Leptin correlations with metabolic syndrome.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1478",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology",title:"Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Due to their good mechanical characteristics in terms of stiffness and strength coupled with mass-saving advantage and other attractive physico-chemical properties, composite materials are successfully used in medicine and nanotechnology fields. To this end, the chapters composing the book have been divided into the following sections: medicine, dental and pharmaceutical applications; nanocomposites for energy efficiency; characterization and fabrication, all of which provide an invaluable overview of this fascinating subject area. The book presents, in addition, some studies carried out in orthopedic and stomatological applications and others aiming to design and produce new devices using the latest advances in nanotechnology. This wide variety of theoretical, numerical and experimental results can help specialists involved in these disciplines to enhance competitiveness and innovation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-235-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5993-3",doi:"10.5772/1934",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-for-medicine-and-nanotechnology",numberOfPages:662,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8905040b2a48245b62f9d57ccebd54b4",bookSignature:"Brahim Attaf",publishedDate:"April 1st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1478.jpg",numberOfDownloads:89844,numberOfWosCitations:97,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:90,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:10,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:222,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 5th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 6th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 5th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"15332",title:"Dr.",name:"Brahim",middleName:null,surname:"Attaf",slug:"brahim-attaf",fullName:"Brahim Attaf",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15332/images/814_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Brahim Attaf works as an independent Expert/Researcher in the field of composite materials and structures. He obtained his Engineering degree from the Ecole Polytechnique of Algiers, Algeria, in 1985, and then his PhD degree from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, in 1990. He has previously worked as a Lecturer/Researcher (Maitre de Conferences) within the Departments of Aeronautics, Mechanics and Civil Engineering at the University of Blida in Algeria (1990–2000), and he was responsible for design office and quality assurance with composite firms in France (2000–2003). Since 2003 he has been independently involved in sustainability research actions leading to ecodesign of composite materials and structures through the integration of environmental and health aspects into product lifecycle. His main research and teaching interests focus on vibration and stability analyses of composite structures subjected to hygrothermomechanical loading using finite-element approach and experimental investigations. Dr. Attaf has published many scientific papers, edited five books, and successfully trained/supervised many engineers and postgraduate students (Master’s and PhD’s).",institutionString:"CMS Ecotechnology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"932",title:"Nanotechnology",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials-nanotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"14592",title:"Advances in Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/13707",slug:"advances-in-collagen-hydroxyapatite-composite-materials",totalDownloads:4942,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anton Ficai, Ecaterina Andronescu, Georgeta Voicu and Denisa Ficai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14592",authors:[{id:"15685",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Ficai",slug:"anton-ficai",fullName:"Anton Ficai"},{id:"15686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ecaterina",surname:"Andronescu",slug:"ecaterina-andronescu",fullName:"Ecaterina Andronescu"},{id:"15687",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgeta",surname:"Voicu",slug:"georgeta-voicu",fullName:"Georgeta Voicu"},{id:"15688",title:"PhD.",name:"Denisa",surname:"Ficai",slug:"denisa-ficai",fullName:"Denisa Ficai"}],corrections:null},{id:"14593",title:"Composite Scaffolds for Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/15033",slug:"composite-scaffolds-for-orthopaedic-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:3879,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"John P. Gleeson and Fergal J. O'Brien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14593",authors:[{id:"6620",title:"Dr.",name:"Fergal J.",surname:"O'Brien",slug:"fergal-j.-o'brien",fullName:"Fergal J. O'Brien"},{id:"19542",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Gleeson",slug:"john-p.-gleeson",fullName:"John P. Gleeson"}],corrections:null},{id:"14594",title:"Composite Material Stent Comprising Metallic and Non-metallic Materials",doi:"10.5772/14259",slug:"composite-material-stent-comprising-metallic-and-non-metallic-materials",totalDownloads:4300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yuzo Shomura, MD.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14594",authors:[{id:"17306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuzo",surname:"Shomura",slug:"yuzo-shomura",fullName:"Yuzo Shomura"}],corrections:null},{id:"14595",title:"Composite Materials for Some Biotribological Systems",doi:"10.5772/14987",slug:"composite-materials-for-some-biotribological-systems",totalDownloads:2534,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jan R. Dabrowski, Piotr Deptula and Joanna Mystkowska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14595",authors:[{id:"18476",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan R.",surname:"Dabrowski",slug:"jan-r.-dabrowski",fullName:"Jan R. Dabrowski"},{id:"19428",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Deptula",slug:"piotr-deptula",fullName:"Piotr Deptula"},{id:"23703",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Mystkowska",slug:"joanna-mystkowska",fullName:"Joanna Mystkowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"14596",title:"Liposil, a Promising Phospholipid/Silica Composite Material",doi:"10.5772/14355",slug:"liposil-a-promising-phospholipid-silica-composite-material",totalDownloads:3274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Begu Sylvie, Aubert-Pouessel Anne, Lerner Dan A and Devoisselle Jean-Marie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14596",authors:[{id:"17559",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Begu",slug:"sylvie-begu",fullName:"Sylvie Begu"},{id:"18941",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Aubert-Pouessel",slug:"anne-aubert-pouessel",fullName:"Anne Aubert-Pouessel"}],corrections:null},{id:"14597",title:"Advances in Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Nanocomposites",doi:"10.5772/14868",slug:"advances-in-thermoelectric-energy-conversion-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:6426,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lusheng Su and Yong X. Gan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14597",authors:[{id:"15216",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",surname:"Gan",slug:"yong-gan",fullName:"Yong Gan"},{id:"18952",title:"Mr.",name:"Lusheng",surname:"Su",slug:"lusheng-su",fullName:"Lusheng Su"}],corrections:null},{id:"14598",title:"Metal Oxides and Their Composites for the Photoelectrode of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/15280",slug:"metal-oxides-and-their-composites-for-the-photoelectrode-of-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",totalDownloads:8360,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jae-Joon Lee, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Subrata Sarker, N.C. Deb Nath, A.J. Saleh Ahammad and Jae Kwan Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14598",authors:[{id:"20161",title:"Dr.",name:"Jae-Joon",surname:"Lee",slug:"jae-joon-lee",fullName:"Jae-Joon Lee"},{id:"42304",title:"Prof.",name:"Jae Kwan",surname:"Lee",slug:"jae-kwan-lee",fullName:"Jae Kwan Lee"},{id:"48455",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Mahbubur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"md.-mahbubur-rahman",fullName:"Md. Mahbubur Rahman"},{id:"48456",title:"Dr.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Sarker",slug:"subrata-sarker",fullName:"Subrata Sarker"},{id:"48457",title:"Prof.",name:"N. C.",surname:"Debnath",slug:"n.-c.-debnath",fullName:"N. C. Debnath"},{id:"48458",title:"Prof.",name:"A. J. Saleh",surname:"Ahammad",slug:"a.-j.-saleh-ahammad",fullName:"A. J. Saleh Ahammad"}],corrections:null},{id:"14599",title:"Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion",doi:"10.5772/14877",slug:"nanocomposites-for-photovoltaic-energy-conversion",totalDownloads:5152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xianwu Zeng and Yong X. Gan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14599",authors:[{id:"15216",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",surname:"Gan",slug:"yong-gan",fullName:"Yong Gan"},{id:"18977",title:"MSc.",name:"Xianwu",surname:"Zeng",slug:"xianwu-zeng",fullName:"Xianwu Zeng"}],corrections:null},{id:"14600",title:"Composite Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Technologies",doi:"10.5772/14231",slug:"composite-nanomaterials-for-hydrogen-technologies",totalDownloads:2838,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Liga Grinberga and Janis Kleperis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14600",authors:[{id:"17231",title:"Dr.",name:"Liga",surname:"Grinberga",slug:"liga-grinberga",fullName:"Liga Grinberga"},{id:"17390",title:"Dr.",name:"Janis",surname:"Kleperis",slug:"janis-kleperis",fullName:"Janis Kleperis"}],corrections:null},{id:"14601",title:"Development of Tunable Nanocomposites Made from Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Applications",doi:"10.5772/14697",slug:"development-of-tunable-nanocomposites-made-from-carbon-nanotubes-for-electrochemical-applications",totalDownloads:2053,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Jose Esplandiu, Mireia Baeza, Rosa Olive-Monllau, Francisco Cespedes and Jordi Bartroli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14601",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14601",authors:[{id:"18551",title:"Dr.",name:"Mireia",surname:"Baeza",slug:"mireia-baeza",fullName:"Mireia Baeza"},{id:"19501",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",surname:"Bartrolí",slug:"jordi-bartroli",fullName:"Jordi Bartrolí"},{id:"19502",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Céspedes",slug:"francisco-cespedes",fullName:"Francisco Céspedes"},{id:"19503",title:"Dr.",name:"María José",surname:"Esplandiu",slug:"maria-jose-esplandiu",fullName:"María José Esplandiu"},{id:"19504",title:"PhD.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Olive-Monllau",slug:"rosa-olive-monllau",fullName:"Rosa Olive-Monllau"}],corrections:null},{id:"14602",title:"Synthesis, Sintering Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Lead-Ceramic (Nano-) Composites for Acid Battery Grids",doi:"10.5772/14944",slug:"synthesis-sintering-behaviour-and-mechanical-properties-of-lead-ceramic-nano-composites-for-acid-bat",totalDownloads:3692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexandre Maitre and Michel Vilasi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14602",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14602",authors:[{id:"16211",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Maitre",slug:"alexandre-maitre",fullName:"Alexandre Maitre"},{id:"19240",title:"PhD.",name:"Michel",surname:"Vilasi",slug:"michel-vilasi",fullName:"Michel Vilasi"}],corrections:null},{id:"14603",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Physical Properties",doi:"10.5772/14881",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-physical-properties",totalDownloads:3400,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gleb Yu. Yurkov, Alexandr S. Fionov, Oleg V. Popkov, Igor D. Kosobudskii, Nikolay A. Taratanov and Olga V. Potemkina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14603",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14603",authors:[{id:"17144",title:"Dr.",name:"Gleb",surname:"Yurkov",slug:"gleb-yurkov",fullName:"Gleb Yurkov"},{id:"18988",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor D.",surname:"Kosobudskii",slug:"igor-d.-kosobudskii",fullName:"Igor D. Kosobudskii"},{id:"18990",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandr S.",surname:"Fionov",slug:"alexandr-s.-fionov",fullName:"Alexandr S. Fionov"},{id:"18991",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg V.",surname:"Popkov",slug:"oleg-v.-popkov",fullName:"Oleg V. Popkov"},{id:"24024",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay A.",surname:"Taratanov",slug:"nikolay-a.-taratanov",fullName:"Nikolay A. Taratanov"},{id:"24025",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga V.",surname:"Potemkina",slug:"olga-v.-potemkina",fullName:"Olga V. Potemkina"}],corrections:null},{id:"14604",title:"Coupled Semiconductor Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Types, Synthesis Conditions and Properties",doi:"10.5772/14357",slug:"coupled-semiconductor-metal-oxide-nanocomposites-types-synthesis-conditions-and-properties",totalDownloads:5129,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohammad Reza Vaezi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14604",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14604",authors:[{id:"17565",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",surname:"Vaezi",slug:"mohammad-reza-vaezi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Vaezi"}],corrections:null},{id:"14605",title:"Strength Prediction of Composite Materials from Nano- to Macro-scale",doi:"10.5772/13964",slug:"strength-prediction-of-composite-materials-from-nano-to-macro-scale",totalDownloads:3710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Konstantinos I. Tserpes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14605",authors:[{id:"16401",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos I.",surname:"Tserpes",slug:"konstantinos-i.-tserpes",fullName:"Konstantinos I. Tserpes"}],corrections:null},{id:"14606",title:"Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering in Fabricating Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/14326",slug:"effect-of-spark-plasma-sintering-in-fabricating-carbon-nanotube-reinforced-aluminum-matrix-composite",totalDownloads:3312,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hansang Kwon and Akira Kawasaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14606",authors:[{id:"17485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hansang",surname:"Kwon",slug:"hansang-kwon",fullName:"Hansang Kwon"},{id:"17487",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",surname:"Kawasaki",slug:"akira-kawasaki",fullName:"Akira Kawasaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"14607",title:"Formation of Various Nanocarbon and Composite Structures by Laser Ablation",doi:"10.5772/14483",slug:"formation-of-various-nanocarbon-and-composite-structures-by-laser-ablation",totalDownloads:2303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fumio Kokai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14607",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14607",authors:[{id:"17916",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumio",surname:"Kokai",slug:"fumio-kokai",fullName:"Fumio Kokai"}],corrections:null},{id:"14608",title:"On the Transport Phenomena in Composite Materials using the Fractal Space-Time Theory",doi:"10.5772/14043",slug:"on-the-transport-phenomena-in-composite-materials-using-the-fractal-space-time-theory",totalDownloads:1595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vizureanu Petrica and Agop Maricel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14608",authors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"},{id:"24020",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricel",surname:"Agop",slug:"maricel-agop",fullName:"Maricel Agop"}],corrections:null},{id:"14609",title:"Dependence of Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Actinide-Zirconium-Hydride Composite Materials on Hydrogen Concentration",doi:"10.5772/14584",slug:"dependence-of-thermal-and-electrical-conductivities-of-actinide-zirconium-hydride-composite-material",totalDownloads:2159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"B. Tsuchiya, K. Konashi and M. Yamawaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14609",authors:[{id:"18244",title:"Dr.",name:"Bun",surname:"Tsuchiya",slug:"bun-tsuchiya",fullName:"Bun Tsuchiya"}],corrections:null},{id:"14610",title:"Dye Doped Polymer-Filled Nanoporous Glass - a New Class of Materials for Laser Optics",doi:"10.5772/14486",slug:"dye-doped-polymer-filled-nanoporous-glass-a-new-class-of-materials-for-laser-optics",totalDownloads:2598,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Modest Koldunov and Alexander Manenkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14610",authors:[{id:"17884",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Manenkov",slug:"alexander-manenkov",fullName:"Alexander Manenkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"14611",title:"Broadband Spectral Analysis of Non-Debye Dielectric Relaxation in Percolating Heterostructures",doi:"10.5772/14680",slug:"broadband-spectral-analysis-of-non-debye-dielectric-relaxation-in-percolating-heterostructures",totalDownloads:2933,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"E. Tuncer, J. Belattar, M. E. Achour and C. Brosseau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14611",authors:[{id:"7015",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",surname:"Brosseau",slug:"christian-brosseau",fullName:"Christian Brosseau"}],corrections:null},{id:"14612",title:"Advanced Cellulosic Nanocomposite Materials",doi:"10.5772/14050",slug:"advanced-cellulosic-nanocomposite-materials",totalDownloads:4586,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Qingzheng Cheng, David DeVallance, Jingxin Wang and Siqun Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14612",authors:[{id:"16644",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingzheng",surname:"Cheng",slug:"qingzheng-cheng",fullName:"Qingzheng Cheng"},{id:"19475",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Devallance",slug:"david-devallance",fullName:"David Devallance"},{id:"19476",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingxin",surname:"Wang",slug:"jingxin-wang",fullName:"Jingxin Wang"},{id:"19477",title:"Dr.",name:"Siqun",surname:"Wang",slug:"siqun-wang",fullName:"Siqun Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"14613",title:"Composite Material for Shielding Mixed Radiation",doi:"10.5772/14238",slug:"composite-material-for-shielding-mixed-radiation",totalDownloads:6565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hu Huasi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14613",authors:[{id:"17232",title:"Dr.",name:"Huasi",surname:"Hu",slug:"huasi-hu",fullName:"Huasi Hu"}],corrections:null},{id:"14614",title:"Isotope Effects Induced by Exterior Actions on the Solid Surface",doi:"10.5772/14013",slug:"isotope-effects-induced-by-exterior-actions-on-the-solid-surface",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nikolay N. Nikitenkov, Yurii I. Tyurin and Vitalii V. Larionov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14614",authors:[{id:"16402",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Nikitenkov",slug:"nikolay-nikitenkov",fullName:"Nikolay Nikitenkov"},{id:"16592",title:"Prof.",name:"Yurii I.",surname:"Tyurin",slug:"yurii-i.-tyurin",fullName:"Yurii I. Tyurin"},{id:"16593",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitalii V.",surname:"Larionov",slug:"vitalii-v.-larionov",fullName:"Vitalii V. Larionov"}],corrections:null},{id:"14615",title:"Cavity Enhanced Laser Cooling of Solids",doi:"10.5772/14907",slug:"cavity-enhanced-laser-cooling-of-solids",totalDownloads:2063,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Biao Zhong, Youhua Jia and Jianping Yin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14615",authors:[{id:"18971",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianping",surname:"Yin",slug:"jianping-yin",fullName:"Jianping Yin"},{id:"24009",title:"Dr.",name:"Biao",surname:"Zhong",slug:"biao-zhong",fullName:"Biao Zhong"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"48",title:"Advances in Composite Materials",subtitle:"Ecodesign and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e38c0731b0a11adf94e200c2e59a479b",slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-ecodesign-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Brahim Attaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/48.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15332",title:"Dr.",name:"Brahim",surname:"Attaf",slug:"brahim-attaf",fullName:"Brahim Attaf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"73",title:"Advances in Nanocomposites",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-nanocomposites-synthesis-characterization-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Boreddy Reddy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/73.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16251",title:"Dr.",name:"Boreddy",surname:"Reddy",slug:"boreddy-reddy",fullName:"Boreddy Reddy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1044",title:"Metal, Ceramic and Polymeric Composites for Various Uses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efe6de8a5dd7987feb5a26d96c26ae54",slug:"metal-ceramic-and-polymeric-composites-for-various-uses",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1046",title:"Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a21bf7559248a9b519eb35777723e68e",slug:"nanocomposites-with-unique-properties-and-applications-in-medicine-and-industry",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1046.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5109",title:"Electrodeposition of Composite Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61bd4e025aa5b652ff9cc39254813472",slug:"electrodeposition-of-composite-materials",bookSignature:"Adel M. A. Mohamed and Teresa D. Golden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5109.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5097",title:"Advances in Functionally Graded Materials and Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3132c367d705b55e9a912527efef76ab",slug:"advances-in-functionally-graded-materials-and-structures",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5097.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20062",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5212",title:"Nanoelectronics and Materials Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1443360fed1db17ffb6e0047e6687519",slug:"nanoelectronics-and-materials-development",bookSignature:"Abhijit Kar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5212.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111049",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhijit",surname:"Kar",slug:"abhijit-kar",fullName:"Abhijit Kar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-smart-grid-modernization-opportunities-and-ch",title:"Erratum: Smart Grid Modernization: Opportunities and Challenges",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78599.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78599",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78599",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78599",chapter:{id:"76952",slug:"smart-grid-modernization-opportunities-and-challenges",signatures:"Saumen Dhara, Alok Kumar Shrivastav and Pradip Kumar Sadhu",dateSubmitted:"February 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"April 26th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 25th 2021",datePublished:"July 13th 2022",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electric Grid Modernization",slug:"electric-grid-modernization",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ghofrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Ghofrani",slug:"mahmoud-ghofrani",fullName:"Mahmoud Ghofrani"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"236957",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Shrivastav",fullName:"Alok Kumar Shrivastav",slug:"alok-kumar-shrivastav",email:"alok5497@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"329679",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Saumen",middleName:null,surname:"Dhara",fullName:"Saumen Dhara",slug:"saumen-dhara",email:"saumen.dhara.sd@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"484419",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradip",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Sadhu",fullName:"Pradip Kumar Sadhu",slug:"pradip-kumar-sadhu",email:"dummy+1132252332741312265566234465536568634647783432972354537413653255524126342342346983@intechopen.",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"76952",slug:"smart-grid-modernization-opportunities-and-challenges",signatures:"Saumen Dhara, Alok Kumar Shrivastav and Pradip Kumar Sadhu",dateSubmitted:"February 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"April 26th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 25th 2021",datePublished:"July 13th 2022",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electric Grid Modernization",slug:"electric-grid-modernization",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ghofrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Ghofrani",slug:"mahmoud-ghofrani",fullName:"Mahmoud Ghofrani"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"236957",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Shrivastav",fullName:"Alok Kumar Shrivastav",slug:"alok-kumar-shrivastav",email:"alok5497@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"329679",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Saumen",middleName:null,surname:"Dhara",fullName:"Saumen Dhara",slug:"saumen-dhara",email:"saumen.dhara.sd@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"484419",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradip",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Sadhu",fullName:"Pradip Kumar Sadhu",slug:"pradip-kumar-sadhu",email:"dummy+1132252332741312265566234465536568634647783432972354537413653255524126342342346983@intechopen.",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electric Grid Modernization",slug:"electric-grid-modernization",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ghofrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Ghofrani",slug:"mahmoud-ghofrani",fullName:"Mahmoud Ghofrani"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10274",leadTitle:null,title:"Supernovas",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3c122f692316ebe8c8d344269b355da3",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10274.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 10th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 31st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 18th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62404",title:"Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79427",slug:"biomarkers-in-metabolic-syndrome",body:'Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors with a reported prevalence of 20–25% in general population [1] and also with an increased two-fold risk to develop cardiovascular disease [2]. Recent studies have shown that, being involved in MetS pathogenesis, some adipokines, neuropeptides, inflammatory cytokines, prothrombotic factors, and others could be used in diagnosing and monitoring these patients.
Various studies confirmed that the leptin:adiponectin ratio (LAR) could have a superior predictive power in determining insulin resistance and MetS severity than the use of leptin or adiponectin alone [3]. Leptin is positively correlated with obesity and waist size [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Adiponectin has important physiological functions in maintaining metabolic balance and is inversely related with MetS components independently of body mass index (BMI) [7, 9].
Ghrelin is inversely correlated with MetS components, and studies confirmed its role in MetS prediction. Also, a positive correlation of ghrelin levels with hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity has been found [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
Regarding the pro-inflammatory cytokines, studies confirmed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are positively correlated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, and in postmenopausal women with central obesity [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels have been found to be correlated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glycemic control, and excessive adipose tissue and could predict the occurrence of MetS [26, 27, 28].
Recent studies also confirmed that novel biomarkers such as pentraxin-3 are positively correlated with MetS severity and the presence of vascular lesions, and it could bring new data on the MetS mechanism. Also, pentraxin-3 (PTX3) was found to be correlated with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and high triglycerides [29, 30, 31].
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) was inversely correlated with the presence of MetS, more precisely with central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension [32, 33, 34, 35]. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and decreased levels of IL-10 are associated with insulin resistance and the presence of MetS [36, 37, 38, 39].
Leptin is a hormone produced mainly by white adipose tissue, but also by non-adipose ones (placenta, stomach, mammary gland, and immune system) [40, 41]. Its regulation is achieved through various factors dependable on the metabolic status (Figure 1). Thus, the implications of leptin in pathogenic mechanisms comprise energy homeostasis, obesity syndromes, metabolic dysfunctionalities, neuroendocrine function, and bone metabolism. The pathogenic pathways of leptin follow similar targets through different mechanisms [40]. Leptin binds to its functional receptor and activates several transduction pathways, such as Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (determines autophosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK2 with STAT3 activation), mitogen-activated protein kinase (activates this MAPK pathway in central and peripheral tissues), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (leptin activates directly PI3K in peripheral tissue), and AMP-activated protein kinase [42, 43].
Factors that regulate leptin plasmatic levels.
Since its discovery, many studies have focused on the role of leptin in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk. High levels of leptin lead to a global and/or selective leptin resistance. MetS is a condition that favors leptin resistance through systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and obesity [44]. Leptin levels correlate mainly with obesity and waist circumference, as it has been confirmed in numerous studies, the aspects of which are detailed in Table 1 [4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Study | Year | Subjects | Leptin and MetS |
---|---|---|---|
García-Jiménez et al. | 2014 | 204 | Leptin is strongly correlated with BMI; plasma leptin concentration is proportional to the degree of central obesity causing leptin resistance |
Yoshinaga et al. | 2008 | 321 | Leptin was the most sensitive marker for predicting MetS in elementary school children |
Lee et al. | 2012 | 153 | Elevated leptin in MetS women in postmenopausal |
Gannage-Yared et al. | 2006 | 153 | Leptin was strongly correlated with waist size in Lebanese population |
Yun et al. | 2010 | 9995 | Serum leptin levels increased as the components of MetS, thus reduction of leptin levels may be protective |
Leptin correlations with metabolic syndrome.
Adiponectin is a protein hormone produced exclusively by adipocytes. Its high-molecular weight form is proved to have the most intense metabolic activity. Circulating levels of adiponectin are higher in females than in males due to the stimulating activity of testosterone on adiponectin secretion [45]. It plays an important role in metabolic balance, and its lower levels are correlated with an increased cardiac, vascular, and metabolic risk.
In normal subjects, adiponectin has important physiological functions in maintaining the metabolic balance (Figure 2); therefore, in patients with MetS, adiponectin levels are decreased [43]. Numerous studies have demonstrated its positive effect on metabolic protection, mainly based on its potentially inhibitory activity on the atherogenic process [46]. Recent studies have shown that adiponectin is inversely correlated with MetS components and that it has benefic effects on metabolic disorders [47]. Hypoadiponectinemia induced by visceral obesity determines vascular changes and insulin resistance. Likewise, two clinical studies conducted by Gannage-Yared et al. and by Santaneimi et al. have demonstrated the correlation of adiponectin with MetS independent of BMI [7, 9].
Metabolic balance mediated by adiponectin.
Various studies recommend using the leptin:adiponectin ratio (LAR) due to its increased predictive power, despite determining leptin and/or adiponectin alone. Recent data suggest the fact that leptin and adiponectin are two molecules that possess antagonistic effects. In addition, the study by Thorand et al. has been suggested that leptin and adiponectin interact with each other in order to modulate the risk of diabetes [3]. Therefore, Finucane et al. have demonstrated that LAR is a useful marker of insulin resistance in non-diabetic adults [48]. Lopez-Jaramillo et al. have emphasized the use of LAR in the evaluation of insulin resistance, and Kotani et al. have confirmed the predictive value of LAR in Japanese patients with MetS; other studies have also shown the correlation between LAR with all five MetS components [49, 50, 51].
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract, and it has an important role in regulating the use of energy in human organism. Ghrelin undergoes posttranslational changes resulting in two circulating forms: unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and acylated ghrelin (AG) [51]. This hormone acts directly on hypothalamus and indirectly by increasing the expression of orexigenic peptides such as neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related protein, proopiomelanocortin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone [52].
In addition to its effect on hunger, ghrelin has important effects on glucose homeostasis, energy homeostasis, heart, muscular atrophy, bone metabolism, and tumors [53]. Recent studies emphasize that AG excess is correlated with insulin resistance and metabolic alterations; thereby, the AG/UAG ratio could play a role in the development of MetS [54].
Ghrelin is inversely associated with MetS components, and progressively lower ghrelin levels are being correlated with its severity. Ukkola O et al. emphasized the correlation of low ghrelin levels in obese patients with metabolic syndrome [55]. Also, the positive correlation of ghrelin levels with hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity has been confirmed by numerous studies. McLaughlin et al. have concluded that ghrelin correlates with MetS mainly based on obesity as well as they identified lower ghrelin levels in patients with MetS and obesity than in non-obese MetS patients [10]. Likewise, many studies confirm the relation between MetS and ghrelin [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
IL-6 is a human cytokine that plays important roles in acute and chronic inflammation, immune cell development, and the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. It is known that the increased activity of IL-6 gene is associated with an elevated risk of developing diabetes mellitus [56]. Likewise, IL-6 is linked with all the components of the inner immunity and yields a pro-inflammatory effects explained by different pathways
Inflammation pathways that involve IL-6.
Studies confirmed that IL-6 is correlated with all five of MetS components. The main explanation relies on the fact that the dysfunctional adipose tissue induces macrophagic proliferation with increased IL-6 production [58]. Weiss et al. have found that IL-6 is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, fasting plasma glucose, and hypertension [59]. The same results are confirmed by Sarbijani et al. [17]. They also reported that increasing levels of IL-6 are correlated with MetS severity [17, 59]. Also, Chedraui et al. found increased levels of IL-6 in women with abdominal obesity, lower levels of HDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia [18]. Another study demonstrated that high IL-6 levels within hepatocytes in a state of chronic inflammation could be a determining cause of MetS development [60].
TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine mainly produced by macrophage cells, but also by other type of inflammatory cells. Among its many roles, TNF-α is an acute inflammatory response protein, which increases C-reactive protein levels and also determines insulin resistance by interacting with insulin receptor [18]. TNF-α plays important roles in regulating lipid metabolism
Effects of TNF-α production of free fatty acids in hepatocytes and adipocytes.
TNF-α can be produced by inflammatory cells from the dysfunctional adipose tissue, similar to IL-6. TNF-α is involved in numerous MetS pathways and alterations, in insulin resistance through similar mechanism of mTOR and protein C kinase activation and systemic inflammation [62]. As many studies have shown, TNF-α is being associated with all MetS components.
In the study by Moon et al. on obese adolescents, it was confirmed that TNF-α had higher levels in obese patients, even higher in male subjects, also, TNF-α positively correlated with BMI and waist circumference. Initially, TNF-α correlated positively with triglyceride levels and diastolic blood pressure, and inversely with HDL cholesterol, but after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference, only the association with triglyceride levels persisted [19].
In the meta-analysis of Sookoian et al. conducted on 16 homogeneous studies, it has been shown that obesity, systolic blood pressure, and serum insulin levels positively correlate with TNF-α -308A gene (genetic polymorphism that influences the plasmatic level of cytokine) variant and determine a 23% increased risk to develop MetS [20].
Obesity induces a systemic inflammatory status that determines dysfunctions of the macrophages and adipocytes and inappropriate cytokine production [21]. As a result, higher levels of TNF-α determine insulin resistance through various mechanisms and promote disease progression in patients with MetS
TNF-α and insulin resistance.
In human organism, LDL particles undergo a series of oxidation processes, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) particles. These products create negative electric charges that will cause macrophagic stimulation and inflammation.
During LDL oxidation process, a series of products are generated: fatty acid oxidation products, lipid-derived products, protein oxidation products
Lara-Guzman et al. have shown that THP-1 human macrophage exposure to Ox-LDL caused a series of changes, such as an increased intake of Ox-LDL, overexpression of its receptors, and ROS production. Likewise, in the same study, it has been demonstrated that Ox-LDL determines the synthesis of isoprostanes as oxidation markers and of prostaglandines and prostaglandine metabolites as inflammation markers. Therefore, this study emphasizes that Ox-LDL links oxidative stress with inflammation via macrophages, resulting in systemic and local consequences [64]. Besides that, Schwarz et al. demonstrated that Ox-LDL increases Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 and stimulates inflammatory signaling in macrophages [65].
Atherosclerosis represents one of the main alterations caused by MetS, and endothelial dysfunction is the earliest event within it. As mentioned earlier, Ox-LDL triggers inflammation and oxidation process that determines macrophagic activation and ROS production with cytotoxic effect on vascular endothelium [66].
Ox-LDL interacts with lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) from the surface of endothelial cells and determines their activation [67]. Withal, Ox-LDL causes endothelial dysfunction by increasing endothelial adhesivity, by recruiting inflammatory cells into the endothelial wall, and by reducing nitric oxide production
LDL oxidation products.
Various studies have shown that Ox-LDL levels are associated with MetS. Holvoet et al. demonstrated that patients with MetS had higher Ox-LDL values. They also reported that hyperinsulinemia and impaired glycemic control were associated with increased Ox-LDL levels, independent from lipid levels. The same research found that elevated Ox-LDL levels could predict the development of MetS in future [26].
Hurtado-Roca et al. in a study conducted on 3987 subjects demonstrated that Ox-LDL levels are positively correlated with MetS and its components even after adjustments for central obesity and insulin resistance. The strongest association was with triglyceride levels [27]. Another study conducted on overweighted/obese children showed that Ox-LDL positively correlated with BMI, percent body fat, waist circumference, percent trunk fat, abdominal visceral fat, abdominal subcutaneous fat (all p-values <0.0001), and with insulin resistance [28].
Pentraxins are a cluster of seric proteins with similar structures and calcium-dependent ligands that play important roles in body protection and in inflammatory mediation. The main mechanism is based on complement activation and interaction with Fc receptors [70].
PTX3 is being produced by immune cells as a response to bacterial substances, endotoxins, IL-1, and TNF-alpha. PTX3 is an acute phase protein with very low serum levels. PTX3 levels rise rapidly as a response to diverse inflammation stimuli. Therefore, PTX3 is considered to be a marker of local and general inflammatory and immune response [71, 72, 73].
Recently, it has been shown that increased PTX3 levels are associated with MetS development and progression. In a study conducted on adolescent subjects with obesity, Kardas et al. have shown that subjects with obesity and MetS had higher values of PTX3 than the subjects without MetS. They also observed that low HDL cholesterol and high triglyceride levels were associated with increased PTX3 levels [29]. Also, Zanetti et al. demonstrated that PTX3 was higher in patients with MetS and subclinical atherosclerosis and that PTX3 was independently correlated with low HDL cholesterol levels [30]. Furthermore, a recent study found that PTX3 correlates with the severity of MetS, more precisely, after multivariate analysis PTX3 correlation persisted for glucose level (β = 0.23, p < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 0.37, p < 0.001), and HDL cholesterol (β = −0.31, p < 001) [31]. In conclusion, PTX3 could be a valuable biomarker in the prediction of MetS, but further studies should be conducted.
PON-1 is an enzyme produced mostly by the liver that protects against lipid oxidation and exogenous toxics. PON-1 extends the lag phase of the oxidation process and reduces the aldehyde concentration, resulting in protective effects on LDL and HDL molecules [74]. Aharoni et al. in a murinic study demonstrated that PON-1 interacts with macrophages scavenger receptor class B type I, thus inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α production and promoting PON-1 anti-inflammatory effects [75].
The anti-inflammatory role of PON-1 is mainly validated by its anti-atherogenic effect [32]. Likewise, in the study of Ikhlef et al., it has been found that PON-1 could regulate cholesterol homeostasis by stimulating cholesterol efflux via HDL and by potentiating inverse cholesterol transport [33]. On the contrary, in subjects with diabetes, it is assumed that PON-1 becomes malfunctional by excessive glycation, thus it lowers its protective effects and potentiates the atherosclerotic lesion [34].
PON-1 has scientifically confirmed to be connected with MetS. A cross-sectional study conducted on 354 Caucasian subjects with MetS has shown that PON-1 activity was significantly lower among patients who met all five MetS criteria (p < 0.05). The same study revealed that lower levels of HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 decrease the PON-1 activity [35]. A like, in a study conducted on 2404 subjects with MetS criteria, it has been demonstrated that PON-1 activity followed a downward trend with increasing MetS components and increasing lipid peroxides [76]. In conclusion, it is assumed that PON-1 through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could have important roles in lowering of the progression of MetS.
IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that modulates the immune response in order to prevent excessive activation and auto-damage [36]. Based on its properties, IL-10 plays important roles in modulating insulin resistance and atherosclerotic development and, in a cross-sectional study conducted on children and young adolescents, it has been found that plasmatic IL-10 levels were lower in overweight/obese children, and they concluded that IL-10 could be a marker of metabolic risk [37]. On the contrary, Esposito et al. found that IL-10 levels were lower in obese compared with normal weight women, but were lower in both groups that had MetS criteria [38]. Likewise, van Exel et al. found reduced plasmatic levels of IL-10 in patients with MetS and diabetes mellitus [39].
MetS is characterized by low levels of both adiponectin and IL-10, and recent studies have been evaluating if there is any link between the two molecules. In a study conducted on 117 men, it has been found that IL-10 levels significantly correlated with adiponectin levels especially in patients with MetS, but the correlation was stronger in MetS patients who presented abdominal obesity [77]. Also, Wolf et al. demonstrated that adiponectin modulates human monocytes and macrophages in producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-1RA [78].
The combined use of biomarkers of MetS could increase the rate of an early diagnosis and could prevent the complications of this disease. Associated usage of these biomarkers would increase their predictive value. However, to be able to create a diagnosis algorithm, their cutoff value for the presence of MetS and the causes that would yield false results should be determined. Last but not least, the usefulness of these biomarkers could be extended into guiding pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions. Also, treatment efficiency could be monitored by determining these biomarkers dynamically.
Global energy consumption has increased gradually in recent years due to population growth, and economic development and industrialization. Also, global warming and environmental pollution worsened everyday too much of automobile vehicles and industrialization. Hence, the development of renewable energy sources became increasingly important. Hydrogen is one the most promising clean and sustainable energy sources because it emits only water as a byproduct and generates no carbon emissions [1]. Hydrogen has a quality of high energy carrier including high energy density that is more than ordinary petroleum and diesel fuel [2]. At the moment, global hydrogen production is estimated to over 500 billion cube meters per year [3]. It can be used in much industrial application including fertilizer, petroleum refining operation, fuel cell, chemical industries [4]. Hydrogen can be generated from variety of renewable and non-renewable sources like water and fossil fuels [5], oil reforming [6], coal gasification [7], biomass [8], water electrolysis [9].
Many approaches for manufacturing hydrogen are currently available however water electrolysis is one of the most capable methods for producing hydrogen as a product and oxygen as a by-product. At the moment, only 4% of hydrogen can be obtained by electrolysis of water [10]. Water electrolysis also provides a number of advantages, such as high cell efficiency and a greater hydrogen generation rate with excellent purity, making it a better method for converting water to electrical energy via low-temperature fuel cells. The water molecule is the reactant in the electrolysis process, and under the influence of electricity, it is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Based on the electrolyte, operating conditions, and ionic agents (OH−, H+, O2−), water electrolysis is separated into four categories: alkaline water electrolysis (ii), solid oxide electrolysis (SOE), microbial electrolysis cells (MEC), and PEM electrolysis of water [11]. The phenomenon was first described by Troostwijk and Diemann in 1789 [12], and it is a well-established technique for commercial hydrogen production up to the megawatt range in the world.
The hydroxyl ions (OH−) flow through the porous diaphragm to the anode under the effect of the electrical circuit between anode and cathode, where they are discharged to 12 molecules of oxygen (O2) and one molecule of water (H2O). Alkaline electrolysis is performed at lower temperatures, such as 30–80°C, with an aqueous solution (KOH/NaOH) as the electrolyte and a 20–30% concentration. Alkaline water electrolysis uses an asbestos diaphragm and nickel materials as electrodes [13]. In the 1980s, Donitz and Erdle proposed solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Solid oxide electrolysis has attracted a lot of interest since it converts electrical energy into chemical energy while also producing ultra-pure hydrogen with a higher efficiency. Solid oxide electrolysis runs at high pressures and temperatures of 500–850°C and consumes water in the form of steam. Nickel/zirconia is commonly utilized as an O2 conductor in solid oxide electrolysis [14].
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) technology may produce hydrogen from organic matter such as renewable biomass and wastewaters. MEC technology is similar to microbial fuel cells (MFCs), however the operational concept is reversed [15]. In 2005, two independent research institutions, Penn State University and Wageningen University in the Netherlands, established the first Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) method. Electrical energy is turned into chemical energy in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Under the influence of an electric current, MECs created hydrogen from organic molecules. Microbes oxidize the substrate at the anode side of the microbial electrolysis process, producing CO2, protons, and electrons. The electrons move to the cathode side via the external circuit, while the protons travel to the cathode via a proton conducting membrane (electrolyte), where the protons and electrons combine to form hydrogen [15]. However, this MEC technology is still in the early stages of development, and various issues like as high internal resistance, electrode materials, and intricate design must be addressed before the technology can be commercialized [16].
In the early 1950s, Grubb achieved the first PEM water electrolysis, and General Electric Co. was created in 1966 to overcome the drawbacks of alkaline water electrolysis. PEM water electrolysis technique, which is similar to PEM fuel cell technology [17], used solid poly sulfated membranes (Nafion®, fumapem®) as an electrolyte (proton conductor). Lower gas permeability, strong proton conductivity (0.1 0.02 S cm−1), thinness (20–300 m), and high-pressure functionality are all advantages of these proton exchange membranes. In terms of sustainability and environmental impact, PEM water electrolysis is one of the most environmentally benign methods for converting renewable energy to high purity hydrogen. Another prospective PEM water electrolysis device has a small footprint, high current density (over 2 A cm−2), high efficiency, fast responsiveness, and operates at lower temperatures (20–80°C) while producing ultrapure hydrogen as a byproduct [17].
Fuel cell technology is gaining popularity in the automotive industry due to its ease of use, quiet operation, high efficiency, and modular structure. According to Mustafa et al., recent investigations have showed that the usage of fuel cells in vehicles has expanded rapidly, causing a revolution, and will be an alternative to conventional vehicles in the future (2021). Configuration, system components, control/management, technical obstacles, marketing, and future aspects are all categories for fuel cell cars. Based on chemical characteristics and operating temperature, fuel cells are classed as proton exchange membrane FCs, solid oxide FCs, direct methanol FCs, alkaline FCs, molten carbonate FCs, and phosphoric acid FCs. FCs are used in both commercial and research & development applications. Common stack size, theoretical cell voltage, operating temperature, electrical efficiency, benefits, and downsides are used to classify FC features [18]. In this environment, FCs are used in distributed generation, mobile power, backup power, military, space, and vehicle applications. Low temperature and pressure PEMFCs are the most used FCs in vehicle applications because of their high power density, lower working temperature (60–80°C), and reduced corrosion than other FCs [18].
In the construction of fuel cell hybrid electrical vehicles (FCEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCs) are coupled to electric motors via controlled electronic interfacing components [19]. The basic components of traditional FCEVs are a voltage regulation converter, motor drive, electric motor, and auxiliary energy generation units [20]. For interfacing components and energy management algorithms, FCEVs vehicles have a variety of configuration topologies [21]. The powertrain structures, voltage regulation topologies, motor drive converters, and energy management technologies can all be used to classify FCEVs. In the operation of FCEVs, the FC stack feeds energy to the dc-bus and maintains the required DC bus voltage [22]. The FC is then connected directly to the Unidirectional DC-DC converter (UDC) as a system element to maintain the dc-bus voltage and send the energy generated for vehicle propulsion to the motor drive converter. A DC-AC converter checks the motor speed and torque for safe operation. Finally, the drive controller is in charge of monitoring the electric motors as they convert electrical energy into kinetic energy [23].
FCs have a higher energy density and efficiency than other power sources such as photovoltaics, batteries, ultra capacitors, and super conducting magnetic energy storage. Because of its modular design, FCs are also suitable for electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, FC has a 20–30 year lifespan [24]. As a portable/rechargeable energy storage system, the battery is also a preferred power source for FCEV hybridization. However, it has a short lifespan and is only useful for a short length of time [25]. Ultra capacitors (UC) are a type of storage element that can be used in FCEV applications to increase the dynamic response of the system. Photovoltaic (PV) is a gadget that generates energy, however it is too large to carry. The output of super conductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) generates a lot of power, however it has a low energy density. Short-duration energy storage is also included in SMES, albeit at a high expense [26]. Based on this, several hybridization topologies are recognized in the literature. Full FC, partial FC, and hybrid FC cars are classified as FC + battery hybridization, FC + UC hybridization, FC + battery + UC hybridization, FC + battery + PV, FC + flywheel hybridization, and FC + SMES [18]. FC + battery + PV, FC + battery + PV, FC + flywheel hybridization, and FC + SMES are all examples of FC-powered cars.
The FCEV scheme clearly shows that this topology’s energy generation is exclusively dependent on the FC stack. It simple construction includes a fuel tank, FC stack, DC-DC power converter, inverter, and electric motor [27]. These cars feature a long driving range, a fast charging time, high efficiency, cold start capabilities, silent operation due to the lack of mechanical components, energy supply continuity, and low emissions [27]. Full FCEVs are a suitable fit for low-speed vehicles including forklifts, busses, airline vehicles, trams, and marine vehicles. The combination of FC + battery units is the most common topology in FCEV hybridization [18]. A unidirectional DC-DC converter (UDC) connects FC to the DC bus, while a bidirectional DC-DC converter connects the battery to the DC bus. In the operating procedure of FC + battery hybridization, an initial start-up with the battery is provided to avoid the FC running in the low-efficiency zone. As a result, a huge amount of current is generated to start the electric motor [25]. When the car is turned on for the first time, the FC is activated to keep the electric motor going. After then, the battery is charged according to the charge status criteria. The UC only allows FC to be utilized in emergency situations to meet transient power demands. UC, on the other hand, has a low energy density and is not used to give energy on a long-term basis [28].
In contrast to earlier hybridization topologies, FC + battery + UC hybridization has a primary energy source (FC) and two secondary energy sources (battery and UC) (battery and ultra capacitor). In this design, the FC is connected to the DC bus through a one-way DC-DC converter. The energy storage units, battery and UC, are connected to the DC bus by bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDCs). This architecture combines the advantages of FC + battery and FC + UC systems to provide continuous energy while also boosting FC dynamic response during transient events [29]. In recent years, PV panels have been incorporated with FC-based electric vehicles for hybridization. In FC + battery + PV hybridization, PV panels generate DC voltage that is coupled to the DC bus via a unidirectional converter. The FC is the primary energy source in an FC + battery + PV system, with the PV panel acting as a backup. Both the FC and PV busses are connected to the DC bus by unidirectional converters. PV panels generate varying amounts of power based on the intensity of solar radiation, the temperature, and the sun’s direction. As a result, the PV electricity generated is fed directly into the electric motor or is used to charge the battery [30].
FC+ flywheel hybridization is similar to the preceding approach in that the FC serves as the major energy source and the flywheel, rather than batteries, serves as an energy storage method. Flywheels and generators are connected to store energy mechanically with a high rotating speed and transform that mechanical energy into electricity when EM requires a lot of it. Flywheels have a faster charging capability, higher efficiency, and higher power rating than batteries [30]. Flywheels are also environmentally friendly, as they operate over a wide temperature range, have a big energy storage capacity, and have a long lifespan [66]. There are three types of static FC models accessible in the literature. Chamberlin-Kim and Amphlett, Larminie, and Dicks models [31] are examples. The most common static model published in the literature is the Amphlett model, which is based on Nernst and Tafel equations. This model takes into account physical parameters like as pressure, temperature, and concentration. The other static model is the Larmine and Dicks model. This model calculates the FC voltage–current characteristic using empirical equations. This model yields the FC voltage versus current amplitude curve. Three zones can be found in this curve. The three zones are electrochemical activation, linear part, and gas diffusion kinetics [32]. The third static FC model is the Chamberlin-Kim model. In this approach, the FC voltage is described in terms of current density. In addition, the fuel-oxidant rate, local temperature, and humidity all affect five factors in this model [32].
Dynamic modeling of FC is described in the literature such as the impedance model, Becherif-Hissel model, and Dicks-Larminie model have been reported [33]. Layer capacitance, diffusion impedance, and ions transport, membrane, and contact resistances are all included in the impedance model [34]. The Nernst voltage, ohmic polarization, concentration, and activation are all modeled in the Dicks-Larminie model. A voltage supply, two resistances, and a capacitor make up this model. The Nernst voltage is demonstrated via the voltage source. The resistances represent electron-hydrogen flow and activation-concentration losses. The charge layers are represented by the capacitance. The pneumatic feature is taken into account in the Becherif-Hissel model to obtain the comparable model for electrical components. The conservation of mass, energy, and charge is taken into account in pneumatic properties [35].
Conventional diesel engine running on petroleum and diesel fuel emits more oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of carbon (COx) and particulate matter (PM) around the world. Low-temperature combustion (LTC) technology in engine development has dropped the environmental effects by providing better combustion efficiency, and increased the engine efficiency and fuel economy. Several low-temperature combustion strategies are available such as homogeneous charged compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charged compression ignition (PCCI), and reactive controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Before combustion, the entire air and fuel is premixed in the LTC combustion mode. The combustion is controlled by a predetermined equivalency ratio and cylinder temperature which leads to reduce the soot formation, PM, and NOx emissions. In LTC mode, the combustion temperature could be maintained between 1800 and 2200 K, which means no NOx emissions are produced in the rich mixing region and no soot is formed below 1800 K in the lean mixing by Hoekman and Robbins.
The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine combines the combustion characteristics of both SI and CI engines in an IC engine. The fuel is premixed in the HCCI engine in the same in SI engines, and the fuel is auto-ignited to start the combustion in the same way in CI engines. Before combustion begins, the fuel is vaporized and homogeneously premixed with air. Due to lean-burn combustion, the HCCI has the ability to reduce NOx emissions and increased the brake thermal efficiency. The in-cylinder temperature is reduced via lean-burn combustion, resulting in decreased NOx emissions as observed by Komninos and Rakopoulos [36]. In addition, due to the increased displacement capacity, HCCI combustion improves brake thermal efficiency by 50%, while emitting less smoke than conventional diesel combustion. The HCCI engine’s compression ratio and premixed fuel combustion has improved the brake thermal efficiency of engine and lower the smoke emissions as noticed by Desantes et al. [37]. The multi-zone auto ignition and spontaneous combustion of the entire mixture is promoted by the homogenous mixture and uniform equivalence ratio in the cylinder. Furthermore, flame propagation has little effect on combustion in the HCCI mode [38].
The unanticipated pressure rise and cycle to cycle variation are exacerbated by multi-zone combustion and unexpected ignition location. Also, knocking is caused by high oscillation frequency and unanticipated pressure surge as noticed by Ganesh and Nagarajan [39]. Contino et al. [40] reported that some of the techniques such as early direct injection, early multiple injection, water injection, port fuel injection, external cold EGR, variable valve timing, variable compression ratio, air preheating, and alcohol injection are commonly employed in HCCI to control combustion and emission. The biofuel auto ignition temperature and viscosity are higher than diesel hence a higher compression ratio was used in HCCI engine. The compression ratio for the various loads can be adjusted to enhance the combustion efficiency as noticed by Zhang, et al. [41]. By modifying the spark timing and spark plug placement, the spark aided HCCI engine was able to achieve combustion phasing and emission reduction [42]. The key factors that have been employed to detect the combustion phenomena in the HCCI engine are the pressure increase rate, combustion noise, and ringing intensity. In a real-time combustion application, the ringing intensity is primarily employed to detect the combustion noise for the needed cylinder pressure [43].
Because of the increased stroke volume, the higher compression ratio HCCI engine improves brake thermal efficiency by achieving the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel. High to low octane fuels can be utilized as a port fuel to solve knocking and NOx formation. In HCCI engine, keeping the inlet charge temperature is critical. Similarly, the HCCI engine’s compression ratio could be maintained effectively between 10:1 and 28:1. Compression ratios of 10:1 were favored for higher cetane fuels like n-heptane, and 28:1 were preferred for high octane fuels like iso-octane. For biodiesel, the intermediate compression ratio was favored [44]. Alternative method for achieving lower emission in HCCI engine includes use of alcoholic fuels such as ethanol, n-butonal, and methanol. Due to oxygen enrichment, alcohol fuel accelerated premixed burning and complete oxidization of fuel. Also, because of the latent heat of vaporization is higher, it lowers the combustion temperature, enhancing the quenching effect [41]. The HCCI combustion’s power output is mostly determined by the equivalency ratio and fuel intake. For the higher power production, the equivalence ratio should remain at 1 as noticed by Vinod Babu et al. [45].
Too early injection of fuel with a higher injection pressure can result in premixed charge compression ignition. Due to early fuel injection, the time between commencement of injection and start of combustion has been extended, considerably improving the homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture prior to combustion [41]. With a slightly higher intake charge temperature maintained at 170°C, the PCCI engine may operate from a minimal air-fuel ratio of 34:1 to an excessively lean air-fuel ratio of 80:1 [46]. In comparison to a standard SI engine, the PCCI combustion strategy uses lean-burn technology and operates on a higher compression ratio engine. After all of the fuel had been injected, the PCCI began to burn. Also, unlike traditional combustion, the combustion events are primarily identified by chemical kinetics and do not follow the diffusion mixed combustion and speed of burning. As a result, the injection pattern and fuel combustion do not overlap, reducing the odds of direct combustion control [47]. To achieve the premixed charge in the PCCI combustion, a single stage fuel injection pattern with an earlier start of injection was adopted. However, starting the injection too early causes wall impingement and wall wetness, resulting in incomplete combustion and higher HC and CO emissions. The fuel injection pattern has been adjusted with a split and multiple injection method to alleviate these issues. Despite the fact that the period of the many injections is completed before combustion begins. Controlling auto ignition by early injection is also a critical job in PCCI combustion. To manage the auto ignition and lengthen the ignition delay interval, a higher amount of EGR is used. EGR also aids in lowering in-cylinder temperature and NOx generation due to the dilution of a fresh charge mixture [48].
PCCI combustion has performed better than HCCI combustion due to the stability of the combustion by partially premixed charge and controlled auto ignition rage and temperature. The phasing of combustion in the PCCI is mostly determined by chemical kinetics, but it can also be influenced by altering the inlet charge temperature, EGR rate, and fuel injection time and pressure. PCCI combustion has used a variety of fuel patterns, including early single pulse injection, port fuel injection, advanced multiple injections, and advanced injection with a tiny amount of late injection. In the previous section, the effects of early and late injection timings were explored. The modest amount of late injection is mostly used to reduce smoke emissions [49]. The spray angle of 70° was employed to atomize the fuel within the combustion chamber in order to eliminate wall wetness during advanced injection [49]. To avoid the generation of HC and CO emissions, the compression ratio of the PCCI engine was kept at the same level as that of a regular diesel engine. Due to the low volatility and strong flammability of the fuel, PCCI combustion has several limitations, according to a few studies [50].
For low volatile fuels like kerosene, diesel, and biofuels, spark assisted PCCI combustion has been applied. When compared to conventional CI combustion, the use of low-quality cetane fuel in the spark aided PCCI strategy engine enhanced engine performance [51]. The partially premixed combustion mixture is generated in PCCI-DI dual-mode combustion by injecting a large volume of fuel in the intake port or early pilot injection, followed by conventional direct injection of the same or another fuel. Due to the ignition delay interval, the combustion phasing of the PCCI-DI dual-mode combustion is primarily determined by the pilot fuel quantity, and the combustion rate is determined by the pilot fuel ratio [31]. For premixed compression ignition low-temperature combustion, port fuel injection is preferred (PCI-LTC). To create a premixed mixture with a proper air-fuel ratio, single fuel or dual fuel port injection is employed. Dual fuel premixed LTC has a better brake thermal efficiency than single fuel LTC and has achieved a significant reduction in NOx and soot emissions. The single fuel premixed LTC has a higher cycle to cycle variance due to the low temperature and lean air-fuel ratio [52, 53]. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is the name given to the dual-fuel premixed LTC, and a thorough description of the RCCI will be given in the following sections.
Partially premixed charge compression ignition is related to the PCCI method, which is a hybrid of traditional diesel and HCCI combustion. However, for low cetane fuels, PPCI combustion is favored. Similar to the PCCI combustion method, a longer ignition delay period and improved air-fuel mixing can be accomplished. Few studies have shown that improved and delayed injection strategies can result in extended ignition delay in PPCI combustion. To achieve a longer ignition delay, low and moderate compression ratio were used, as well as moderate to high EGR dilution. The key benefit of PPCI mode over HCCI mode is that it releases less particulate matter and NOx while providing better combustion phasing. PPCI is divided into two categories: early injection PPCI and late injection PPCI. The fuel is injected at the middle of the compression stroke in early injection PPCI, and at the end of the compression stroke in late injection PPCI. The fuel-injection gases of the early injected PPCI variant are denser and cooler due to partial compression. Similarly, in the late injected PPCI model, the fuel-injected gases are colder and denser due to injection occurring on the expansion cycle, which lowers the temperature in the later stage [54]. Due to incomplete oxidation and non-optimal combustion phasing, the PPCI combustion used slightly more fuel than standard diesel combustion [55].
At low load, a greater EGR rate and a delayed injection time reduce the power output of both low and higher power engines. In EGR assisted PPCI combustion, the advanced injection method was used to avoid a reduction in power output. Another disadvantage of PPCI combustion is that it produces more HC and CO because the amount of non-oxidized fuel in the piston bowl and high-pressure squish region increases [56]. The addition of gasoline to the PPCI is another way to achieve lower NOx and soot emissions without using EGR. The main benefits of adding gasoline to the PPCI are that it reduces HC and CO emissions by reducing residual products in the cylinder [57]. For longer ignition delay times, most of the premixed heat release phase was seen, resulting in higher peak cylinder pressure and noise levels. When the ignition delay periods shorten, the diffusion heat release phase occurs, resulting in a state similar to that of ordinary diesel combustion [58].
HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI are examples of sophisticated low-temperature combustion technology that have recently been created. RCCI, for example, increases research focus due to its versatility. By achieving low-temperature combustion, HCCI and PCCI improve engine efficiency and reduce pollutants, according to previous studies. These two technologies, however, have considerable limits, and they are not ideal for low and high load settings due to knocking, misfire, and a faster rate of pressure rise. Fuel alteration is required in the HCCI and PCCI combustion to overcome the difficulties [59, 60]. They also stated that combustion quality had improved across a broad range of engine operations Bessonette et al. [61] investigated the effect of a partially mixed gasoline/diesel charge in a CI engine from low to high load. Raw diesel is favored for the lowest load situation, while a higher percentage of gasoline blend is suited for the highest load condition, according to them. In a subsequent stage, this dual fuel PCCI operation is referred to as RCCI combustion [62]. Adjusting the low to high reactive fuel ratio and the injection pattern of the high reactive fuels to achieve the NOx to smoke trade-off and higher efficiency. Reactivity stratification in RCCI combustion can also be influenced by fuel qualities such as viscosity, volatility, and ignite ability.
Biodiesel has been tested in a variety of engines and under a variety of operating circumstances all around the world. Due to the presence of oxygen in the biodiesel fuel, NOx emissions were higher for the engine [63, 64]. The RCCI engine driven by gasoline/biodiesel was mathematically analyzed by Li et al. [65]. When comparing raw biodiesel to gasoline/biodiesel, the study found decreased NOx emissions in the gasoline/biodiesel operation. As a result, using biodiesel under the RCCI method may be a better alternative for reducing NOx pollution than using biodiesel-powered diesel engines. Hanson et al. [58] study the RCCI combustion utilizing direct-injected diesel and biodiesel mixture (B20) as a direct-injected fuel and gasoline, E85 (85% ethanol and 15% diesel blend), and E20 as a port fuel. In the RCCI combustion, the findings of the E20/diesel mixture show that maximum pressure and HRR dropped, allowing the peak load to increase by 2 bar (from 8 bar to 10 bar BMEP). The usage of E20 improves combustion efficiency while lowering the heat release rate and exhaust leakage. The combustion efficiency of gasoline/B20 RCCI operation was also increased by lowering the UHC, albeit with a greater CO. Fuel efficiency also improved, resulting in a 1.68 percent increase in BTE. In comparison to the RCCI gasoline/diesel operation, E85/B20 allowed the RCCI operation to increase the BTE from 40 to 43%. The use of biodiesel as a pilot fuel has improved the stability of the cyclic operation of RCCI engine powered by natural gas/biodiesel, according to Gharehghani et al. [66]. This is due to the fact that biodiesel contains oxygen, which raises the cetane number. In comparison to natural gas/diesel, the mixture of natural gas/biodiesel produced 1.6% higher BTE as noticed by Gharehghani et al. [66].
The combustion temperature in the LTC mode was always lower than the combustion temperature in a regular diesel engine. There are primarily two strategies to achieve low-temperature combustion: one is to operate the engine with higher EGR, and the other is to operate with an excess air ratio 0 greater than 1 [67]. Fuel combusted and oxidized at higher temperatures under stoichiometric operating conditions, resulting in more NOx production. Also, due to a reduction in oxygen availability in the fuel spray periphery, maximum soot emission was observed under the stoichiometric condition compared to normal diesel combustion [68]. Higher fuel injection pressure is usually a viable approach for overcoming the aforementioned concerns. Higher fuel injection pressure promotes atomization, mixing, and vaporization. However, the key duty to be remedied in modern injection technology in low-temperature combustion is the wall impingement of fuel caused by spray tip penetration at increased fuel injection pressure [69]. Furthermore, improved injection strategies such as high-pressure injection and CRDI approaches reduce the ignition delay period and boost premixed phase combustion, resulting in increased NOx emissions. The ignition delay and combustion phasing will be lengthened by using a higher level of cold EGR, lowering the compression ratio, and using variable valve timing control to advance the exhaust valve opening. Increased ignition delay enhances air-fuel mixing, resulting in increased homogeneity in the air-fuel combination. Higher EGR rate and lower compression ratio reduce the cylinder peak pressure and temperature, which has a major impact on engine performance and higher fuel consumption.
Getting LTC mode to work in real-time settings with heavy engine load is difficult. It is impossible to manufacture engines with a larger amount of EGR. In addition, the engine’s higher BTE should compensate for the increased EGR. In the LTC condition, an external charge booster is necessary to produce higher BTE [70]. When the engine is running at a higher RPM, moderate EGR with an intake charge booster raises the cylinder peak pressure. The combustion process changes depending on the engine load, and it is influenced by the different equivalency ratio and fuel mixing zone, making the engine demanding and difficult to modify the operating state for each load [71]. The real-time modern diesel engine employs dual fuel technology, multiple injection method, and negative valve overlapping. However, these technologies are costly and difficult to implement across the board. By increasing the premixed charge quantity while lowering peak pressure and temperature, these innovations reduce the fuel-rich zone [72].
This study provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production techniques and fuel cell vehicle also described about the low-temperature combustion (LTC) techniques and how it is improve the reliability and fuel efficiency of the CI engine combustion cycle with low emissions and noise. The important findings are presented in this review can be summarized below:
Even though fuel cells have demonstrated and shown to be a very promising fuel, there are still a number of limitations that prohibit them from being used on a bigger scale than other fuels. The following are some of the most pressing issues that must be addressed right now: Compared to other kinds of energy, the FC has lower overall efficiency. The material and fabrication of the FC have high production costs.
One of the most pressing concerns is the cost of hydrogen, as well as its storage. Because hydrogen is a relatively light and dangerous gas, it must be stored in special containers. Thermal management in the case of high-temperature fuel cell like solid oxide fuel cell is a type of fuel cell in which the temperature is higher than the ambient temperature.
The size and weight of current fuel cell systems must be further reduced to meet the packaging requirements for automobiles. This applies not only to the fuel cell stack, but also to the ancillary components and major subsystems.
PCCI combustion efficiently decrease the CO and HC emission as compared to the HCCI engine, but NOx and soot emissions were significantly increased with increase in premixed charge percentage. However, the smoke and NOx emissions were identified as minimum level when compared with conventional diesel engine combustion.
Higher cycle-to-cycle variation, unpredictable pressure rise, combustion noise and knocking were occurred in the HCCI mode of combustion due to higher homogeneity and unpredictable auto-ignition zone.
RCCI combustion is preferable for higher load condition due to combustion phase control and higher brake thermal efficiency than PCCI and HCCI modes. The use of natural gas as a reactive fuel was extending the load limit and attained the efficient, clean combustion which significantly decreases the NOx and soot emission as compared to other techniques.
The double injection of high reactive fuel in the RCCI combustion decreases the peak pressure and ringing intensity which efficiently decrease the smoke and NOx emission. The advanced second injection in the RCCI increases the reactive controlled combustion and late second injection increase the mixed controlled combustion.
The combustion efficiency was increased while using the B20 as the high reactive fuel. Due to the oxygen availability in the biodiesel promotes the oxidization process, which decreases the HC and CO emission as compared to the diesel/gasoline RCCI combustion.
Many experiments have extensively demonstrated that there is a wide and unexploited scope for improving low-temperature combustion using different fuel injection parameter and different reactive fuel injection. The overall study infers that depending on the operating condition, engine configuration parameters, fuel injection mechanism and fuel mixing method influenced more on the engine performance and emission characteristics. Hence, further research work will be needed to the trade-off between the NOx and soot emission with improvement in the engine performance.
The authors would like to thank King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (Grant Contract No. KMUTNB-KNOW63-28, KMUTNB-Post-65-09, KMUTNB-Post-65-05) for financial support during this work.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicid:"22"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:494},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"948",title:"Radiochemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-radiochemistry",parent:{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:27,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"948",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5154",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c62d30f57e8bc9f643e3a774bb752d61",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50376",doi:"10.5772/62434",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50182",doi:"10.5772/62594",title:"Developing Tailor-Made Microbial Consortium for Effluent Remediation",slug:"developing-tailor-made-microbial-consortium-for-effluent-remediation",totalDownloads:1592,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The work describes a biofilm-based soluble sulphate reduction system, which can treat up to 1600 ppm of soluble sulphate within 3.5 hours of incubation to discharge level under ambient condition using a well-characterized sulphate-reducing bacterial (SRB) consortium. This system ensures the treatment of 1509 litres of sulphate solution in 24 hours using a 220-litre bioreactor. Performance of the system during series operation was compromised, indicating the presence of inhibitor in solution at a toxic level. A single unit bioreactor would be the ideal configuration for this consortium. Modified designs of bioreactors were tested for optimization of the process using response surface methodology (RSM), where the system could function optimally at an initial sulphate concentration of 1250 ppm with a flow rate of 1.8 litre/hour. The time course of sulphate reduction yielded a parabolic profile (with coefficient of determination r\n2 = 0.99 and p value < 0.05). The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be independent of seasonal variation as well as the specific design characteristic.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri, Indranil Mukherjee, Debabrata Datta,\nChaitali Chanda, Ganesh Prasath Krishnan, Swati Bhatt, Paulami\nDatta, Shashi Bhushan, Sourav Ghosh, Pinaki Bhattacharya, Ashoke\nRanjan Thakur, Debanik Roy and Parthasarathi Barat",authors:[{id:"179765",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon",middleName:null,surname:"Ray Chaudhuri",slug:"shaon-ray-chaudhuri",fullName:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri"},{id:"195429",title:"Dr.",name:"Debanik",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"debanik-roy",fullName:"Debanik Roy"},{id:"364809",title:"Dr.",name:"Indranil",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"indranil-mukherjee",fullName:"Indranil Mukherjee"},{id:"364810",title:"Dr.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"debabrata-datta",fullName:"Debabrata Datta"},{id:"364811",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",middleName:null,surname:"Chanda",slug:"chaitali-chanda",fullName:"Chaitali Chanda"},{id:"364812",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Prasath",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"ganesh-prasath-krishnan",fullName:"Ganesh Prasath Krishnan"},{id:"364813",title:"Dr.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatt",slug:"swati-bhatt",fullName:"Swati Bhatt"},{id:"364814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulami",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"paulami-datta",fullName:"Paulami Datta"},{id:"364815",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashi",middleName:null,surname:"Bhushan",slug:"shashi-bhushan",fullName:"Shashi Bhushan"},{id:"364816",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourav",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sourav-ghosh",fullName:"Sourav Ghosh"},{id:"364817",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"pinaki-bhattacharya",fullName:"Pinaki Bhattacharya"},{id:"364818",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashoke Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",slug:"ashoke-ranjan-thakur",fullName:"Ashoke Ranjan Thakur"},{id:"364819",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthasarathi",middleName:null,surname:"Barat",slug:"parthasarathi-barat",fullName:"Parthasarathi Barat"}]},{id:"51035",doi:"10.5772/62856",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Current Trends in Nuclear material Research and Technology",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-current-trends-in-nuclear-material-research-and-technology",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",authors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}]},{id:"51107",doi:"10.5772/63652",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"50261",doi:"10.5772/62572",title:"Monte Carlo Simulations of Nuclear Fuel Burnup",slug:"monte-carlo-simulations-of-nuclear-fuel-burnup",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the operation of a nuclear power plant, it is very important to determine the time evolution of material composition and radionuclide inventory during the entire operation of the plant. In the experiments, the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was found to be accurate in predicting the uranium fuel depletion, the plutonium production and the buildup of most of the fission products in a nuclear reactor. The goal in this chapter is to analyze the effect of different nuclear fuel grades on the total radioactivity of the reactor core by employing nuclear burnup calculations for the three different fuels: mixed oxide fuel (MOX), uranium oxide fuel (UOX) and commercially enriched uranium (CEU), utilizing simulations with MCNPX code. The calculated results indicate that there is a buildup of plutonium isotopes for UOX and CEU, whereas there is a decline in the plutonium radioisotopes for MOX fuel with burnup time. The study of reactor neutronic parameters showed UOX fuel performs better relative to MOX and CEU. Zircaloy, with low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high thermal conductivity, produced better results for the effective multiplication factor Keff and hence proved to be a much more effective clad material.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Raghava R. Kommalapati, Fiifi Asah-Opoku, Hongbo Du and Ziaul\nHuque",authors:[{id:"179935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghava",middleName:"R",surname:"Kommalapati",slug:"raghava-kommalapati",fullName:"Raghava Kommalapati"},{id:"180165",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"hongbo-du",fullName:"Hongbo Du"},{id:"180166",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziaul",middleName:null,surname:"Huque",slug:"ziaul-huque",fullName:"Ziaul Huque"},{id:"180167",title:"Mr.",name:"Fiifi",middleName:null,surname:"Asah-Opoku",slug:"fiifi-asah-opoku",fullName:"Fiifi Asah-Opoku"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50261",title:"Monte Carlo Simulations of Nuclear Fuel Burnup",slug:"monte-carlo-simulations-of-nuclear-fuel-burnup",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the operation of a nuclear power plant, it is very important to determine the time evolution of material composition and radionuclide inventory during the entire operation of the plant. In the experiments, the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was found to be accurate in predicting the uranium fuel depletion, the plutonium production and the buildup of most of the fission products in a nuclear reactor. The goal in this chapter is to analyze the effect of different nuclear fuel grades on the total radioactivity of the reactor core by employing nuclear burnup calculations for the three different fuels: mixed oxide fuel (MOX), uranium oxide fuel (UOX) and commercially enriched uranium (CEU), utilizing simulations with MCNPX code. The calculated results indicate that there is a buildup of plutonium isotopes for UOX and CEU, whereas there is a decline in the plutonium radioisotopes for MOX fuel with burnup time. The study of reactor neutronic parameters showed UOX fuel performs better relative to MOX and CEU. Zircaloy, with low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high thermal conductivity, produced better results for the effective multiplication factor Keff and hence proved to be a much more effective clad material.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Raghava R. Kommalapati, Fiifi Asah-Opoku, Hongbo Du and Ziaul\nHuque",authors:[{id:"179935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghava",middleName:"R",surname:"Kommalapati",slug:"raghava-kommalapati",fullName:"Raghava Kommalapati"},{id:"180165",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"hongbo-du",fullName:"Hongbo Du"},{id:"180166",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziaul",middleName:null,surname:"Huque",slug:"ziaul-huque",fullName:"Ziaul Huque"},{id:"180167",title:"Mr.",name:"Fiifi",middleName:null,surname:"Asah-Opoku",slug:"fiifi-asah-opoku",fullName:"Fiifi Asah-Opoku"}]},{id:"51107",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"50376",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50829",title:"Dedicated Monte Carlo Procedures Applied in Gamma-ray Spectrometry Used in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities",slug:"dedicated-monte-carlo-procedures-applied-in-gamma-ray-spectrometry-used-in-decommissioning-of-nuclea",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Because the experimental efficiency calibration is limited to several measurement geometries and cannot be applied directly to all measurement configurations, the efficiency transfer method for the efficiency computation was applied using ETNA software. An approach using efficiencies measured with point sources combined with theoretical procedures was applied for obtaining the peak efficiency ε(E) for disk sources measured with a NaI(Tl) detector. The transfer method was applied for the computation of the efficiency of an HPGe detector using as a reference a point source placed at 10 cm height from the face of the detector. The method was applied both for point sources and volume sources with varied compositions and densities. To correct the experimental values of the efficiencies, coincidence summing effects were evaluated using GESPECOR Monte Carlo code. The study of the response function characterization of the ISOCART and Segmented Gamma Scanner WS1100 gamma-ray spectrometry systems was related. GEANT 3.21 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the spectra expected to be obtained for the photon energy range from 50 to 2000 keV. A big volume represented by a 220l cylindrical source was considered to be measured with the two systems. The full energy peak efficiency and the total efficiency were evaluated.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Daniela Gurau",authors:[{id:"178770",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Gurau",slug:"daniela-gurau",fullName:"Daniela Gurau"}]},{id:"51079",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1700,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"948",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. Escribano",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGnzQAG/Profile_Picture_1633076636544",institutionString:"Consultant and Independent Researcher in Industry Sector, Spain",institution:null},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"216995",title:"Prof.",name:"Figen",middleName:null,surname:"Kırkpınar",slug:"figen-kirkpinar",fullName:"Figen Kırkpınar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMzxQAG/Profile_Picture_1625722918145",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:9,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:245,paginationItems:[{id:"196707",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"mustafa-numan-bucak",fullName:"Mustafa Numan Bucak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196707/images/system/196707.png",biography:"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/24173",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24173"},fullPath:"/profiles/24173",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()