Contrast injection rate and injection volume.
\r\n\tEqually important are the consequences deriving from the extraordinary nature of the present times. The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures to contain the infection (lockdown and "physical distancing" in primis) have revolutionized the lives, and a distortion/modification of habits, rhythms, arrangements will continue to be necessary.
\r\n\tGovernments have implemented a series of actions to mitigate the spread of infections and alleviate the consequent pressure on the hospital system. On the other hand, the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a series of other cascading effects that will probably be much more difficult to mitigate and which expose to complex consequences. The past two years have brought many challenges, particularly for healthcare professionals, students, family members of COVID-19 patients, people with mental disorders, the frail, the elderly, and more generally those in disadvantaged socio-economic conditions, and workers whose livelihoods have been threatened. Indeed, the substantial economic impact of the pandemic may hinder progress towards economic growth as well as progress towards social inclusion and mental well-being.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tAlthough in all countries the knowledge on the impact of the pandemic on mental health is still limited and mostly derived from experiences only partially comparable to the current epidemic, such as those referring to the SARS or Ebola epidemics, it is likely that the demand for intervention it will increase significantly in the coming months and years. The extraordinary growth of scientific research in the field of neuroscience now offers the possibility of a new perspective on the relationship between mind and brain and generates new scenarios in understanding the long wave of the pandemic and in the prospects for treatment. Moreover, the pandemic also has led to opportunities to implement remote monitoring and management interventions.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tOverall this volume will address the complex relationship existing between COVID-19, mental health, acquired knowledge, and possible interventions taking a highly multidisciplinary approach; from physiological and psychobiological mechanisms, and neuromodulation through medical treatment, psychosocial interventions, and self-management.
High resolution, accurate imaging is the key to success in endovascular therapies. In recent years, most machines provide fairly good images. An important point is the detector size of the angiography machine. Some physicians still use a coronary lab for peripheral artery intervention, however, when considering the vessel length and area, at least a 30 cm detector is needed. In \nFigure 1\n, two types of detectors are shown.
\nDetector size: (A) 30 cm × 30 cm, (B) 20 cm × 20 cm. In peripheral artery angiography, at least a 30 cm image size is needed. The 20 cm image size is too small for peripheral artery angiography.
In peripheral artery angiography, the 30 cm system on the left (INNOVA 3100, 30 cm, GE healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) (\nFigure 1A\n) is basically used while the 20 cm coronary system (INNOVA IGS620, 20 cm, GE healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) (\nFigure 1B\n) is too small for peripheral artery angiography. For example, the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is the longest vessel and difficult to visualize in its entirety. In \nFigures 1\n and \n2\n, two SFA short lesions are shown.
\nImage field of 20 cm and 30 cm detector in SFA. (A) In the 30 cm detector, about 26 cm of SFA is visualized. (B) In the 20 cm detector, only 13 cm of SFA is seen.
In the 30 cm panel, about 26 cm of the SFA can be visualized and intermediate stenosis around the culprit lesion (\nFigure 2A\n) can be discerned. On the other hand, the coronary detector could visualize only 13 cm of the SFA in 20 cm mode (\nFigure 2B\n). In a coronary lab, to visualize the SFA or below the knee (BK) arteries, the table is panned but a good static image of the lesion is difficult to obtain.
\nIn an angiographic suite, operators usually stand on the right side of the table. Most labs use one monitor and all medical staffs rely on this one screen. In right limb angiography via the left femoral artery approach, the operator who is standing on the right side has difficulty manipulating the catheter. In this situation, one operator needs to stand on the left side of the table to manipulate the catheter and hold the sheath. For this purpose, an extra-monitor should be installed (\nFigure 3\n).
\nExtra-monitor. In right superficial artery (SFA) intervention, the main operator stands on the left side of the table watching the extra-monitor while the assisting operator watches the central monitor. Without moving the central image monitor, the main operator can manipulate the catheter from the left side.
A typical right superficial artery (SFA) intervention is shown in \nFigure 3\n. The main operator is standing on the left side of the table and watching the extra-monitor while the assisting operator keeps an eye on the central monitor. Without moving the central image monitor, the main operator is able to perform the procedure. This extra-monitor is useful in the left brachial approach as well. It is a convenient way to intervene in the right femoropopliteal artery or cross-over approach for right below the knee arteries. In the left below the knee artery procedure via the cross-over approach, the C-arm is rotated to the left side. The cranial side operator may not see the central image. In this situation, the extra monitor can be placed on the left cranial side.
\nFor most of the small vessels in selective angiography, hand injection of the contrast dye is adequate. However, for optimal opacification of high-flow blood vessels like the aorta, the use of a power injector is mandatory. A constant and high volume of dye should be injected through an electronically calibrated power injector. There are two types of injectors: one is a conventional power injector and the other is an assisted device that introduces small or large amounts of dye by an injector attached to the catheter table. The contrast volume is adjusted manually so that even a small dose of dye can be injected. However, the space on the left side of the table is occupied by this assisted device. Thus, a conventional power injector mounted to the ceiling is preferable since it affords more space around the catheter table. Furthermore, the distance allows a significant reduction in radiation exposure during dye injection. With the assisted device, radiation exposure is difficult to prevent since the operator has to be beside the table during dye injection (\nFigure 4\n).
\nPower injector mounted to the ceiling. The ceiling-mounted injector allows more space around the catheter table.
Contrast-related factors include the vascular access site, injection time duration, injection rate, contrast volume and dye concentration. The key factor is the injection rate. An increased rate of injection can induce a greater extent of vascular opacification but the safety and total volume of the contrast dose must be carefully monitored. The contrast volumes for opacification of the major arteries are shown in \nTable 1\n. These are the injection volumes mainly used in our catheter laboratory although the actual contrast volume depends on the patient’s condition, the catheter size, amount of contrast and speed of injection. Therefore, the contrast dose should be individualized for each case.
\nLocation | \nCatheter | \nInjection rate (ml/s) | \nTotal volume (ml) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Aortoiliac | \n5Fr Pig tail | \n14–16 | \n15–25 | \n
CFA-SFA-Pop A | \n4–5Fr MP | \n5–7 | \n16–20 | \n
Run: CFA-BTK | \n4–5Fr MP | \n4 | \n9–12 | \n
SFA | \n4–5Fr MP | \n4–5 | \n8–10 | \n
Run: BTK | \n4Fr MP | \n3–4 | \n10–12 | \n
BTK | \n4Fr MP | \n3–4 | \n5–7 | \n
Below the ankle | \n4Fr MP | \n3–4 | \n5–7 | \n
Contrast injection rate and injection volume.
There is no universally agreed upon threshold in the degree of renal dysfunction beyond which intravascular iodinated contrast medium should not be administered. We use Visipaque 320 [2]. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an infrequent adverse reaction to iodinated contrast agents [3]. In endovascular procedures, particular complex procedures are associated with CIN and larger doses of contrast are considered a risk factor. Thus, as a precaution against CIN, the use of contrast media at the lowest dosage possible is advised. To minimize the contrast dose, we dilute Visipaque 320 by adding 30 cc of saline solution in a 100 cc bottle. The key factor is the injection rate which indicates the amount of dye per second. In our experience, 1/3rd diluted contrast does not decrease image quality.
\nAngiography machines which use fluoroscopy for endovascular work are equipped with pulsed fluoroscopy instead of continuous fluoroscopy and this, to a large extent, helps to reduce the radiation dose (three radiation pulse mode). During this procedure, both the patient and physician are exposed to a certain degree of radiation so that its dose needs to be minimized. Constant measurement of radiation doses in patients and personnel is vital. Above all, the shielding in the room is particularly important. We use a suspended ceiling shield as well as a floor installed shield (\nFigure 5\n). During digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging, other comedical staffs are outside the angiosuite. The main operator besides the patient is protected by a ceiling-mounted radiation shielding glass. After the procedure, radiation exposure levels must be routinely recorded and archived.
\nRadiation shield. Operator uses the ceiling-mounted radiation shield and the assistant is behind the shield during contrast injection.
The 4Fr sheath is mainly used for the antegrade femoral approach. For initial access, a 4Fr sheath is placed from the common femoral artery (CFA) to the SFA. The reason is that an antegrade puncture is technically more demanding and if we fail to make the puncture, the sheath can be withdrawn or repositioned. While keeping the 4Fr sheath in the profunda femoris artery (PFA), we can even place an additional 4Fr sheath into the CFA. The long 4Fr sheath is for below the knee work. However, it is easily kinked and there may be an increased risk of hematoma formation. In interventions below the knee arteries, most occlusion balloons accept the 4Fr sheath with the use of a 0.014 or 0.018 in. guidewires. And to minimize sheath size in the ipsilateral CFA approach, a 4Fr long sheath is ideal for patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) (\nFigure 6A\n).
\nSheath. (A) 4Fr sheath, (B) 5Fr sheath, (C) 6Fr sheath.
In ad hoc interventions, we have standardized the 5Fr sheath for the initial retrograde CFA approach. When stent implantation is planned, we start with a 6Fr sheath. Either a 4Fr or 5Fr pigtail catheter can be used for aortography. With a 4Fr pigtail catheter, the amount of dye is limited to around 10–13 cc/s. To opacity the terminal aorta to both the iliac and common femoral arteries, the rate of injection should be 15–20 cc/s and this flow rate can be achieved with at least a 5Fr pigtail catheter. Introducer sheaths are used for all angiography and endovascular procedures. The 5Fr 45 cm cross-over sheath is used for either the retrograde or antegrade approach. In a contralateral SFA intervention, a 5Fr 45 cm crossover sheath is used. However, when stenting is performed, the sheath should be replaced with a 6Fr crossover sheath. In the antegrade approach for BK interventions, a 5Fr 45 cm crossover sheath gives more back-up support to intervene on the tibial arteries (\nFigure 6B\n).
\nWhen an iliac artery stent is already planned, a 6Fr short sheath should be placed in a retrograde manner. In a cross-over approach, a 6Fr 45 cm cross-over sheath is employed. The advantage of the 6Fr system is that the closure device can be applied after the procedure. In some medical centers, the antegrade 6Fr short sheath is placed for SFA stenting. However, we do not routinely use the 6Fr sheath for antegrade work (\nFigure 6C\n) (\nTable 2\n).
\nAdvantage | \nDisadvantage | \n
---|---|
Better wire control with short wire | \nComplication related to antegrade common femoral artery (CFA) puncture | \n
Short distance to the lesion | \nMight miss proximal superficial femoral artery (SFA) lesion | \n
Precise stent placement | \nNeed caution of proximal end of stent | \n
Access to below the knee arteries | \nCompression of ischemic side after procedure | \n
Advantage and disadvantage of ipsilateral antegrade approach.
There are three types of tips for the 0.035 wire. We do not use a regular J-tip Radifocus wire (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) (\nFigure 7A\n). The initial wire is always a 1.5 mm J-type Radifocus wire (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) (\nFigure 7B\n). The tip of this wire has a 1.5 mm round shape and is quite safe when the wire migrates into the small branches or other vessels. Once the guidewire crosses the lesion, we change to a regular 0.035 in. spring wire (\nFigure 7C\n). The Radifocus wire is slippery and is difficult to keep in place while regular spring wires tend to stay in place. Thus, for stability, the wire should be changed to a spring wire once the lesion is crossed. These three types of 0.035 in. wires should always be at hand.
\n0.035 in. guidewires. There are three types of tips for the 0.018 in. wire. We do not use regular a J-tip Radifocus wire (A). The initial wire is always a 1.5 mm J-type Radifocus wire (B). Once used to cross the lesion, it is exchanged to a 0.018 in. spring wire (C).
Basically, we do not use the 0.018 in. wire as a regular wire. Chronic total occlusion (CTO), a 0.018 in. Treasure 12-g (Asahi Intec, Nagoya, Japan) wire is initially selected. It has a 12-g tip load and is best suited as a peripheral CTO wire. The V 18 (Boston Scientific, Cambridge, MA, USA) wire has a strong main shaft with a soft tip and can be used for cross-over ballooning or stent implantation. There are many 0.014 in. wires and their purposes vary. For below the knee artery work, the 0.014 in. wire is the basic wire used.
\nDigital subtraction angiography (DSA) has long been the gold standard for evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions in patients with PAD. Image quality has been further improved by replacing traditional image intensifiers with flat panel detectors so that regular digital angiography (DA) is now replacing DSA. When considering the high radiation doses, not all cases need imaging by DSA. Above all, critical limb ischemia is difficult to manage and some patients have difficulty staying still during injection of the contrast dye. Thus, adequate optimization with either DSA or DA should be employed to obtain accurate imaging of the diseased segments.
\nA typical DSA image of the iliac artery is shown in \nFigure 8\n. In the 30 cm image, we can see from the terminal aorta to both common femoral arteries (\nFigure 8A\n). In the 20 cm image, a clearer view can be seen (\nFigure 8B\n).
\nIliac artery angiography, 30 cm vs. 20 cm image. (A) 30 cm image, we could see from the terminal aorta to both common femoral arteries. (B) 20 cm image, a clearer view is obtained.
In our routine, we first take a 30 cm image by DSA (\nFigure 9A\n). Next, we take a 20 cm image by DA for the purpose of intervention (\nFigure 9B\n).
\nDSA vs. DA image of the iliac artery. (A) 30 cm image by DSA for diagnostic purposes. (B) 20 cm image by DA for interventions. DSA, digital subtraction angiography; DA, digital angiography.
DA is more practical for stent implantation since it provides the background image. In the aortoiliac artery segment, the image is hampered by bowel and gas movements. Aortoiliac artery angiography is basically taken by DSA, however, due to bowel and gas movements, the image is blurred (\nFigure 10A\n). In such a circumstance, we change to the DA image (\nFigure 10B\n). In \nFigure 10\n, a left common iliac aneurysm with distal stenosis can be seen; the DSA image is blurred while the DA image clearly reveals stenosis.
\nDSA vs. DA image of the iliac artery. (A) DSA image is blurred by bowel gas. (B) DA image shows clear image of left common iliac aneurysm with distal stenosis. DSA, digital subtraction angiography; DA, digital angiography.
The initial angiographic image is the ipsilateral angled view. Either DSA or DA can provide a reasonable image (\nFigure 11\n), although the DSA image (\nFigure 11A\n) is shown to be better than the DA image (\nFigure 11B\n). In the DA image, the background is shown and can be used as reference (\nFigure 11B\n).
\nProximal femoral artery. (A) DSA image for ipsilateral angled view of the left proximal femoral artery. (B) DA image shows the background and identifies bifurcation point.
A calcified lesion is often seen in the common femoral artery. In such cases, DSA provides a clearer view than the DA image (\nFigure 12\n). DSA clearly shows the calcified lesion (\nFigure 12A\n) while, in contrast, the lesion could not be determined in the DA image due to low contrast (\nFigure 12B\n).
\nCalcified common femoral artery. (A) DSA clearly shows calcified lesion. (B) DA image could not determine lesion due to low contrast.
For the SFA, we use either the DSA or DA image. For a calcified lesion, DSA is preferable (\nFigure 13A\n), but in most cases, DA provides a reasonably good image (\nFigure 13B\n).
\nSFA angiography, DSA vs. DA. (A) DSA shows clearer image and branches are well seen. (B) DA gives reasonably good image.
In a SFA lesion, measurement of the lesion length is important to decide the interventional strategy and we prefer a DA image for the pre-interventional angiogram. The popliteal artery is located deep in the posterior fossa of the knee joint. Surrounded by a bony structure, the popliteal artery is very difficult to visualize by DA. Basically, a DSA image is taken for the popliteal artery (\nFigure 14A\n). In \nFigure 14A\n, tight stenosis of the mid-popliteal artery is well visualized with rich collateral circulation. In the DA view, stenosis is well observed but most of the collateral vessels are not visualized (\nFigure 14B\n).
\nPopliteal artery angiography, DSA vs. DA. (A) Popliteal artery surrounded by bone and basically taken with DSA. (B) DA view shows well visualized stenosis but most collateral vessels unclear.
Diseases of below the knee arteries are closely associated with critical limb ischemia (CLI) and detailed anatomical information is required to plan intervention. Compared to other limb arteries, angiography remains the imaging method of choice in most cases of CLI. How to take a good image is the cornerstone of successful endovascular therapy. DSA is a must for imaging of below the knee arteries. In \nFigures 2\n–\n10\n, comparisons of the DSA and DA images of the left proximal tibial arteries are shown. In the DSA image, posterior tibial artery occlusion is well observed (\nFigure 15A\n). On the other hand, the DA image failed to show the tibioperoneal trunk and occlusion of the posterior tibial artery (\nFigure 15B\n).
\nProximal below the knee angiography, DSA (A) vs. DA (B).
A similar case of the left proximal below the knee artery is shown in \nFigure 16\n. In the DSA image, three tibial arteries are shown with multiple stenosis (\nFigure 16A\n). In the DA image, precise diagnosis cannot be made (\nFigure 16B\n).
\nMid-below the knee angiography, DSA (A) vs. DA (B).
Assessment of the distal tibial arteries is vital in evaluating below the ankle disease. Continuation from the anterior tibial artery to the dorsal artery and the posterior tibial artery to the planted artery must be clarified. However, due to the bony structure, the DA image could not show these distal tibial and below the ankle arteries (\nFigure 17\n). In \nFigure 17A\n, the planter artery is not clearly visualized in the DSA image. In the DA image, most of the vessels remain un-visualized (\nFigure 17B\n).
\nBelow the ankle angiography, DSA (A) vs. DA (B).
In an angiographic approach for PAD diagnosis, we need to assess three segments of the lower limb artery, that is, the aortoiliac, femoropopliteal and below the knee arteries. In \nFigure 18\n, the basic angiography is shown. First, angiography of the aortoiliac artery was taken (\nFigure 18A\n). The second angiography is an ipsilateral view of the proximal femoral artery (\nFigure 18B\n). In the right leg, a 30° right anterior oblique (RAO) view was chosen to separate the proximal SFA and PFA. Third, angiography from the CFA to the distal below the ankle artery was taken by running the table (\nFigure 18C\n). After observing these three angiograms, we could assess in which segment stenosis or occlusion was located.
\nBasic lower limb artery angiography. (A) Aortoiliac artery angiography. (B) Proximal femoral artery by a 30° right anterior oblique view. (C) From the right common femoral artery to the distal below the ankle artery.
A typical claudication with SFA disease is shown in \nFigure 19\n. Aortoiliac artery angiography showed no significant stenosis (\nFigure 19A\n). In the proximal femoral artery, there was no stenosis in the SFA and PFA (\nFigure 19B\n). Left limb angiography showed focal stenosis in the mid-SFA while the left anterior tibial artery was not visualized (\nFigure 19C\n). By using DA, left SFA angiography was taken and revealed focal tight stenosis in the mid-SFA (\nFigure 19D\n). This DA image was used as reference in interventional work (\nFigure 19D\n).
\nA typical claudication with SFA disease (A) Aortoiliac artery angiography showed no significant stenosis. (B) In the proximal femoral artery, there was nostenosis in the SFA and PFA. C: Left limb angiography showed focal stenosis in themid-SFA. (D) LeftSFA angiography revealed focal tight stenosis in the mid-SFA.
\n\nFigure 20\n shows isolated below the knee artery disease. From the iliac to femoropopliteal artery level, no atherosclerotic changes could be observed (\nFigure 20A\n and 20B). A lesion is located in the right below the knee arteries. Below the knee arteries showed a stenotic lesion of the anterior tibial artery, and the posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery are occluded (\nFigure 20C\n). This type of lesion, that is, “isolated below the knee artery disease” is often found in patients with critical limb ischemia.
\nBasic lower limb artery angiography. Isolated below the knee artery disease. (A) Aortoiliac artery showed no disease. (B) Right femoropopliteal artery showed no disease. (C) Right below the knee arteries showed a stenotic lesion of the anterior tibial artery, and the posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery are occluded.
The image size has two purposes: one is to see the whole vessel, for example, in the aortoiliac artery, visualization from the terminal aorta to both the right and left CFA (\nFigure 21A\n). The other is to better intervene on the target lesion utilizing appropriate magnification of the image size (\nFigure 21B\n). For wiring to this lesion, a 20 cm magnified image was taken and successful wiring was carried out using a 0.014 in. wire (\nFigure 21B\n).
\nIliac artery angiography, 30 cm (A) vs. 20 cm image (B).
In \nFigure 22\n, right SFA stent restenosis was visualized with a 30 cm image (\nFigure 22A\n). Moreover, using the 20 cm magnified mode, stent restenosis was well observed (\nFigure 22B\n).
\nSFA angiography, 30 cm (A) vs. 20 cm image (B).
In below the knee arteries, the whole image shows which vessels are diseased (\nFigure 23A\n). However, this running image does not give detailed information on the three tibial arteries. In the 30 cm image, the three proximal tibial arteries are well observed, and the peroneal and posterior tibial arteries are diffusely diseased (\nFigure 23B\n). The further magnified 20 cm image revealed that there is tight stenosis at the ostium of the right anterior tibial artery (\nFigure 23C\n).
\nBelow the knee angiography, 30 cm (A), 20 cm (B) and 16 cm images (C).
Basically, all interventional work requires two images to be taken, that is, pre- and postintervention. These two images reveal the angiographic changes pre and post procedure. In \nFigure 24A\n, the femorofemoral bypass was occluded and a long total occlusion of the right iliac artery is seen. After successful recanalization and stenting, angiography of the exact same iliac artery was taken (\nFigure 24B\n).
\nA case of right iliac artery occlusion. Pre (A) and post iliac artery angiography (B).
In \nFigures 2\n–\n20\n, typical left SFA occlusion was seen (\nFigure 25A\n). After balloon angioplasty, dissection and incomplete dilatation were observed (\nFigure 25B\n). Post stent angiography showed excellent dilatation of the left SFA lesion (\nFigure 25C\n). During the procedure, the table was frequently moved and oftentimes, post angiographic images were not taken in the different positions, giving a false impression of the postinterventional image.
\nA case of SFA occlusion. Pre (A) and post SFA angiography (B).
The common femoral artery (CFA) remains the most widely accepted site for endovascular artery access. Vascular access site-related complications are a major cause of periprocedural morbidity among patients undergoing percutaneous endovascular intervention. In particular, patients with PAD may be more likely to have atherosclerosis affecting the CFA. Ultrasound guidance is an emerging trend for all percutaneous procedures and its use for femoral artery puncture has decreased vascular complications and improved first-pass success rates [4–6].
\nThe CFA is the main access site for angiography and interventional procedures. Among the various puncture sites, the retrograde CFA puncture is the most commonly employed and the basis of arterial punctures. We have described a safe and echo-guided technique for avoiding femoral access site complications.
\nThe inferior border and upper border of the femoral head should be realized by fluoroscopy (\nFigure 26A\n). After checking the maximum arterial pulse (\nFigure 26B\n), Xylocaine is given 1 cm below the middle of the femoral head (\nFigure 26C\n).
\nPuncture point of common femoral artery. (A) Realizing the inferior border and upper border of the femoral head by fluoroscopy. (B) Marking middle of femoral head. (C) Xylocaine to be given 1–2 cm below.
A sheath and two types of wires were prepared. Once a puncture is performed, the wire should be ready to be inserted and if there is resistance, change to a different kind of wire is advised (\nFigure 27\n).
\nPreparation of sheath and two types of wire. Prepare sheath and two type wires close to puncture site. Once puncture completed, insert wire and if resistance encountered, change to different shape wire.
For an echo-guided puncture (NEMIO MS, Toshiba, Tochigi, Japan), first, echo scanning was carried out from the upper CFA to proximal SFA (\nFigure 28\n). We could identify where the bifurcation is located. Either a long axis (\nFigure 28A\n) or short axis can be obtained (\nFigure 28B\n and \nC\n). A scan is basically made by a short-axis view. The ideal puncture site of the CFA can then be located (\nFigure 28B\n) and the bifurcation site can be identified (\nFigure 28C\n).
\nColor Doppler scanning from CFA to SFA and PFA. (A) Long-axis view of CFA and SFA. (B) Short-axis view of CFA. (C) Short-axis view of SFA and PFA. Using color Doppler, scan from upper CFA to SFA and PFA. Locate the ideal puncture site of CFA and identify the bifurcation point. CFA, common femoral artery; SFA, superficial femoral artery; PFA, profunda femoral artery.
An echo image is best seen from the upper common femoral artery to the distal external iliac artery. When total reliance is on echo guidance, the puncture site locates higher than the middle femoral head. To avoid too low or high punctures, rechecking the puncture site by fluoroscopy is advised (\nFigure 26A\n).
\nArterial access was obtained with an 18-G needle (COOK Medical, Bloomington, Indiana) using the modified Seldinger technique. The needle was inserted at an angle of about 45° from the skin at a level just below the center of the femoral head. In viewing the short axis, the aim should be for the top of the vessel. During flash backs of blood, a gentle wire insertion must be made. When resistance is felt, change from a straight wire to round shaped wire is advised (\nFigure 29\n). When the plaque in the CFA is found, a normal CFA puncture site should be located. In \nFigure 29A\n, the long-axis view showed the plaque in the CFA.
\nPuncture. (A) Echo guidance. (B) 18G needle puncture. In viewing short axis, aim for top of the vessel. During flashback of blood, gentle wire insertion should be made. If resistance encountered, change straight wire to round shaped wire.
In this situation, a plaque free zone within the CFA should be located (\nFigure 30B\n–\nD\n).
\nPresence of CFA plaque. (A) Long-axis view of CFA and SFA. Note CFA plaque. (B) Plaque free site of CFA in short axis. (C) Presence of plaque. Should not be punctured. (D) SFA and PFA level. When finding plaque in the CFA (A), should look for normal CFA puncture site. Must find plaque free zone within CFA. CFA, common femoral artery; SFA, superficial femoral artery; PFA, profunda femoral artery.
In \nFigure 31\n, a puncture was made at the site of CFA disease and the wire went into false lumen, resulting in the total occlusion of the CFA.
\nPuncture of common femoral artery plaque. (A) Puncture into CFA plaque. Creates false lumen. (B) TIMI 0 flow. (C) Dissection of iliac artery. Without knowledge of CFA disease, puncture was made. Wire went into false lumen and ended up in total occlusion of CFA.
For treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease, the standard approach has been to access the contralateral common femoral artery (CFA). However, an ipsilateral, antegrade CFA approach has certain advantages. Compared to the contralateral approach, access to the lesion distance is short which in turn improves the responsiveness of the wire handling used to perform the intervention. In other clinical situations such as post aorto-bi-femoral surgical bypass, deployment of iliac kissing stents, post stent grafting and for aortoiliac occlusive disease, an antegrade approach is the method of choice to reach the lesion. The advantages and disadvantages are shown in \nTable 2\n.
\nThe CFA is approximately 4–5 cm in length and arises from the external iliac artery (EIA) as it passes below the inguinal ligament. It then bifurcates into the PFA and SFA. An anatomical knowledge of the level of origin for the PFA is important in avoiding retroperitoneal bleeding, iatrogenic femoral arterial-venous fistula and/or formation of a pseudo aneurysm. The most lethal complication of femoral access remains retroperitoneal hemorrhaging due to a high puncture. Thus, the best first step toward reducing the incidence of retroperitoneal bleeding is to prevent high punctures.
\nAs we perform in a retrograde puncture, two kinds of wires should be at hand. The initial sheath we place is always the 4Fr size sheath (\nFigure 32\n).
\nPreparation of antegrade puncture. 18G needle, 4Fr sheath and two kinds of wire at hand.
The main reason is, when obtaining access to the CFA fails, the sheath can be easily withdrawn or left in the PFA. Once placing the sheath in the SFA is successful, it can be changed to any sheath as desired. Pointing to the middle of the femoral head, local xylocaine should be given around the inguinal ligamentum (\nFigure 33\n).
\nAntegrade puncture of common femoral artery. Puncture site. (A) Locate middle of femora; head. (B) Local xylocaine to be given at inguinal ligamentum.
Echo was applied in the same way. However, the proximal CFA to external iliac artery is well observed by echo and may result in a very high puncture site. Under fluoroscopic guidance with echo assistance, point to the middle of the CFA.
\nA puncture should be made by aiming an imaginary line over the center of the femoral head. The maximum level of bifurcation should be at or below the inferior border of the femoral head (\nFigure 34A\n). In about 1/4th of cases, bifurcation locates in the CFA (\nFigure 34B\n). In \nFigure 34B\n, the bifurcation point is in the middle of the CFA and there is a short margin for the antegrade puncture site.
\nBifurcation point of CFA to SFA. (A) Level of the bifurcation is below the inferior border of the femoral head. (B) The bifurcation point is in the middle of CFA and only short margin for ideal puncture sire. CFA, common femoral artery.
Even when the puncture site is above the bifurcation, the wire may go to the PFA. In this situation, we use a two-wire technique (\nFigure 35\n). If the wire goes to the PFA, the first step is to place a 4Fr sheath into the PFA. Two short 0.025 in. wires are inserted into the RFA (\nFigure 35A\n). Withdrawing the sheath, one 0.025 in. wire should be manipulated into the SFA (\nFigure 35B\n). Once the SFA is accessed, leaving one wire in the PFA, the other wire should be advanced to the SFA (\nFigure 35C\n). After confirming the wire in the SFA, the other PFA wire is withdrawn and a 4Fr sheath should be placed into the SFA (\nFigure 35D\n). If the sheath comes out, it can be repositioned back into the PFA by a 0.025 in. wire.
\nTwo wire technique. (A) If wire goes to PFA, the first step is to place a 4Fr sheath into PFA. Two short 0.025 in. wires are inserted into PFA. (B) Withdrawing sheath, one 0.025 in. wire to find SFA leaving another wire in PFA (
After surveying the CFA by echo, we may find high bifurcation of the SFA and PFA. In these cases, high puncture carries the risk of retroperitoneal bleeding. The puncture point should be in the range of the femoral head. In this situation, puncturing the SFA is one option. In \nFigure 36\n, there is high bifurcation and a CFA puncture is almost impossible. In this case, we decided to puncture the proximal SFA.
\nSFA puncture in high bifurcation case. After surveying CFA by echo, observed high bifurcation of SFA and PFA. In this situation, puncturing SFA is one option.
The angle of puncture should be more than 60° and almost vertical. After sheath insertion, care to avoid sheath kinking is advised. Once a hematoma is observed with sheath kinking, change to a larger size anti-kink sheath is necessary. In \nFigure 37\n, the initial 4Fr sheath was kinked (\nFigure 37A\n) and hematoma formation was detected. After the 4Fr sheath was replaced with a 6Fr sheath, the hematoma was stabilized (\nFigure 37B\n).
\nSheath kinking during antegrade puncture. (A) Angle of puncture is more than 60° and almost vertical. After inserting sheath, observed sheath kinking. (B) 4Fr sheath replaced with 6Fr sheath and hematoma stabilized.
The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated with PAD is significantly increasing. In these patients, iodinated contrast may enhance the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). CIN is an acute renal injury and may lead to irreversible loss of renal function. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas angiography is indicated for those with renal insufficiency and high-risk patients who are allergic to iodinated contrast material [7]. CO2 is imaged using digital subtraction equipment with a CO2 software program. Modern DSA equipment has a software program that allows integration of multiple images into a single composite image.
\nThe system consists of a medical grade CO2 gas cylinder with a regulator, a disposable sterile plastic tube with a bacteria-removal filter, and a 50-ml delivery syringe (\nFigure 38\n).
\nCO2 delivery system. (A) A disposable, sterile plastic tube with a bacteria-removal filter and a 50-ml delivery syringe; (B) a medical grade CO2 gas cylinder with a regulator.
Collection of CO2 to the syringe and injection system should be separated to avoid erroneous gas injection to an artery (\nFigure 39\n).
\nSeparate system between CO2 suction and injection. Collection of CO2 to syringe (left) and injection system (right) should be separated to avoid erroneous gas injection to artery.
The gas should be purged three to four times during collection to prevent room air contamination from the tube and delivery syringe in the circuit and then filled with gas at a stationary flow of 2 l/min. About 40 cc of aspirated gas was filled into the delivery syringe and 30–40 cm3 of CO2 gas was manually injected into the vessel leaving about 5 cm3 in the injection syringe (\nFigure 40\n).
\nInfusion and injection of CO2 gas by 50 cc syringe. (A) Gas was purged 3–4 times during collection to exclude room air contamination from the tube and delivery syringe in circuit. Filled with gas at a stationary flow of 2 l/min. (B) 40 cc of aspirated gas filled into delivery syringe, 30–40 cm3 of CO2 gas manually injected into the vessel, leaving about 5 cm3 in the injection syringe.
After gas injection, the remaining gas and blood were carefully aspirated into the syringe. Gas injections were spaced at least 30 s apart. Although we do not have experience in mechanical injection, manual injection is sufficient to inject 30–40 cc of CO2. However, the safety of injecting large amounts of CO2 is not guaranteed [8]. If a patient complains of abdominal pain, further CO2 injection should be avoided. And if the angiogram shows a slow flow, further CO2 delivery by syringe should also be stopped (\nTable 3\n).
\n- Make a separate system with CO2 cylinder - Average dose of CO2 is about 30 ml by using 50 ml syringe - Be sure complete air excretion - Manual injection not a mechanical injection - If patient complains of abdominal pain, avoid further injection - When a slow flow are observed, avoid an further CO2 injection | \n
Setup of CO2 delivery system and CO2 injection.
The iliac artery is a large sized vessel and its inflow is the larger abdominal aorta. Moreover, there are two internal iliac arteries and two femoral arteries. CO2 angiography requires displacement of all or most of the blood to achieve adequate images. Due to such anatomical reasons, the iliac artery is not well suited for CO2 angiography. In \nFigure 41A\n, CO2 was administered from a 5Fr pigtail catheter at the terminal aorta and, in the left external iliac artery, CO2 was unfilled and there appears to be stenosis. With contrast angiography, no stenotic lesion is seen in the left external iliac artery (\nFigure 41B\n).
\nIliac artery angiography by CO2 and DSA. (A) CO2 administered from 5Fr pigtail catheter at the terminal aorta, in left external iliac artery, CO2 unfilled and stenosis suspected. (B) In DSA, no stenotic lesion in left external iliac artery observed.
In \nFigure 42A\n, total occlusion of the left external iliac artery is observed. CO2 injection from the terminal aorta shows chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left external iliac artery. To confirm CTO, a crossover sheath was positioned at the left common iliac artery and CO2 injection was repeated at a right anterior oblique (RAO) projection of 30° (\nFigure 42B\n). In this angiogram, CTO is clearly visualized and the left common femoral artery is well observed via the collateral flow from the deep circumflex artery. In CO2 angiography of the iliac artery, the angiogram is hampered by bowel and gas movements.
\nLeft external iliac artery occlusion by CO2 angiography. (A) CO2 injection from terminal aorta in AP view. Total occlusion of left external iliac artery. (B) CO2 injection from left common iliac artery by RAO 30.
In \nFigure 43A\n, the left iliac artery is not seen, but contrast angiography shows a clear picture of the entire iliac arteries (\nFigure 43B\n).
\nBowel gas in iliac artery angiography. (A) In CO2 angiography, left external iliac artery is hampered by bowel gas. (B) DSA shows a clear picture of whole iliac arteries.
Generally speaking, when the iliac artery is not well visualized by CO2 angiography, increasing the volume of CO2 in the iliac abdominal aorta might be considered. However, there are important visceral vessels and the risk of various complications due to the injection of gas in these vessels must also be considered.
\nVisualization by CO2 angiography is best suited for the femoropopliteal artery segment. The main reason is that the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is a straight vessel with small branches. The vessels sizes are about 4–7 mm and could easily be filled by CO2 gas. In \nFigure 44\n, there are three kinds of SFA angiograms for the same patient. Digital angiography enabled visualization of the background (\nFigure 44A\n) while DSA could obtain the highest quality angiogram (\nFigure 44B\n). CO2 angiography has poor visibility of small distal branches. However, it could visualize SFA fairly well and can be used as a substitute for contrast angiography (\nFigure 44C\n).
\nSFA angiography by digital, DSA and CO2. (A) Digital angiography could visualize background to be used as reference. (B) DSA obtained most accurate image. (C) CO2 angiography cannot replace digital angiography, but can be used as a substitute for contrast angiography.
Similarly, the popliteal artery could be well observed even with the CO2 angiogram (\nFigure 45\n).
\nPopliteal artery angiography by digital, DSA and CO2. (A) Digital angiography could visualize background to be used as reference. (B) DSA obtained most accurate image. (C) CO2 angiography obtained similar image to DSA.
In the DA angiogram, distal SFA is not well visualized compared to the DSA image (\nFigure 45A\n). In fact, a perfect image was obtained by DSA (\nFigure 45B\n). The CO2 angiogram shows a fairly clear picture of the distal SFA and popliteal artery (\nFigure 45C\n) while the right femoropopliteal artery was visualized by CO2 (\nFigure 46\n). In proximal SFA, separation between the SFA and deep femoral artery (DFA) is well observed (\nFigure 46A\n). In the mid-SFA, no stenosis is seen (\nFigure 46B\n). In the distal SFA and popliteal artery, moderate stenosis is detected (\nFigure 46C\n).
\nCO2 angiography for right femoropopliteal artery. (A) In proximal SFA, separation between SFA and deep femoral artery (DFA) is well shown by RAO view. (B) In mid-SFA, there is no stenosis. (C) In distal SFA and the popliteal artery, there is moderate stenosis.
Comparisons between CO2 angiography and digital angiography for the diseased SFA are shown in \nFigures 47\n and \n48\n. Stenosis is seen in the distal SFA in \nFigure 47\n. Both CO2 (\nFigure 47A\n) and DA images (\nFigure 47B\n) could identify distal SFA stenosis.
\nLeft SFA occlusion by CO2 and DSA. (A) CO2 angiography shows totally occluded left SFA. (B) DSA shows clearer image with more collateral visualization.
Left SFA stenosis by CO2 and digital angiography. (A) CO2 angiography shows moderate stenosis in mid SFA and tight stenosis in distal SFA. (B) Digital angiography confirmed these two lesions. Image quality is similar between CO2 and digital angiography.
The totally occluded left SFA was well visualized by CO2 angiography (\nFigure 48A\n). Although DSA shows a clearer image with a rich collateral network (\nFigure 48B\n), the CO2 image can also be used for interventional work.
\nThe CTO of the left SFA was intervened using CO2 angiography (\nFigure 49\n) in a patient with stage 4 CKD. The CO2 angiogram showed typical CTO of the SFA (\nFigure 49A\n). After successful wiring, balloon angioplasty was performed (\nFigure 49B\n). Contrast was only used in the final angiogram (\nFigure 49C\n).
\nLeft SFA CTO intervention by CO2 angiography. (A) CO2 angiography showed typical SFA CTO. (B) After wiring, balloon angioplasty was performed. (C) Contrast used only in final angiogram.
CO2 angiography cannot be applied in below the knee (BK) work. The arterial vessel size below the knee is between 1.5 and 3 mm in diameter and the accuracy of CO2 angiography is insufficient. Above all, in BK cases, most of the patients have critical limb ischemia and cannot tolerate large amounts of gas injection. In \nFigure 50\n, proximal right below the knee angiography was performed by CO2 (\nFigure 50A\n) and DSA (\nFigure 50B\n). In the CO2 angiogram, stenosis of the peroneal trunk could be seen; however, the right anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery are not well visualized when compared to DSA.
\nBelow the knee angiography by CO2 and DSA. (A) Proximal below the arteries by CO2 angiography. Stenosis of peroneal trunk could be seen, otherwise, unable to identify right anterotibial and posterior tibial artery. (B) DSA shows detail of proximal below the knee arteries with small branches.
CO2 angiography can be performed with minimal or no contrast media and can be used on CKD patients. However, CO2 angiography carries several potential risks (8). Gas delivery into the vessel is basically contraindicated. Moreover, erroneous injection of excessive volumes may result in catastrophic clinical consequences. There are many reports about transient lower limb pain and transient abdominal pain. Fujihara et al. have conducted a multi-center prospective CO2 study and have reported that two patients (2%) developed CO2-related non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia which resulted in death. These non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia cases were caused by the trapping of CO2 gas in the celiac, superior and/or inferior mesenteric arteries [8]. The quality of CO2 angiography is still not clear enough in the iliac artery and should not be employed in below the knee arteries. It should be used for the femoropopliteal artery although, even in the femoropopliteal artery, precise lesion evaluation may be difficult in some cases. Other complementary modalities such as surface echo, IVUs and/or pressure measuring should also be employed to confirm lesion severity (\nTable 4\n).
\n- Cause abdominal pain and leg pain - Poor quality angiogram in iliac artery by bowel gas and movement - Not applicable to below knee artery - Rapid transition to venous circulation - Risks of cerebral infarction - Risk of nonobstructive mesenteric ischemia | \n
Problems of CO2 angiography.
In treating claudication, safety is the first priority so that CO2 use may be limited for most patients except those who have anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast media.
\nUrolithiasis, which is hard tissue (stone) formation in the urinary tract due to supersaturated body fluids, has risen steadily in recent decades. The leading causes of stone formation are the reduction of urine volume (or water intake), an increased calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate secretion, urine pH alteration, or urinary tract infections (urease forming bacteria) [1, 2, 3, 4]. The prevalence in western countries is estimated at 10%-15%, and the recurrence rate is averaging up to 50% [5, 6, 7]. And according to Charles D. Scales [8], the prevalence of kidney stones nearly doubled in about 17 years from ~1995 to 2012. The prevalence of urolithiasis has been rising internationally over recent decades because of population growth, predicted obesity trends, and estimated increases in diabetes, just to name a few. The annual treatment cost of stone disease could reach >$5 billion/yr. (in 2014 prices) in the United States by the year 2030 [9, 10].
Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy (URSL) are the most commonly performed procedures in the United States for the treatment of patients with urinary calculi [11, 12]. URSL is now the preferred treatment option for urolithiasis due to relatively shorter operative time and a better stone-free rate [1].
The first laser device was invented in 1960 by Maiman [13] based on the theoretical work by Townes and Schawlow. And in 1968, Mulvaney et al. [14] reported the first fragmentation of kidney stones with a pulsed ruby laser (λ: 694 nm) in an in vitro experiment by using quartz rods to deliver the laser light to the treatment site. Since then, a few laser lithotripters were clinically available, including the pulsed-dye laser, the frequency-doubled pulsed Neodymium (Nd3+) doped Yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (FREDDY), and the Ho: YAG laser [15, 16, 17]. The Ho: YAG laser with relatively long-pulse is the most effective and adaptable tool for lithotripsy among all the lasers comparing to nanosecond Nd: YAG lasers. It can disintegrate all kinds of calculus and provoke less calculus retropulsion during procedure than the short-pulsed lasers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Since soon after its debut in the 1990s, the Ho: YAG laser has been the preferred lithotripter for the therapy of urinary calculus. It is a solid-state pulsed laser at a wavelength of 2.13 μm. This wavelength is easily absorbed by water (~26 cm−1 [23]), providing a wide safety margin for lithotripsy in the urinary tract [24, 25, 26]. Aside from treating calculi, it can be used for soft tissue applications such as treating urinary strictures and ablating urothelial tumors. The high-powered variant can also be used for the enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). Recently, another technology has been explored for the next generation laser lithotripsy: the Thulium fiber laser [27, 28]. This promising technology offers several advantages that may expand the boundaries of laser lithotripsy [28, 29].
The dominant mechanism in Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy is photothermal along with minor effects of acoustic emission [29]. Because the Ho: YAG laser’s thermal diffusion time in the water over the optical penetration depth is 286 ms [30], which is well above the laser pulse width (less than a few milliseconds, mostly in the 100 s of μs), in other words, it is photo-thermally confined. And the laser is not photo-mechanical or stress confined in water since the acoustic diffusion time over the optical penetration depth is 0.267 μs, much less than the Ho: YAG laser pulse width. The water has a strong absorption at the Ho: YAG 2.1 μm wavelength and the calculus ablation was dependent on the water content in calculus phantom [31, 32]. The temperature of the illuminated area of the urinary calculi due to the direct laser photon absorption raises above the ablation threshold, subsequently creating the expulsion of fractured crack-up pieces. Furthermore, the absorption of the laser photon by the liquid between the fiber end and calculus produces a vapor bubble, and the crashing of the bubble generates shockwave. The bubble should not be called the “cavitation” bubble as it does in [30, 33] because cavitation is a phenomenon in which rapid changes of pressure in a liquid lead to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in places where the pressure is relatively low, while during laser lithotripsy, the bubble is generated by heated water vapor with relatively high pressure. This vapor bubble usually has a minimal mechanical effect on hard tissues but rather parts the water (the “Moses effect” [34]) for direct delivery of the remaining part of the laser light onto the stone [35]. The term “Moses effect” technology is also used by breaking one laser pulse into two, where the first pulse generates a bubble between the fiber tip and the stone to let the second pulse through this bubble to the surface of the stone [36]. The shock-wave image can be captured by a high-speed camera with ~1 μs frame interval [37]; it is a disturbance wave that is faster than the sound wave, which can quickly damp down to sound wave speed [38].
During laser-calculus interaction, the urinary calculus is subject to retropulsion forces caused by the combined effects of ablated particle ejection, interstitial water vaporization, and bubble expansion/collapse [39, 40, 41]. And an asymmetric collapse of the bubble near a solid boundary can generate a water jet in the time scale of milliseconds [30]. Therefore, because of the recoil momentum, the calculus is moved away from the end of the laser fiber. The calculus motion prolongs the procedure time because of the burdensome procedure needed to reorient the laser fiber to the new calculus locality. Earlier retropulsion studies quantified calculus retropulsion distance by altering laser pulse energy, pulse frequency, and fiber core size [42, 43, 44]. Retropulsion boosted with the laser pulse energy and the laser fiber core size. Moreover, Charles D. Scales et al. reported that a longer pulse width reduced calculus retropulsion distance during a procedure without diminishing ablation efficiency significantly [45].
Although laser lithotripsy is now the preferred treatment option for urolithiasis because it is capable of fragmenting calculus of all known composition, including hard calcium oxalate monohydrate, brushite, and cystine calculus [22, 24, 25, 29], and the rising prevalence of calculus disease has led to similarly increasing efforts to optimize ureteroscopic treatment [43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52], the operative time for the stone procedure can be well above the one hour mark. According to Levi A. Deters et al. [53], URSL management of renal stones and ureteral stones were markedly different, with a significant increase in operative time (60% more) for renal stones and a significant lower stone-free rate (27% lower). And of the 213 cases, the average operative time for the renal group (98 cases) is 112 min and range up to 245 min, and the average operative time for the ureteral group (115 cases) is 70 min and range up to 185 min.
The response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful statistical tool that can generate the numerical relationship between some key performance variables (responses) and device control parameters (control inputs). Although the model is only an approximation most of the time because of limited knowledge of the process, the RSM plus design of experiments (DOE) can produce analytical models (equations) that can depict 1) the relative impact of the control inputs on the responses by comparing their coefficients in the coded equations; 2) optimization of the responses with proper control inputs.
In this chapter, two sets of DOE experiments were conducted with response surface methodology: 1) the quantitative responses of calculus ablation and retropulsion in terms of the pulse energy, pulse width, and the number of pulses of a prototype CTH: YAG laser system. This step is to understand the dominant laser parameters that control the lithotripsy outcome, so that preferred laser settings can be derived for the next generation of laser lithotripter; 2) the laser setting optimization of laser lithotripsy of a commercially available CTH: YAG laser system. This experiment is to identify a series of laser settings for relatively efficient laser lithotripsy in terms of laser pulse energy and peak power.
In this study, the key components of the setup of the experimental materials are listed in Table 1.
Item | Description |
---|---|
Prototype laser | |
365-μm Core (S-LLF365 SureFlex Fiber, American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) | |
White gypsum cement UtralCal®30 (United States Gypsum Company, Chicago, IL) [54] | |
Photron Fastcam SA5 (Photron USA, Inc. San Diego, CA) | |
VHX-900F (Keyence, Elmwood Park, NJ, USA) | |
Design-Expert® (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413) |
The list of components of the experimental setup.
A prototype CTH:YAG laser had pulse energy from 0.2 J to 3.0 J with variable pulse width from 150 μs to 1000 μs at 2.13 μm. This range of pulse duration is known to generate a photothermal effect to fragment the calculus [51]. Each data point is the average of 10 sample measurements.
Figure 1 is the pictures of the test setup, (a) ablation test setup, and (b) retropulsion test setup. In the ablation test setup (a) submerged in the distilled water, the fiber was held vertically by a clamp with its tip in contact with the calculus phantom underneath the fiber inside a holder. The stone was held fixed during the ablation study.
The pictures of the test setup, (a) ablation test setup with 10 mm phantom; (b) Retropulsion test setup with 10 mm phantom.
The laser ablation crater volume in the phantom due to the laser pulse and calculus interaction was measured by a digital microscope (VHX-900F, Keyence, Elmwood Park, NJ, USA). In the retropulsion test setup (b), the fiber was held horizontally, pointing to an underwater pendulum phantom cube with a dimension of 10 × 10 × 10 mm3. The pendulum length was ~200 mm, and the phantom was held by 2 strings with a separation of ~10 mm in a clear plastic basket. The retropulsion motion of the calculus phantom was recorded and analyzed by a high-speed camera.
Figure 2 is a screenshot of DOE by Design-Expert®10. There are three categories of the laser parameter settings: energy, number of pulses, and electrical pump pulse widths (not the optical output pulse width). The ten-pulses range was selected since the typical retropulsion of a 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 will reach its maximum amplitude after ~1 s of 10 Hz 1 J pulse train from the fiber tip [52]. There are 5 × 3 × 3 = 45 data points with the combination of all the laser parameters.
A screenshot of DOE by DesignExpert-10.
It is challenging to characterizing the URSL performance (ablation and retropulsion) in one setup that can mimic the clinical situation, especially measuring retropulsion [55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61]. In this study, in vitro investigations of Ho:YAG laser-induced stone ablation and retropulsion were performed with a benchtop model first introduced by Sroka’s group [55, 60]. It is a test that can be performed in a highly reproducible manner using a hands-free setup and measuring the effects of multiple pulses which are mimicking the clinical situation. The advantage of this setup has two folds: 1) No human factor, hands-free, independent repetitive experiments; 2) Providing measurement results for both ablation rate and retropulsion speed. Although the stone moves during the test, which means the distance between the fiber tip and the stone is not a constant, which will report a lower ablation rate, it is still an efficient way to generate meaningful data in terms of ablation and retropulsion for comparing different laser modes. Table 2 is a description of the list of the key components of the setup.
Item | Description |
---|---|
PowerSuite™ Ho:YAG 100 W (VersaPulse® 100 W, Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) | |
365-μm Core (S-LLF365 SureFlex Fiber, American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) | |
BEGO Stone 15:3 (BEGO GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) | |
Sony RX100 IV (Sony Corporation of America, NY, USA) | |
Sartorius Entris 224-1S (Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany) | |
Design-Expert® (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413) |
The list of components of the experimental setup.
The setup, an acrylic cylinder with a drill hole mimicking the ureter ending in a conical base, is illustrated in Figure 3. The diameter of the drill hole can be adapted to the clinical situation (e.g., ureter diameter) or stone size. The stone phantom is a 5 mm cubic shape Bego stone with a composition of 15:3 [62]. The setup is in an upright position filled with the saline at a designated flow speed. The optical fiber is attached through a borehole at the base of the acrylic cylinder. Therefore, laser energy can be delivered to the stone phantom to produce vertical displacement. The gravity and the viscosity of the water are the steady resistances to this motion.
(A) Test setup including the stone phantom containment vessel, the water flow inlet, and outlet tubes, application fiber, and a high-speed camera. (B) Stone phantom vertical movement vs. video frame.
The ablation is quantified by the stone phantom mass deficit after the laser stone interaction by a scale with a resolution of +/− 0.0001 g (Entris 224-1S Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany).
The retropulsion is quantified by the vertical displacement velocity of the stone during the laser stone interaction. A high-speed camera, Sony RX100 IV (1000 fps), oriented perpendicular to the upright motion and aimed to the middle of the artificial ureter, registers the event for ~7 seconds. The video subsequently is analyzed in MATLAB, and a representative stone sample vertical displacement graph vs. video frame is illustrated in Figure 3(B). Initial data assessment incorporates background rectification and color tracking algorithm, recognition of the center of weight of the traced stone image in each frame and tracing the center of weight position as a function of time. Afterwards, each rising wing can be utilized to obtain the ascending vertical speed. The 1st Derivative of rising flanks displays the mean velocity of the stone 𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥/𝜕𝑡 (x-displacement, t-time), and the velocity of rising flanks is proportional to the applied momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚 ∗ v (m-stone mass, v-stone velocity).
The experiment is designed by Design-Expert® with randomized optimal (custom), two replicate points, and two lack-of-fit points. Figure 4 is a few screenshots of the DOE of laser pulse energy: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5 J and frequency: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 Hz. A sample size of 14 is used for each data point, and each sample was applied with 15 seconds long laser dose.
A few screen shots of the DOE. (A) Design layout; (B) design graphic columns.
The retropulsion videos taken by a high-speed camera at 10 k FPS were analyzed by a MATLAB program for the pendulum swing amplitude. Figure 5(a) is some sample curves of the retropulsion movement; each data point is the average of 10 measurements.
Retropulsion amplitude measurement results.
Figure 6 is the screenshots of the response surface of retropulsion amplitude at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical formula of the response surface of retropulsion is shown in Formula (1). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted and Adjusted R-Squares, and acceptable precision (8.324, > 4.0).
The screen shots of the response surface of retropulsion amplitude against pulse width and number of pulses at pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where A is the amplitude of retropulsion in mm, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
The volume of the hole by laser ablation was quantified by a digital microscope. A representative picture is in Figure 7.
Volume of ablation response measurement results. Screenshot of VHX-900F digital microscope;
According to the response surface information from the above section, the Design-Expert® -10 app can produce a response surface and the analytical equation. Figure 8 is the pictures of the response surface of volume of ablation versus the pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy status of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical formula of the response surface of the volume of ablation, including the polynomial terms of two factors interactions, is shown in Formula (2). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted (0.8636) and Adjusted (0.9177) R-Squares, and acceptable precision (15.46, > 4.0).
The screenshots of the response surface of volume of ablation with two factors interactions fit against pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where V is the ablation volume in mm3, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
Figure 9 is the pictures of the response surface of ablation volume under the quadratic fit with pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy status of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical equation of the response surface of ablation volume, involving the polynomial terms of two factors interactions, is illustrated in Eq. (3). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted (0.9900) and Adjusted (0.9999) R-Squares, and acceptable precision (466.6, > 4.0).
The screenshots of the response surface of volume of ablation with quadratic fit against pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where V is the ablation volume in mm3, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
Figure 10 is the ablation and retropulsion in percentages by 10 pulses of the 1000 μs pulses versus those of 333 μs. The variation of the volume of between long and short pulse is comparatively larger at 1 J and 2 J level contrasting to retropulsion. Namely, ablation declines more swiftly than retropulsion when expanding pulse width.
The percentages of ablation and retropulsion by 10 pulses of the 1000 μs pulses in reference to those of 333 μs.
Figure 11(A) and (B) are the screenshots of the response surface of ablation rate and the retropulsion velocity; each data point is the average of 14 measurements. The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit (except P = 0.04 for the ablation rate), acceptable agreement of the predicted and adjusted R-squares, and acceptable precision (> 4.0).
(A) Response surface of ablation rate over laser pulse energy and frequency; (B) response surface of retropulsion velocity over laser pulse energy and frequency.
The coded equation can predict the response for each of the control parameters. By convention, the high elevations of the parameters are coded as +1, and the low elevations of the parameters are coded as −1. The coded equation is valuable at attaining the comparable impact parameters by the coefficients of each term.
Coded analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse energy is:
AP-100 – Ablation rate, RP-100 -Retropulsion velocity, A-Frequency, B-Energy
From the coded equation, we can see the impact of the laser pulse energy is 1.4 times that of the frequency on the ablation rate, while for retropulsion velocity, the impact of the laser pulse energy is 5.8 times that of the frequency. This indicates the laser pulse energy setting has a vital impact on both ablation rate and retropulsion velocity.
The actual analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse energy is:
Figure 12(A) and (B) are the optimized laser settings listed with equal weight ratio between ablation rate and retropulsion velocity. The 1st optimized laser setting is 1.2 J 40 Hz. IF we choose a 1:3 weight ratio between ablation rate and retropulsion velocity, the 1st optimized laser setting becomes 0.6 J 40 Hz. This means the “optimized” laser setting depends on the criterion used.
(A) List of optimized laser parameters with even weight (50/50) of ablation and retropulsion speed; (B) ramp view of the chosen laser parameters with even weight (50/50) of ablation and retropulsion speed.
The laser pulse peak power is another way of evaluating the laser damage to the stone [63]. The peak power value is defined by the laser pulse energy over the full pulse width (full width of pulse at ~10% of max amplitude). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted and Adjusted R-Squares, and acceptable precision (> 4.0).
Figure 13(A) and (B) are the screenshots of the response surface of ablation rate and the retropulsion velocity in terms of laser pulse peak power.
(A) Response surface of ablation rate over laser pulse peak power and frequency; (B) response surface of retropulsion velocity over laser pulse peak power and frequency.
Coded analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse Peak power is:
AP-100 is the Ablation rate, RP-100 is the Retropulsion speed, A is the Frequency, B is the Peak power, and C is the Pulse width.
From the Eqs. 8 and 9, we can see the peak power has roughly the same influence as the frequency on the ablation rate; and for retropulsion speed, the peak power’s influence is 13 folds that of the frequency. Namely, the peak power parameter is crucial to retropulsion speed.
The actual analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse peak power is:
Figure 14(A) and (B) are the optimized laser settings listed with an equal weight ratio of the ablation rate and retropulsion velocity. The 1st optimized laser setting is 3.3 kW 40 Hz 320 μs. IF we choose a 1:3 weight ratio of the ablation rate and retropulsion velocity, the 1st optimized laser setting becomes 2.2 kW 40 Hz 320 μs. This means the “optimized” laser setting depends on the criterion used.
(A) List of optimal laser settings with equal weight (50/50) of ablation rate and retropulsion velocity; (B) ramp view of the selected laser settings with equal weight (50/50) of ablation rate and retropulsion velocity.
In the coded formulas of the response surface (1) and (2), the pulse energy is the dominant control input factor for both the responses of retropulsion and ablation (1.42 and 1.11); while the control input pulse width has more than an order of magnitude less influence on the responses of ablation and retropulsion (−0.0083 versus −0.0021). And the two-factor terms have even lesser influence (a few times to an order of magnitude) than the first-order terms. The pulse number term seems to have some nonlinear effects between long and short pulses at pulse numbers ~7-8 from Figure 9. This effect could be due to the vapor bubble behavior of [47]. As it is shown in Figure 15(b) since the vapor bubble of the long laser pulse will have a much-elongated shape bubble which can be divided into two small bubbles which will collapse sequentially with the 2nd bubble collapses further away from the fiber tip as compared to the bubble of a short laser pulse. Therefore, the long laser pulse can make a deeper crater. This effect will be enhanced at higher pulse energy, and furthermore, since both fiber and calculus were fixed, the depth of the hole max out after ~7-8 pulses.
Series of screenshots of vapor bubbles behavior of Ho lasers. (a) Ho at 1 J, 150 μs; (b) Ho at 1 J, 800 μs.
For the response of ablation rate, the coded formulas of the response surface reveal that the control input laser pulse energy is 1.4 times as impactful as that of the frequency, and the laser pulse peak power has the same impact as the frequency; while for the response of retropulsion, the control input laser pulse energy is 5.8 times as impactful as that of the frequency, and laser pulse peak power has 13 times as impactful as the frequency. The laser pulse peak power is the dominant control input factor for the response of stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy.
As for the optimal lithotripsy laser dosimetry (setting), there are conflict interests to deliver more energy per time (more power or fluence) and achieve faster lithotripsy but at the cost of more retropulsion and larger fragments. As concluded by Sea J et al. in Ref [47], the optimal lithotripsy laser setting depends on the individual case condition (calculus type, size, location, etc.) and the desired outcome. The response surfaces are generated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the tested data points, and a ranked list of the optimized laser settings can be generated by the criteria the user selected. If the least retropulsion is the desired, the most effectual method to curtail stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy is to decrease the peak power (which has the maximum influential coefficient in the coded response surface equations). Dongyul C et al. investigated the ablation thresholds of stone sample by peak power density [63], which presents a recommendation of the lowest peak power for Bego calculus phantom ablation.
In this chapter, the application of RSM were conducted by two sets of DOE experiments: 1) with a prototype CTH:YAG laser system, the RSM reveals that the dominant control input laser parameters that influence the responses of lithotripsy outcome: the ablation or retropulsion is Inversely proportional to the pulse width, and the pulse width has a higher impact coefficient to the ablation than that to the retropulsion. The quadratic fit of the response surface for the volume of ablation has a nonlinear relationship with the pulse width and number of the pulse. 2) the laser setting optimization of laser lithotripsy of a commercially available CTH:YAG laser system: a series of laser settings for relatively efficient laser lithotripsy (maximize the ablation rate while minimizing the retropulsion as well as to improve the discharge of fragments via the urinary tract) in terms of control input laser pulse energy and peak power. Comparing to the control input frequency, the laser pulse energy or peak power has a higher impact coefficient to the response of stone retropulsion as compared to the response of stone ablation in Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. The most efficient way to curtail stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy is to lower the laser pulse peak power.
More detailed investigation of the optimal conditions for the ablation of other kinds of calculus samples and the fiber size/burn back effects will be conducted as a future study.
The author thanks the colleagues of Boston Scientific Corporation: Jonathan Rutherford, Metasebya Solomon, and Dongyul Chai for experimental data collection; Sean Curran and Nicholas Nimchuk for their assistance with the Design-Expert® (DX10) software license, data analysis, fitting, and optimization; and Jason R Xuan, Thomas Hasenberg and Timothy Harrah for technical discussions on the results.
The opinions expressed in this book chapter is solely those of the author and not necessarily those of Boston Scientific Corporation (BSC). BSC does not guarantee the accuracy or reliability of the information provided herein.
Edited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11603",title:"People Management - Highlighting Futures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"982c56a5fb4684d966f8f5e76b2638f5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Diana Dias and Dr. Carla Magalhães",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11603.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"450553",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",surname:"Dias",slug:"diana-dias",fullName:"Diana Dias"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11878",title:"Advances in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a664ad52eded5aa2ca06403e76bab30a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos and Dr. Andrea Ciorba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11878.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11440",title:"Aggression and Violent Behaviour",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7f1d671b6a9e4df140f63d940ee2a1e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11440.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"287692",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",surname:"Lewis",slug:"catherine-lewis",fullName:"Catherine Lewis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11551",title:"Blockchain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"26f3d47bfbfd96e25e5b46001876cc48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vardan Mkrttchian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11551.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333134",title:"Prof.",name:"Vardan",surname:"Mkrttchian",slug:"vardan-mkrttchian",fullName:"Vardan Mkrttchian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11555",title:"Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing - New Trends and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"42b6f15e5d9044c3abd00c231efec806",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rodrigo da Rosa Righi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11555.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69889",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"da Rosa Righi",slug:"rodrigo-da-rosa-righi",fullName:"Rodrigo da Rosa Righi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11609",title:"Fungicides - Application, Technologies, and Materials for the Future of Plant Disease Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3a8c9d55c21ce8d69d2edc94f9e592f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11609.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1806716f60b9be14fc05682c4a912b41",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Margherita Mori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11873",title:"Arthroplasty - Advanced Techniques and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ced605018c59717c3e55f59474339ca9",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11873.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11458",title:"Human-Robot Interaction - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2003e3388833e911f610e0cd9788a5e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11458.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11506",title:"Antenna Arrays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b378e33d6f6e73721ee0dacbbb89aa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo, Dr. Nijas Kunju and Dr. Aldebaro Klautau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:423},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"591",title:"Reverse Engineering",slug:"reverse-engineering",parent:{id:"95",title:"Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:33,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"591",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1387",title:"Reverse Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f87643af49fef069017d4c31295ee52",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Alexandru C. Telea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108150",title:"Dr.",name:"A.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Telea",slug:"a.c.-telea",fullName:"A.C. Telea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30511",doi:"10.5772/32931",title:"GUIsurfer: A Reverse Engineering Framework for User Interface Software",slug:"guisurfer-a-generic-reverse-engineering-framework-for-interactive-system-analysis",totalDownloads:2486,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"José Creissac Campos, João Saraiva, Carlos Silva and João Carlos Silva",authors:[{id:"93250",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"joao-silva",fullName:"Joao Silva"},{id:"93253",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"joao-saraiva",fullName:"Joao Saraiva"},{id:"93260",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Creissac",slug:"jose-creissac",fullName:"Jose Creissac"},{id:"93280",title:"MSc",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Silva",slug:"carlos-silva",fullName:"Carlos Silva"}]},{id:"30510",doi:"10.5772/33586",title:"Software Reverse Engineering in the Domain of Complex Embedded Systems",slug:"software-reverse-engineering-in-the-domain-of-complex-embedded-systems",totalDownloads:2703,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Holger M. Kienle, Johan Kraft and Hausi A. Müller",authors:[{id:"96251",title:"Dr.",name:"Holger",middleName:null,surname:"Kienle",slug:"holger-kienle",fullName:"Holger Kienle"},{id:"96256",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Kraft",slug:"johan-kraft",fullName:"Johan Kraft"},{id:"129157",title:"Prof.",name:"Hausi",middleName:null,surname:"Muller",slug:"hausi-muller",fullName:"Hausi Muller"}]},{id:"30515",doi:"10.5772/33224",title:"Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized 3D Point Clouds",slug:"surface-reconstruction-from-unorganized-3d-point-clouds",totalDownloads:4291,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Patric Keller, Martin Hering-Bertram and Hans Hagen",authors:[{id:"93856",title:"Dr.",name:"Patric",middleName:null,surname:"Keller",slug:"patric-keller",fullName:"Patric Keller"},{id:"99573",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Hering-Bertram",slug:"martin-hering-bertram",fullName:"Martin Hering-Bertram"},{id:"124276",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Haggen",slug:"hans-haggen",fullName:"Hans Haggen"}]},{id:"30517",doi:"10.5772/32419",title:"A Review on Shape Engineering and Design Parameterization in Reverse Engineering",slug:"3d-shape-engineering-and-design-parameterization",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Kuang-Hua Chang",authors:[{id:"91448",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuang-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"kuang-hua-chang",fullName:"Kuang-Hua Chang"}]},{id:"30512",doi:"10.5772/32473",title:"MDA-Based Reverse Engineering",slug:"mda-based-reverse-engineering",totalDownloads:2817,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Liliana Favre",authors:[{id:"91655",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Favre",slug:"liliana-favre",fullName:"Liliana Favre"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"30515",title:"Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized 3D Point Clouds",slug:"surface-reconstruction-from-unorganized-3d-point-clouds",totalDownloads:4291,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Patric Keller, Martin Hering-Bertram and Hans Hagen",authors:[{id:"93856",title:"Dr.",name:"Patric",middleName:null,surname:"Keller",slug:"patric-keller",fullName:"Patric Keller"},{id:"99573",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Hering-Bertram",slug:"martin-hering-bertram",fullName:"Martin Hering-Bertram"},{id:"124276",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Haggen",slug:"hans-haggen",fullName:"Hans Haggen"}]},{id:"30513",title:"Reverse Engineering Platform Independent Models from Business Software Applications",slug:"reverse-engineering-platform-independent-models-from-business-software-applications",totalDownloads:2184,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Rama Akkiraju, Tilak Mitra and Usha Thulasiram",authors:[{id:"107881",title:"Ms.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Akkiraju",slug:"rama-akkiraju",fullName:"Rama Akkiraju"}]},{id:"30519",title:"Reverse Engineering Gene Regulatory Networks by Integrating Multi-Source Biological Data",slug:"reverse-engineering-gene-regulatory-networks-by-integrating-multi-source-biological-data",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Yuji Zhang, Habtom W. Ressom and Jean-Pierre A. Kocher",authors:[{id:"94742",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuji-zhang",fullName:"Yuji Zhang"},{id:"128447",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtom",middleName:null,surname:"Ressom",slug:"habtom-ressom",fullName:"Habtom Ressom"},{id:"132971",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Kocher",slug:"jean-pierre-kocher",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Kocher"}]},{id:"30511",title:"GUIsurfer: A Reverse Engineering Framework for User Interface Software",slug:"guisurfer-a-generic-reverse-engineering-framework-for-interactive-system-analysis",totalDownloads:2486,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"José Creissac Campos, João Saraiva, Carlos Silva and João Carlos Silva",authors:[{id:"93250",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"joao-silva",fullName:"Joao Silva"},{id:"93253",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"joao-saraiva",fullName:"Joao Saraiva"},{id:"93260",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Creissac",slug:"jose-creissac",fullName:"Jose Creissac"},{id:"93280",title:"MSc",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Silva",slug:"carlos-silva",fullName:"Carlos Silva"}]},{id:"30517",title:"A Review on Shape Engineering and Design Parameterization in Reverse Engineering",slug:"3d-shape-engineering-and-design-parameterization",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1387",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications"},signatures:"Kuang-Hua Chang",authors:[{id:"91448",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuang-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"kuang-hua-chang",fullName:"Kuang-Hua Chang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"591",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/238628",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"238628"},fullPath:"/profiles/238628",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()