Oxidoreductases in glycolysis, lactate fermentation and Krebs cycle.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10465",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications",title:"Silver Micro-Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book describes the different methodologies for producing and synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of various shapes and sizes. It also provides an in-depth understanding of the new methods for characterizing and modifying the properties of AgNPs as well as their properties and applications in various fields. This book is a useful resource for a wide range of readers, including scientists, engineers, doctoral and postdoctoral fellows, and scientific professionals working in specialized fields such as medicine, nanotechnology, spectroscopy, analytical chemistry diagnostics, and plasmonics.",isbn:"978-1-83968-660-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-659-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-661-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92480",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"silver-micro-nanoparticles-properties-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:266,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dcc19a2b44c91940e16d82fd5eb8fffa",bookSignature:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar and Chandra Shakher Pathak",publishedDate:"September 15th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10465.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3341,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 2nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 30th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 29th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 17th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 18th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296661/images/system/296661.png",biography:'I have extensive experience in tailoring the nanomorphology using a physical self-assembly induced nanostructure fabrication technique called \\"Glancing Angle Deposition\\" for developing novel optical films and plasmonic substrates for SERS, water repellent surfaces, bio/chemical sensing, and photocatalysis. Currently, my research interests include the design, fabrication, and characterization of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems for sensor and actuator applications.',institutionString:"Kyoto University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Kyoto University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"309880",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabhat",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"prabhat-kumar",fullName:"Prabhat Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309880/images/system/309880.jpg",biography:"Dr. Prabhat Kumar is a researcher in experimental material science with a specialization in transition metal oxides and dichalcogenides. He was awarded a Ph.D. in Physics from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, in 2019. He has an MTech in Nanotechnology and a BTech in Electronics and Communication Engineering. Dr. Kumar has experience in thin-film characterizations by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and thin films based terahertz modulators. He is currently working at the Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences on atomic layer deposition technique for ultra-thin films of oxides and nitrides. He also has experience in energy storage and biomedical sensor applications of 3D graphene.",institutionString:"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"318029",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra Shakher",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",slug:"chandra-shakher-pathak",fullName:"Chandra Shakher Pathak",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002tQPGTQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-22T15:04:07.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chandra Shakher Pathak obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. He obtained his MSc in Physics from Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, and M.Tech. (Gold medalist) in Advanced Materials Science and Technology from the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India. His research work focuses on nanomaterials, thin-film growth, characterization, and photovoltaics. He has worked on nanomaterials, organic-inorganic heterojunctions, Schottky diodes, 2D materials, and photovoltaics. Currently, Dr. Pathak is working on the fabrication and stability of perovskite solar cells.",institutionString:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"76232",title:"Synthesis, Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Silver-Polymer Nanocomposites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96107",slug:"synthesis-dielectric-and-electrical-properties-of-silver-polymer-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Metallic nanoparticles and its composites have emerged as valuable asset in all phases of material science and engineering including electronic, optics and electromagnetic domains. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most vital and fascinating nanomaterials among several metallic nanoparticles due to its large surface ratio and outstanding properties with diverse field of potential applications. We demonstrated various synthesis techniques of nanocomposites, silver nanoparticles and composite based on these particles have shown great importance because of the remarkable properties (high electrical and thermal conductivity, good chemical stability and catalytic properties) of silver nanoparticles. This chapter provides various synthesis techniques for preparation of silver nanoparticles and their composites with dielectric and electrical properties in a lucid manner. The detail discussions of silver-polymer nanocomposites, emphasizing on each individual synthesis routes and properties have been carried out.",signatures:"Srikanta Moharana, Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya, Rozalin Nayak and Ram Naresh Mahaling",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76232",authors:[{id:"332588",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Srikanta",surname:"Moharana",slug:"srikanta-moharana",fullName:"Srikanta Moharana"},{id:"344655",title:"Ms.",name:"Ankita Subhrasmita",surname:"Gadtya",slug:"ankita-subhrasmita-gadtya",fullName:"Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya"},{id:"344656",title:"Ms.",name:"Rozalin",surname:"Nayak",slug:"rozalin-nayak",fullName:"Rozalin Nayak"},{id:"344657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Naresh",surname:"Mahaling",slug:"ram-naresh-mahaling",fullName:"Ram Naresh Mahaling"}],corrections:null},{id:"75747",title:"Synthesis, Characterization of Dichlorofluorescein Silver Nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) and Their Effect on Seed Germination of Vigna radiata",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96756",slug:"synthesis-characterization-of-dichlorofluorescein-silver-nanoparticles-dcf-snps-and-their-effect-on-",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main objective of this study was to investigate whether dichlorofluorescein (DCF) is adequate for the formulation of stable dichlorofluorescein-induced silver nanoparticles under the boiling method to analyze their effects on the seed germination of Mung seeds (Vigna radiata). Preliminary dichlorofluoresceine nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) synthesis evidence by noticing the solution color transformed from a light green color to a dark brown color. The 2.5 ml of dichlorofluoresceine (DCF) solution was found sufficient for the formulation of dichlorofluoresceine induced silver nanoparticles at boiling conditions. Purified dichlorofluoresceine nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) measure an average diameter of 293 nm where the majority of nanoparticles were around 159 nm in size with the surface load of-9.35 mV zeta potential value. The impact of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) on the germination percentage of V. radiata has shown that, the 25% concentration of DCF-SNPs is excellent for the growth of Mung seeds (V. radiata). Overall, the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles may be constructive for improving the percentage of seed germination at 25% of its concentration and may also be useful for fluorescent measurement using the confocal microscopy technique. Hence, dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are proposed as an efficient detection system for nanoparticles in agrochemicals for plants.",signatures:"Bipin Deochand Lade, Arti Sanjay Shanware and Ruchika M. Barapatre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75747",authors:[{id:"298082",title:"Dr.",name:"Arti Sanjay",surname:"Shanware",slug:"arti-sanjay-shanware",fullName:"Arti Sanjay Shanware"},{id:"303879",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin Deochand",surname:"Lade",slug:"bipin-deochand-lade",fullName:"Bipin Deochand Lade"},{id:"343290",title:"Ms.",name:"Ruchika M.",surname:"Barapatre",slug:"ruchika-m.-barapatre",fullName:"Ruchika M. Barapatre"}],corrections:null},{id:"75734",title:"Multifunctional Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96712",slug:"multifunctional-silver-nanoparticles-synthesis-and-applications",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multifunctional silver nanoparticles have attracted widely due to their potential applications. Based on the properties of individual silver nanoparticles, such as plasmonic and antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles can become multifunctional by surface modifications with various surfactants or they can be combined in core-shell and composite structures with the magnetic nanoparticles to form bifunctional nanoparticles. After reviewing the methods of synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles, the chapter describes the synthesis and the properties of the new types of multifunctional silver nanomaterials based on the plasmonic behaviors of silver nanoparticles and the iron oxide Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles. One type is a simple combination of silver nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles in a silica matrix Fe3O4/Ag-4ATP@SiO2. Other types are the core-shell structured nanoparticles, where Fe3O4 nanoparticles play as the core and silver nanoparticles are the outer shell, so-called Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag and Fe3O4-Ag. In the Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag, silver nanoparticles are reduced on the surface of silica-coated magnetic core, while in Fe3O4-Ag, silver nanoparticles are directly reduced on the amino groups functionalized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles without coating with silica. Both of types of the multifunctional silver nanoparticles show the plasmonic and magnetic properties similar as the individual silver and iron oxide nanoparticles. Finally, some applications of those multifunctional silver nanoparticles will be discussed.",signatures:"Nguyen Hoang Nam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75734",authors:[{id:"333651",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hoang Nam",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hoang-nam-nguyen",fullName:"Hoang Nam Nguyen"}],corrections:null},{id:"77702",title:"Silver Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, Applications and Future Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99173",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-properties-synthesis-characterization-applications-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:448,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanotechnology is an expanding area of research where we use to deal with the materials in Nano-dimension. The conventional procedures for synthesizing metal nanoparticles need to sophisticated and costly instruments or high-priced chemicals. Moreover, the techniques may not be environmentally safe. Therefore “green” technologies for synthesis of nanoparticles are always preferred which is simple, convenient, eco-friendly and cost effective. Green synthesis of nanoparticle is a novel way to synthesis nanoparticles by using biological sources. It is gaining attention due to its cost effective, ecofriendly and large scale production possibilities. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most vital and fascinating nanomaterials among several metallic nanoparticles that are involved in biomedical applications. It has vital importance in nanoscience and naomedicines to treat and prevent vital disease in human beings especially in cancer treatment. In current work we discussed different methods for synthesis of AgNPs like biological, chemical and physical along with its characterization. We have also discussed vital importance of AgNPs to cure life threatnign diseases like cancer along with antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral and antimicrobial alog with its molecular mode of action etc. Finally we conclude by discussing future prospects and possible applications of silver nano particles.",signatures:"Sunil T. Galatage, Aditya S. Hebalkar, Shradhey V. Dhobale, Omkar R. Mali, Pranav S. Kumbhar, Supriya V. Nikade and Suresh G. Killedar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77702",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77702",authors:[{id:"335104",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunil T.",surname:"Galatage",slug:"sunil-t.-galatage",fullName:"Sunil T. Galatage"},{id:"426196",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditya",surname:"S.Hebalkar",slug:"aditya-s.hebalkar",fullName:"Aditya S.Hebalkar"},{id:"426197",title:"Dr.",name:"Shradhey",surname:"V.Dhobale",slug:"shradhey-v.dhobale",fullName:"Shradhey V.Dhobale"},{id:"426198",title:"Dr.",name:"Omkar",surname:"R.Mali",slug:"omkar-r.mali",fullName:"Omkar R.Mali"},{id:"426199",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranav",surname:"S.Kumbhar",slug:"pranav-s.kumbhar",fullName:"Pranav S.Kumbhar"},{id:"426200",title:"Dr.",name:"Supriya",surname:"V.Nikade",slug:"supriya-v.nikade",fullName:"Supriya V.Nikade"},{id:"426201",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"G.Killedar",slug:"suresh-g.killedar",fullName:"Suresh G.Killedar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78127",title:"Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99367",slug:"biomedical-applications-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:211,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanotechnology is a branch of science and engineering dedicated to materials, having dimensions in the order of nanometer scale and it has been widely used for the development of more efficient technology. Nanoparticles offer many benefits to bulk particles such as increased surface-to-volume ratio, and increased magnetic properties. In recent years, nanotechnology has been embraced by industrial sectors due to its applications in the field of electronic storage systems, biotechnology, magnetic separation and pre concentration of target analytes, targeted drug delivery, and vehicles for gene and drug delivery. Over the year’s nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanoclusters, nanoreods, nanoshells, and nanocages have been continuously used and modified to enable their use as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in biomedical applications. Thus, In this chapter, introduction to metal nanoparticles, synthesis (Chemical and green synthesis) and biomedical application silver nanoparticles are presented.",signatures:"Manikandan Dhayalan, Priadharsini Karikalan, Mohammed Riyaz Savaas Umar and Nalini Srinivasan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78127",authors:[{id:"280025",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Manikandan",surname:"Dhayalan",slug:"manikandan-dhayalan",fullName:"Manikandan Dhayalan"},{id:"336043",title:"Dr.",name:"Su",surname:"Riyaz",slug:"su-riyaz",fullName:"Su Riyaz"},{id:"355964",title:"Dr.",name:"PriadharsinI",surname:"Karikalan",slug:"priadharsini-karikalan",fullName:"PriadharsinI Karikalan"},{id:"355965",title:"Dr.",name:"Nalini",surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"nalini-srinivasan",fullName:"Nalini Srinivasan"}],corrections:null},{id:"75544",title:"Nanosilver in Biomedicine: Advantages and Restrictions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96331",slug:"nanosilver-in-biomedicine-advantages-and-restrictions",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanosilver (in a range 1–100 nm) binds with thyol-, amino- and carboxy-groups of aminoacid residues of proteins and nucleic acids, thus providing inactivation of pathogenic multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Besides antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-cancer properties Ag-based nanomaterials possess anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and antiplatelet features. Drug efficacy depends on their stability, toxicity and host immune response. Citrate coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) remain stable colloid solutions in deionized water but not in the presence of ions due to replacement of Ag+ by electrolyte ions, potential formation of insoluble AgCl, subsequent catalyzed oxidative corrosion of Ag and further dissolution of surface layer of Ag2O. Protein shells protect core of AgNPs from oxidation, dissolution, aggregation and provide specific interactions with ligands. These nanoconjugates can be used for immunoassays and diagnostics but the sensitivity threshold does not exceed 10 pg Cytotoxicity of AgNPs conjugated with proteins is associated with the rate of intracellular Ag+ release, a ‘Trojan horse’ effect, and exceeds one of Ag+ because of endocytosis uptake of NPs but not ions. Relatively toxic nanosilver causes immunosuppression of the majority of cytokines with a few exceptions (IL-1β, G-CSF, MCP-1) whereas AgNO3 additionally activate TNFα and IL8 gene expression.",signatures:"Olga V. Morozova and Dmitry V. Klinov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75544",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75544",authors:[{id:"40361",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga V.",surname:"Morozova",slug:"olga-v.-morozova",fullName:"Olga V. Morozova"},{id:"348200",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"V. Klinov",slug:"dmitry-v.-klinov",fullName:"Dmitry V. Klinov"}],corrections:null},{id:"78087",title:"Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts against COVID 19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99368",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-preparation-methods-and-anti-bacterial-viral-remedy-impacts-against-covid-19",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silver has been an influential segment of pharmaceutical utilization for remedies & hygiene in the latest era. The first topic reviews the study on air sanitization ventilation & air sanitizer systems using laser ablated silver nanoparticles (inspired by 2020 Pandemic) directing to contamination of deadly biological particles. Intention of this investigation is to validate possible antiviral silver nanoparticles construction to be distributed by retention, to abate the aggravation of breathing organs flu. The underlying description of investigation consists of bibliometric reasoning of the review of the outcome of silver nanoparticles on the sterilization of viral ailments. The investigation will deliberate the approach of use of laser ablated silver nanoparticles for anti-actions. The chapter outcomes in the fascinating utilization of silver nanoparticles for pharmaceutical purposes for contagious diseases, viruses or bacteria and devotes to the upgradation of therapeutic education to safeguard health care workers from threatening viruses at therapeutic organizations. Morally, the investigation will obtain a hygienic scheme, which might be installed at every communal or individual places cost-effectively including silver nanoparticles (because of their therapeutic properties). The second section of investigation considers distinct techniques for manufacturing silver nanoparticles. The various schemes have been compared based on their pros & cons. The method of laser ablation for generating nanoparticles underwater is briefed. The intention of this part is to disclose the current & anticipation probabilities of the process - laser ablation, as a profitable and eco-favorable innovation for manufacturing silver nanoparticle in liquid solutions. The chapter is motivated by two of our reviewed papers i.e., “Antibacterial and anti-viral effects of silver nanoparticles in medicine against covid 19” and “Methods for obtaining silver nanoparticles”.",signatures:"Lyubomir Lazov, Risham Singh Ghalot and Edmunds Teirumnieks",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78087",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78087",authors:[{id:"347278",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyubomir",surname:"Lazov",slug:"lyubomir-lazov",fullName:"Lyubomir Lazov"},{id:"417993",title:"Prof.",name:"Edmunds",surname:"Teirumnieks",slug:"edmunds-teirumnieks",fullName:"Edmunds Teirumnieks"},{id:"417994",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Risham",surname:"Ghalot",slug:"risham-ghalot",fullName:"Risham Ghalot"}],corrections:null},{id:"77389",title:"Silver Nanoparticles Impregnated Wound Dressings: Recent Progress and Future Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98731",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-impregnated-wound-dressings-recent-progress-and-future-challenges",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microbial infection remains all time and unresolved challenge in the management of burns and diabetic wounds. Especially in diabetic wounds infections are prominent reason of amputations. Microbial biofilms pose tough polymeric barrier that is difficult to cross by conventional antibiotics. Therefore, traditional approach of infection control using antibiotics is now failing at some extent that raised a need to shift this paradigm. Presently, silver nanoparticles incorporated scaffolds representing a new concept of nanoparticle dressings which is becoming popular in wound management. Recently developed silver nanoparticles functionalized wound dressings exhibited excellent profile in the management of wound infections and promotion of wound healing. This chapter throw light on the recent strategies used in the development of silver nanoparticles functionalized wound dressings and their outcomes along with potential benefits and future challenges in wound management.",signatures:"Atamjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur, Komalpreet Kaur, Jaijeet Singh, Nitish Kumar, Neena Bedi and Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77389",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77389",authors:[{id:"318261",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh"},{id:"351125",title:"Ms.",name:"Komalpreet",surname:"Kaur",slug:"komalpreet-kaur",fullName:"Komalpreet Kaur"},{id:"351131",title:"Mr.",name:"Preet Mohinder Singh",surname:"Bedi",slug:"preet-mohinder-singh-bedi",fullName:"Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi"},{id:"422656",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaijeet",surname:"Singh",slug:"jaijeet-singh",fullName:"Jaijeet Singh"},{id:"422657",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitish",surname:"Kumar",slug:"nitish-kumar",fullName:"Nitish Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"74948",title:"Silver Nanoparticles for Photocatalysis and Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95922",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-for-photocatalysis-and-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present chapter aims to overview the application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in photocatalysis and biomedical field. Firstly, the relevance of AgNPs will be addressed. Then, the discussion about the photocatalytic activity of the AgNPs (either in suspension or impregnation), and correlation with your properties and its potential application to organic pollutants degradation under UV and visible/solar radiation will be described. Thus, applications of the AgNPs as antimicrobial agents, such as Escherichia coli, Schizophyllum commune, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Enterobactor faecalis, and in the development of biosensors will be discussed. Therefore, the present work will be important to contextualize different scenarios to AgNPs mainly to wastewater treatment and diagnosis/therapeutic applications.",signatures:"William Leonardo da Silva, Daniel Moro Druzian, Leandro Rodrigues Oviedo, Pâmela Cristine Ladwig Muraro and Vinícius Rodrigues Oviedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74948",authors:[{id:"185059",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"william-da-silva",fullName:"William Da Silva"},{id:"331720",title:"Mr.",name:"Leandro Rodrigues",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"leandro-rodrigues-oviedo",fullName:"Leandro Rodrigues Oviedo"},{id:"331721",title:"Ms.",name:"Pâmela Cristine Ladwig",surname:"Muraro",slug:"pamela-cristine-ladwig-muraro",fullName:"Pâmela Cristine Ladwig Muraro"},{id:"331722",title:"Mr.",name:"Vinícius Rodrigues",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"vinicius-rodrigues-oviedo",fullName:"Vinícius Rodrigues Oviedo"},{id:"331723",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel Moro",surname:"Druzian",slug:"daniel-moro-druzian",fullName:"Daniel Moro Druzian"}],corrections:null},{id:"75961",title:"Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Functionalization Effect on the SERS Enhancement Factor of SiO2-Ag Composite Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97028",slug:"theoretical-and-experimental-study-on-the-functionalization-effect-on-the-sers-enhancement-factor-of",totalDownloads:208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Herein we addressed a study to determine the enhancement factor (EF) of the Raman signal reached by composite films with two main components, Ag nanoparticles and SiO2 spheres. The study involves the synthesis, structural composition and optical response by using experimental techniques and theoretical-numerical modeling. A colloid with single NPs and agglomerates of them, with a tannic acid layer on its surface, was produced. Separately, porous SiO2 spheres were obtained. A mixture of both, Ag NPs and SiO2 particles was used to produce the films by solvent evaporation method. It is shown that single or agglomerated Ag NPs are preferentially located at the interstices of the SiO2 spheres. Using discrete dipole approximation, the SERS EF has been estimated considering the agglomeration and tannic acid layer. Both, the dielectric spheres and tannic acid layer diminish the electric field intensity and therefore the SERS EF. When a Ag NP with/without a dielectric shell is touching a SiO2 sphere, the EF is as high as 1 × 103, the zones where this value is reached are smaller when the dielectric layer is present. With a cluster of 3 nude Ag NPs surrounded by SiO2 spheres an EF of 2.4 × 103 is obtained.",signatures:"Paulina De León Portilla, Ana Lilia González Ronquillo and Enrique Sánchez Mora",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75961",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75961",authors:[{id:"309184",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana L.",surname:"González",slug:"ana-l.-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana L. González"},{id:"309345",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Sánchez Mora",slug:"enrique-sanchez-mora",fullName:"Enrique Sánchez Mora"},{id:"336856",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Paulina",surname:"De León Portilla",slug:"paulina-de-leon-portilla",fullName:"Paulina De León Portilla"}],corrections:null},{id:"75351",title:"Silicon-Silver Dendritic Nanostructures Enabled Photoelectrochemical Solar Water Splitting for Energy Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95934",slug:"silicon-silver-dendritic-nanostructures-enabled-photoelectrochemical-solar-water-splitting-for-energ",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of natural water was studied using silicon nanowires decorated with silver dendrites (dendritic nanostructures) as working electrode. A metal assisted wet chemical etching method has been used for the synthesis of dendritic heteronanostructures. Measured photocurrent density 1.7 mA/cm2 under white light illumination exhibits the efficient decomposition of natural water. The decomposition of water is primarily ascribed to the enhancement in the working electrode surface and water effective interface and the decrease in the recombination of light induced (photoexcited) carriers in the existence of silver dendritic nanostructures. Enhancement in photoinduced charge carriers separation caused due to the existence of Schottky barrier between the silicon and silver dendritic nanostructures. The light induced carriers (holes) in silicon are transferred to the metal (Ag) dendritic nanostructures that work as a charge basin to effectively carry out the oxidation reaction of water during PEC measurement. The solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of about 4.5% was reported, indicating the efficient PEC solar water (pH 7) splitting. A cost-effective and efficient method for the PEC solar water splitting is presented in order to enhance the STH efficiency for the production of clean and renewable fuel.",signatures:"Uday Dadwal and Rajendra Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75351",authors:[{id:"106502",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajendra-singh",fullName:"Rajendra Singh"},{id:"106848",title:"Mr.",name:"Uday",surname:"Dadwal",slug:"uday-dadwal",fullName:"Uday Dadwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"76715",title:"Synthesis and Catalytic Activity Studies of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized in Polymeric Hydro Gel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97824",slug:"synthesis-and-catalytic-activity-studies-of-silver-nanoparticles-stabilized-in-polymeric-hydro-gel",totalDownloads:228,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most vital and fascinating nanomaterials among several metallic nanoparticles that are involved in biomedical applications. But their stabilization towards agglomeration is a serious concern. Synthesized silver nanoparticles can be dispersed in polymeric hydrogel for stabilization and can be efficiently used in heterogeneous catalysis. Polystyrene crosslinked with 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate can be suitably functionalized for catalytic activities. The nature of the support has a profound influence on the reactivity of the polymeric resin. A flexible support with optimum hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance enhanced the reactivity of the supporting system. Using this supported AgNPs catalytic reduction of Para-nitro phenol can be easily accomplished comparing to conventional method.",signatures:"Jaya T. Varkey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76715",authors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey"}],corrections:null},{id:"75294",title:"Silver Nanoparticles in Various New Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96105",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-in-various-new-applications",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of silver in antimicrobial management is very ancient. Silver-based materials have proven interesting, practical, and promising for various applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the nanostructures most studied and investigated over the past several years. AgNPs have greater specific properties depending on their size and form. These noble synthesised metrics have numerous optical, electrical, catalytic, and optical characteristics. These properties are ideal for many fields, depending on their size and shape. The outbreak of multiple infectious diseases has been a major strain on global economies and the public health sector. Extensive treatments have been suggested for disease control in environments containing infectious diseases through advanced disinfectant nanomaterials. This chapter investigates the application and mechanism of silver nanoparticles in certain nanobiotechnology sectors as a useful nanomaterial. In the sense of the market statistical survey research, AgNPs are emerging as one of the fastest developing product groups in the nanotechnology industry, providing a wide variety of nanosilver products in various applications. Lastly, due to the massive use of AgNPs in products recently, there are many concerns about AgNPs toxicity and safety had also been discussed.",signatures:"Ainil Hawa Jasni, Azirah Akbar Ali, Suresh Sagadevan and Zaharah Wahid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75294",authors:[{id:"171619",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"},{id:"286713",title:"Dr.",name:"Ainil Hawa",surname:"Jasni",slug:"ainil-hawa-jasni",fullName:"Ainil Hawa Jasni"},{id:"337195",title:"Dr.",name:"Azirah",surname:"Akbar Ali",slug:"azirah-akbar-ali",fullName:"Azirah Akbar Ali"},{id:"340766",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaharah",surname:"Wahid",slug:"zaharah-wahid",fullName:"Zaharah Wahid"}],corrections:null},{id:"75104",title:"AgNano, the Construction of Occupational Health Standards: A Status Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96104",slug:"agnano-the-construction-of-occupational-health-standards-a-status-update",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The regulation of chemical substances involves a negotiation between social actors to translate controversial scientific evidence about risks into legal norms. This chapter addresses the discussion elicited by a public consultation on a voluntary regulation guide on silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in workplaces. It examines the comments made from 2016 to 2018 by diverse social actors – business representatives, non-governmental organizations (NGO), and independent researchers – to two successive draft versions of a Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) in working environments with AgNP. The REL is a voluntary guideline on permissible exposure limits elaborated by the NIOSH in the U.S. The methodology used was a qualitative content analysis, structured upon a historical and sociotechnical contextualization of nanotechnologies carried out through literature review. The findings show how different social actors position themselves in the controversy, revealing a pattern of behavior consistent with their position in the research, production, and commercialization of this new nanomaterial. While a group of actors, aligned with the interests of AgNP producers, proposed the restriction of mandatory and AgNP-specific regulation, another group of more heterogeneous actors, identified with the interests of workers and consumers, demanded more scientific and technical information and stricter health protection measures.",signatures:"Guillermo Foladori and Noela Invernizzi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75104",authors:[{id:"333572",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Foladori",slug:"guillermo-foladori",fullName:"Guillermo Foladori"},{id:"333575",title:"Dr.",name:"Noela",surname:"Invernizzi",slug:"noela-invernizzi",fullName:"Noela Invernizzi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6408",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3585d338d78e4d31c200d9991b03692",slug:"novel-nanomaterials-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"George Z. 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\r\n\tThe importance and significance of aquifers are growing day by day as the world's population is becoming large. Many areas of the developing countries are since dependent on aquifers for their water needs; it is important to look at them holistically, whether mapping their future potential or monitoring. New tools and methods are now available, dictating the proper, judicious, and best use of our water resources that are available in the aquifers beneath the ground surface. The scientific approach to the various aspects of aquifers, including their management, will be the principal topic of focus in this book. Through case studies and technical contributions from several experienced authors all over the globe, the topic of aquifers has been covered. Most of the relevant aquifer sub-areas of significance will be described in this open access book, if not all. Hence, this publication will be a valuable one for avid book readers, particularly academicians, scientists, field personnel, researchers, and students in different countries.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-394-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-393-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-395-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",keywords:"Aquifers Types, Aquifers Characteristics, Aquifers Importance, Aquifers Groundwater Movement, Field Study, Aquifer Monitoring, Merits and Demerits, Conventional Mapping, Digital Mapping, Modeling and Aquifer, Unconfined Aquifers Management, Control of Pollution",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Abhay Soni is a professional engineer with more than 30 years of experience in industry, R&D, and academia. He is a Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research at Nagpur Research Centre, a Professor of AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), and an avid writer. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), and Indian Society for Rock Mechanics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Prabhat Jain worked as Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, before joining Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) through UPSC Batch 1985. Since then, he served in various capacities on Central Ground Water Board in different parts of India. He has also received a prestigious “Jal Seva” Award of IWWA for the year 2016-17, “Best lecture” Award in 2018-19, and Linga Raja Das Memorial Trophy 2019-20, IWWA.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271093/images/system/271093.jpg",biography:"Dr. A.K. Soni, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in Mining Engineering from Ravishankar University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in 1983. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Rajasthan, India, and obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India, in 1998. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni is currently working as Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) at Nagpur Research Centre and engaged in research work on 'mine environment and allied areas.” His area of research interest is 'geo-hydrological problems related to mines.” He has more than 33 years of experience working in the Indian mining industry. As part of his research work, he has visited the United States and the United Kingdom and traveled widely across India. As a research scientist and technical administrator, he has more than 115 technical publications on mining and environmental topics to his credit. Dr. Soni has authored one book, Mining in the Himalayas: An Integrated Strategy. He has also written technical papers in the Hindi language. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni has handled more than 100 R&D projects in the capacity of project coordinator and principal investigator. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunneling Technology (ISRMTT), and International Mine Water Association (IMWA). Dr. Soni has received many honors and awards for his contributions. He is presently a member of the international advisory board for the Journal of Mine Water and Environment. He is also a member and chairman of important committees, and a subject area expert, advisor, and evaluator responsible for several noted professional assignments at the national level. He has been invited by academic institutes and Indian universities to deliver lectures and conduct examinations for post-graduate students. 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It arises from genetic and environmental interactions that cause the deregulation of signaling pathways involved in fundamental cellular processes. Being a heterogeneous disease with multiple etiologies, cancer shows different pathological evolutions and treatment approaches [2]. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and Prostate Cancer (PCa) represent the most lethal and common urological cancers, respectively [1].
Kidney cancer represents 403,000 new cases and 175,000 deaths worldwide, with RCC accounting for 90% of these cases [1]. Because of kidney’s anatomic location, these tumors only become symptomatic in the late stages of the disease. Even though about 60% of RCCs are incidentally detected in an early stage because of routine imaging, about 30% are still diagnosed at the symptomatic phase, which is usually associated with worse prognosis [3]. Additionally, most of the patients continue to be diagnosed with locally advanced disease, with about 17% of them presenting distant metastasis at the diagnosis [4]. Apart from these, approximately 40% of patients submitted to surgery with curative intent will also relapse in a 5-year period [5]. Because of its radio and chemo-resistance, targeted therapies are the only agents available to manage metastatic patients, but one fourth of the patients never respond to them, and the ones who do, typically develop resistance in a median of 5–11 months of treatment [6].
On the other hand, with a world estimate of 1.2 million cases and more than 350 thousand deaths in 2018, PCa is the second most frequent cancer in men and the fifth cause of death [1]. Its treatment depends on the grade, stage and age of the patients, being the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) one of the main therapy options because of its high dependence on the androgen pathway [7]. Despite the initial high response rates, nearly all men that undergo ADT develop resistance within 2 to 3 years, progressing to Castration Resistant PCa (CRPC) [8]. In the last few years new drugs came up as alternatives to these patients, but they present limited time benefits and patients eventually relapse [9].
The late diagnosis, the lack of accurate prognosis and disease follow up biomarkers, as well as the resistance to the existing therapies are some of the major current challenges in both prostate and renal cell carcinoma [10, 11]. Thus, there is an urgent need of more accurate and sensitive biomarkers as well as alternative therapeutic approaches in these tumor models.
Almost 10 years ago, in 2011, the reprogramming of energy metabolism was considered a hallmark of cancer and in the last few years the scientific community has devoted their time to better understand it in order to develop new therapeutic approaches and biomarkers [2]. Oxidoreductases (enzymes that catalyze electrons transfer from one molecule to another) play an important part in these deregulations since they are present in the different pathways involved in cells metabolism, namely in glucose’s metabolism [12].
Glucose, as one of the major “fuels” of any cell, has its metabolism altered in most tumor models [13]. However, because cancer is a heterogeneous disease, this deregulation depends on the type of cells that the tumor arises from, being RCC and PCa a good example of such differences.
RCC is a heterogeneous group of cancers with different genetic and molecular alterations, and histological and clinical characteristics [14]. Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) accounts for about 80% of RCC cases and the most common genetic event involved in its beginning is the copy number deletion, inactivating mutation and/or epigenetic silencing of
This is the most likely cause of the well-known Warburg Effect which is widely documented in ccRCC [17, 18]. The Warburg Effect, or aerobic glycolysis, was firstly described in 1920 by Otto Warburg and describes cancer cells’ preference to metabolize glucose through glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation instead of oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen (Figure 1) [19]. Very common in many tumors, there are several possible explanations to why cancer cells undergo these alterations, even though the energy resulting from it is significantly lower when compared to oxidative phosphorylation. Using aerobic glycolysis, cancer cells are able to obtain ATP in a faster way and this pathway supports better their high biosynthetic needs [18]. Moreover, the consequent acidification of the microenvironment due to the lactate fermentation is of great advantage to cancer cells since it has been shown to boost their invasiveness and metastatic capacity as well as to inhibit immune rejection [20, 21].
RCC’s glucose metabolic switch. In RCC cells, pyruvate is transformed in lactate, with the production of ATP instead of undergoing Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (Warburg effect). Created by
In ccRCC, besides
In addition to thar, the deregulation of the expression of several enzymes involved in the glucose metabolic pathways has already been reported in ccRCC, including several oxidoreductases, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) which belong to the glycolysis pathway; pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) involved in the Krebs Cycle and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) which is part of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway [16, 23, 24, 25, 26].
Due to its organ’s function, prostatic tissue shows a unique metabolic activity under normal conditions, which will reflect in the disruptions presented by its cancer cells. One of the key functions of the prostate gland is to produce large amounts of citrate that is secreted as part of the seminal liquid [27]. Thus, normal prostate epithelial cells undergo a very inefficient energy metabolism.
In most organs, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis in pyruvate, which is decarboxylated in the mitochondria to generate Acetyl-CoA. This metabolite reacts with oxalocetate to generate citrate which is oxidized and undergoes the Krebs Cycle where a large amount of NADH is produced (that will be used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP), as well as precursors of several amino acids [28]. In normal prostate epithelial cells, there is an impairment of the mitochondrial aconitase, responsible for citrate oxidization, granting this metabolite accumulation, which is needed in the seminal liquid composition [27]. Aconitase’s inhibition is triggered by an accumulation of zinc in these cells due to the overexpression of the zinc-regulated transporter/iron-regulated transporter-like protein 1 (ZIP1) [29]. Thus, in these cells, citrate is the final product of glucose metabolism and oxaloacetic acid (which normally is regenerated in the Krebs cycle) is produced through aspartate imported from the plasma through a specific carrier [30]. Because of Krebs cycle inhibition, and consequent oxidative phosphorylation impairment, these cells show a higher glycolytic rate [28].
Prostate cancer cells, however, have increased energy demands. Franklin and Costello have concluded that an early event in PCa carcinogenesis is the completion of the Krebs cycle and subsequent ability to produce much more ATP [31]. In fact, PCa cells show dramatically reduced levels of zinc, and consequent reactivation of m-aconitase and of Krebs cycle [32]. Interestingly, zinc has also been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit invasion and angiogenesis in PCa cells [33, 34].
Nevertheless, it is important to take into consideration that cells need to readjust their bioenergetics and metabolism according to their energetic needs, during cancer progression. Thus, in its metastatic stage, PCa has been shown to switch to Warburg Effect [35]. The exact mechanisms behind this switch are not yet fully understood, but the microenvironment in the metastatic sites seems to play a key role, whether through the neighboring adipocytes or through the immune system. These seem to be able to increase HIF1α’s production inducing aerobic glycolysis and blocking oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 2) [36, 37].
PCa’s glucose metabolic switch. Normal prostate epithelial cells have the Krebs cycle interrupted because of their need to secrete citrate as part of seminal fluid. In prostate cancer, Krebs cycle is resumed because of the increased demand for energy. Warburg effect is only observed in the more advanced stages of the tumor. Created by
Several oxidoreductases involved in the glucose metabolic pathways have already been studied in PCa and reported as deregulated, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) which belong to the glycolysis pathway and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) involved in the Krebs Cycle [38, 39, 40, 41].
The deregulation of the oxidoreductases as well as other enzymes involved in the glucose metabolism pathways is necessary for its reprogramming. This deregulation has already been connected with microRNAs (miRNAs), both in RCC and in PCa [18, 42].
miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs (~19 to 25 nucleotides) which regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. Through binding to the 3′ untranslated region (3’ UTR) of mRNAs, miRNAs induce their degradation or translation repression [43]. These molecules are important modulators of cellular behavior being involved in different biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism. This is due to their dynamic expression since each miRNA regulates up to 100 different mRNAs and more than 10,000 mRNAs are regulated by miRNAs [44].
There are different characteristics that make miRNAs good biomarkers’ candidates. Firstly, miRNAs have different expression patterns in normal cells when compared with tumoral ones, and even among different subtypes or in different stages of the disease, which shows their potential as biomarkers’ candidates [45]. Secondly, there has been cumulating evidence regarding the fact that miRNAs are secreted into several body fluids, such as serum, plasma, saliva or urine [46]. Finally, miRNAs circulate in these fluids incorporated into protein complexes or extracellular vesicles, which protect them from RNAse degradation and make them resistant to extreme conditions like temperature or pH differences [47].
In fact, in previous studies circulating miRNAs profiles have already been associated with histology, staging and clinical endpoints, including patients’ survival and therapy response both in ccRCC and in PCa [48, 49, 50].
Thus, the study of miRNAs whose targets are involved in the glucose metabolism in tumor models such as RCC and PCa is highly important, not only because it can help to better understand the differences in metabolic deregulations of the different tumors, but also because this knowledge can be applied in designing new-targeted therapies and biomarkers.
This chapter is focused on the three main glycolytic pathways: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Lactate Fermentation. Since oxidoreductases are present in these three pathways, we chose this type of enzymes to select miRNAs that directly regulate them (Table 1).
Following, we used miRTarBase (version 8.0), the largest known online database of validated miRNA:mRNA target interactions, to select the miRNAs that directly target these enzymes [51]. Only studies featuring hsa-miRNAs and functional miRNA Target Interaction (MTI) evidence were considered. The selected miRNAs and the respective validated targets are displayed in Figure 3.
miRNAs that directly regulate the oxidoreductases involved in the main pathways of glucose catabolism. Created by
A systematic search in Pubmed was then conducted regarding the existing evidence for each miRNA in both ccRCC and in PCa, in order to get a deeper knowledge of these miRNAs expression in these tumor models. To do so, we combined each miRNA with the following keywords: “renal cell carcinoma”, “RCC”, “Kidney Cancer”; “Prostate Cancer”. The obtained scientific papers were manually curated to determine the association between the miRNA and either RCC or PCa. The criteria of exclusion were the following: 1) scientific papers that do not report results from human samples; 2) scientific papers that do not directly correlate the miRNA with the disease. From the 56 papers initially found, 23 were excluded. For each selected paper, we extracted information regarding the deregulation of the miRNA’s expression in each tumor model (upregulated ↑/downregulated ↓) and gathered it in the following tables, according to the metabolic processes involved.
Glycolysis is the pathway responsible for converting glucose in pyruvate and it is constituted by a series of enzymatic reactions. Its sixth step is catalyzed by an oxidoreductase - Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase (GAPDH) – responsible for transforming glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in D-glycerate 1,3-biphosphate. According to miRTarBase (version 8.0), GAPDH is directly targeted by miR-29c-3p and miR-644a [51]. The studies regarding these miRNAs in both RCC and PCa are scarce, and miR-644a’s expression is still not described in RCC nor miR-29c-3p’s expression is described in PCa (Tables 2 and 3).
Glycolysis | Lactate fermentation | Krebs cycle |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | LDHA | PDH |
IDH | ||
KGDH | ||
SDH | ||
MDH |
Oxidoreductases in glycolysis, lactate fermentation and Krebs cycle.
Enzyme | miRNA | Sample type | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH | miR-29c-3p | Tissues and Cell lines | ↓ | [52] |
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the glycolysis’ oxidoreductases in RCC.
Enzyme | miRNA | Sample type | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH | miR-644a | Tissues | ↓ | [53] |
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the glycolysis’ oxidoreductases in PCa.
In both tumor models, the miRNAs targeting GAPDH are downregulated, which may partly explain the upregulation of GADPH already observed in PCa [52, 53]. There is, in fact, an increase of glucose consumption in cancer due to the bigger energetic needs of tumoral cells. Since glycolysis is the basis of glucose catabolism, either by following Krebs Cycle or Lactate Fermentation, the upregulation of the expression of this pathway’s enzymes will help ensure cancer cells’ catabolic demands.
Lactate fermentation is the metabolic process in which the pyruvate resulting from glycolysis is transformed in lactate with ATP production. This reaction is catalyzed by an oxidoreductase – Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDHA), whose mRNA, according to miRTarBase (version 8.0), is directly targeted by miR-34a-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-374a-5p and miR-200b-3p [51]. To the best of our knowledge, there are still no studies regarding miR-24-3p and miR-374a-5p’s expression in RCC as well as miR-374a-5p’s expression in PCa. The studies regarding the other miRNA’s expression in RCC are summarized in Table 4 and the ones regarding miRNA’s expression in PCa are summarized in Table 5.
Enzyme | miRNA | Sample type | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
LDHA | miR-34a-5p | Cell lines | ↑ | [54] |
Tissues and cell lines | ↑ | [55] | ||
Tissues | ↓ | [56] | ||
miR-23a-3p | Cell lines | ↓ | [57] | |
Tissues and cell lines | ↑ | [58] | ||
miR-210-3p | Tissues | ↑ | [59] | |
Cell lines | ↓ | [60] | ||
Cell lines | ↓ | [61] | ||
Tissues and urine | ⇅ | [62] | ||
Tissues | ↑ | [63] | ||
Tissues and urine | ⇅ | [64] | ||
Tissues | ↑ | [65] | ||
Cell lines and plasma | ↑ | [66] | ||
miR-200b-3p | Cell lines | ↓ | [67] |
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the lactate Fermentation’s oxidoreductases in RCC.
Enzyme | miRNA | Sample type | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
LDHA | miR-34a-5p | Cell lines (resistant vs. hormonal sensitive) | ↓ | [68] |
Urinary exosomes and tissues | ↓ | [69] | ||
Cell lines | ↓ | [70] | ||
miR-23a-3p | Tissues | ↑ | [71] | |
miR-24-3p | Urine | ↓ | [72] | |
Urine | ↓ | [73] | ||
Tissues and cell lines | ↓ | [74] | ||
miR-210-3p | Tissues | ↑ | [75] | |
Tissues | ↑ | [76] | ||
miR-200b-3p | Tissues | ↑ | [77] | |
Cell lines | ↓ | [78] | ||
Metastatic tissues | ↓ | [79] | ||
Chemo-resistant cells | ↑ | [80] |
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the lactate fermentation’s oxidoreductases in PCa.
In RCC, the available studies for the selected miRNAs are controversial. This may be result of lack of standardized procedures but also of the different types of samples analyzed. Moreover, it is interesting to look at the studies of miR-210-3p’s expression. This miRNA was significantly increased in ccRCC patients at the time of surgery, when compared to healthy donors, but significantly decreased in follow-up disease-free ccRCC patients of the same cohort [62, 64]. These studies show, not only this miRNA potential as follow-up biomarker but are also an example of miRNAs dynamic expression. In PCa, one can notice that hormonal resistant and metastatic PCa show a decrease in miR-34a-5p and miR-200b-3p, which may traduce in an increase of LDHA and the switch to Warburg Effect which is only observed in these stages of PCa [68, 79].
Krebs Cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, follows glycolysis in the glucose catabolism when oxygen is present. It is preceded by the transformation of pyruvate in acetyl-coA, which will enter the cycle – a series of reactions that provide precursors of amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH which will be used in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and lead to ATP production.
Pyruvate oxidation in acetyl-coA is catalyzed by an oxidoreductase – Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), whose mRNA is, according to miRTarBase (version 8.0) directly targeted by miR-96-3p [51]. However, there are still no studies regarding this miRNA in both RCC and in PCa.
In the series of reactions of Krebs Cycle, there are 4 reactions catalyzed by 4 oxidoreductases – Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDGH), Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH). According to miRTarBase (version 8.0), miRNAs directly targeting KDGH and MDH were not yet identified. Moreover, SDH is directly targeted by miR-31-3p, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been studied in RCC and in PCa [51].
IDH is directly targeted by miR-30c-5p. There are few studies regarding this miRNA both in RCC (Table 6) and in PCa (Table 7).
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the Krebs cycle’s oxidoreductases in RCC.
Deregulation of the miRNAs that directly target the Krebs Cycle’s oxidoreductases in PCa.
In these studies, the expression of miR-30c-5p in RCC is downregulated which would suggest an upregulation of IDH’s mRNA expression. However, this protein was shown to be downregulated in this tumor model [85]. In fact, a single mRNA can be regulate by several miRNAs, making the miRNA:mRNA expression not always inversely correlated. Nevertheless, the fact that miR-30-c-5p was downregulated in urinary exosomes shows its potential as a biomarker in a liquid biopsy approach [81].
In PCa the results regarding this miRNA are scarce and controversial, showing the need of more studies to clarify its expression levels.
miRNAs potential in the oncology field has been widely recognized and there has been an increase of studies regarding their deregulation in cancer in the last few years. However, there are many genes whose mRNA have not been identified as direct targets of any miRNA. In this book chapter, both KGDH and MDH, key enzymes in the Krebs Cycle, have not been directly associated with any miRNAs. Moreover, there are several miRNAs that directly target the mRNA of key enzymes of glucose catabolism but have not yet been studied in RCC (miR-644a, miR-24-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-96-3p and miR-31-3p) and in PCa (miR-29c-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR96-3p, miR-31-3p). Additionally, some miRNAs present controversial results which shall be subject of more studies to confirm their deregulation. Nevertheless, two miRNAs have been identified as downregulated (miR-29c-3p and miR-200b-2p) in RCC and three miRNAs have been identified as downregulated (miR-644a, miR-34a-5p and miR-24-3p) and two as upregulated (miR-23a-3p and miR-210-3p) in PCa. Their potential as biomarkers of both RCC and PCa could be increased if combined as a profile, which could pose as an advance to establish a successful liquid biopsy approach.
Because of their influence in their target genes’ expression, the reestablishment of miRNAs’ levels may have a great impact in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Restoring the levels of the downregulated miRNAs in both RCC and PCa could benefit the current cancer therapies and one possible way to do so is through a nanomedicine approach. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small organized structures with sizes between in size 1 and 100 nm that show very specific chemical and physical properties due to their size and composition [86]. Even though the existing research is scarce, NPs can improve the specificity of miRNAs delivery to target cells (thus reducing side effects) and allow for controlled miRNA release [87]. They also can protect them from degradation and prevent their clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. Moreover, they avoid unfavorable immune cell stimulation [87]. NPs highly depend on their capping which acts prevents their agglomeration and stops uncontrolled growth. The choice of capping will highly influence NPs properties. To effectively deliver the miRNAs selected in this chapter, a glucose capping could be an interesting choice. As stated above, both in RCC and PCa, tumoral cells show an increased glucose consumption when compared with their counterpart normal cells. Thus, glucose as NP’s capping could favor the selective delivery of miRNAs and would likely not be recognized as antagonist by the immune system.
The deregulation of glucose metabolism as a great influence in the pathophysiology of cancer, with the oxidoreductases involved in its pathways posing as both an opportunity to better comprehend the disease and finding not only strategies of detecting and monitoring it but also new therapeutic strategies. miRNAs could be part of these strategies since they influence the expression of these enzymes. Both in RCC and PCa, there are studies regarding miRNAs that target these oxidoreductases, showing their impact in patients’ prognosis. In the future, more studies are needed, regarding the identification of more miRNAs that target for example KGDH and MDH and their validation in RCC and PCa. Moreover, exploring the potential of glucose capped NPs carrying these miRNAs could help establish new therapeutic strategies that would benefit RCC and PCa management.
We would like to thank Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro – Núcleo Regional do Norte – LPCC-NRN (Portuguese League against Cancer). M.M. is a recipient of a research scholarship awarded by LPCC-NRN (Portuguese League against Cancer—Northern Branch). F.D. is a recipient of a research fellowship from the project NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-033399, supported by Norte Portugal regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Streaming instabilities (SI) occupy a prominent place among other plasma instabilities. They are caused by a motion of some plasma components relative to others. An example is the well-known beam–plasma instability [1]. With this instability, the directed motion of a group of fast electrons passing through the background plasma excites potential oscillations with a large growth rate near the plasma frequency. Particular attention to this instability is mainly due to the idea of creating sources of powerful electromagnetic radiation on its basis. At present, these sources have many advantages over the known vacuum sources [2, 3]. One more example (we mention these two only) is the Buneman instability [4], in which plasma electrons move relative to ions.
In the overwhelming majority of investigations beam–plasma interaction is considered without any noticeable dissipation. It, actually, was assumed that the dissipation is small and cannot have any noticeable effect on the physical processes. In this case, the development of instability leads to an increase in the amplitude of electromagnetic oscillations in the plasma, as well as their energy at the expense of beam kinetic energy. In the absence of dissipation, the level of excited oscillations may be quite high, and their energy can even be comparable to the initial energy of the beam [5].
However, generally speaking, dissipation in the system (collisions between plasma particles, heating of metal surfaces due to their complex impedance, etc.) can play an essential role in plasma–beam interaction. It can become not only a decisive factor in limiting the spatial and temporal growth, determining the field amplitude and the mode structure and limits the growth rates. In addition to these properties, which are common to all systems, it is necessary to pay special attention to the unique role of dissipation in systems with a stream of charge particles: dissipation of high level does not suppress the SI completely. Strong dissipation transforms each SI to instability of other type – to dissipative streaming instability (DSI) [1]. This type of instabilities is due to the presence of the negative energy wave (NEW) in a stream of charge particles [6, 7]. In fact, dissipation serves as a channel for energy removal for excitation of this wave. This leads to instabilities of a new physical nature, to DSI. Dissipation is the cause of this instability.
The physical nature of SI is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. It takes a lot of effort1 to understand it clearly. This is all the more so, if we are dealing with the transformation of SI into a DSI. The transformation (in general, the transformation of one type of instability into another) makes the behavior of SI in a system with dissipation especially interesting. In addition, there are other reasons that significantly increase interest in the study of problems associated with dissipation and the DSI caused by it. Some of them are as follows.
Modern high-frequency microwave electronics, both plasma and vacuum, have two basic trends of development: an increase in the frequency and power of the output radiation [2]. With increasing frequency, the thickness of the skin layer on the resonators’ walls decreases. This, in turn, leads to an increase in active energy losses. Actual dissipation in the system increases.
The second trend – an increase in the power of output radiation – leads to the need to increase the beam current. The role of space charge phenomena increases also, as well as the role of the NEW. In these circumstances it becomes important to take into account all factors that also lead to the buildup of the same wave i.e. to dissipation. In a sense, dissipation becomes associated with the space charge phenomena. In addition with an increase in the beam current, the return current increases also. With account the decrease in the skin layer and the finite conductivity of metallic surfaces, this leads to an increase in the level of dissipation in the system. All this indicates that dissipation, along with the space charge of the beam plays an important role in microwave electronics. A detailed understanding of the role of all these phenomena is vital for many problems aimed at achieving high-intensity beams and their applications.
Until recently, only one DSI was known in beam–plasma interaction theory [1]. Its maximal growth rate depends on collision frequency
However, recent studies have shown that there are other DSI also [9, 10, 11]. The interaction of the stream with the background plasma critically depends on some basic parameters of the system and/or on its geometry. Their changes lead to new physics of the beam-plasma interaction and to previously unknown types of DSI. The parameters are: the level of correlation between the beam and the plasma fields and the value of the beam current.
Available methods of instability investigation do not allow getting complete information on the process of transformation of given instability into another type. Is known the most complete information on instability can be obtained by solving the problem of the evolution of fields in space and time during the development of an initial perturbation. This problem is classical in theory of instabilities [12]. Its results can clear up how the fields of given instability transform to the fields of another one along with many other accompanying details. The character of the space–time evolution of an initial perturbation is an important issue in many branches of physics. However, the results of this problem are hardly achievable. Ultimately its mathematical solution reduces to calculation of the integral with complete dispersion relation (DR) in the denominator of the integrand. For the result the DR should be specified and solved before integration. This sharply reduces generality of results. And even in the special cases, it is not always possible to carry out the integration. In [13] an approach is presented that allowed overcome difficulties and obtain analytical expression for the fields’ space–time structure for all types of conventional beam-plasma instabilities. Results show that with increase in level of dissipation all types of beam-plasma instabilities transform to the only known type of DSI.
This review shows that the number of DSI is not limited by the above-mentioned DSI. Two new types of DSI are substantiated. They follow from solution of the same classical problem of initial perturbation development. One of the DSI manifests itself in the results of solving the problem in systems with weak beam-plasma coupling. Weak interaction realizes if the beam and the plasma are spatially separated by a considerable distance. Under weak coupling the beam actually is left to its own and its proper oscillation come into play. Moreover, among them is the NEW. Its interaction with plasma causes instability, the growth rate of which reaches maximum at resonance of the plasma wave with the NEW. This resonance of wave–wave type was called “Collective Cherenkov effect” [14]. An increase in the level of dissipation leads to a new DSI with the growth rate
The second new DSI appears in results of solving of the same problem in uniform cross-section beam-plasma waveguide with over-limiting e-beam. With an increase in the beam current the fields of its space charge affects more and more on the beam-plasma interaction. This manifests itself in two ways. Along with the increasing of the role of space charge oscillations, static fields of the beam space charge set an upper limit on the beam current that can pass through a given vacuum electro-dynamical system. The limit can be overcome by plasma filling. Plasma neutralizes the space charge of the beam. Plasma-filled waveguides can transmit e-beams with a current that is several times higher than the limiting current in vacuum waveguide. The fields of overlimiting e-beam space charge changes the character of its instability. The instability of over-limiting beams is not associated with any radiation mechanism [9, 14]. Its growth rate reaches maximum at the point of exact Cherenkov resonance and depends on the beam density as
In present review special attention is paid to systems, the geometry of which is similar to geometry of plasma microwave sources. These devices are a cylindrical waveguide with thin annular plasma and spatially separated thin annular e-beam. In this geometry the new types of DSI manifest themselves also [10].
In order to dispel all possible doubts about the correctness of the results, both new DSI are also substantiated by conventional analysis of the corresponding DR. To obtain a geometry-independent result for weak beam-plasma coupling we use perturbation theory based on smallness of the coupling parameter.
For the beginning we shortly present rezoning, from which follow: all types of beam-plasma instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron, beam instability in spatially periodical structure) transform to the only known DSI with the maximal growth rate
In general, the dispersion relation (DR), describing a plasma system penetrating by an electron beam can be written as
where
The beam electrons interact with the proper oscillations of the system and the interaction leads to instability. Developing instability manifests itself most effectively at frequencies and wavelengths close to the proper frequencies of the system in the absence of the beam, and, at the same time, close to the beam natural frequencies. In fact, along with (1) following condition is met
All (conventional) beam-plasma instabilities, including DSI, follow from (1)–(3). With an increase in level of dissipation all types of no-dissipative instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron etc) transform into the well-known DSI. If one searches the solutions of DR (1) in the form
All types of no-dissipative instabilities follow the first and the right-hand side term. In this case the dissipative (second) term in (4) is small. The DSI follows from the second term (when it is greater than the first term) and the right-hand side term. The relation between the respective growth rates
where the frequency of collisions in plasma
The best way to study an instability in detail and its possible transformation to that of other type is the solving of the problem of initial perturbation development. The information obtained by other ways is insufficient and does not give any details. Here we present general (geometry independent) solution of the problem for weakly coupled beam-plasma systems.
Consider a system consisting of a mono-energetic rectilinear electron beam and cold plasma. To begin with, suppose the following: the plasma and the beam are weakly coupled (e.g. in a consequence of a sufficiently large distance between them). Let an initial perturbation arises at a point
In given case of weak beam-plasma coupling the instability is the result of the interaction of the beam negative energy wave (NEW) and the slowed down wave in the plasma. The interaction is of Collective Cherenkov type. We proceed from the theory of wave interaction in plasma [16]. In terms of this theory the problem of the initial perturbation evolution under instability development in non-equilibrium plasma can be considered based on the set of partial differential equations for the amplitudes of the interacting waves: beam charge density wave
where
The solution of the set (6) gives the dependence of the field’s amplitude on longitudinal coordinate and time under instability development. Applying the Laplace transformation with respect to time
The field’s amplitude
where
Thus, the problem has been reduced to the problem of integration in (8). It is somewhat simpler in comparison to the integral, which represents classical solution. Instead of full DR its analog stands. The analog is determined by interaction of the waves, participating in the instability development. This replacement simplifies integration. However, it remains difficult and many authors use roundabout methods carry out an expression for possible estimation of the fields behavior [17, 18]. Presented here method easily leads to the desired result i.e. to expression for space–time distribution of the fields. We merely transform the variables
The second integration (over
and is equal to
As a result we arrive to the following expression for the field’s space time structure under development of the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system
The expression (12) looks very complicate. At first glance it is impossible to extract any information on the instability behavior from it. However, it turned out, the expression may be easily analyzing. Moreover, the results are obtained from scratch, i.e. they are not based on prior research. Substantial part of the information is unavailable by other way. In particular, the analysis clearly shows that with increase in level of dissipation the no-dissipative instability turns to a new type of DSI and provides detailed information on both instabilities.
The properties of the instability is determined mainly by the exponential factor
which provides many information: the temporal and the spatial growth rates, the spread of the unstable perturbations’ velocities, the nature of the instability (absolute or convective), the effect of dissipation on instability, etc.
First consider some general properties of the instability, which follow from (13).
It is easily seen that in the absence of dissipation unstable perturbations have velocities in the range from
Asymptotic shapes of the instability development under weak beam-plasma coupling vs. longitudinal coordinate
Now we turn to determination of the meaning of the denotation
Its root is
In the wave theory the velocity (15) is called convective velocity. It characterizes the spatial convection of the fastest growing perturbations. (15) shows that the peak of the wave packet disposes in its middle. The packet is symmetric with respect to its peak. Substitution of
The meaning of the parameter
At a fixed point
Then the field decreases, and at the time
Thus, the solution of the problem of initial perturbation development along with other detailed information, gave results of conventional initial and boundary problems. This coincidence confirms correctness of developed approach (initial assumptions, mathematics, etc.). An additional advantage of the approach is in its geometry-independence. At first glance, the presented approach seems more complicated than traditional approaches, but this complexity is only apparent.
Dissipation significantly influences on the presented picture of the instability development and changes it. First of all, it suppresses slow perturbations. The wave packet shortens. The threshold velocity
Only high-velocity perturbations (in the range
As expected, the growth rates fall down. Dissipation distorts the symmetry of the induced wave packet. In presence of dissipation the dynamics of the fields can be obtained from the same Eq. (14) accounting for dissipation. It has the form
The solution of (18) gives the point of the field maximum
This expression shows that with an increase in the level of dissipation, the peak shifts more and more to the front of the wave packet. This takes place along with the decreasing of the wave packet’s length. Substitution of
The function
The function
Shapes of developing waveform versus longitudinal coordinate at fixed instant
As a criterion for the type of DSI this relation between the growth rates of DSI
From electro-dynamical point of view, a spatially separated beam-plasma system is nothing, but a multilayer structure. The traditional analytical consideration of such systems leads to a very cumbersome DR, which, in addition, is highly dependent on the geometry and greatly complicates with an increase in the number of layers. However, the importance of the problem and the need for its analytical investigation has led to development of specific methods. Here an approach is presented that allows avoiding abovementioned difficulties. Also, the approach has an important advantage: the procedure for obtaining the DR does not depend on specific shape/geometry. In other words, obtained results can be adapted to systems of any geometry. The approach considers the problem of weak beam-plasma interaction by perturbation theory. The small parameter, which underlies the theory, is the parameter of weak beam-plasma coupling. We briefly present here the basics of this approach accounting for dissipation [11].
Consider a system consisting of a mono-energetic rectilinear electron beam and cold plasma. To begin with, suppose the following: the plasma and the beam are weakly coupled (e.g. a consequence of a sufficiently large distance between them). We also assume their homogeneity in the cross section. The geometry of the system is not specified. It also is assumed that the beam current is less than the limiting current in the vacuum waveguide. Dissipation in the system is taken into account by the introduction the collisions in plasma. For simplicity, consideration is limited to the case of a strong external longitudinal (to the beam propagation direction) magnetic field, which prevents the transverse motion of the beam and plasma particles.
The small parameter underlying the perturbation theory is the parameter of weak coupling between the beam and the plasma (that is, the smallness of the integrals describing the overlap of beam and plasma fields). In the zero order approximation, the perturbation theory assumes independence of the beam and plasma. In the first-order approximation, the theory leads to the DR [11, 14].
The expressions
where
where
In absence of dissipation the instability is due to NEW interaction with the plasma. Its growth rate is
We emphasize unusual dependence on the beam density as
where
We arrive to the same new type of DSI presented in (22). The expression (28) shows a gradual transition of the growth rate of no-dissipative instability caused by NEW interaction with plasma into the growth rate of new type of DSI. It develops under weak coupling and differs from the conventional DSI (with an growth rate ∼
One more new DSI arises under consideration of the problem of the initial perturbation development for the instability of over-limiting beam (OEB) in uniform cross-section plasma waveguide.
Consider a cylindrical waveguide, fully filled with cold plasma. A mono-energetic relativistic electron beam penetrates it. The external longitudinal magnetic field is assumed to be strong enough to freeze transversal motion of the beam and the plasma electrons. We also assume that the beam and plasma radii coincide with the waveguide’s radius and consider only the symmetrical
The character of the beam-plasma interaction changes depending on the beam current value. If the beam current is less than the limiting current in vacuum waveguide the instability is due to induced radiation of the system eigenwaves by the beam electrons. But, if the beam is over-limiting, its instability has the same nature as the instability in medium with negative dielectric constant [9, 14, 15]. We introduce a parameter
However, the resonant frequency, which is determined by the expressions (30), remains unchanged [15].
In order to show the variety of possible approaches to the solution of the problem of the initial perturbation development, in given case we solve it by other way. We turn to the set of origin equations, which describes e-beam instability in magnetized plasma waveguide
where
where
The fields’ growth in the linear stage reveals itself most effectively on frequencies, closely approximating to roots of the DR and, simultaneously, to
where the carrier frequency
Thus, the problem of the initial pulse behavior reduces to determination of the slowly varying amplitude (SVA)
where
where
The solution of (37) is, actually, known. If one returns to the set (6) and transforms it (under
Comparison of (38) with (22) indicates one more new type of DSI. It develops in uniform cross section beam-plasma waveguide under over-limiting beam current and high level of dissipation. Its growth rate depends on the beam density and collision frequency as
Now we substantiate the second new DSI by solving the DR (30). We look for its roots in the form
where
The solutions of (39) depend on the beam current value that is on the value of parameter α. If
If the beam current increases and become comparable or higher than the limiting vacuum current i.e.
We emphasize new dependences on
In this section we pay special attention to systems, the geometry of which is similar to the geometry of plasma microwave sources and possible development of the new types of DSI in such systems. The simplest theoretical model of plasma microwave generators assumes relativistic e-beam propagating along axis of a plasma filled waveguide of radius
For theoretical study of the problem we use an approach [10], which gives result for arbitrary level of beam-plasma coupling. This condition is obligatory for obtaining comprehensive results. The DR, which follows from the approach, has a form, which clearly shows interaction of the beam and plasma waves. The approach proceeds from equation for polarization potential
Here
where
The DR, which follows from the statement, is still very cumbersome (of integral type). To reduce the DR to a simple algebraic form one should make following expedient for theoretical model assumption: the plasma and the beam are not just thin but infinitesimal thin. In this case the DR becomes
where
(
An important property of
The DR (44) determines proper oscillations of transversally no uniform beam-plasma waveguide. The changes of the physical character of beam-plasma interaction must reveal themselves on its solutions.
where
where
This expression coincides to (27). Dissipation coming into interplay transforms this instability to DSI of new type with growth rate (coincides to (29))
As it should be, this is the instability discovered under consideration of the classical problem of the initial perturbation development in weakly coupled beam-plasma systems.
Of particular interest are limit of high, over-limiting currents of e-beam
For
The instability (52) under
However, the dependence on the beam density is completely different. This is the same DSI, which develops in uniform cross-section beam-plasma waveguide under over-limiting currents. Instabilities of the same type may be substantiated for finite thicknesses of the beam and plasma layers in waveguide. In this case one must use perturbation theory based on smallness of coupling coefficient.
As follows from this section, in the geometry of microwave plasma sources, the development of both new DSI is possible. Basic parameters of the both new DSI, and the conditions of their development should be taken into account upon design of the high power, high frequency plasma microwave devices.
Thus, based on very general initial assumptions, we have found out that the number of DSI in the beam-plasma interaction theory is not limited by the only previously known type. Two new, previously unknown types of DSI are presented. The new DSI reveal themselves in the analysis of solution of the problem of initial perturbation development. This problem is classical in the theory of instabilities. The first new DSI is the dissipative instability under weak beam-plasma coupling. In absence of dissipation the instability in these systems is caused by the interaction of the beam NEW with the plasma. With an increase in the level of dissipation this instability gradually transforms to the new type of DSI. Its maximal growth rate depends on the beam Langmuir frequency
The second new type of DSI is dissipative instability of over-limiting e-beam in uniform cross section waveguide. With increase in the beam current, its space charge and inner degrees of freedom reveal themselves more efficiently. If the beam current becomes higher than the limiting current in vacuum waveguide then the instability mechanism changes. In uniform cross section beam-plasma waveguide the instability becomes due to a-periodical modulation of the beam density in medium with negative dielectric constant. In this case the increase in the level of dissipation leads to one more new type of DSI with the maximal growth rate
The same types of DSI develop in systems having geometry, similar to microwave sources: cylindrical waveguide with thin annular beam and thin annular plasma. If the coupling between the beam and the plasma hollow cylinders is weak and the beam current is under-limiting the first type of DSI develops, but under over-limiting currents – the second. However, if the coupling of the beam and the plasma cylinders is strong, conventional type of DSI develops with well-known growth rate
Both new DSI are confirmed by conventional analysis of the respective DR.
Some words about the approach used. It has many advantages. First of all, it is based on very general initial assumptions and gives results regardless on geometry and specific parameters. The same approach is used for solving the same problem for conventional beam-plasma instabilities of all types (Cherenkov type, cyclotron type etc) [13], for the Buneman instability [22] etc. Obtained expressions for the spatial–temporal distribution of growing fields clearly show that with increase in the level of dissipation in background plasma, all these SI transform into DSI of conventional type. In addition, the analysis of obtained expressions gives much more detailed information on SI than other methods give. Part of the information on SI is not available in any other ways. The coincidence of other information to the results of conventional analysis confirms the validity of the approach (initial assumptions, mathematics etc).
Also, the presented approach shows that the DR describing the SI of given type can serve not only for solving of the initial/boundary problems and obtaining the dispersion curves. This point of view is very simplified. The approach shows that much more additional information is available from the DR. It, in fact, provides results on the initial perturbation development.
Summarizing, one can state that the presented approach can serve as an independent and very effective method for studying of any SI. There is no need to solve the problem again. One should only substitute the parameters of given instability in general expression for the field’s space–time distribution. The usage of this approach instead of traditional initial/boundary problems gives complete picture of the instability development. At first glance, it might seem that this method of analyzing instabilities is more complicated. However, this complexity is only apparent. In addition, this complexity, if any, is overlapped by the completeness of the information received.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. 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In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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