Profile of the respondents (N = 413).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8970",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Tourism",title:"Tourism",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Tourism was booming until 2019 when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Since then, tourism and related industries have suffered from negative economic impacts. This book examines current challenges and opportunities in the tourism industry using case studies from different parts of the world. It also examines the challenges and obstacles faced by the tourism sector due to lack of environmental policies, high crime rates, and poverty.",isbn:"978-1-83962-173-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-172-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-174-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82932",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"tourism",numberOfPages:348,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4b086129cadc323ba152b00c6386c2c8",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8970.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8231,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 2nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 9th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254664/images/system/254664.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Xuzhou University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Nanjing University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"71",title:"Hospitality Management",slug:"hospitality-management"}],chapters:[{id:"73393",title:"Challenges and Advances in the Planning of Tourism with Amazon River Dolphins in the Brazilian Amazon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93894",slug:"challenges-and-advances-in-the-planning-of-tourism-with-amazon-river-dolphins-in-the-brazilian-amazo",totalDownloads:466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Being considered charismatic cetaceans are among the animals most sought after in tourist interactions that may involve observation, touch, swimming, and provisioning food. This tourism model has the potential to generate socioeconomic and conservationist benefits. However, when carried out in a disorderly manner, this can have a negative impact on cetaceans and tourists alike. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges and advances within the process of participatory planning of tourism with Amazon River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). Our goal is to present strategies that can support the development of projects and public policies aimed at management of wildlife tourism in other areas. Since its implementation at the Anavilhanas National Park - Brazil, the activity had never had its impact monitored by any competent bodies, and this has led to problems and quick spreading to other sites. The rules and guidelines implemented in have significantly reduced risks for tourists and dolphins alike, improving tourist experience and promoting the awareness of animal life. However, many issues remain and need to be solved, especially in the protected areas. These include reduced staff levels, which limits the ability to implement and monitor planned actions. Such shortcomings lead to setbacks in the development of tourist activities with cetaceans.",signatures:"Marcelo Derzi Vidal, Priscila Maria da Costa Santos, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rodrigues Chaves and Robert Swett",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73393",authors:[{id:"322901",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Derzi",surname:"Vidal",slug:"marcelo-derzi-vidal",fullName:"Marcelo Derzi Vidal"},{id:"329272",title:"MSc.",name:"Priscila Maria da Costa",surname:"Santos",slug:"priscila-maria-da-costa-santos",fullName:"Priscila Maria da Costa Santos"},{id:"329274",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rodrigues",surname:"Chaves",slug:"maria-do-perpetuo-socorro-rodrigues-chaves",fullName:"Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rodrigues Chaves"},{id:"329275",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Swett",slug:"robert-swett",fullName:"Robert Swett"}],corrections:null},{id:"76910",title:"From Eco to Sustainable Tourism, the Contradictions and Challenges of Nature-Based Tourism: The Case of Polar Cruises",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96914",slug:"from-eco-to-sustainable-tourism-the-contradictions-and-challenges-of-nature-based-tourism-the-case-o",totalDownloads:298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polar tourism includes all leisure travel products set in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. As such, it is conditioned by an interest for nature in extreme settings (polar desert, cold climate, harsh travel conditions – when by sea. The Arctic adds an additional interest for indigenous cultures. Trying to met those tourism interests, a specialized cruise tourism branch developed in the late 1980s (thu sporadic cruises were held back from the XIXth century onward) providing exclusive access the most difficult and far distant latitudes of the High Arctic and opposite Antarctic coastline. In any form of tourism, operators must protect the resources their economic activities rest upon as any deterioration they suffer will sooner or later impact the experiente and its viability. Hence a paradox: how to protect the ecological (and cultural) integrity of these features for sustained competitiveness? Since its emergence, as an industry some 40 years ago, the polar cruising has followed trends in environmental and social management, referring in their marketing and travel policies to both eco- and sustainable tourism. Serving the wealthy customers, initially the well traveled elderly, the ship-based polar industry kept a simple programme of lecture and soft-oriented activities, namely inflatable cruising in icy bays and close-to-shore trekking. Yet, with an increasing clientele of younger middle-age tourists, operators have also diversified their excursion products to offer more sportive-oriented activities off-ship. As long as these activities were non-fuel based, the operators enforced their ecological management claims. But with more fuel-based activities (helicopter, Zodiac sightseeing), and therefore a more invasive approach to the sensitive ecosystems visited, can this industry continue to claim to be sustainable? Based on the sustainable claims made by two important polar cruise operators, this study ams to underlines that while the polar cruise industry, as a whole, might seek to improve its ecological footprint, there remains many contradiction between their will to be environmental and the desire to conquer the environment.",signatures:"Alain A. Grenier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76910",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76910",authors:[{id:"324497",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain A.",surname:"Grenier",slug:"alain-a.-grenier",fullName:"Alain A. Grenier"}],corrections:null},{id:"73547",title:"The Light-Up of Dark Bali Tourism: A Qualitative Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93389",slug:"the-light-up-of-dark-bali-tourism-a-qualitative-study",totalDownloads:346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tourism world currently stumbles due to Corona virus case that limits all human activities including those related to traveling. Various efforts in every country have been conducted to rebuild tourism to the normal condition; however, each country has its own obstacles. This study aims to create a strategic model in developing tourism based on cultural values or local wisdom to rebuild tourism passion to support economy. This study is a qualitative study using cultural approaches with ethnomethodology tools. Data are collected through in-depth interview with tourism actors: government and communities represented by traditional village leaders. The qualitative results indicate that cultural values summarized in a harmonization concept—harmony with God, harmony with fellow human being, and harmony with environment—become a model core that influences human behavior in developing tourism, namely: natural tourism, cultural tourism, spiritual tourism, culinary tourism, conference tourism, and so on. Traditional villages become the second pillar in developing tourism and it supports by local government. Another finding is that Bali will conduct a shift in tourism from cultural-based tourism to those that give more emphasis on natural tourism based on cultural and religious values as a promoter. The strategy will support health protocol related to physical distancing between tourists.",signatures:"I. Putu Astawa, Tjokorda Gde Raka Sukawati and I. Nyoman Gede Sugiartha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73547",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73547",authors:[{id:"322956",title:"Prof.",name:"I. Putu",surname:"Astawa",slug:"i.-putu-astawa",fullName:"I. Putu Astawa"},{id:"322967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Raka",surname:"Sukawati",slug:"tjokorda-gde-raka-sukawati",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Raka Sukawati"},{id:"323920",title:"Dr.",name:"I. Nyoman Gede",surname:"Sugiartha",slug:"i.-nyoman-gede-sugiartha",fullName:"I. Nyoman Gede Sugiartha"}],corrections:null},{id:"73254",title:"Opportunities and Obstacles in the Global Tourism Industry: A Story of Post-Covid-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93683",slug:"opportunities-and-obstacles-in-the-global-tourism-industry-a-story-of-post-covid-19",totalDownloads:786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The rapid spread of Covid-19 has had far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives in almost all parts of the world. Furthermore, it creates a negative impact on trade and economic activities, which further has spillover social problems, including unemployment and poverty. Moreover, in the tourism sector, millions of people lost their jobs, and hundreds of airlines are nearly bankrupt. This chapter is intended to investigate the link between the outbreak of Covid-19 and its effect on the tourism sector. The discussion reveals that due to the Covid-19, tourism sector declined sharply, but it provides an opportunity to transform our polluted world into a green one, which will have a significant and positive impact on global tourism in upcoming years. Finally, the chapter provides practical implications and recommendations, which will help policymakers to formulate an eco-friendly mechanism in the tourism sector.",signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Laeeq Razzak Janjua and Zhang Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73254",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan"},{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu"},{id:"328959",title:"Dr.",name:"Laeeq Razzak",surname:"Janjua",slug:"laeeq-razzak-janjua",fullName:"Laeeq Razzak Janjua"}],corrections:null},{id:"74482",title:"Applying and Promoting the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) for the Sustainable Development of the Recreational Seaport Industry in Malaysia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93765",slug:"applying-and-promoting-the-seaport-quality-system-sqs-and-spatial-interaction-model-sim-for-the-sust",totalDownloads:326,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recreational seaport industry carries out many critical functions, including transport circulation, logistics, commercial, and spatial ones. They influence local economic growth and determine the quality of recreational seaport. However, the definition of recreational seaport quality has remained elusive among the community, at present. Hence, this chapter explores the current literature by using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to derive at the definition of seaport quality based on three categories: seaport effectiveness, seaport reliability, and seaport governance, which will be main pillars for the development of marinas. This chapter proposes the Seaport Quality System (SQS) and Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) as a way to develop approaches and strategies that support sustainable planning and management of recreational seaports and marinas in countries with extensive coastlines. It is proposed that in order to offer sustainable and quality services, marinas must adopt the SQS model based on identifying and managing quality and risks. In addition, SIM can be utilised to improve the marinas operations by adopting key components in cruise activities, economic corridors and seaport regionalisation. The combination of both models are essential to enhance the growth momentum of marinas in this country.",signatures:"Mohamad Rosni Othman, Jagan Jeevan, Nurul Haqimin Salleh and Noor Azwa Noralam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74482",authors:[{id:"322938",title:"Dr.",name:"Jagan",surname:"Jeevan",slug:"jagan-jeevan",fullName:"Jagan Jeevan"},{id:"329107",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamad Rosni",surname:"Othman",slug:"mohamad-rosni-othman",fullName:"Mohamad Rosni Othman"},{id:"329109",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurul Haqimin",surname:"Salleh",slug:"nurul-haqimin-salleh",fullName:"Nurul Haqimin Salleh"},{id:"329110",title:"Ms.",name:"Noor Azwa",surname:"Noralam",slug:"noor-azwa-noralam",fullName:"Noor Azwa Noralam"}],corrections:null},{id:"74446",title:"Tourism Impact on Environmental Sustainability: A Focus on the Cruise Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93922",slug:"tourism-impact-on-environmental-sustainability-a-focus-on-the-cruise-industry",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The growth of the Global Economy and in particular the Caribbean Islands has been for the last two decades fueled by the cruise shipping industry. However, the growth in this industry gives rise to the expansion in ship size and the number of destinations. Unfortunately, the cruise line industry is responsible for the largest volume of waste, pollutants and destruction to marine lives when compared to other maritime industry sector. This chapter seeks to highlight the correlation between the industry and the growing global need for vibrant economies, a high quality of life, while protecting the environment and sustaining the world’s natural resources. A review of several literature has shown that within the last twenty years, the cruise lines have invested a lot of time and money correcting the negative environmental impacts created. Several proactive and green shipping initiatives designed to improve environmental management were successfully implemented by the industry. These diverse initiatives are group as follows: Research and Innovation, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Marketing, Awareness raising/environmental education initiative, and Green technologies. Emanating from these initiatives are: reduce or obviate of harmful environmental emissions and environmental management improvements and ultimately an environment that is experiencing an increased level of sustainability and economic activities.",signatures:"Kirkland Robert Anderson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74446",authors:[{id:"267131",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirkland Robert",surname:"Anderson",slug:"kirkland-robert-anderson",fullName:"Kirkland Robert Anderson"}],corrections:null},{id:"73876",title:"Development of a Destination Image Recovery Model for Enhancing the Performance of the Tourism Sector in the Developing World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93854",slug:"development-of-a-destination-image-recovery-model-for-enhancing-the-performance-of-the-tourism-secto",totalDownloads:511,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is based on a doctoral thesis on the development of a destination image (DI) recovery model for enhancing the performance of the tourism sector in Zimbabwe. The study was prompted by the failure of African destinations to develop DI image recovery models. A pragmatist paradigm, a convergent parallel mixed methodology research approach and a cross sectional survey were adopted. A sample of three hundred and nineteen comprising international tourists, service providers and key informants was used. A structured, semi-structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide were used respectively. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and AMOS version 25 while qualitative data was analyzed using NVivo version 12. Tests were conducted using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the multiple independent variables. The major findings were that price, ancillary services and amenities significantly influenced affective image while ancillary services significantly influenced destination performance. The study recommended that the Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry trains tourism stakeholders including the host community in order to achieve sustainable destination image recovery.",signatures:"Phillip Farayi Kanokanga, Marian Tukuta and Oliver Chikuta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73876",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73876",authors:[{id:"324894",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip Farayi",surname:"Kanokanga",slug:"phillip-farayi-kanokanga",fullName:"Phillip Farayi Kanokanga"},{id:"329365",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",surname:"Tukuta",slug:"marian-tukuta",fullName:"Marian Tukuta"},{id:"329366",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",surname:"Chikuta",slug:"oliver-chikuta",fullName:"Oliver Chikuta"}],corrections:null},{id:"74265",title:"Contribution of Domestic Tourism to Sustainable Tourism Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93646",slug:"contribution-of-domestic-tourism-to-sustainable-tourism-development",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tourism literature is awash with evidence of the value of domestic tourism to the tourism industry in general. However; there is limited knowledge of how domestic tourism is contributing towards sustainable tourism development especially in developing countries. This study explored the contribution of domestic tourism to sustainable tourism development in Zimbabwe, one developing country in Southern Africa. Using qualitative methodologies, data were collected and thematically analysed. The study revealed that domestic tourism has both positive and negative contributions to sustainable tourism development in unique ways. In conclusion, it was noted that without domestic tourism, Zimbabwe as a tourism destination would be struggling to grow its tourism product offering and expand its market share on the global tourism market.",signatures:"Forbes Kabote",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74265",authors:[{id:"324488",title:"Dr.",name:"Forbes",surname:"Kabote",slug:"forbes-kabote",fullName:"Forbes Kabote"}],corrections:null},{id:"71919",title:"Vein Thrombosis Risk in Women and Travel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92229",slug:"vein-thrombosis-risk-in-women-and-travel",totalDownloads:681,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs is a serious condition that can lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in about 15–24% of cases. If it is not diagnosed/treated timely, nearly 15% of these PE are lethal. The relationship between travel and staying in the same position for a long time is well-known since World War II. Generally, it is more frequent in air flights. It is also associated with the economic downturn in airplanes because passengers have limited space and have greater difficulty of moving. It is estimated that approximately 1–6% of long-haul passengers arrive at their destination with a clot in their veins, but most DVT are asymptomatic.",signatures:"Panagiotis Tsikouras, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Theodora Deftereou, Anna Chalkidou, Anastasia Bothou, Fotini Gaitatzi, Eleftherios Chatzimichael, Selma Gyroglou, Arsou Chalil Bourazan, George Stanulov, Spyridon Michalopoulos, John Tsirkas, Irene Babageogaka, Werner Rath, Georg-Friedrich Von Tempelhoff, Stefanos Zervoudis, Georgios Iatrakis, Georgios Galazios and Nikolaos Nikolettos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71919",authors:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras"},{id:"229224",title:"Ms.",name:"Theodora",surname:"Deftereou",slug:"theodora-deftereou",fullName:"Theodora Deftereou"},{id:"229225",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Chalkidou",slug:"anna-chalkidou",fullName:"Anna Chalkidou"},{id:"229226",title:"Ms.",name:"Xanthoula",surname:"Anthoulaki",slug:"xanthoula-anthoulaki",fullName:"Xanthoula Anthoulaki"},{id:"229227",title:"Ms.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Bothou",slug:"anastasia-bothou",fullName:"Anastasia Bothou"},{id:"229230",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Zervoudis",slug:"stefanos-zervoudis",fullName:"Stefanos Zervoudis"},{id:"229232",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Iatrakis",slug:"georgios-iatrakis",fullName:"Georgios Iatrakis"},{id:"229233",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Galazios",slug:"georgios-galazios",fullName:"Georgios Galazios"},{id:"290371",title:"Mrs.",name:"Fotini",surname:"Gaitatzi",slug:"fotini-gaitatzi",fullName:"Fotini Gaitatzi"},{id:"290372",title:"Mr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Tsirkas",slug:"ioannis-tsirkas",fullName:"Ioannis Tsirkas"},{id:"290373",title:"Mrs.",name:"Arsou",surname:"Chalil Bourazan",slug:"arsou-chalil-bourazan",fullName:"Arsou Chalil Bourazan"},{id:"290374",title:"Dr.",name:"Werner",surname:"Rath",slug:"werner-rath",fullName:"Werner Rath"},{id:"298197",title:"Mrs.",name:"Eirini",surname:"Bampageorgaka",slug:"eirini-bampageorgaka",fullName:"Eirini Bampageorgaka"},{id:"299669",title:"Prof.",name:"Georg-Friedrich",surname:"Von Tempelhoff",slug:"georg-friedrich-von-tempelhoff",fullName:"Georg-Friedrich Von Tempelhoff"},{id:"300195",title:"Mr.",name:"George",surname:"Stanulov",slug:"george-stanulov",fullName:"George Stanulov"},{id:"303163",title:"Dr.",name:"Spyridon",surname:"Michalopoulos",slug:"spyridon-michalopoulos",fullName:"Spyridon Michalopoulos"},{id:"317103",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Nikolettos",slug:"nikolaos-nikolettos",fullName:"Nikolaos Nikolettos"},{id:"317104",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"Gyroglou",slug:"selma-gyroglou",fullName:"Selma Gyroglou"},{id:"317105",title:"Mr.",name:"Eleftherios",surname:"Chatzinmichael",slug:"eleftherios-chatzinmichael",fullName:"Eleftherios Chatzinmichael"}],corrections:null},{id:"74326",title:"Manta Ray Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93924",slug:"manta-ray-tourism",totalDownloads:432,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Manta rays are flagship species for marine conservation because of a number of threats including anthropogenic, overfishing, plastics (microplastics), over tourism, commercial trade (gills for medicine), and chaotic shipping lines where they often injured or killed. Because of these reasons, manta ray face risk of extinction and listed on the Red List of IUCN. A number of studies present the value of this fish estimated millions of dollars per year from tourism which show much greater valuable alive than dead. Responsible manta ray tourism encourages stakeholders to protect the species by generating incentives from tourism while develop conservations initiatives to protect the species. Desk study on current literatures were reviewed to identify the role of stakeholders in supporting the sustainable management of manta ray tourism. This chapter explored the operations of manta ray tourism in Indonesia as the study areas. In summary, to reach the positive contributions from manta ray tourism, there is an important role of co-management between stakeholders to ensure the sustainable operations and conservation of the ecology, economy, and socio-culture.",signatures:"Maulita Sari Hani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74326",authors:[{id:"323655",title:"Dr.",name:"Maulita Sari",surname:"Hani",slug:"maulita-sari-hani",fullName:"Maulita Sari Hani"}],corrections:null},{id:"73258",title:"Effective Leadership in the 21st Century: Lessons for the Tourism Sector in the African Continent",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93844",slug:"effective-leadership-in-the-21st-century-lessons-for-the-tourism-sector-in-the-african-continent",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although Africa has been one of the world’s fastest growing tourism regions, when comparing it to the rest of the world, tourism still lags behind. Tourism is a dynamic and a competitive industry that continues to develop whilst the tourists’ preferences are changing. Consequently, leading and managing in the tourism sector is of great importance, particularly in the 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to explore leadership concepts to draw lessons for the tourism sector in the African continent. Leadership in the African continent remains questionable and controversial; the nature of effective leadership has been the subject of great debate. The findings reveal the prominent African leadership concepts from Ubuntu, Culturally embedded values, Communalism, Common good and Paternalism as some of the existing leadership concepts that could be applicable to an effective leader in the 21st century in the tourism sector in Africa.",signatures:"Portia Pearl Siyanda Sifolo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73258",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73258",authors:[{id:"324889",title:"Dr.",name:"Portia Pearl Siyanda",surname:"Sifolo",slug:"portia-pearl-siyanda-sifolo",fullName:"Portia Pearl Siyanda Sifolo"}],corrections:null},{id:"76067",title:"Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post Covid-19 in Bandung City, Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94015",slug:"model-of-virtual-tourism-as-an-alternative-of-the-concept-of-architecture-tourism-post-covid-19-in-b",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The tourism sector as one of the sectors that has been hit by the Covid-19 pandemic needs a new breakthrough to enter a new normal era. Amid the ongoing paradigm shift and a number of new protocols will be implemented to welcome the new normal conditions in the tourism industry. The tourism sector in Indonesia, which has been absorbing many jobs, has been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic. Coupled with the difficulty of predicting when the pandemic will end, it is necessary to take smart steps in maintaining the sustainability of the tourism industry in entering an era of new norms. The new normal era brings new roles, new roads and expectations in the tourism sector. Digitalization that is growing rapidly and rapidly requires adaptation to new conditions and rearranging business strategies and models so that they can survive in the new normal era by adjusting technological developments. The development method used in this research is the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC). MDCL as a method for designing multimedia tools by emphasizing the 6 stages of multimedia development. The tools used in this application are PT GUI, Eclipse, and Google Maps. The objects of historical and heritage buildings that become the Sate Building, Villa Isola, the Geological Building, the Asian Africa Museum, and the Merdeka Building are made using immersive photography techniques. By representing information in the form of panoramic images, the 3600 makes it easy for users to visually display information from historical and heritage buildings in Bandung. The tourism model is virtually a possible form of tourism in the future.",signatures:"Asep Yudi Permana, Aathira Farah Salsabilla Permana and Karto Wijaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76067",authors:[{id:"322928",title:"Dr.",name:"Asep Yudi",surname:"Permana",slug:"asep-yudi-permana",fullName:"Asep Yudi Permana"}],corrections:null},{id:"73374",title:"Eco-Cultural Tourism: Sustainable Development and Promotion of Natural and Cultural Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93897",slug:"eco-cultural-tourism-sustainable-development-and-promotion-of-natural-and-cultural-heritage",totalDownloads:614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ecotourism has the eradication of poverty and environmental protection at its core. Both of these goals were established by the United Nations in 2012 though their development began in the 1980s. The purpose of this chapter is to analyse, using a comparative methodology, global and local eco-cultural tourism (natural, rural and urban areas) in tourist destinations of countries with emerging economies (Asia: China, Malaysia, Thailand), developed countries (Europe: Spain), and developing nations (South America: Peru, Argentina, Bolivia). The working hypothesis states that local, sustainable planning, endorsed by all the tourist agents is required, and should be led by the load capacity and the economic and environmental balance (green economies and ideologies), in order to answer to poverty and climate change problems by means of Tourist Projects directed by governmental policies and administrations. The outcomes suggest a need for a logistical change of policies, to prevent economies from generating pollution and carrying out abrasive activities associated with tourism. This change will create sustainable tourist destinations, the inclusion of populations, and the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage.",signatures:"Violante Martínez Quintana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73374",authors:[{id:"322905",title:"Mrs.",name:"Violante",surname:"Martínez Quintana",slug:"violante-martinez-quintana",fullName:"Violante Martínez Quintana"}],corrections:null},{id:"73647",title:"Gen Y: Emotions and Functions of Smartphone Use for Tourist Purposes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94245",slug:"gen-y-emotions-and-functions-of-smartphone-use-for-tourist-purposes",totalDownloads:525,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Smartphones have revolutionized the tourism industry due to their ability to create and improve the tourist experience, mostly among young users, especially those belonging to the Generation Y (Gen Y). Millennials, as the Generation Y is often referred to, stand out for their ability to travel more frequently and for longer periods, as well as for their often-addictive use of smartphones. Despite nomophobia is not a recent phenomenon, there are few research works on information and communication technologies and tourism that address the effects of smartphone use on the tourist experience. The objective of this exploratory study is to describe the feelings Gen Y experiences as a result of use smartphones during their travels, their tourism functionality, and the relationship between the two. The study is based on the application of an online survey to a representative sample. The results confirm the problems associated with smartphone use, especially among young people (16–19) and the existence of a correlation between smartphone use for tourist purposes and a positive travel experience. It has confirmed that they experience negative feelings and emotions. The study presents crucial information that destination marketing organizations can use to successfully integrate smartphones into their digital marketing and communication strategies.",signatures:"Alba-María Martínez-Sala, Concepción Campillo-Alhama and Irene Ramos-Soler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73647",authors:[{id:"316359",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba-María",surname:"Martínez-Sala",slug:"alba-maria-martinez-sala",fullName:"Alba-María Martínez-Sala"},{id:"329491",title:"Dr.",name:"Concepción",surname:"Campillo-Alhama",slug:"concepcion-campillo-alhama",fullName:"Concepción Campillo-Alhama"},{id:"329492",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Ramos-Soler",slug:"irene-ramos-soler",fullName:"Irene Ramos-Soler"}],corrections:null},{id:"74136",title:"Tourism Routes for the Diversification of Rural Livelihoods: A Methodological Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94871",slug:"tourism-routes-for-the-diversification-of-rural-livelihoods-a-methodological-approach",totalDownloads:305,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tourism routes are the configuration of resources and services into an experience. They are structured based on the characteristics of the local setting but also considering the tourists’ expectations motivations and interests. The objective of this manuscript is to present a methodological approach for the configuration and evaluation of tourism routes, using the municipality of Tenancingo, Mexico as a case study. The methodology followed consisted of three phases: 1) the identification and classification of resources; 2) the qualitative evaluation of the resources; and 3) the use of a route evaluation index to determine the suitability. The study concluded that the methodology allowed for the evaluation of different configurations, and the identification of the tourism route with the most potential, according to its characteristics.",signatures:"Emmanuel Mérida Velazquez, Tirzo Castañeda Martínez and Gandhi González-Guerrero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74136",authors:[{id:"325521",title:"Prof.",name:"Gandhi",surname:"González-Guerrero",slug:"gandhi-gonzalez-guerrero",fullName:"Gandhi González-Guerrero"},{id:"337481",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Mérida Velázquez",slug:"emmanuel-merida-velazquez",fullName:"Emmanuel Mérida Velázquez"},{id:"337482",title:"Dr.",name:"Tirzo",surname:"Castañeda Martínez",slug:"tirzo-castaneda-martinez",fullName:"Tirzo Castañeda Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"73267",title:"Developing a Rural Tourism Destination Brand Framework from the Perspective of a Relationship-Based Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93839",slug:"developing-a-rural-tourism-destination-brand-framework-from-the-perspective-of-a-relationship-based-",totalDownloads:480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this paper is to develop a destination brand framework for rural tourism destination. Bario a rural community in Sarawak (Borneo) in Malaysia was chosen as a study context. The choice of Bario over other pre-selected rural destinations is because of its unique remote destination. The primary data collection method for this paper was the in-depth interview with 48 participants; this was supplemented by participant observation and documentary evidence. From the perspective of relationship-based approach adopted in this paper, the findings outline three components for a theoretical construction of rural tourism destination brand framework that comprise tourism destination appeals, branding strategies, and stakeholders’ roles. Findings also indicate that the development of rural tourism destination brand should be from the bottom-up, where community-driven strategies can be most effectively delegated to the local leadership system and community’s association. Implications for practice and host community well-being are discussed in detail.",signatures:"Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73267",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73267",authors:[{id:"323647",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Adeyinka-Ojo",slug:"samuel-adeyinka-ojo",fullName:"Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo"}],corrections:null},{id:"71912",title:"Traveler’s Infections: Overview of Hepatitis B Virus Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92174",slug:"traveler-s-infections-overview-of-hepatitis-b-virus-infection",totalDownloads:527,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a double-stranded circular DNA virus that infects the hepatocytes. HBV infection is considered as an important public health concern globally especially with one-third of the world’s population been infected. Local and international migrants are one of those population at high risk of the infection. Many factors interplay in the acquisition of HBV such as purpose of travel, destination endemicity rate of the virus, time of stay of the traveler, inadequate prevention and control measures, among others, understanding the genotypes of HBV is critical in correlating the evolution of the virus and migration of humans and also treatment responses of infected population. The symptom of the virus ranges from fever to jaundice and to a liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transmission of HBV is commonly via horizontal route in developing regions and in the developed regions; transmission occur more often among adults that use injectable drugs and high-risk sexual behaviors. Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended HBV screening and vaccination to all travelers without an HBV immunization history before traveling to endemic regions. This chapter gives an overview on HBV as a potential traveler’s infection.",signatures:"Victor B. Oti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71912",authors:[{id:"245062",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor B.",surname:"Oti",slug:"victor-b.-oti",fullName:"Victor B. Oti"}],corrections:null},{id:"73322",title:"Marketing Cultural Resources as a Tourism Product",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93869",slug:"marketing-cultural-resources-as-a-tourism-product",totalDownloads:541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the marketing aspect of cultural tourism resources by taking evidence from Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. It identifies the major cultural tourism resources of Sidama, and assesses their market readiness state through the lenses of tourists. It also presents the profile of cultural tourists visiting endowments in Sidama using descriptive research approach. Brief introduction of marketing approaches to cultural tourism and a review of literature on cultural tourism products and cultural tourists is also provided. As to its significance, the chapter offers analysis of cultural tourism assets and their marketability as a tourism product in a developing destination context. Practical implications for sound cultural tourism marketing are also discussed in the chapter.",signatures:"Amare Yaekob Chiriko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73322",authors:[{id:"324979",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Amare Yaekob",surname:"Chiriko",slug:"amare-yaekob-chiriko",fullName:"Amare Yaekob Chiriko"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8603",title:"Green Practices and Strategies in Supply Chain Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfd8838aeddebe04b84b2fbc553b6887",slug:"green-practices-and-strategies-in-supply-chain-management",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8603.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul 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The volume shows how semiotics continues to provide a framework for emerging knowledge traditions without completely disregarding its past. 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It is crucial to drive a nation’s economy. An entrepreneur setup a new business, take risk and faces uncertainty to make profit and grow the business by identifying available opportunities, gather the necessary resources to exploit those opportunities that were identified [1]. Entrepreneurs prefer to be in control of their own resources, prefer to take calculated risk, and possesses attributes of confidence and belief in self, self-reliance, perseverance, traits for immediate feedback, with higher level of energy which are usually higher than the average person. They dream big and are achievement motivated. Karimi et al. [2] and Souitaris et al. [3] reviewed that literature revealed that more research works are needed to investigate the determinants of entrepreneurship intentions of students. Entrepreneurial motivation is not the same as “uniquely entrepreneurial personality traits”. Carsrud and Brännback [4] further reiterated that entrepreneurship motivation is a crucial topic and there is a need for more entrepreneur research work. Carsrud et al. [5] and Edelman et al. [6] reported that it is a much neglected area of research. This is most previous researchers assumed that entrepreneur can be adequately defined by identifying the unique personality traits [4]. Nevertheless, due to its significant thrust to the economic growth and development to a nation, investigating the determinants of entrepreneurship intentions as a career intention of students has remains the focus of most of the recent studies. This study investigated the levels of student’s entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurship intention at a public University and the relationship between these two factors using the Planned Behaviour Model.
Policy makers are emphasising the importance entrepreneurship education to groom and nurture entrepreneurship among students for career employability in the drive for economic growth [7]. Entrepreneurial process emphasises on the behavioural linkage of entrepreneurship intentions, ideas and action [8, 9]. The theory of planned behaviour set that an individual’s intention towards an activity with perceived behavioural control will be able to predict the behaviour accurately [8]. According to Krueger et al. [10], intention is a single best predictor of planned behaviour.
Expectancy Theory has instituted a common line in relating the various process-oriented explanations of entrepreneurial motivation (Vroom, 1964). Vroom (1964) theorised that an individual will make the best choice through the behaviour that will lead to the most anticipated outcome. The underlying factors that influence such a behaviour are the motivation factors [8]. These motivational factors comprise of individual’s attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm and perceived control are the factors of the planned behaviour (TPB) model and are assumed to influence and shape the behavioural intention. Attitude impacts on behaviour beliefs. An individual with a higher attitude towards the behaviour is expected to be more likely to take the action that is being monitored [11]. The individuals’ perceptions of values, beliefs and norms of influential individuals including family members, teachers, other entrepreneurs, friends etc. are subjective norms which are important to the individual’s desire to conform to those norms. Thus, it follows that an individual intention towards entrepreneurship can be moulded. Cieślik and Stel [12] found significant relationship between those students who are actively involved in their parents’ business are more likely to join their family business rather than starting their own business. Conversely, Krueger et al. [10] claimed that an individual having high internal locus of control, social norms are less predictive of intentions. [8] contended that behavioural control influences an individual’s intention to act basing perceived degree of effort of that specific behaviour which conceptually is alike to the Social Cognitive Theory [13] of an individual’s belief in their capability to perform a specified action.
Motivation is a potent driver behind goal pursuit in daily lives. According to Ryan and Deci [14], it’s the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation [14]. It channels energy, direction, determination, persistence and intention behind daily lives pursuits. Goals and motives are able to predict human behaviour. Thus, the linkage between intentions, motivations, and behaviour. Motivation drives actions and the reason behind actions is the orientation of the motivation. Krueger and Carsrud [9] reported that there is a lack of basis to support on intention-action linkage although intentions have been centred as predictors of future action. The link has been used loosely as implied or assumed. They then argued that motivation provides the link between intension-action. According to Edelman et al. [6], motivations stimulus could transform a latent intention to drive entrepreneurship. They reiterated that it could be the link between intentions and action. It thus suggests that the causal attitudes and goal of entrepreneurial motivation is able to generate entrepreneurship intention. Edelman et al. [6] reiterated that more research work in this area is needed.
Higher education institutions are actively promoting entrepreneurship as an attractive and worthwhile career option among graduate students. Entrepreneurship offers graduate student self-employment opportunity. Literature has frequently states that it is a career option for the youth and graduates [15, 16]. It lessens social ills and improve employability. Public policy makers are encouraging and engaging graduates from higher learning institutions to choose entrepreneurship to address employability [7]. It has thus resulted in the focus of research works on entrepreneurship career intention especially in how attract graduate students to engage in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial career intention is the conscious state of mind. It precedes the action of an individual and directs the attention towards an entrepreneurial career goal to start a new business ([10, 17, 18]). Krueger et al. [10] envisaged that entrepreneurial inclination can be better determined through entrepreneurship intention rather than personality traits, demographic characteristics, or situational factors. Individuals who pursue their intentions are most likely to implement their intention [19]. Intension such as desire to gain status, to be success and ability to influence economic growth which Geri (2013) elaborated has a positive relation between risk taking tendencies and entrepreneurial motives (Artess et al. [20]).
Empirical research works by Kim-Soon et al. [21] on motivators and obstacles to youth entrepreneurship with entrepreneurial intention of young entrepreneurs reported that youths who are serious as would be entrepreneur to start and own a new business can be identified and targeted to develop via government entrepreneurship intervention initiatives. Ajzen’s model of planned behaviour and Engle et al. [22] found that social norm is a strong and consistent predictor of intentions. They reported that the attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control significantly increased the likelihood of students that are inclined towards the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Ummah [23] recommended that decision makers in higher education and nation policy makers should use the factors influencing the desirability of self-employment to channel and energise an individual intention towards self-employment. Fitzsimmons and Douglas [24] reported that a person’s perceived desirability and perceived feasibility had a negative interaction effect in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. In line with a prevention-focused orientation, they suggest that situational factors may induce individuals involved in the process of forming entrepreneurial intentions to adopt a prevention focus.
TPB model has been used by Malebana [25] to investigate entrepreneurship intention of students study in a South African rural university and reported that most of the students would start a business in the future. Most researchers are in consensus that the relevant embedded theory underlying the research work on entrepreneurship intention is the planned behaviour [10, 26, 27]. TPB model is useful for instituting and guiding behavioural changes by evaluating the behavioural performance [28, 29]. In recent years, researchers have popularly used the theory of planned behaviour under various contexts to investigate and research on motivation and predicting entrepreneurial intentions ([16, 25, 30, 31]; Ritzsimmons and Douglas, 2011; [22, 32]).
The research framework of this study is modelled on the Theory of Planned Behaviour which is frequently been used in the prediction of behavioural intention. The independent variables are the entrepreneurial motivational factors which are comprised of attitude towards self-employment, subjective norm, and behavioural control while the dependent variable is entrepreneurial intention.
The survey questionnaire used in this research comprised of three parts. Part A is questions that require the respondents to provide their background. Part B is on entrepreneurial motivational factors comprises of questions about attitude towards self-employment, subjective norm, and behavioural control. The respondents were required to mark the level of their agreement of the statements about their motivation to choose entrepreneurship as their career by circling on a scale 1 to 5 where 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Not Sure 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree for each of the respective statements. Part C requires the respondent to mark their degree of entrepreneurship intention by rating the level of agreement on scale 1 to 5 (1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Not Sure 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree) through circling the number for each of the respective statements. The statements in Section B and Section C were adapted from the questionnaire used by Fatoki [32]. A pilot study was conducted to test the developed questionnaire with a sample of 30 respondents for factor reduction and reliability of the measures of items in Part B and Part C of the questionnaire prior to the research data collection process.
The sample size of this research is 450. This is based on the population size of 14,000 students pursuing the degree course at the selected inside the campus of a Public University. With reference to the Krejcie and Morgan [33] table, the sample size is slightly larger. The convenient and structured random sampling method has been used to collect the data the respondents from the various faculties, the different races and genders, years of studies and seniority. Upon cleaning the dataset, a total of 413 (92%) duly completed questionnaires conforming to the requirements of more than 70 to 80% return of the questionnaire [34] were used for the analysis.
Table 1 tabulates the demographic profile of the respondents. The estimated number of students in the table is based on the random sample structure proportionately to the distribution of the population of the respective demographic categories.
Demographic | Categories | Frequency | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | a. Male | 206 | 49.9 |
b. Female | 207 | 50.1 | |
Age (years) | a. 19 to 20 | 180 | 43.6 |
b. 21 to 22 | 109 | 26.4 | |
c. 23 to 27 | 124 | 30.0 | |
Faculty | a. FPTPK | 85 | 20.6 |
b. FSKTM | 58 | 14.0 | |
c. FKMP | 82 | 19.9 | |
d. FKEE | 78 | 18.9 | |
e. FKAAS | 89 | 21.5 | |
f. FTE | 21 | 5.1 | |
Seniority at UTHM | a. Degree year 1 | 121 | 29.6 |
b. Degree year 2 | 100 | 24.2 | |
c. Degree year 3 | 103 | 24.9 | |
d. Degree year 4 | 83 | 21.5 | |
Race | a. Malay | 231 | 55.9 |
b. Chinese | 100 | 24.2 | |
c. Indian | 45 | 10.9 | |
d. International student | 37 | 9.0 |
Profile of the respondents (N = 413).
The results of factor analysis using Principle Component Analysis with Varimax Rotation tabulated in Tables 2 and 3. KMO (Measure of Sampling Adequacy) with outliers of loading of less than 0.5 were removed to achieve clearer separation of factors, and only Eigenvalues above one were accepted [35].
Dimension on motivation to choose entrepreneur as a career | Factor loading | ||
---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | |
1.To be my own boss | .226 | .152 | |
2.To realise my dream | .266 | .204 | |
3.Increase my prestige and status | .300 | .151 | |
4.For my personal freedom | .099 | .356 | |
5.Enjoy myself | .306 | .147 | |
6.Good economic environment | .368 | .240 | |
7.To challenge myself | .337 | .316 | |
8.For my own satisfaction and growth | .346 | .295 | |
1.To use the skill learned in the university | .136 | .332 | |
2.Entrepreneurial family culture | .349 | −.010 | |
3.Follow the example of someone that I admired | .410 | .084 | |
4.To invest personal savings | .171 | .377 | |
5.To maintain my family | .484 | .102 | |
6.I enjoy taking risk | .212 | .195 | |
1.To provide job security | −.029 | .381 | |
2.To provide employment | .196 | .228 | |
3.To take advantage of my creative talent | .396 | .054 | |
4.Earn a reasonable living | .476 | .104 | |
5.Opportunities in the market | .462 | .177 | |
0.90 | 0.87 | 0.85 | |
4.60 | 4.05 | 3.39 | |
46.96 | 7.90 | 7.12 | |
61.98 | |||
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy | 0.92 |
Factor and reliability analyses on motivation to choose entrepreneur as a career.
Note: extraction method: principal component analysis. Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser normalisation. Bartlett’s test of Sphericity Sig. at p < 0.001.
Dimension of entrepreneurship career intention | Factor loading | |
---|---|---|
Factor1 | Factor2 | |
1. I prefer to be an entrepreneur rather than to be an employee in a company | .850 | .057 |
2. I am prepared to do anything to be an entrepreneur | .793 | .263 |
3. I am very interested to be an entrepreneur | .777 | .245 |
4. I shall work very hard at becoming an entrepreneur | .717 | .243 |
5. I have already prepared myself to become an entrepreneur | .707 | .364 |
6. My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur | .704 | .209 |
7. I’ll put every effort to start and run my own business | .659 | .336 |
8. I have thought seriously to start my own business after completing my study | .652 | .479 |
9. I want to be my own boss | .538 | .399 |
1. I’m determined to create a firm in the future | .292 | .833 |
2. I will start my business in the next 10 years | .076 | .787 |
3. I have strong intention to start a business someday | .340 | .713 |
Reliability (alpha) | 0.92 | 0.78 |
Eigenvalue | 5.14 | 2.99 |
Percentage variance explained | 53.11 | 9.41 |
Total variance explained | 62.57 | |
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy. | 0.91 |
Factor and reliability analyses on entrepreneurship career intention.
Note: extraction method: principal component analysis. Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser normalisation. Bartlett’s test of Sphericity Sig. at p < 0.001.
The dimensions on student’s motivation to choose entrepreneur are comprise of behavioural control, subjective norm and attitude towards self-employment while dimensions measuring student’s entrepreneur career intention are comprise of immediate intention and future entrepreneurship intention.
Table 4 tabulates results on the levels of attitude towards self-employment, subjective norm and behavioural control motivations, and entrepreneurial intention. The level of behavioural control entrepreneurial motivation indicates that it is very good level while subjective norm and attitude on self-employment entrepreneurial motivations are at good level. Entrepreneurship intention for both immediate term and future intention to be an entrepreneur are all rated as good level.
Variable | Dimension | No. of items | Mean | Std. Dev. | Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Entrepreneurial motivational factors | a. | Behavioural control | 8 | 3.81 | 0.72 | Very good |
b. | Subjective norm (Tolerance for risk) | 6 | 3.62 | 0.77 | Good | ||
c. | Attitude on self-employment (Desirability) | 5 | 3.66 | 0.68 | Good | ||
2 | Entrepreneurship career intention | a. | Entrepreneur immediate term career intention | 9 | 3.34 | 0.77 | Good |
b. | Entrepreneur career intention in the future | 3 | 3.34 | 0.81 | Good |
Mean of variables and levels of motivational factors (attitude towards self-employment, subjective norm, behavioural control) and entrepreneurship intention with their standard deviation.
Note: (N = 413); Range is based on Likert Scale of 1 to 5 where 1.00–2.33 = Low; 2.34–3.66 Good and 3.67–5.00 = Very Good).
The results the correlations results among the variables is tabulated in Table 5. It shows that correlation (p < .01) exist between the factors of entrepreneurial motivation with both immediate and future entrepreneurship among the students. The Correlation Coefficient with r = +.70 or higher between the two variables indicates very strong positive relationship, while a value of +.40 to +.69 indicates strong positive relationship and value of +.30 to +.39 shows moderate positive relationship. Thus, all the relationships between the respective variables indicated very strongly positive relationship at significant level of p < 0.01.
Dimension | Entrepreneurial motivation | Entrepreneurship intention | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | 1a. Behavioural control | 1b. Subjective norm | 1c. Attitude on self-employment | 2b. Immediate intention | 2b. Future intention | |
1a | Behavioural control | 1 | .714** | .665** | .549** | .490** |
1b | Subjective norm | .714** | 1 | .564** | .552** | .652** |
1c | Attitude on self-employment | .665** | .564** | 1 | .576** | .498** |
2a | Immediate intention | .549** | .552** | .576** | 1 | .616** |
2b | Future intention | .490** | .652** | .498** | .616** | 1 |
Pearson correlations (N = 413) among variables.
Note: **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Figures 1–5 illustrate the how the variation of entrepreneurial motivation factors influences on students’ entrepreneurship career intentions. In Figure 1, it shows that when the value of motivation is low then the entrepreneurship career intention is also low, when the motivation is moderate, the intention of entrepreneurship career is also moderate and when the entrepreneurial motivation is high, the entrepreneurship career intention is also at a high level too. This trends are also illustrated for all the other factors of entrepreneurial motivation as in Figure 2 for education levels with entrepreneurship career intention, Figure 3 for entrepreneurial personal characteristic on entrepreneurship career intentions, Figure 4 for personality with entrepreneurship career intention and in Figure 5, the variation of personal satisfaction with entrepreneurship career intention. It thus indicate that higher level of factors of entrepreneurial motivation influences entrepreneurship career intention.
The variation between motivations with entrepreneurship career intention.
The variation between educational levels with entrepreneurship career intention.
The variation of entrepreneurship personal characteristic on entrepreneurial intention.
The variation of personality with entrepreneurial intention.
The variation of personal satisfaction with entrepreneurial intention.
The model summary of predicting the statistical relationships and explains the underlying relationships between entrepreneurial motivation with immediate entrepreneurship career intension is presented in Table 6. The coefficient of determination is .42 indicates that 42% of the variance in the immediate entrepreneurship career intension (dependent variable) is explained by the 3 motivational factors. The standardised coefficient behavioural control is .137 at p < .05, subjective control is .226 and attitude is .335 contributed significantly to the variance explained. The F change (p < 0.001) indicates that variance was significantly explained by the model. The Durbin Watson value of 1.76 shows that the result of regression model is valid.
Independent Variables | Beta standardised |
---|---|
Model | |
Behavioural control (self-efficacy beliefs) | .137** |
Subjective norm (Tolerance for risk) | .266*** |
Attitude (Desirability) of self-employment | .335*** |
R2 | .42 |
Adj. R2 | .41 |
R2 change | .42 |
F change | 96.68*** |
Durbin-Watson | 1.76 |
The effect of entrepreneurial motivation on immediate entrepreneurship career intention.
Note: ***Sig. at .001 **Sig. at .05.
Table 7 shows that the 2 motivational factors explain 45% of the variance of future entrepreneurship career intension. Subjective norm motivational factor with a standardised coefficient of .577 is significant at p < .001, and attitude with .216 is significantly contributing to the variance explained at p < .001 level. However, the behavioural control motivational factor is not significant. The significant F change value at p < 0.001 indicates that variance was significantly explained by the model. The Durbin Watson value of 1.77 shows that the result of regression model is valid.
Independent Variables | Beta standardised |
---|---|
Model | |
Behavioural control (self-efficacy beliefs) | −.066 |
Subjective norm (Tolerance for risk) | .577*** |
Attitude (Desirability) of self-employment | .216*** |
R2 | .45 |
Adj. R2 | .45 |
R2 change | .45 |
F change | 112.14*** |
Durbin-Watson | 1.77 |
The effect of entrepreneurial motivation on future entrepreneurship career intention.
Note: ***
Demographic elements including gender, age, and religion affect entrepreneurship intention [36]. Thus, in the present study, data on the gender, age, seniority at the University, faculty and race are being controlled to reduce its influences the results. Entrepreneurship education has been found to be able reduce reducing graduate unemployment [37]. Thus, entrepreneurial education should be introduced into the tertiary institutions that are not currently offering entrepreneurship courses (Samuel et al. [36] to equip students that possess competencies for job creation and self-employment. Thus, universities should explore the offering a wide range of entrepreneurship development activities to groom and nurture entrepreneur, seek practices that train and re-orientate students to embrace a more clearly defined element of personal and career development, human resource capacity building and academia development of the university. This will also create the opportunity to mould key entrepreneurial behaviours and practices through Centre of Excellence, the engagement of corporate entrepreneurship development, entrepreneurship curriculum besides the requirement that all undergraduates need to take at least a subject on entrepreneurship in their respective degree programme.
In this study, the levels of motivational factors which are attitude towards self-employment, subjective norm and behavioural control, and entrepreneurial intention are all rated good. This is in effect different from the finding by Fatoki [32] which reported weak results. The current research found that the variance of future entrepreneurship career intension (dependent variable) is explained by only the 2 motivational factors, the subjective norm and attitude motivational factors with the non-significant factor of behavioural control motivation. Nevertheless, all the three factors of entrepreneurial motivation are related to the immediate entrepreneurship career intension significantly. Biraglia and Kadile [38] found that an individual must feel self-efficacious enough to pursue entrepreneurial career. Universities entrepreneurship and curricular development programmes are crucial to assist students to acquire increased understanding of entrepreneurship. Thus, in elevating low entrepreneurial intention among African students, Fatoki [32] suggested that motivators must be reinforced and the organising practical trainings for students involved in entrepreneurship education or who would like to be involved in entrepreneurial practices, non-governmental organisations should be well funded through local and international grants to help with the training need of graduate entrepreneurship, training seminars can also be organised regularly to students as well as a “learning from peers” or mentorship approach can be instituted by government agencies to help students to get involved in entrepreneurship trainings at tertiary institutions. There are other research works that reported entrepreneurship education programs are not successful to develop students’ entrepreneurial capabilities as an entrepreneur [39, 40, 41]. In this sense, this study has reiterated and supported the argument by Linan et al. [42] that individuals having the necessary entrepreneurial competencies will favour entrepreneurial behaviour if those close to them are supportive and valued entrepreneurship positively. This has thus supported the call by Kim-Soon et al. [21] that authorities should identify and target those youths who are really serious to venture into entrepreneurship and own a business to be developed through entrepreneurship interventions initiatives.
Entrepreneurship is crucial to new business start-ups, developing existing businesses, job creation and economic growth. At the higher learning institutions entrepreneurship skills, knowledge and behaviours are integrated across its curriculum. The level of behavioural control of entrepreneurial motivation at in this study conducted at a public university has been rated very good, subjective norm and attitude towards entrepreneurship are both at good level.
The result of regression analysis indicated that the motivation in choosing entrepreneurship as a career option among the students is positively and significantly related with entrepreneurship intention statistically. The entrepreneurial motivation factors affecting career intention to be an entrepreneur are the social norms comprising of individual perception of the significance of how others value and support the establishment of a new business), subjective norm (individual perceptions of their abilities and tolerance to perform entrepreneurial tasks), and attitude towards behaviour (individual awareness of the importance and value of entrepreneurship) entrepreneurial motivations. Subjective norm (tolerance for risk) and attitude (desirability) of self-employment are significantly related to the student’s immediate and future intention to be an entrepreneur. However, behavioural control entrepreneurial motivation is found to be significantly related to the student’s immediate career intention but not significantly related to the student’s future entrepreneurship career intention in this study. This could be argued using Krueger et al. [10] argument that individuals with high internal locus of control, social norms are less predictive of intentions. Behavioural control influences an individual’s intention of action basing perception of degree of difficulty of performance of that specific behaviour [8]. This conceptually is similar Bandura’s [13] Social Cognitive Theory explaining how an individual’s belief in their abilities to perform a specified action.
Universities have put much effort to raise the profile of graduate entrepreneurship and to attract graduate students to seriously engage in entrepreneurship. Whether it is technical engineering or the non-engineering programmes, the antecedents of entrepreneurship intention should be embedded into entrepreneurship curriculum and pedagogical strategy and be a component to the main programme. Entrepreneurship is crucial to the future career, economy and social development necessary for nation building. Creating opportunity for practice of key entrepreneurial behaviours is seen as being crucial in cultivating entrepreneurial behaviours. This study supported the This has thus supported the call that authorities should identify and target those youths who are really serious to venture into entrepreneurship and own a business to be developed through entrepreneurship interventions initiatives.
Soybean has a strategic position as a source of vegetable protein and functional food that has been affordable to all levels of society. Soy products such as tempe, tahu, soy milk, soy sauce, chips and so on are needed every day of the year. To meet the demand for raw materials for the processing industry, Indonesia needs around 2.2 million tons of soybean raw materials per year. Meanwhile, domestic soybean production is currently only able to meet 30–40% of national needs [1].
The national soybean productivity achieved by farmers in Indonesia only reaches 1.80 t / ha, while the potential national soybean productivity can reach 2.5 t/ha [2]. One of the factors causing low soybean productivity is the high pest attack. Pest attacks on soybean plants can reduce yields up to 80%, even puso if no control measures are taken [1]. According to Oerke [3], the loss of soybean yields due to pest attacks can reach 26–29%.
In the tropics, there are about 60 types of insects that can cause significant leaf damage in soybeans [4]. Meanwhile in India, there are about 150 species of insects that can cause serious damage to soybeans from planting to harvest [5].
Pests on soybean plants are classified into pests that destroy leaves and pests that destroy pods. Pests that destroy soybean leaves include whitefly (
In Indonesia, armyworms,
The Anjasmoro variety has a purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, white stem coat color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, light brown ripe pods, and yellowish brownish hilarity of seeds. This variety also has oval leaf shape, wide leaf size, deterministic growth type, flowering age 35–39 days, pod ripe age 82–92 days, plant height 64–68 cm, number of branches 2–5 branches, has a large seed size (weight of 100 seeds 14.8–15.3 g). The seeds contain 41.8–42.1% protein, 17.2–18.6% fat content, and are not resistant to falling. Anjasmoro variety is moderate to leaf rust, and the pods do not break easily [19]. Meanwhile, according to Hendrival et al. [6], Anjasmoro variety has 83.38 pods, 24.69 empty pods, 173.27 seeds per plant and 3.81–9.39%
Argomulyo variety has purple hypocotyl, brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat, bright white hilarity of seeds, deterministic growth type, flowering age 35 days, age at harvest 80–82 days, plant height 40 cm, number of branches per plant 3–4 stems from the main stem, has a large seed size (weight 100 seeds 16.0 g), has a seed yield of 1.5–2.0 t ha −1, has a protein content of 39.4%, contains fat, 20.8%, has a fall resistance property [19]. In addition, the Argomulyo variety is tolerant of leaf rust disease and this variety is suitable for soy milk as raw material. Meanwhile, according to Poniman et al. [20], the Argomulyo variety had the number of pods filled with 79.00, the weight of 100 seeds was 15.38 g, and the percentage of pod damage caused by pod borer attack was 13.11%.
According to the description of the soybean variety [19], the Grobogan variety has a determinitic growth type, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, brown stem coat color, purple flower color, dark brown pod color, lanceolate leaf shape and hilarity brown seed color, plant height 50–60 cm, flowering age 30–32 days, mature pods 76 days, have large seed size (weight 100 seeds, 18 g), potential seed yields 3.40 t/ha, and an average seed yield of 2.77 t ha−1. The seeds have a fat content of 18.4% and a protein content of 43.9%. It is well adapted to several different growing environmental conditions, has pods that are not easily broken, and at harvest 95–100% of the leaves are shed (Figure 1).
Appearance of Grobogan (a), Argomulyo (b), and Anjasmoro (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
The Burangrang variety has purple hypocotyls, yellowish brown fur, purple flowers, yellow seeds, bright hilium seeds, oblong leaves, pointed tips, deterministic growth type, number of branches 1–2 branches, flowering age 35 days, pod age cook 80–82 days, plant height 60–70 cm, large seeds (weight of 100 seeds 16 g), seed yields range from 1.6–2.5 t ha−1, have 39% protein content, 20% fat content, not easy to fall down, tolerant of leaf rust disease. This variety is suitable for soy milk, tempe, and tahu [19].
Dering variety has a deterministic growth type, flowering age 35 days after planting and 81 days after planting, plant height 57 cm, brown fur, oval leaf shape, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, purple flower color, brown pod skin color., yellow seed coat color, dark yellow hilium seed color, white cotyledon color, resistant to falling, the number of branches 3–6 stems per plant [19]. Meanwhile, according to Poniman et al. [20], the Dering variety has medium seed size (100 seeds 10.7 g weight), the potential yield of seeds is 2.80 t ha−1, the average seed yield is 2.0 t ha−1, the seeds contain 34.2% protein and 17.1% fat content. Furthermore, it was said that the variety was resistant to pod borer (
According to Poniman et al. [20], the Gema variety has a deterministic type of growth with light brown coat color, purple cotyledon color, purple hypocotyl color, green epicotyl color, and white cotyledon color. Furthermore, it is said that this Gema variety has a plant height of 55 cm, has a medium seed size (100 seeds weight 11.90 g), a flowering age of 35 days, a harvest age of 73 days, a potential yield of 3.06 t ha−1, an average seed yield. 2.47 t ha−1, brown pod color, purple flower color, round seed shape, light yellow seed coat color, and brown hilium color. The seeds have a protein content of 39.07% and a fat content of 19.11%. The Gema variety is sensitive to leaf virus (CMMV) and moderate to rust disease [19]. In addition, these varieties are also somewhat susceptible to pod suckers, somewhat resistant to pod borer, and moderate to armyworm pests (Figure 2) [19].
Appearance of Gema (a), Burangrang (b), and Dering (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
The Deja-2 variety has a deterministic growth type, ± 37 days of flowering, ± 80 days of maturity, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown coat color, light brown pod skin color, seed coat color. Yellow, yellow cotyledon color, brown hilum color, oval leaf shape, medium leaf size, 3 branches per plant, the number of pods per plant ±38 pods, ± 52.3 cm plant height, lying with resistance to collapse, pod breaking with the pods are not easily broken, the size of the seeds is large, the weight of 100 seeds is ±14.8 grams, the shape of the seeds is oval, the potential yield is 2.75 t ha−1, the average yield is ±2.38 t ha−1, the protein content is ±37.9%, fat content ±17.2%, susceptible to armyworm pests, mildly resistant to pod borer, somewhat resistant to pod suckers, and somewhat resistant to leaf rust disease (Figure 3) [19].
Dena-1 (a), Deja-1 (b), and Dega-1 (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
According to the description of the soybean variety [19], the Dena-1 variety has a deterministic growth type, purple flower color, purple fur color, purple hypocotyl color, green epicotyl color, and yellow-yellowish pod skin color. Flowering age 33 days, pod ripe age 78 days, oval leaf shape, number of branches 12 branches per plant, growth type determinant, flowering age ± 33 days, maturity ±78 days, hypocotyl purple color, green epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown fur color, yellowish brown pod skin color, yellow seed coat color, green cotyledon color, brown hilum color, oval leaf shape, medium leaf size, branching 3 branches per plant, number of pods planted ±29, plant height ± 59.0 cm, slightly resistant to falling apart, pods breaking easily, large seed size, weight of 100 seeds ±14.3 grams, oval seed shape, potential yield of 2.9 t ha−1, average yield ±1.7 t ha−1, protein content ±36.7% DM, fat content ±18.8% DM, resistance to pests, resistance to leaf rust disease, susceptible to pod sucker
Has a deterministic growth type, ± 29 days of flowering, ± 71 days of maturity (69–73 days), purple hypocotyl, purple epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown coat color, light brown pod skin color, yellow seed coat, purple cotyledons, brown hilum color, oval leaves, medium-sized leaves, branching from 1 to 3 branches/plant), number of pods per plant ±29 pods, plant height ± 53 cm, resistant to falling, resistant to breaking pods, have a large seed size, weigh 100 seeds 22.98 g, have a potential yield of 3.98 t ha−1, have a protein content of 37.78% DM, a fat content of 17.29%, are resistant to leaf rust disease [19]. According to Poniman et al. [20], the Dega-1 variety had 27.75 pods per plant, 100 seeds 21.38 g weight, and was somewhat resistant to pod borer attack.
The Detam-1 variety has a deterministic growth type, hypocotyl purple color, green epicotyl color, purple flower color, light brown hair color, dark brown pod skin color, black seed coat color, and yellow cotyledon color, slightly round leaf shape, and brightness of shiny seed coat. This variety also has a plant height of 58 cm, a flowering age of 35 days, a pod ripe age of 84 days, has a large seed size (100 seeds weight 14.84 g), has a potential yield of 3.45 t ha−1 and an average yield of 2 seeds. 2. 51 t ha−1, the seeds have a protein content of 45.36% and a fat content of 33.06%. The nature of resistance to pests, sensitive to armyworms and somewhat resistant to pod suckers and other properties are somewhat sensitive to drought (Figure 4) [19].
Seed color of the Detam-2 (a), Anjasmoro (b), and Argomulyo (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
Adult insects (imago) lay eggs in clusters containing about 350 eggs and covered in fine hairs. The total eggs laid by one female insect in one life cycle are around 2000–3000 eggs [23]. Meanwhile, according to Schreiner [24],
The eggs that almost hatch, turn brown in color and enlarge like fish eggs (Figure 5b). According to Kalshoven [23], the almost hatched eggs turn brown and get bigger. Then hatch into larvae 3–5 days. Meanwhile, Ahmad et al. [26], the eggs hatched 3 days after being laid by the female
Eggs in groups covered with hairs from female imgo (a) and eggs that are ready to hatch (b). Source: Fattah, Ilyas [
The newly hatched larvae feed from the leaves occupied by the eggs in groups (Figure 6a), then spread by using threads that come out of their mouths and are used to move from plant to plant. Armyworm larvae have different colors. The newly hatched larvae are light green, the sides are dark brown or brownish black and the last instar larvae have dark black necklaces (crescent moons) on the fourth and tenth abdominal segments. On the dorsal lateral side there is a yellow stripe, the larval stage consisting of 5 instars which lasts 20–46 days [23].
Instar-1 larvae (newly hatched) (a), and instar-4 larvae (b). Source: Fattah [
The last instar larvae enter the soil, then become inactive larvae (Pra pupa) (Figure 7a). Then it turns into a pupa (without a cocoon (Figure 7b). The pupa is in the ground with a depth of 0–3 cm [28]. The pupa is reddish-brown, weighing about 0.341 g per pupa [29]. The pupal stage ranges from 8 to 11 days [17].
Prepupa phase (a) and pupa phase (b) of
Pupa in the soil will change to the next phase to become butterfly insects (Imago) (Figure 8). The life cycle of
Imago (female)
The young larvae (instar-1 and instar-2) damage the leaves by leaving remnants on the upper (transparent) epidermis and leaf bones. The rates of armyworm infestation differ between plant types and between varieties. In susceptible plants provide better growth for pests. Conversely, resistant varieties will give poor growth and development of armyworm pests. The results of research by Shahout et al. [30], of several types of plants tested on
Damage and yield loss due to armyworm attack is determined by the level of the pest population, the stage of insect development, the phase of plant growth, and the type of soybean varieties. Pest attacks on susceptible varieties will cause very significant losses. Leaf defoliation due to armyworm attack when it occurs during the full flowering phase and pod formation phase will result in greater yield losses than attacks in the full pod filling phase (Figure 9) [17].
Symptoms of leaf damage due to
Symptoms of damage to leaves due to
The level of damage to soybean leaves due to
The rate of loss of soybean seeds due to
The difference in the level of loss of soybean seeds due to
The national economic threshold set by the Government in the use of insecticides for the control of
Based on the results of Fattah’s research [35] from the results of data analysis, it was found that the average yield loss in Anjasmoro variety was around 130 kg, the total cost (Cost) was IDR 2,340,000 per ha, then the economic threshold (AE) for Anjasmoro was 2.25 tails. Larvae per plant or 2.0 larvae per plant. Furthermore, the economic threshold (ET) was found in the Argomulyo variety, if the average yield loss per hectare was 105 kg, then the economic threshold (ET) for Argomulyo variety was 2.78 larvae per plant or 3.0 larvae per plant. The economic threshold (ET) for Grobogan variety if the average yield loss is 91 kg per ha, then the economic threshold value is 3.21 larvae per plant or 3.0 larvae per plant [35].
According to Fattah [35] the economic threshold (ET) value of Anjasmoro variety (2 larvae plant−1) is lower than Argomulyo (3.0 larva plant−1) and Grobogan (3.0 larva plant−1), this is due to the variety Anjasmoro is more sensitive to armyworm attacks than Argomulyo and Grobogan. This is consistent with Fattah and Hamka [31], the attack rate of
The pod sucker
According to Manurung et al. [38], the level of pod sucking pest
The pod borer
The level of damage to pods due to
The
South Sulawesi Province is one of the centers for soybean development in Indonesia. Farmers develop new high yielding varieties such as Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Grobogan, Dering, Gema, Deja-2, Dena-1 Dega-1, Detap-1, and Detam-1. The level of leaf damage caused by
I thank all my fellow researchers at the South Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Center (BPTP) who have provided moral support so that the paper which is part of the book can be completed. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Ir. Abdul Wahid, MS as the head of the South Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Center, who has provided assistance in the form of morals and in the form of finance.
All authors claim to have no conflicts of interest.
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\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"55984",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69471",title:"Deep-Water Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of Brazil",slug:"deep-water-sharks-rays-and-chimaeras-of-brazil",totalDownloads:1597,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The deep-water fishery in Brazil is currently in expansion due to depletion of most neritic economic species. This increasing deep-water effort brings concern on the bycatch impact, its specific composition, the need for capture’s evaluation and development of bycatch reduction devices. The impact is particularly aggressive on deep-water elasmobranchs, which have an extreme ecological k-strategy due to their reproductive constraints (lower fecundity and late first maturity age). Scientific deep-water surveys and intensive research programs (REVIZEE) along the past decade indicate that Brazilian elasmobranch diversity is higher than previously imagined. However, the deep-water fishery threatens this poorly known community of sharks and rays on the Brazilian continental slope as they become bycatch of a fast-growing and uncontrolled fishery. The recent study case of the monkfish (Lophius gastrophysus) fishery dynamics, well presented and discussed by the Brazilian scientific community, provided evidence of the need of bycatch-specific monitoring programs and fast-response fishery regulations. The present work discusses the Brazilian deep-water elasmobranch bycatch problem under the light of its biological diversity and completely unknown population status. Suggestions and management considerations are presented in order to coordinate and manage the establishment and growth of this deep-water fishery in Brazil.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Getulio Rincon, Rodrigo Cordeiro Mazzoleni, Ana Rita Onodera\nPalmeira and Rosangela Lessa",authors:[{id:"205621",title:"Dr.",name:"Getulio",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"getulio-rincon",fullName:"Getulio Rincon"},{id:"206465",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzoleni",slug:"rodrigo-mazzoleni",fullName:"Rodrigo Mazzoleni"},{id:"206466",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeira",slug:"ana-rita-palmeira",fullName:"Ana Rita Palmeira"},{id:"206467",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Lessa",slug:"rosangela-lessa",fullName:"Rosangela Lessa"}]},{id:"56228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70028",title:"A Review of the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Chondrichthyes",slug:"a-review-of-the-mitogenomic-phylogeny-of-the-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The phylogenetic analysis of the Chondrichthyes has been the subject of intense debate over the past two decades. The principal relationships within the group based on the analysis of morphological traits are inconsistent with the available molecular topologies, and the phylogeny of these animals is highly controversial, at all levels, ranging from superorders to families and even the genera within families. With the recent development of new generation sequencing (NGS), many phylogenies are now being inferred based on the complete genome of the species. In 2015 and 2016 alone, around 21 new elasmobranch genomes were made available in GenBank. In this context, the principal objective of the present study was to infer the phylogeny of the sharks and rays based on the complete mitochondrial genomes available in the literature. A total of 73 mitogenomes of chondrichthyan species were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated rejected the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of the Neoselachii and Batoidea as sister groups of the sharks. These mitogenomic analyses provided ampler and more complete insights into the relationships between the sharks and rays, in particular, the topologies obtained by the analyses revealed a number of incongruities in certain groups of sharks and rays, and the interrelationships between them.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Divino Bruno da Cunha, Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues‐Filho and\nJoão Bráullio de Luna Sales",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"},{id:"205219",title:"Dr.",name:"Divino Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"divino-bruno-da-cunha",fullName:"Divino Bruno Da Cunha"},{id:"205690",title:"Dr.",name:"João Bráullio De",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales"}]},{id:"52331",doi:"10.5772/64252",title:"Setting Up Traceability Tools for the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery: A Case Study in Southeast Sulawesi",slug:"setting-up-traceability-tools-for-the-indonesian-blue-swimming-crab-fishery-a-case-study-in-southeas",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Indonesian blue swimming crab fishery developed rapidly during the 1990s to become an important source of income for coastal communities. The blue swimming crab (BSC) in 2015 is the third highest export commodity in Indonesia, primarily to USA markets. Southeast (SE) Sulawesi is a relatively minor area for blue swimming crab production (approximately 1200–2000 mt per annum), in which only a subset of Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) members are active, and it may be a conducive region in which to conduct a pilot activity to form a fisheries management structure that demonstrates the benefits that can be achieved via collaboration. The control document (CD) is a traceability and documentation process to be implemented by all of the segments of the supply chain (collectors/cooking stations, miniplants, and processors) in order to promote compliance to new Ministry and Marine Affair (MMAF) regulations and generate the records and documents of the supply chain application and verification of the new regulations. The self-recorded logbook by the fishermen and miniplant, as the point in the supply chain, could help with a meaningful and long-term solution to the fishery management in Southeast Sulawesi. This is the first trial of CD in Indonesia and could be a good model for BSC fishery in other region in Indonesia.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Hawis Madduppa, Zairion, Siti Nuraini, Kuncoro Nugroho and\nBambang Arif Nugraha",authors:[{id:"180161",title:"Dr.",name:"Hawis",middleName:null,surname:"Madduppa",slug:"hawis-madduppa",fullName:"Hawis Madduppa"},{id:"185944",title:"Dr.",name:"Zairion",middleName:null,surname:"Zairion",slug:"zairion-zairion",fullName:"Zairion Zairion"},{id:"185945",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Nuraini",slug:"siti-nuraini",fullName:"Siti Nuraini"},{id:"185946",title:"Mr.",name:"Bambang Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Nugraha",slug:"bambang-arif-nugraha",fullName:"Bambang Arif Nugraha"},{id:"185947",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuncoro Catur",middleName:null,surname:"Nugroho",slug:"kuncoro-catur-nugroho",fullName:"Kuncoro Catur Nugroho"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50289",title:"Effect of Special Fish Feed Prepared Using Food Industrial Waste on Labeo rohita",slug:"effect-of-special-fish-feed-prepared-using-food-industrial-waste-on-labeo-rohita",totalDownloads:2276,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"All food processing industries generate wastes of varying nature in significant quantities. Managing these wastes so as to minimize the impact on the environment is the prime concern. The concept of waste has undergone much change in recent times, with the focus being on utilizing the waste materials as inputs for generation of new or reusable products. Vegetable and fruit wastes are generated in significant quantities and are easily available at minimal charge. The comparative utilization of these wastes as a dietary ingredient was assessed employing the Labeo rohita fingerlings as the test species. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. Orange peels and potato peels are characterized, and then, formulation of orange peel feed (OPF) and potato peel feed (PPF) was carried out. Market common fish feed (CFF) was taken as a control. The three test diets were designated as CFF, OPF and PPF. Feeding was done once daily. The water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature pH, total alkalinity, total hardness; calcium hardness and magnesium hardness as well as growth response were monitored at fortnightly intervals. The quality of water was maintained by periodic partial replenishment over the period of study. On termination of the trial, higher growth response was recorded in the PPF treatment. The initial and final weight and length of fishes was recorded. The results shows significant growth in PPF and OPF showed brighter body scales than other two feed. Fishes were very healthy and normal throughout the study period indicating no adverse effect on their health. No infection whatsoever was noted during 60 days of experimental period.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Sanyogita R. Verma and Shanta Satyanarayan",authors:[{id:"183699",title:"Dr.",name:"Verma",middleName:"Rajroop",surname:"Sanyogita",slug:"verma-sanyogita",fullName:"Verma Sanyogita"},{id:"185353",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanta",middleName:null,surname:"Satyanarayan",slug:"shanta-satyanarayan",fullName:"Shanta Satyanarayan"}]},{id:"51124",title:"Fishery Status and Taxonomy of the Carangids (Pisces) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan",slug:"fishery-status-and-taxonomy-of-the-carangids-pisces-in-the-northern-arabian-sea-coast-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:1950,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate number of existing members of the family Carangidae in the area ii) to establish a distinguishable and lucid key based on the taxonomic characteristics, meristic count and otolith description. In this study, thirty-six species were collected from the main fish landing facilities between 2012~2015. Fish body colour, taxonomic characteristics, fin rays and otolith shape description were used to identify each species. Otolith description comprises of shape of ostium, sulcus and margins of anterior and posterior surface along with distinct definite shape possess by each species make it easier for identification.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Nazia Qamar, Sher Khan Panhwar and Ghazala Siddiqui",authors:[{id:"182414",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Panhwar",slug:"sher-khan-panhwar",fullName:"Sher Khan Panhwar"},{id:"184264",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazia",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",slug:"nazia-qamar",fullName:"Nazia Qamar"},{id:"184265",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghazala",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"ghazala-siddiqui",fullName:"Ghazala Siddiqui"}]},{id:"50583",title:"Trawl Selectivity in the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery",slug:"trawl-selectivity-in-the-barents-sea-demersal-fishery",totalDownloads:1693,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a general overview of the Barents Sea demersal trawl fishery. First, it reviews historical catch levels and current biomass status of four commercially important demersal species (cod, haddock, Greenland halibut, and redfish) and includes an overview of their management plan that has been carried out by the Joint Norwegian–Russian commission. Then, it presents the evolution of the technical regulations for improving size selectivity in this fishery and describes current challenges in gear selectivity. Later, this chapter describes the concept of size selectivity, introduces the selective parameters that define a selection curve, and progressively introduces different parametric models that describe the selection process. The most common experimental methods and gear used to collect selectivity data are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, this chapter describes an alternative, or a complementary method, to the conventional estimation of trawl selectivity—the FISHSELECT method. This method is based on morphology measurements and fish penetration models to estimate the selective properties of different mesh shapes and sizes at different mesh openings, which are later used to provide simulation-based prediction of size selectivity. FISHSELECT has already been applied to four important species of the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery, and the results have in all cases showed to be coherent with the results obtained from sea trial results.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Eduardo Grimaldo, Manu Sistiaga, Bent Herrmann and Roger B.\nLarsen",authors:[{id:"107079",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Grimaldo",slug:"eduardo-grimaldo",fullName:"Eduardo Grimaldo"},{id:"185311",title:"Dr.",name:"Manu",middleName:null,surname:"Sistiaga",slug:"manu-sistiaga",fullName:"Manu Sistiaga"},{id:"185312",title:"Dr.",name:"Bent",middleName:null,surname:"Herrmann",slug:"bent-herrmann",fullName:"Bent Herrmann"},{id:"185313",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger B.",middleName:null,surname:"Larsen",slug:"roger-b.-larsen",fullName:"Roger B. Larsen"}]},{id:"50363",title:"The Brown Seaweeds Fishery in Chile",slug:"the-brown-seaweeds-fishery-in-chile",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chilean fishery of brown algae includes species belonging to the genus Lessonia, Durvillaea, and Macrocystis, which can be found along the coast, ranging latitudes from 18° to 55°S. The exploitation of these seaweeds is done mainly in the Northern coast because the environmental conditions of this region decrease initial production costs. Brown algae are exploited from natural populations and exported to international markets as row material, source of alginates, widely utilized in diverse manufacturing processes and industries. International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"50462",title:"Direction of Fisheries (SUISAN) Education from a Historical Perspective in Japan",slug:"direction-of-fisheries-suisan-education-from-a-historical-perspective-in-japan",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Fishing, aquaculture, and food processing is collectively referred to as “SUISAN”, and the term was translated to “fisheries” in the Meiji period. Fisheries education in Japan was at its dawn. Fisheries education was necessary for improvement of local fisheries subsistence. Fisheries education was performed, centering on nurturing of mid-career engineers for deep-sea fishing after 1950s. However, when the Heisei period in the 1990s started, “participatory = citizen involvement type fisheries education” was promoted extensively. Future establishment of a Japanese version of Sea Grants is desired to promote citizen involvement in fisheries education with systematized involvement of universities, research institutions, aquaria, and local people.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki",authors:[{id:"180712",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"tsuyoshi-sasaki",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"40",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"