattacharya"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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