Synthesis techniques of iron oxide nanoparticles with its characteristic size.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-363-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-362-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-364-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"969d1c6315b04584c2f011e03dad69c2",bookSignature:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11929.jpg",keywords:"Drilling Performance, Drilling Tools, Well Design, Drilling Procedure, Rotary Drilling, Directional Drilling, Measuring-While-Drilling, Smart Well Technology, Environment Protection, Geothermal Drilling, Sustainable Drilling Fluids, Carbon Sequestration",numberOfDownloads:2,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Zoveidavianpoor has over 18 years of multidisciplinary oil and gas experience, built upon his technical, operational, and management roles in the industry and academia. He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), the Energy Institute, UK and is registered as a chartered petroleum engineer. He has published more than 50 publications on International peer-reviewed Journals and conferences, has contributed to 5 textbooks, and served in many scientific committees.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92105/images/system/92105.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor has over 24 years of experience, built upon his technical, operational, and management roles in the industry and academia. Mansoor holds a BSc degree in Geology, MSc, and Ph.D. degrees both in Petroleum Engineering. He was involved in different disciplines such as project management, geology, flow assurance, piping construction, artificial intelligence, environmental engineering, drilling and production engineering, He has lectured several courses at the University Technology Malaysia (UTM), Petroleum University of Technology (PUT), and Islamic Azad University (IAU). He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and registered as a Chartered Petroleum Engineer at Energy Institute, and EIA subject specialist at DOE Malaysia. He has published more than 50 publications on International peer-reviewed Journals and conferences, has contributed to 5 textbooks, and served in many scientific committees. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at UTM and involved in several consultancies in petroleum engineering and energy transition. Mansoor is actively involved in multidisciplinary studies and currently, his main focus is on Energy Transition.",institutionString:"PETRONAS",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"82413",title:"Utilization of Biopolymers in Water Based Drilling Muds",slug:"utilization-of-biopolymers-in-water-based-drilling-muds",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6561",title:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e80257a8be3236c4d1ae37c21b7d2671",slug:"current-topics-in-the-utilization-of-clay-in-industrial-and-medical-applications",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5811",title:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33b7777178f4a179ba475e3e15405427",slug:"recent-insights-in-petroleum-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6829",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",subtitle:"Recent Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"058919afbb548d3448e70238b4637e84",slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23825",title:"Effects of High Altitude Related Oxidative Stress on Intraocular Pressure and Central Corneal Thickness – A Research Model for the Etiology of Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/19758",slug:"effects-of-high-altitude-related-oxidative-stress-on-intraocular-pressure-and-central-corneal-thickn",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23825.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23825",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23825",totalDownloads:5936,totalViews:107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:77,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 4th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 11th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23825",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23825",book:{id:"268",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts"},signatures:"Sarper Karakucuk",authors:[{id:"36102",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarper",middleName:null,surname:"Karakucuk",fullName:"Sarper Karakucuk",slug:"sarper-karakucuk",email:"sarperkarakucuk@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36102/images/2720_n.jpg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"268",type:"book",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Concepts",fullTitle:"Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Concepts",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts",publishedDate:"November 11th 2011",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-591-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6568-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:50,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1094"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23814",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanism of Aqueous Humor Secretion, Its Regulation and Relevance to Glaucoma",slug:"mechanism-of-aqueous-humor-secretion-its-regulation-and-relevance-to-glaucoma",totalDownloads:13518,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Mohammad Shahidullah, Waleed Hassan Al-Malki and Nicholas A. Delamere",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67082",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shahidullah",fullName:"Mohammad Shahidullah",slug:"mohammad-shahidullah"},{id:"140321",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Malki",fullName:"Waleed Hassan Al-Malki",slug:"waleed-hassan-al-malki"},{id:"140322",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Delamere",fullName:"Nicholas Delamere",slug:"nicholas-delamere"}]},{id:"23815",type:"chapter",title:"Retinal Ganglion Cell Death",slug:"retinal-ganglion-cell-death",totalDownloads:3538,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasemin Budak and Müberra Akdogan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33278",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Ustündağ Budak",fullName:"Yasemin Ustündağ Budak",slug:"yasemin-ustundag-budak"},{id:"34055",title:"Mrs.",name:"Müberra",middleName:null,surname:"Akdogan",fullName:"Müberra Akdogan",slug:"muberra-akdogan"}]},{id:"23816",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Changes in the Retina and Central Visual Areas in Glaucoma",slug:"adaptive-changes-in-the-retina-and-central-visual-areas-in-glaucoma",totalDownloads:2233,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sansar C. Sharma, Jin Li and Elena Vecino",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino"},{id:"36188",title:"Prof.",name:"Sansar",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Sansar Sharma",slug:"sansar-sharma"},{id:"119155",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jin Li",slug:"jin-li"}]},{id:"23817",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Control of Retinal Ganglion Cell Specification and Differentiation",slug:"molecular-control-of-retinal-ganglion-cell-specification-and-differentiation",totalDownloads:2171,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mengqing Xiang, Haisong Jiang, Kangxin Jin and Feng Qiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36390",title:"Prof.",name:"Mengqing",middleName:null,surname:"Xiang",fullName:"Mengqing Xiang",slug:"mengqing-xiang"},{id:"49533",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",fullName:"Feng Qiu",slug:"feng-qiu"},{id:"49534",title:"Mr.",name:"Haisong",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Haisong Jiang",slug:"haisong-jiang"},{id:"49535",title:"Mr.",name:"Kangxin",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Kangxin Jin",slug:"kangxin-jin"}]},{id:"23818",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Retinal Oxidative and Nitrative Injury in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration",slug:"the-role-of-retinal-oxidative-and-nitrative-injury-in-glaucomatous-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:2559,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Serdar Dogan and Mutay Aslan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31726",title:"Prof.",name:"Mutay",middleName:null,surname:"Aslan",fullName:"Mutay Aslan",slug:"mutay-aslan"},{id:"51847",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",fullName:"Serdar Dogan",slug:"serdar-dogan"}]},{id:"23819",type:"chapter",title:"Excitotoxic Injury to Retinal Ganglion Cells",slug:"excitotoxic-injury-to-retinal-ganglion-cells",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"William A. Hare, Cun-Jian Dong, and Larry Wheeler",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37227",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:"Alan",surname:"Hare",fullName:"William Hare",slug:"william-hare"},{id:"48055",title:"Dr.",name:"Cun-Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Cun-Jian Dong",slug:"cun-jian-dong"},{id:"93652",title:"Dr.",name:"Larry",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Larry Wheeler",slug:"larry-wheeler"}]},{id:"23820",type:"chapter",title:"Neuroprotection in Glaucoma",slug:"neuroprotection-in-glaucoma",totalDownloads:3160,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Brett H. Mueller II, Dorota L. Stankowska and Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31573",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghu",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Raghu Krishnamoorthy",slug:"raghu-krishnamoorthy"},{id:"50465",title:"Prof.",name:"Brett",middleName:null,surname:"Mueller",fullName:"Brett Mueller",slug:"brett-mueller"},{id:"90600",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Stankowska",fullName:"Dorota Stankowska",slug:"dorota-stankowska"}]},{id:"23821",type:"chapter",title:"Neural Mechanisms Underlying Brimonidine’s Protection of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Experimental Glaucoma",slug:"neural-mechanisms-underlying-brimonidine-s-protection-of-retinal-ganglion-cells-in-experimental-glau",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cun-Jian Dong, William A. Hare and Larry Wheeler",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37227",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:"Alan",surname:"Hare",fullName:"William Hare",slug:"william-hare"},{id:"48055",title:"Dr.",name:"Cun-Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Cun-Jian Dong",slug:"cun-jian-dong"},{id:"93652",title:"Dr.",name:"Larry",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Larry Wheeler",slug:"larry-wheeler"}]},{id:"23822",type:"chapter",title:"Glaucoma Genetics – Regulation of Cell Surviving and Death in the Retina",slug:"glaucoma-genetics-regulation-of-cell-surviving-and-death-in-the-retina",totalDownloads:2634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maria D. Pinazo-Durán, Roberto Gallego-Pinazo, Vicente Zanón-Moreno and Manuel Serrano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30637",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Zanon-Moreno",fullName:"Vicente Zanon-Moreno",slug:"vicente-zanon-moreno"},{id:"52533",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria D.",middleName:null,surname:"Pinazo-Duran",fullName:"Maria D. Pinazo-Duran",slug:"maria-d.-pinazo-duran"},{id:"52539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Gallego-Pinazo",fullName:"Roberto Gallego-Pinazo",slug:"roberto-gallego-pinazo"},{id:"52540",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",fullName:"Manuel Serrano",slug:"manuel-serrano"}]},{id:"23823",type:"chapter",title:"A Vascular Approach to Glaucoma",slug:"a-vascular-approach-to-glaucoma",totalDownloads:2702,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luís Abegão Pinto and Ingeborg Stalmans",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37316",title:"Prof.",name:"Ingeborg",middleName:null,surname:"Stalmans",fullName:"Ingeborg Stalmans",slug:"ingeborg-stalmans"},{id:"37393",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Abegão",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Luis Pinto",slug:"luis-pinto"}]},{id:"23824",type:"chapter",title:"Corneal Viscoelastical Properties Related to Glaucoma",slug:"corneal-viscoelastical-properties-related-to-glaucoma",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Horea Demea, Sorina Demea and Rodica Holonec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50784",title:"Mrs",name:"Sorina",middleName:null,surname:"Demea",fullName:"Sorina Demea",slug:"sorina-demea"},{id:"51213",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodica",middleName:null,surname:"Holonec",fullName:"Rodica Holonec",slug:"rodica-holonec"},{id:"52314",title:"Mr",name:"Horea",middleName:null,surname:"Demea",fullName:"Horea Demea",slug:"horea-demea"}]},{id:"23825",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of High Altitude Related Oxidative Stress on Intraocular Pressure and Central Corneal Thickness – A Research Model for the Etiology of Glaucoma",slug:"effects-of-high-altitude-related-oxidative-stress-on-intraocular-pressure-and-central-corneal-thickn",totalDownloads:5936,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sarper Karakucuk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36102",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarper",middleName:null,surname:"Karakucuk",fullName:"Sarper Karakucuk",slug:"sarper-karakucuk"}]},{id:"23826",type:"chapter",title:"Sleep Apnea and Glaucoma – Greater Risk for Blacks?",slug:"sleep-apnea-and-glaucoma-greater-risk-for-blacks-",totalDownloads:2631,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ferdinand Zizi, Adnan Mallick, Monika Dweck, Douglas Lazzaro and Girardin Jean-Louis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58174",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Girardin",fullName:"Jean-Louis Girardin",slug:"jean-louis-girardin"},{id:"58175",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Zizi",fullName:"Ferdinand Zizi",slug:"ferdinand-zizi"}]},{id:"23827",type:"chapter",title:"Quality of Life (QoL) in Glaucoma Patients",slug:"quality-of-life-qol-in-glaucoma-patients",totalDownloads:10294,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Georgios Labiris, Athanassios Giarmoukakis and Vassilios P. Kozobolis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"61997",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Labiris",fullName:"Georgios Labiris",slug:"georgios-labiris"},{id:"94480",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanassios",middleName:null,surname:"Giarmoukakis",fullName:"Athanassios Giarmoukakis",slug:"athanassios-giarmoukakis"},{id:"94481",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassilios",middleName:null,surname:"Kozobolis",fullName:"Vassilios Kozobolis",slug:"vassilios-kozobolis"}]},{id:"23828",type:"chapter",title:"Glaucoma Animal Models",slug:"glaucoma-animal-models",totalDownloads:2897,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Elena Vecino and Sansar C. Sharma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino"},{id:"36188",title:"Prof.",name:"Sansar",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Sansar Sharma",slug:"sansar-sharma"}]},{id:"23829",type:"chapter",title:"Management of Glaucoma in the Era of Modern Imaging and Diagnostics",slug:"management-of-glaucoma-in-the-era-of-modern-imaging-and-diagnostics",totalDownloads:2681,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anurag Shrivastava and Umar Mian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37586",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",middleName:null,surname:"Mian",fullName:"Umar Mian",slug:"umar-mian"},{id:"50939",title:"Dr.",name:"Anurag",middleName:null,surname:"Shrivastava",fullName:"Anurag Shrivastava",slug:"anurag-shrivastava"}]},{id:"23830",type:"chapter",title:"Anterior Chamber Angle Assessment Techniques",slug:"anterior-chamber-angle-assessment-techniques",totalDownloads:32678,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Claudio Campa, Luisa Pierro, Paolo Bettin and Francesco Bandello",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35590",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Campa",fullName:"Claudio Campa",slug:"claudio-campa"},{id:"140329",title:"Prof.",name:"Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pierro",fullName:"Luisa Pierro",slug:"luisa-pierro"},{id:"140330",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Bettin",fullName:"Paolo Bettin",slug:"paolo-bettin"},{id:"140331",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Bandello",fullName:"Francesco Bandello",slug:"francesco-bandello"}]},{id:"23831",type:"chapter",title:"End Stage Glaucoma",slug:"end-stage-glaucoma",totalDownloads:5974,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tharwat H. Mokbel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35637",title:"Prof.",name:"Tharwat",middleName:null,surname:"Mokbel",fullName:"Tharwat Mokbel",slug:"tharwat-mokbel"}]},{id:"23832",type:"chapter",title:"Update on Modulating Wound Healing in Trabeculectomy",slug:"update-on-modulating-wound-healing-in-trabeculectomy",totalDownloads:3719,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hosam Sheha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50400",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Sheha",fullName:"Hosam Sheha",slug:"hosam-sheha"}]},{id:"23833",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Glaucoma Surgical Devices",slug:"novel-glaucoma-surgical-devices",totalDownloads:6970,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Parul Ichhpujani and Marlene R. Moster",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52529",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlene",middleName:null,surname:"Moster",fullName:"Marlene Moster",slug:"marlene-moster"},{id:"52530",title:"Dr.",name:"Parul",middleName:null,surname:"Ichhpujani",fullName:"Parul Ichhpujani",slug:"parul-ichhpujani"}]},{id:"23834",type:"chapter",title:"Cyclodestructive Procedures",slug:"cyclodestructive-procedures",totalDownloads:5393,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sima Sayyahmelli and Rakhshandeh Alipanahi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29623",title:"Dr.",name:"Sima",middleName:null,surname:"Sayyahmelli",fullName:"Sima Sayyahmelli",slug:"sima-sayyahmelli"},{id:"41265",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhshandeh",middleName:null,surname:"Alipanahi",fullName:"Rakhshandeh Alipanahi",slug:"rakhshandeh-alipanahi"}]},{id:"23835",type:"chapter",title:"Another Look on Cyclodestructive Procedures",slug:"another-look-on-cyclodestructive-procedures",totalDownloads:2976,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Fea, Dario Damato, Umberto Lorenzi and Federico M. Grignolo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36351",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Fea",fullName:"Antonio Fea",slug:"antonio-fea"},{id:"140326",title:"Prof.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Damato",fullName:"Dario Damato",slug:"dario-damato"},{id:"140327",title:"Prof.",name:"Umberto",middleName:null,surname:"Lorenzi",fullName:"Umberto Lorenzi",slug:"umberto-lorenzi"},{id:"140328",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Grignolo",fullName:"Federico Grignolo",slug:"federico-grignolo"}]},{id:"23836",type:"chapter",title:"Controlled Cyclophotocoagulation",slug:"controlled-cyclophotocoagulation",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paul-Rolf Preußner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43694",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul Rolf",middleName:null,surname:"Preußner",fullName:"Paul Rolf Preußner",slug:"paul-rolf-preussner"},{id:"43698",title:"Dr.",name:"Jochen",middleName:null,surname:"Wahl",fullName:"Jochen Wahl",slug:"jochen-wahl"}]},{id:"23837",type:"chapter",title:"Congenital Glaucoma",slug:"congenital-glaucoma",totalDownloads:4134,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jair Giampani Junior and Adriana Silva Borges Giampani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35331",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",middleName:null,surname:"Giampani Junior",fullName:"Jair Giampani Junior",slug:"jair-giampani-junior"},{id:"35333",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Borges-Giampani",fullName:"Adriana Borges-Giampani",slug:"adriana-borges-giampani"}]},{id:"23838",type:"chapter",title:"Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma",slug:"primary-angle-closure-glaucoma",totalDownloads:8228,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael B. Rumelt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62809",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",fullName:"Michael Rumelt",slug:"michael-rumelt"},{id:"140318",title:"Dr.",name:"M.D.",middleName:null,surname:"Emeritus",fullName:"M.D. Emeritus",slug:"m.d.-emeritus"}]},{id:"23839",type:"chapter",title:"Plateau Iris",slug:"plateau-iris",totalDownloads:4853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshiaki Kiuchi, Hideki Mochizuki and Kiyoshi Kusanagi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32982",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kiuchi",fullName:"Yoshiaki Kiuchi",slug:"yoshiaki-kiuchi"},{id:"48345",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Mochizuki",fullName:"Hideki Mochizuki",slug:"hideki-mochizuki"},{id:"48346",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kusanagi",fullName:"Kiyoshi Kusanagi",slug:"kiyoshi-kusanagi"}]},{id:"23840",type:"chapter",title:"Normal-Tension (Low-Tension) Glaucoma",slug:"normal-tension-low-tension-glaucoma",totalDownloads:6141,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tsvi Sheleg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62356",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvi",middleName:null,surname:"Sheleg",fullName:"Tsvi Sheleg",slug:"tsvi-sheleg"}]},{id:"23841",type:"chapter",title:"Drug-Induced Glaucoma (Glaucoma Secondary to Systemic Medications)",slug:"drug-induced-glaucoma-glaucoma-secondary-to-systemic-medications-",totalDownloads:5656,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eitan Z. Rath",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59158",title:"Dr.",name:"Eitan Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",fullName:"Eitan Z. Rath",slug:"eitan-z.-rath"}]},{id:"23842",type:"chapter",title:"Steroid Induced Glaucoma",slug:"steroid-induced-glaucoma",totalDownloads:9206,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Avraham Cohen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"61596",title:"Dr.",name:"Avraham",middleName:null,surname:"Cohen",fullName:"Avraham Cohen",slug:"avraham-cohen"}]},{id:"23843",type:"chapter",title:"Glaucoma in Cases of Penetrating Keratoplasty, Lamellar Procedures and Keratoprosthesis",slug:"glaucoma-in-cases-of-penetrating-keratoplasty-lamellar-procedures-and-keratoprosthesis",totalDownloads:3416,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shimon Rumelt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"751",title:"Advances in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63feda93d7fee6fb1f164a52e9f6427c",slug:"advances-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31115",title:"Lasers in Ophthalmology",slug:"lasers-in-ophthalmology",signatures:"Magdalena Zdybel, Barbara Pilawa and Anna Krzeszewska-Zaręba",authors:[{id:"77852",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Zdybel",fullName:"Magdalena Zdybel",slug:"magdalena-zdybel"},{id:"78350",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Pilawa",fullName:"Barbara Pilawa",slug:"barbara-pilawa"},{id:"78367",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Krzeszewska",fullName:"Anna Krzeszewska",slug:"anna-krzeszewska"}]},{id:"31116",title:"Microsurgical Techniques in Ophthalmology - Current Procedures and Future Directions",slug:"microsurgical-techniques-in-ophthalmology-current-procedures-and-future-directions",signatures:"Pradeep Prasad, Allen Hu, Robert Beardsley and Jean-Pierre Hubschman",authors:[{id:"6445",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Hubschman",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Hubschman",slug:"jean-pierre-hubschman"},{id:"92768",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",fullName:"Pradeep Prasad",slug:"pradeep-prasad"},{id:"92770",title:"Dr.",name:"Allen",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Allen Hu",slug:"allen-hu"}]},{id:"31117",title:"Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in the Eye",slug:"transient-receptor-potential-trp-channels-in-the-eye",signatures:"Zan Pan, José E. Capó-Aponte and Peter S. Reinach",authors:[{id:"100858",title:"Dr.",name:"Zan",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Zan Pan",slug:"zan-pan"},{id:"105143",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Reinach",fullName:"Peter Reinach",slug:"peter-reinach"},{id:"121965",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Enrique",surname:"Capo-Aponte",fullName:"Jose Capo-Aponte",slug:"jose-capo-aponte"}]},{id:"31118",title:"Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunology and Ocular Surface Diseases",slug:"recent-advances-in-mucosal-immunology-and-ocular-surface-diseases",signatures:"De-Quan Li, Zuguo Liu, Zhijie Li, Zhichong Wang and Hong Qi",authors:[{id:"34786",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuguo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zuguo Liu",slug:"zuguo-liu"},{id:"77116",title:"Prof.",name:"De-Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"De-Quan Li",slug:"de-quan-li"},{id:"135360",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhichong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhichong Wang",slug:"zhichong-wang"},{id:"135361",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhijie",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhijie Li",slug:"zhijie-li"},{id:"135362",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Hong Qi",slug:"hong-qi"}]},{id:"31119",title:"Trafficking of Immune Cells in the Cornea and Ocular Surface",slug:"trafficking-of-immune-cells-in-the-cornea-and-ocular-surface",signatures:"Yureeda Qazi, Aslihan Turhan and Pedram Hamrah",authors:[{id:"72559",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedram",middleName:null,surname:"Hamrah",fullName:"Pedram Hamrah",slug:"pedram-hamrah"},{id:"81949",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslihan",middleName:null,surname:"Turhan",fullName:"Aslihan Turhan",slug:"aslihan-turhan"},{id:"127502",title:"Dr.",name:"Yureeda",middleName:null,surname:"Qazi",fullName:"Yureeda Qazi",slug:"yureeda-qazi"}]},{id:"31120",title:"Keratoconus Layer by Layer - Pathology and Matrix Metalloproteinases",slug:"the-matrix-metalloproteinase-hypothesis-of-keratoconus-layer-by-layer",signatures:"Dasha Nelidova and Trevor Sherwin",authors:[{id:"69535",title:"Prof.",name:"Trevor",middleName:null,surname:"Sherwin",fullName:"Trevor Sherwin",slug:"trevor-sherwin"},{id:"69540",title:"Ms.",name:"Dasha",middleName:null,surname:"Nelidova",fullName:"Dasha Nelidova",slug:"dasha-nelidova"}]},{id:"31121",title:"Corneal Surgical Techniques",slug:"corneal-surgical-techniques",signatures:"Miroslav Vukosavljević, Milorad Milivojević and Mirko Resan",authors:[{id:"57397",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Vukosavljevic",fullName:"Miroslav Vukosavljevic",slug:"miroslav-vukosavljevic"},{id:"57401",title:"MSc",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Resan",fullName:"Mirko Resan",slug:"mirko-resan"},{id:"57435",title:"MSc.",name:"Milorad",middleName:null,surname:"Milivojevic",fullName:"Milorad Milivojevic",slug:"milorad-milivojevic"}]},{id:"31122",title:"Incidence of Refractive Error and Amblyopia Among Young Adults - A Hospital Based Study",slug:"incidence-of-refractive-error-and-amblyopia-among-young-adult-a-hospital-base-study-",signatures:"Ashok Kumar Narsani, Shafi Muhammad Jatoi, Mohan Perkash Maheshwari and Khairuddin Shah",authors:[{id:"41336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Narsani",fullName:"Ashok Narsani",slug:"ashok-narsani"},{id:"110718",title:"Dr.",name:"Khairuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Khairuddin Shah",slug:"khairuddin-shah"},{id:"110719",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Parkash",fullName:"Mohan Parkash",slug:"mohan-parkash"},{id:"110720",title:"Prof.",name:"Shafi Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jatoi",fullName:"Shafi Mohammad Jatoi",slug:"shafi-mohammad-jatoi"}]},{id:"31123",title:"Myopia, Light and Circadian Rhythms",slug:"myopia-light-and-circadian-rhythms",signatures:"John R. Phillips, Simon Backhouse and Andrew V. Collins",authors:[{id:"77069",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Phillips",fullName:"John Phillips",slug:"john-phillips"},{id:"77072",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Backhouse",fullName:"Simon Backhouse",slug:"simon-backhouse"},{id:"77073",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Collins",fullName:"Andrew Collins",slug:"andrew-collins"}]},{id:"31124",title:"Etiology and Clinical Presentation of Astigmatism",slug:"astigmatism",signatures:"Sanja Masnec Olujić",authors:[{id:"49301",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Masnec",fullName:"Sanja Masnec",slug:"sanja-masnec"}]},{id:"31125",title:"Wavefront Aberrations",slug:"wavefront-aberrations",signatures:"Mirko Resan, Miroslav Vukosavljević and Milorad Milivojević",authors:[{id:"57397",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Vukosavljevic",fullName:"Miroslav Vukosavljevic",slug:"miroslav-vukosavljevic"},{id:"57401",title:"MSc",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Resan",fullName:"Mirko Resan",slug:"mirko-resan"},{id:"57435",title:"MSc.",name:"Milorad",middleName:null,surname:"Milivojevic",fullName:"Milorad Milivojevic",slug:"milorad-milivojevic"}]},{id:"31126",title:"Non-Surgical Treatment of Astigmatism",slug:"non-surgical-treatment-of-astigmatism",signatures:"Luciane B. Moreira",authors:[{id:"49443",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciane",middleName:"B",surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Luciane Moreira",slug:"luciane-moreira"}]},{id:"31127",title:"Treatment Strategies and Clinical Outcomes of Aspheric Surgery for Astigmatism Using the SCHWIND Amaris Platform",slug:"clinical-outcomes-of-aspheric-refractive-surgery-for-astigmatism",signatures:"Maria C. Arbelaez and Samuel Arba-Mosquera",authors:[{id:"30278",title:"MSc",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Arba Mosquera",fullName:"Samuel Arba Mosquera",slug:"samuel-arba-mosquera"},{id:"30690",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Clara",middleName:null,surname:"Arbelaez",fullName:"Maria Clara Arbelaez",slug:"maria-clara-arbelaez"}]},{id:"31128",title:"Comparing Nomograms of Two Symmetric and Two Asymmetric Intacs(r) Segments Implantation for Treatment of Pellucid Marginal Degeneration",slug:"comparing-nomograms-of-two-symmetric-and-two-asymmetric-intacs-segments-implantation-for-treatment-o",signatures:"Luis A. Rodriguez and Anny E. Villegas",authors:[{id:"33257",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Luis Alberto Rodriguez",slug:"luis-alberto-rodriguez"}]},{id:"31129",title:"Toric Intraocular Lenses for the Correction of Astigmatism",slug:"toric-intraocular-lenses-for-the-correction-of-astigmatism",signatures:"Milorad Milivojević, Miroslav Vukosavljević and Mirko Resan",authors:[{id:"57397",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Vukosavljevic",fullName:"Miroslav Vukosavljevic",slug:"miroslav-vukosavljevic"},{id:"57401",title:"MSc",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Resan",fullName:"Mirko Resan",slug:"mirko-resan"},{id:"57435",title:"MSc.",name:"Milorad",middleName:null,surname:"Milivojevic",fullName:"Milorad Milivojevic",slug:"milorad-milivojevic"}]},{id:"31130",title:"Amblyopia and Foveal Thickness",slug:"amblyopia-and-foveal-thickness",signatures:"Elina Landa, Shimon Rumelt, Claudia Yahalom, Elaine Wong and Lionel Kowal",authors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt"}]},{id:"31145",title:"Trabecular Surgery",slug:"trabecular-surgery",signatures:"Antonio Fea, Giulia Consolandi, Giulia Pignata, Davide Turco, Paola Cannizzo, Elena Bartoli, Teresa Rolle and Federico M. Grignolo",authors:[{id:"36351",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Fea",fullName:"Antonio Fea",slug:"antonio-fea"},{id:"140328",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Grignolo",fullName:"Federico Grignolo",slug:"federico-grignolo"},{id:"151487",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Consolandi",fullName:"Giulia Consolandi",slug:"giulia-consolandi"},{id:"151488",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Pignata",fullName:"Giulia Pignata",slug:"giulia-pignata"},{id:"151489",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Turco",fullName:"Davide Turco",slug:"davide-turco"},{id:"151490",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Cannizzo",fullName:"Paola Cannizzo",slug:"paola-cannizzo"},{id:"151491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",fullName:"Elena Bartoli",slug:"elena-bartoli"},{id:"151492",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Rolle",fullName:"Teresa Rolle",slug:"teresa-rolle"}]},{id:"31146",title:"A Novel Artificial Vitreous Substitute - Foldable Capsular Vitreous Body",slug:"artificial-vitreous-body",signatures:"Qianying Gao",authors:[{id:"75000",title:"Prof.",name:"Qianying",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Qianying Gao",slug:"qianying-gao"}]},{id:"31147",title:"Endophthalmitis",slug:"endophthalmitis",signatures:"Phillip S. Coburn and Michelle C. Callegan",authors:[{id:"76609",title:"Prof.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Callegan",fullName:"Michelle Callegan",slug:"michelle-callegan"},{id:"78483",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip",middleName:null,surname:"Coburn",fullName:"Phillip Coburn",slug:"phillip-coburn"}]},{id:"31148",title:"Retinal Detachment - An Update of the Disease and Its Epidemiology - A Discussion Based on Research and Clinical Experience at the Prince Charles Eye Unit, Windsor, England",slug:"retinal-detachment-an-update-of-the-disease-and-its-epidemiology-a-discussion-based-on-research-and-",signatures:"Irina Gout, Faye Mellington, Vikas Tah, Mahmoud Sarhan, Sofia Rokerya, Michael Goldacre and Ahmed El-Amir",authors:[{id:"81954",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Amir",fullName:"Ahmed El-Amir",slug:"ahmed-el-amir"},{id:"121817",title:"Dr.",name:"Faye",middleName:null,surname:"Mellington",fullName:"Faye Mellington",slug:"faye-mellington"},{id:"121819",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Rokerya",fullName:"Sofia Rokerya",slug:"sofia-rokerya"},{id:"121821",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Gout",fullName:"Irina Gout",slug:"irina-gout"},{id:"121822",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Sarhan",fullName:"Mahmoud Sarhan",slug:"mahmoud-sarhan"},{id:"135927",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",middleName:null,surname:"Tah",fullName:"Vikas Tah",slug:"vikas-tah"},{id:"136903",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Goldacre",fullName:"Michael Goldacre",slug:"michael-goldacre"}]},{id:"31149",title:"Retinal Vascular Occlusions",slug:"retinal-vascular-occlusions",signatures:"Mario Bradvica, Tvrtka Benašić and Maja Vinković",authors:[{id:"76661",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bradvica",fullName:"Mario Bradvica",slug:"mario-bradvica"},{id:"78358",title:"Dr.",name:"Tvrtka",middleName:null,surname:"Benašić",fullName:"Tvrtka Benašić",slug:"tvrtka-benasic"},{id:"78360",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Vinković",fullName:"Maja Vinković",slug:"maja-vinkovic"}]},{id:"31150",title:"Induction of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion by Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal in a Rabbit Model",slug:"induction-of-branch-retinal-vein-occlusion-by-photodynamic-therapy-with-rose-bengal-in-rabbit-model",signatures:"Xiao-Xu Zhou, Yan-Ping Song, Yu-Xing Zhao and Jian-Guo Wu",authors:[{id:"70879",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian-Guo",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Jian-Guo Wu",slug:"jian-guo-wu"}]},{id:"31151",title:"Regulation of Angiogenesis in Choroidal Neovascularization of Age Related Macular Degeneration by Endogenous Angioinhibitors",slug:"regulation-of-angiogenesis-in-choroidal-neovascularization-of-age-related-macular-degeneration-by-en",signatures:"Venugopal Gunda and Yakkanti A. Sudhakar",authors:[{id:"67903",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudhakar A.",middleName:"Akul",surname:"Yakkanti",fullName:"Sudhakar A. Yakkanti",slug:"sudhakar-a.-yakkanti"},{id:"120023",title:"Dr.",name:"Venugopal",middleName:null,surname:"Gunda",fullName:"Venugopal Gunda",slug:"venugopal-gunda"}]},{id:"31152",title:"NRF2 and Age-Dependent RPE Degeneration",slug:"nrf2-and-age-related-rpe-degeneration",signatures:"Yan Chen, Zhenyang Zhao, Paul Sternberg and Jiyang Cai",authors:[{id:"72931",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiyang",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",fullName:"Jiyang Cai",slug:"jiyang-cai"},{id:"72937",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenyang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Zhenyang Zhao",slug:"zhenyang-zhao"},{id:"72939",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yan Chen",slug:"yan-chen"},{id:"72941",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Sternberg",fullName:"Paul Sternberg",slug:"paul-sternberg"}]},{id:"31153",title:"Retinitis Pigmentosa in Northern Sweden - From Gene to Treatment",slug:"retinitis-pigmentosa-in-northern-sweden-from-gene-to-treatment",signatures:"Irina Golovleva and Marie Burstedt",authors:[{id:"76043",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Golovleva",fullName:"Irina Golovleva",slug:"irina-golovleva"},{id:"77393",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Burstedt",fullName:"Marie Burstedt",slug:"marie-burstedt"}]},{id:"31154",title:"Mechanisms of RDH12-Induced Leber Congenital Amaurosis and Therapeutic Approaches",slug:"mechanisms-of-rdh12-induced-leber-congenital-amaurosis-and-therapeutic-approaches",signatures:"Anne Kasus-Jacobi, Lea D. Marchette, Catherine Xu, Feng Li, Huaiwen Wang and Mark Babizhayev",authors:[{id:"69411",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Kasus-Jacobi",fullName:"Anne Kasus-Jacobi",slug:"anne-kasus-jacobi"}]},{id:"31179",title:"Eyelid and Orbital Infections",slug:"orbital-cellulitis",signatures:"Hakim Ayub",authors:[{id:"119211",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelhakim",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Ayub",fullName:"Abdelhakim Ayub",slug:"abdelhakim-ayub"}]},{id:"31180",title:"Extended Applications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery to the Orbit and Pituitary Fossa",slug:"extended-applications-of-endoscopic-sinus-surgery-to-the-orbit-and-pituitary-fossa",signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"666",title:"Diabetic Retinopathy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc9ab3a3c861825692bb9eea670aea2e",slug:"diabetic-retinopathy",bookSignature:"Mohammad Shamsul Ola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86018",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Shamsul",surname:"Ola",slug:"mohammad-shamsul-ola",fullName:"Mohammad Shamsul Ola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"751",title:"Advances in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63feda93d7fee6fb1f164a52e9f6427c",slug:"advances-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1203",title:"Ocular Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b689c614692d77cfec2b92eea85c9d7",slug:"ocular-diseases",bookSignature:"Adedayo Adio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139912",title:"Dr.",name:"Adedayo",surname:"Adio",slug:"adedayo-adio",fullName:"Adedayo Adio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3261",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75a36fb78ed74e1a5de53d6d5371a9db",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-aspects",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3261.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3284",title:"Common Eye Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a5082fd3b6bc4e2ec2a166809b58399",slug:"common-eye-infections",bookSignature:"Imtiaz A. Chaudhry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3284.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66603",title:"Dr.",name:"Imtiaz",surname:"Chaudhry",slug:"imtiaz-chaudhry",fullName:"Imtiaz Chaudhry"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"268",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Concepts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a66374f7429cc798c56e9e8149a1aa",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/268.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80220",title:"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nano-Composites: An Efficient Tool for Cancer Theranostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101934",slug:"iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-nano-composites-an-efficient-tool-for-cancer-theranostics",body:'Over the past few decades, nanomaterials have gained a special interest and are being investigated widely for various applications, owing to their unique characteristics [1]. Until now, several nanoparticulate systems have been studied to demonstrate their potential to detect, diagnose and treat cancer effectively with high degree of specificity and affinity to target cells, in comparison to the other onco-therapeutic approaches [1, 2, 3]. Iron oxides are being investigated widely in the field of nano-biomedicine, owing to their greater degree of variability and versatility [4]. The multifunctional capabilities of iron oxide nanoparticles including tumor labelling, magnetic bioseparation, biological entities detection, transfections,
In general, the magnetic behavior of nanomaterials is greatly influenced by various features, such as size, size distribution, shape, polymorphic form, surface modification and purity [11, 12, 13]. Iron oxide nanoparticles of various polymorphic forms are synthesized through various approaches, including co-precipitation [14, 15], sol-gel method [16], sol-gel cum reverse-micelle technique [16], thermal decomposition [17], sonochemical [18], microwave heating [19, 20], hydrothermal [21, 22, 23], microemulsion [24, 25, 26], green synthesis [27, 28], bacterial synthesis [29], laser pyrolysis [30], and electrochemical synthesis [31]. For effective practical applications, the nanoparticles and nano-composites must be readily aqueous dispersible, stable and biocompatible with fascinating magnetic properties and interactive surfaces. The particle characteristics of Iron oxides such as size, shape and surface charges serves as a determining factor in achieving biological distribution and elimination [32]. Multiple studies evidence that the particle characteristics play an important role in the toxicity, i.e. smaller particles showed increased toxicity than larger particles [33, 34, 35].
In the last two decades, several synthetic approaches have been followed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology, biocompatibility and monodisperse nature [32, 36]. The schematic depiction of commonly employed chemical approaches is shown in Figure 1.
Schematic depiction of commonly used chemical techniques.
Of many approaches, co-precipitation is widely used for the synthesis of iron oxide due to their process simplicity [37]. At the same time, it is necessary to consider several factors such as precursor salts used, ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions, nature and type of surfactants used, reaction parameters (pH and ionic strength of media, reaction temperature, stirring rate, drop rate of salt/base solution) and chemical processes employed in the co-precipitation technique to achieve the iron oxide nanoparticles with desirable crystal structure and morphology, monodispersity, and attractive magnetic properties [32, 38]. Peternele et al. synthesized magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles by precipitating the mixture of chloride salts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (1:2 ratio) using 1.5 M NaOH or 25% Ammonia under vigorous stirring. The sequences of addition of base strongly affect the formation of phase and size of the magnetite nanoparticles. Further, much smaller sized maghemite was obtained by oxidizing prepared magnetite nanoparticles due to the Ostwald ripening effect. The nanoparticles obtained using ammonia displayed uniform size and were monodisperse in nature [37]. Cui et al. synthesized magnetite, maghemite and hematite using a common epoxide precipitation route involving an ethanolic solution of ferrous chloride tetrahydrate and a gelation agent propylene oxide. Initially, the nucleation of magnetite was observed due to the oxidation of Fe(II) precursor. From this step, the magnetite solution can be transformed into Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles through centrifugation-followed by vacuum drying, sol-to-xerogel formation followed by oxidation at 150°C and, atmosphere controlled evaporation of sol at 150°C, respectively [39, 40]. In another study, Cui et al. synthesized nanoparticles of other polymorphic forms such as lepidocrocite and goethite just by regulating the pH of the obtained greenish precipitate comprising an ethanolic solution of ferrous chloride tetrahydrate and a gelation agent propylene oxide using ammonia, followed by air oxidation under room temperature [41].
In several studies, the microemulsion and reverse micellization has been employed for the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles with controlled morphology, but at the same time the aggregation of nanoparticles are high and requires several washing, and stabilization [32]. For instance, Lee et al. synthesized magnetite nanoparticles by adding the hydro-ethanolic Fe (II, III) salt precursor solution into sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) dispersed xylene solution under vigorous stirring for 12 h. Hydrazine was added to the solution maintained at 90°C, and the solution was refluxed for 5 h to obtain nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles can be tuned by modifying the relative amounts of precursor and the polar solvent-surfactant ratio [42]. In another study, Jung et al. applied the reverse micelle technique to synthesize uniform and monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles for sensing and drug targeting applications. Herein, the precursor and surfactant immobilized in the organic phase were added to the aqueous phase comprising stabilizer and stirred for several hours to form stable reverse micelles of sub 3 nm size. The formation of large irregular and small worm-like nanoparticles was observed in the absence of stabilizer [43].
In order to achieve iron oxide nanoparticles with high-quality monodisperse nature, thermal decomposition approach has been used widely. However, this requires relatively higher temperature and involves complex operations. Hyeon et al. prepared maghemite nanocrystallites with a high degree of crystallinity and monodiperse nature by subjecting Iron pentacarbonyl-oleic acid complex to thermal decomposition. Initially, the complexation was carried out by transferring the Iron pentacarbonyl into a hot mixture containing oleic acid and octyl ether and maintained at 100°C for 1 h. The resulting mixture was cooled and treated with mild oxidant trimethylamine oxide. Following the addition of trimethylamine oxide, the solution was again heated to 130°C for 2 h under an inert (Ar) atmosphere. Further, the temperature was slowly increased to 300°C and refluxed for 1 h to obtain the maghemite nanocrystallites [44]. Later, Lassenberger et al. used a slightly modified thermal decomposition technique to synthesize the monodisperse oleic acid stabilized Iron oxide nanoparticles [45], which does not involve the use of mild oxidants. The particle size of nanocrystallites is directly linked to the concentration of the complexation agent and the heating rate employed in the synthesis process [44, 45]. Zhou et al. successfully synthesized various morphologies of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles by varying the ratio of Iron oleate/sodium oleate, reflux temperature, and heating rate [46]. The biggest problem with the nanoparticles obtained via thermal decomposition route is their limited solubility in aqueous environments. Thus, phase transformation is required to render them water soluble [45].
A simple hydrothermal process can be a better alternative for the preparation of monodisperse, dislocation-free, highly crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles, as it does not require high temperature. The use of surfactants in the hydrothermal process could limit the growth of nanoparticle size, while retaining the crystallinity and magnetic properties close to that of the iron oxides prepared without surfactants and bulk iron oxides [6, 32]. Ozel et al. synthesized Iron oxides of varying crystallinity and size ranging from 12 to 49 nm by varying the reaction temperature (60–180°C) and reaction time (1–48 h) [47]. Further, Torres-Gomez et al. reported the synthesis of various γ-Fe2O3 nanostructures such as quasi-spherical, octahedral and truncated cubes by varying the reaction temperature from 120 to 160°C [22]. Ellipsoid 3D superstructures, plate-like nanostructures and irregular structures of α-Fe2O3 were obtained by employing varying proportions of Fe3+ precursor, surfactants and solvent under varying temperatures [48]. Xu et al. used urea to synthesize template-free rod-like β-FeOOH structures by varying the reaction temperature and time [49]. Also, urea in combination with ammonia was added to ferric chloride solution and autoclaved at 150°C for 6 h to obtain β-Fe2O3 [50]. Various reports highlight that depending on the type of the reducing agent and surfactants used in the hydrothermal process, different iron oxide phases and nanostructures such as spherical, polyhedral, nanocubes, octahedral, truncated cubes, hollow spheres, nanorods etc. [6, 22, 23, 32, 47, 49, 51, 52] can be obtained.
Sonochemical technique is a competitive alternative, to prepare ultrafine, monodispersive iron oxide nanoparticles with unusual properties. Usually, iron oxides prepared through this route are amorphous and possess low magnetization with speromagnetic behavior below magnetic transition temperature [6]. Hassanjani-Roshan et al. demonstrated the effect of ultrasonic power and reaction temperature on the particle characteristics such as crystalline/amorphous behavior and particle size of α-Fe2O3. The particle can be transformed into a highly crystalline form by subjecting them to higher temperature, following the sonochemical synthesis [53]. A cube-like Fe3O4 nanoparticle with different particle sizes ranging from 20 to 58 nm was obtained by varying the molar concentration of the precursor and the reducing agent [54]. According to the LaMer model, the local supersaturation should be higher to achieve the smaller particles. Ludtke-Buzug et al. state that the maximum local supersaturation is higher at lower ultrasound frequency [55].
Recently, green chemistry and biological methods are being used for the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles owing to their safety, low cost, non-toxic and eco friendliness approach. However, the consistency of synthetic process is highly influenced by the source of the green and biological reducing agents [40]. The microbial-mediated approach demands a lengthy incubation time for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles [56]. Whilst, the plant-mediated environment-friendly approach requires less time and can be used for the synthesis of various iron oxide nanostructures like spherical, needles, cubical, dendrites, cylindrical, and so on [56] with appreciable biological activities. Many studies utilize plant extracts with mild reducing capability along with bases like sodium hydroxide [57, 58], sodium carbonate [59], glycine [60] to synthesize stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles, as this can avoid the use of environmentally-toxic stabilizing agents. Few studies reported the successful synthesis of Iron oxide nanostructures using the extracts like grape berry ferment [61], flower extract of
Avoiding agglomeration while retaining the stability is the most crucial challenge every magnetic material undergoes. In last two decades, considerable efforts have been devoted for the passivation of iron oxide nanoparticle surface using organic and inorganic materials, to avoid agglomeration, and to have improved solubility, stability and biocompatibility. The surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles could be achieved by coating the iron oxide core with shell material (or) by dispersing the iron oxide core over the shell material (or) through chemical interaction of iron oxides with shell material (or) through bioconjugation reactions (or) by coating a shell-core structure with shell material. The shell materials could be organic or inorganic materials with functional properties. The commonly employed functional materials in the passivation of iron oxide surface include organic small molecules (drugs, fatty acids, polyol, dyes, vitamins, cyclodextrins), surfactants (dextran, polyvinyl alcohol), biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, antibody, cells, enzymes, microbes), silanes (
Iron (III) oxides exhibit distinct physical properties due to its polymorphic forms that has same molecular formula but with different crystallographic structures. Iron (III) oxides occur in various polymorphic forms such as α-Fe2O3, β-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, ε-Fe2O3, and ζ-Fe2O3. The polymorphic forms are characterized by crystal structure as: (i) rhombohedrally-centric hexagonal α-Fe2O3 (R
Magnetic properties of the nanomaterials play a key role in MRI contrasting ability, magnetically-induced heating, externally-targeted drug delivery and bio-sensing applications. The γ-Fe2O3 polymorph exhibits ferrimagnetic and superparamagnetic behavior with a curie temperature of 928 K [16, 76], whilst, the ferromagnetic ε-Fe2O3 possess highest coercivity [76, 84] with a curie temperature close to 500 K [85]. Interestingly, the magnetic order of ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles does not get vanished even at 500 K and this different ferromagnetic state persists up to 850 K [86]. A weak ferromagnetic behavior was reported in α-Fe2O3 phase with a Morin transition at ∼269 K, i.e., a transition of antiferromagnetic state from weak ferromagnetic state [76] and a curie temperature of 950 K [16]. The paramagnetic β-Fe2O3 becomes magnetically ordered below the Neel temperature (∼110 K) and exhibit antiferromagnetic state. Similarly, the recently identified ζ-Fe2O3 exhibited an antiferromagnetic nature below Neel transition temperature of ∼69 K [76]. A paramagnetic transition of amorphous Fe2O3 at temperatures above the Neel temperature of 80 K was concluded based on the interpretation on Mössbauer data [84]. In some cases, non-ideal magnetic behavior could be observed in iron oxides due to wide range of blocking temperatures, aroused from wide range of particle size distribution [6]. Wustite (FeO) is generally stable above 560°C and possess antiferromagnetic nature with a Neel temperature of about 200 K [79]. Among all Iron (III) oxyhydroxide, δ-FeOOH is the only polymorphic form which showed significant magnetization at room temperature with ferrimagnetic behavior (Tc—450 K) [87] and significant relaxation properties [88]. The smaller crystals of Feroxyhites (δ-FeOOH) showed speromagnetic behavior between 80 K and 300 K [87]. β-FeOOH is usually paramagnetic at room temperatures and below Neel temperature they exhibit antiferromagnetic property [89]. The bulk α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH displayed a Neel transition at 252 K and 53 K respectively [90]. The magnetic property of Ferrihydrite is size dependant, which displayed antiferromagnetic behavior below 4 nm, and above 4 nm ferrimagnetic behavior was observed [91]. The magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles are greatly influenced by the oxidation and aggregation. The oxidation of iron oxide nanoparticles could lead to the loss of magnetic properties. In contrast the aggregation of particles may lead to mutual magnetisation that is usually aroused by the interaction of magnetic field of one nanoparticle with the neighboring nanoparticle [32].
Iron oxide nanoparticles are highly prone for oxidation, particularly in the atmospheric air, and hence require a thin and non-interactive protective coating that has minimal effect on its characteristic physical properties, especially its magnetic properties [32]. Many studies also concluded that the naked iron oxide nanoparticles tend to agglomerate owing to their high surface energy, surface area-to-volume ratio, magnetic interactions and van der Waals forces [32, 92]. The agglomeration of the particles not only increases the particle size, but also enhances strong magnetic dipole-dipole attractions, that make the particles ferromagnetic. In general, the hydrophobic character and the huge surface area-to-volume ratio render the iron oxide nanoparticles toxic, insisting the need for the modification of particle surface, to make them hydrophilic and biocompatible [32].
Among various imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging acquires a rapid image of
Cell labelling and sorting is a key technique in the field of oncology and stem cell research. Usually, cells are labeled using ferro or superpara or paramagnetic materials in the process of
The magnetic behavior of iron oxides allows the isolation of specific cells from the biological suspensions like blood, apart from its diagnostic ability. In non-invasive magnetic-activated cell sorting, the antibody-bound iron oxides bind specifically to the specific antigens present on the surface of target cells. The bound fraction can be separated from the unbound fraction by applying a magnetic field. For instance, circulating tumor cells are captured, and analyzed for staging cancer, selection of therapy and monitoring treatment [106]. Mi et al. developed a low cytotoxic Herceptin-functionalised conjugated oligomer-based Iron oxide-silica nanoparticle system for magnetic-activated sorting and fluorescence-activated detection of circulating tumor cells at its metastatic stage [107]. Du et al. bioengineered D-tyrosine phosphate decorated iron oxides that can be dephosphorylated to tyrosine coated iron oxides by the overexpressed alkaline phosphatases in the surface of cancer cells. The tyrosine-coated iron oxides upon dephosphorylation have been attached to the tumor cells and captured using a small magnet [108].
Immunotherapy is a robust strategy to eliminate cancer cells. For effective cancer immunotherapy, the immune system must be activated against tumor antigens. The immunotherapeutic approaches include cell-based immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for checkpoint blockade and cancer vaccines. In cell-based immunotherapy, the migration, expansion, and depletion of immune cells are tracked to understand the complex cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the immune system [100]. The schematic representation of various applications of iron oxide nanoparticles is depicted in Figure 2.
Application of iron oxide nanoparticles/conjugates in cancer immunotherapy.
The T cells have the ability to differentiate into various forms based on the interaction of specific tumor antigens on the antigen-presenting cells. Real-time T-cell trafficking using MRI can improve the T cell-based immunotherapies by achieving better localization [109]. For instance, the three-dimensional MRI visualization of
Macrophages eliminate foreign particles and cellular wastes by secreting cytokines and initiating phagocytosis. Reprogramming or polarizing the tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the tumor environment shall overcome the difficulty of penetration of M1 macrophages from the outside environment. Iron oxides on their own activate the macrophages through metabolic degradation. In a study, the response to CD47 monoclonal antibodies by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) has been monitored using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. The study showed that phagocytosis of TAM had been activated due to the inhibition of the interaction between SIRPα and CD47 by CD47 mAb [112]. In another study, 3-methyladenine was incorporated into hollow iron oxide nanoparticles to promote the immune response by reprograming the TAM into M1-type macrophages. The nanoparticle system upregulates the NF-κB p65 while inhibiting the expression of P13Kγ to promote an immune response. The mouse model revealed a synergistic effect of polarization of macrophages by 3-methyladenine and iron oxide nanoparticles [113]. An artificial reprogramming of macrophages was reported in a study using hyaluronic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. In this study, the iron oxide nanoparticles and macrophages from RAW 264.7 mouse were incubated together and injected into 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice. The results indicated the capability of these artificially programmed macrophages in polarization of TAM and enhanced tumor effect [114].
Dendritic cells play a key role in activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulating adaptive immune response by presenting the tumor antigens into the draining lymph nodes. The immune response is highly dependant on the migration of activated dendritic cells to lymph nodes [103, 115]. The incorporation of iron oxides into a dendritic cell does not impair the viability of cells [103] and demonstrate the tracking of dendritic cells with MRI [100]. The antigens are loaded into immature dendritic cells, as the phagocytic ability is higher than the mature dendritic cells. The internalization of iron oxides takes place via endocytosis for the particles ranging from 20 to 200 nm [100]. Iron oxide nanoparticles bound to oval albumin showed increased expression of TNFα, IL-6, and IFN-γ in murine dendritic cells. Further the assessment of immunotherapeutic capability in mice revealed a dramatic reduction in the tumor [116, 117]. De Vries et al. reported the enhanced accuracy of magnetic resonance tracking of iron oxides-loaded dendritic cells over scintigraphic imaging. Herein, the iron oxide nanoparticles are phagocytized into the autologous
Cancer vaccines play a crucial role in presenting the tumor antigens to activate specific T cells against the tumor cells. Recently, biomimetic nano vaccines encompassing tumor cell membranes with tumor antigens are used for targeting the immune or tumor cells. The vaccination capacity can be increased by introducing iron oxides with intrinsic magnetic properties. For instance, Zhang et al. developed a biomimetic magnetosome to expand and stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell and to track and effectively guide them into tumor tissues [118]. Further, Wang et al., demonstrated antitumor activity and immunogenic cell death with low systemic toxicity using Ce6-loaded magnetic/mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles concealed with cancer cells [119]. In another study, Long CM et al. developed magneto-vaccination using iron oxide labeled GM-CSF secreting cells mixed with tumor to stimulate the immune system by inducing the T cell tumor targeting factors proliferation [120].
The immune checkpoint is the molecular interactions between cancer cells and immune cells. The ability of tumor cells to evade the surveillance of the immune system is the common problem associated with the T cell-mediated approach, as many healthy cells like certain tumor cells encompass inhibitory checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) that can inactivate the T cells by binding to the inhibitory checkpoint PD1 protein expressed on T cell surface [100]. The immune response shall be enhanced by targeting inhibitory checkpoint molecules such as proteins and antibodies. Under physiological conditions, the checkpoint inhibitory molecules are highly prone to degradation and hence required to be encapsulated into a robust delivery system. In a study, the immunoswitch design was demonstrated using antibodies-loaded dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for the inhibition of immune checkpoints. The antibodies against PD-L1 and 4-1BB were used to stimulate T cells. In this study, the tumor-bearing mice (C57BL/6) was initially treated with adoptively transferred T cells, followed by the administration of antibodies-loaded dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles or free individual antibodies. The results suggest the targeting of multiple checkpoints, as targeting only one checkpoint did not result in size reduction of tumors. Also, highlights the multifunctional utility of iron oxides for checkpoint inhibition [121]. In another study, the Iron oxide-coated folic acid-functionalised-disulphide-polyethylene glycol-conjugated polyethylenimine nanoparticles were developed for the delivery of siRNA to inhibit PD-L1 protein. The nanoparticles exhibited higher transfection ability, MRI contrasting ability, and the high cellular uptake downregulate the PD-L1, which in turn affected the T-cells cytokine-secretion level [122]. The schematic representation of immune checkpoint regulation using immunoswitch nanoparticles is shown in Figure 3.
Schematic representation of immune check point regulation using immunoswitch nanoparticle.
In tumor ablation therapy, the use of non-contact magnetic heating (above 42°C) has gained a special attention and are being utilized in clinical practice in few hospitals as an adjuvant therapy. The magnetic heating is achieved through hysteresis loss and relaxation losses under varying alternating magnetic field and radio frequencies. The efficiency of magnetic heating is directly linked to the size, shape and concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles, the strength and frequency of alternating magnetic field and cooling rate in biological tissues. The major obstacle in the use of Iron oxides for non-contact heating of tumor tissues is their low heating power. Magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are widely employed for magnetic hyperthermia applications due to their well-established biocompatibility. However, these nanoparticles possess relatively low coercivity and require high applied frequency, usually ranging from 400 kHz to 900 kHz, to effectively heat the media in which it is dispersed. In contrast, studies indicate that ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles exhibit hyperthermia potential at low applied frequency of about 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Though many magnetic materials reported to have high heating power, their concern over safety has limited their use in clinical practice, and encourages the optimisation of structural features of iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced clinical hyperthermia potential [123].
Kolosnjaj-Tabi et al. demonstrated a mild hyperthermia efficacy of PEG-coated iron oxide nanocubes in a magnetic field of 23.8 kA/m and 111 kHz until the particle resides in the interstitial extracellular location. The hyperthermia efficiency of the nanoparticles was lost after cellular internalization and capture in the liver and spleen. However, the hyperthermia effect destabilize the tumor stroma to enhance the drug penetration [124]. The cancer theranostic agents are widely employed for the effective control of tumor owing to their potential diagnostic cum treatment approach. The magnetic hyperthermia efficiency and MRI T2 contrasting ability of iron oxide nanoparticles were demonstrated using the fourth-generation dendrimer coated iron oxides [125]. Hayashi et al., developed iron oxide nanoclusters for combined MRI cum hyperthermia, as the individual iron oxides (<10 nm) are prone to leakage from capillaries. In this study, the surface of Iron oxide nanoclusters is modified with polyethylene glycol and folic acid to enhance their accumulation within the tumor environment of mice, following the intravenous administration. The mice that underwent local heating for 20 minutes reduced the tumor volume to about 1/10th of the control mice, indicating the hyperthermia efficiency of the iron oxide nanoclusters [126]. Lin et al. developed a multifunctional pegylated albumin nanocomplex comprising Iron oxide and a hydrophobic dye (IR780). The photothermal effect and MR imaging of nanocomplex were demonstrated on a cancer colon model and tumor-bearing mice, respectively [127]. The combined photothermal effect (NIR-induced) and cancer imaging (MRI and fluorescence) were demonstrated using a novel dumbbell-like Gold-Iron oxide nanoparticle by Kirui et al. [128]. A similar kind of bimodal cancer imaging with a photothermal effect was reported in hyaluronan-targeted iron oxides to bring out the photothermal efficiency and cell staining potential of the iron oxides apart from its MRI contrasting ability [129]. Espinosa et al. demonstrated a complete tumor regression using the dual-mode hyperthermia and photothermal therapeutic potential of iron oxide nanocubes [130].
The successful delivery of therapeutic agents into the tumor environment with minimal toxicity to surrounding tissues is the biggest challenge, as it is often limited by tumor heterogeneity, dense fibrotic stromal barriers and various vascular barriers including abnormal tumor blood vessels, tumor cells proliferating nests, normal blood vessels, positive intratumoural pressure [131, 132]. Iron oxide nanocarrier systems are often believed to overcome these biological barriers by altering the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution profile via enhanced permeability and retention effect [9]. However, for clinical success, EPR effect may not be sufficiently enough as it offers only certain level of tumor targeting and non-specific biodistribution. Thus, the logical choice for tumor therapy shall be actively tumor-targeted iron-oxide nano-carrier system, which can be minimally toxic to normal tissues while having enhanced bioavailability, intracellular bio-distribution, and potent cyto-toxic effects against the tumor cells. [131, 132]. Recently, the tumor-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles are used to monitor the accumulation of drugs in the tumor site, while simultaneously estimating the drug level in the tumor tissues. The detection of MRI signal changes of drug loaded iron oxides can provide a track over drug delivery, estimated drug levels in tissue and therapeutic response
Li et al. developed the iron oxide nanoclusters with photothermal mediated synergistic chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy. In this study, the core iron oxides were surface modified using the paclitaxel-loaded human serum albumin and conjugated to the Arg-Gly-Asp peptides for tumor specific targeting [133]. Several studies indicate that insufficient penetration through BBB reduces the efficiency in treating glioblastoma multiforme. Norouzi developed pH-sensitive doxorubicin-loaded Iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with trimethoxysilylpropyl-ethylenediamine triacetic acid to demonstrate their uptake in brain-derived using mouse model. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was increased by 2.8 folds and provided an enhanced anti-tumor effect than free doxorubicin. Further, the study indicated that the penetration of nanoparticles into the brain was augmented due to the combination of cadherin binding peptide and external alternating magnetic field [134]. Hussein-Al-Ali et al. developed iron oxide/chlorambucil/chitosan nanocomposite with a particle size of about 15 nm. Controlled release of drug chlorambucil from the nanocomposite with significant anti-tumor effects on leukemia cancer cell lines was observed [135].
Since several decades, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential use of functionalised iron oxide nanoparticles for the delivery of anticancer drugs, yet there are several obstacles that need to be overcome for increased adoption of these nano-carrier systems into clinical practice. The various challenges that needs to be considered while developing the newer targeted iron oxide nanoparticles includes the synthesis of conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles without inducing a change in the chemical and magnetic properties, the high drug loading efficiency, regulation of circulation time [113], specificity and selectivity of towards tumor tissues, and controlled release of drug with the tumor region. The other challenges that are least explored in the development of iron oxide nanocarrier systems includes tumor uptake, biodistribution and bioelimination. The biological distribution is highly dependent on the nanoparticles size, morphology and surface characteristics, as these properties can strongly influence the particle interaction with serum proteins and cells [32]. The major obstacle in achieving the effective tumor therapy is the tumor heterogeneity resulted from the genetic mutations. This emphasis the need for personalized medicine involving both imaging and targeted drug delivery simultaneously, signifying the concept ‘we observe what we treat’. The potent MRI capability of the iron oxide nanoparticles shall allow the visualization of events such as delivery of drug and other cargo molecules, efficacy of the undergoing treatment, gene expression and metastasis, bioelimination of iron oxides. Though, iron oxides exhibit many distinctive properties, the long-term fate of iron oxides, PK/PD studies, toxicology studies and the toxicity criteria are yet to be clearly defined. Recently, there is an intense focus on the development of multifunctional tumor-targeted drug-loaded iron oxide nano-carrier systems, as it can offer many benefits such as, tumor-specific targeting, MRI contrasting ability (track and monitor the accumulation of the nano-carrier system), combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy to tumor cells and stimulus-induced drug release (control over the drug release at the tumor-specific site). Until today, there are numerous studies reported to have such multifunctional properties in
Nanoparticle type | Precursor | Precipitating agent | Process and conditions | Size | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O | 1.5 M NaOH | Addition of precursor solution into alkali, a. stirring under air for 30 min b. N2 bubbling (100 mL/min) for 30 min c. kept under magnetic field for 24 h | 9.82 nm 6.31 nm 7.21 nm | [37] |
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O | 25% NH4OH | Addition of alkali into precursor solution a. stirring under air for 30 min b. N2 bubbling (100 mL/min) for 30 min c. kept under magnetic field for 24 h | 11.22 nm 5.05 nm 5.41 nm | [37] |
γ-Fe2O3 | FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O | 1.5 M NaOH | Addition of precursor solution into alkali, adjusted to pH 3.5 using HCl a. stirring under air for 1 h at 95°C b. O2 flux (100 mL/min) for 1 h at 95°C c. Oxidation at 250°C for 3 h | 7.21 nm 7.21 nm 7.21 nm | [37] |
γ-Fe2O3 | FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O | 25% NH4OH | Addition of alkali into precursor solution, adjusted to pH 3.5 using HCl a. stirring under air for 1 h at 95°C b. O2 flux (100 mL/min) for 1 h at 95°C c. Oxidation at 250°C for 3 h | 6.31 nm 5.41 nm 5.41 nm | [37] |
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide | 78°C for 30 min, centrifugation and vacuum drying | 7.5 nm | [40] |
γ-Fe2O3 | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide | 78°C for 30 min, xerogel formation (100°C), followed by oxidation at 150°C | 8.6 nm | [40] |
α-Fe2O3 | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide | 78°C for 30 min, atmosphere controlled evaporation at 150°C | 18.4 nm | [40] |
γ-FeOOH | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide | 60°C for 30 min, pH 6.5, air oxidation for 5 h | 40–80 nm | [41] |
α-FeOOH | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide Ammonia | 60°C for 30 min, pH 8 to 8.5, air oxidation for 20 h | 20–90 nm | [41] |
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O | Propylene oxide Ammonia | 60°C for 30 min, pH ≥9, air oxidation for 2 h | 25–50 nm | [41] |
Fe3O4 | Fe(SO4)·7H2O, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O | NaOH | Primary nucleation was carried out by adding NaOH solution into precursor solution at 60°C under stirring and after 10 min HCl was added to the precipitate and stirred for 1 h | 7.8 nm | [11] |
Fe3O4 | Fe(III) stearate | hydrazine | Organic phase—precursor, olyelamine and xylene; aqueous phase—F127 in water; reverse micelles solution heated to 90°C, hydrazine addition and stirring for 3 h | 2.8 nm | [43] |
Fe3O4 | Fe(III) oleate | hydrazine | Organic phase—precursor, olyelamine and xylene; aqueous phase—F127 in water; reverse micelles solution heated to 90°C, hydrazine addition and stirring for 3 h | 7 nm | [43] |
Fe3O4 | Fe(III) acetylacetonate Oleic acid | hydrazine | Organic phase—precursor, olyelamine and xylene; aqueous phase—F127 in water; reverse micelles solution heated to 90°C, hydrazine addition and stirring for 3 h | <2 nm | [43] |
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O | hydrazine | Organic phase—SDBS, xylene; aqueous phase-ethanol, precursor salts in water; reverse micelles solution heated to 90°C, hydrazine addition and refluxed for 5 h | 2–10 nm | [42] |
γ-Fe2O3 | Fe(CO)5 | Trimethalamine oxide | Complexation—precursor, octylether, oleic acid; maintained at 100°C for 1 h; treated with trimethyloxide; heated to 130°C under Ar atmosphere; refluxed at 300°C | 4–16 nm | [44] |
Iron oxide | Fe(CO)5 | — | Complexation—precursor, dioctylether, oleic acid; raised to 100°C, N2 atmosphere, and held for 10 min; refluxed at 290°C for 1 h | 3–10 nm | [45] |
Fe3O4 | Iron oleate | Isopropanol | Precursor, sodium oleate (different concentration), oleic acid dissolved in 1-octadecene or tri-n-octylamine; refluxed at 300 to 360°C (with varying heating rate from 5 to 15°C/min) for 2 to 6 h | Diverse morphology and size | [46] |
Iron oxide | FeCl3·6H2O, FeCl2·4H2O | Ammonia | The primary nanoparticles prepared by adding ammonia into precursor solution were grown in an autoclave at 60°C (12 h), 100°C (12 h, 72 h), 150°C (12 h, 24 h), 180°C (1 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) | 12–49 nm | [47] |
γ-Fe2O3 | FeCl3·6H2O | Hydrazine | The primary nanoparticles prepared by adding hydrazine into precursor/PEG8000 solution were grown in an autoclave at 120°C, 140°C, 160°C for 4 h | Diverse morphology and size | [Torrez] |
α-Fe2O3 | FeCl3·6H2O | Ammonium hydroxide | The solution containing different precursor, solvent and additives was autoclaved at 160°C/180°C for 10–12 h | Diverse morphology and size | [48] |
β-FeOOH rods | FeCl3·6H2O | Urea | 70–110°C for 8 h | 0.4–2.3 μm | [49] |
β-Fe2O3 | FeCl3·6H2O | Urea, Ammonia | pH 9.66, 150°C for 8 h | 50–90 nm | [50] |
α-Fe2O3 | FeCl3·6H2O | NaOH | The precursor solution was added dropwise into NaOH solution and subjected to varying sonication power (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 W) and reaction temperature for 30 min; annealed for 1 h | Amorphous/ crystalline particles | [53] |
Fe2O3 rods | Fe(SO4)·7H2O | Leaf extract/NaOH | To the precursor solution, a mixture of | 10–20 nm | [57] |
Fe2O3 | FeCl3·6H2O | Leaf extract | To the Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract, the precursor solution was added; precipitate obtained was air-dried | 70 nm | [27] |
Iron oxide | FeSO4·7H2O | Henna extract/ NaOH | Henna extract was added to precursor solution maintained at 60 °C for 30 min; NaOH is added to form Iron oxides | 150–200 nm | [58] |
Iron oxide | FeCl3·6H2O | Leaf extract/Na2CO3 | One part of precursor solution was mixed with leaf extract of | 9 ± 4 nm | [59] |
Fe3O4 | FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O | Plant extract/glycine | Hot precursor solution was added to whole plant extract of | 10–30 nm | [60] |
Fe-O | FeCl3·6H2O | Flower extract | Precursor solution was added dropwise into flower extract of | 10–40 nm | [61] |
γ-Fe2O3 | Fe(NO3)3·9H2O | Grape berry ferment | The pH of the precursor solution was adjusted from 2.7 to 1.5 using grape berry ferment; transferred to autoclave and kept at 200°C for 24 h; iron oxide precipitate was obtained | 6–18 nm | [62] |
Synthesis techniques of iron oxide nanoparticles with its characteristic size.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2457},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17716}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"S-T-0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12058",title:"Future Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e7f4a1e57fab392b61156956c1247b9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Oropeza-Perez and Dr. Astrid Helena Petzold-Rodríguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12058.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11999",title:"Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2af07109b13b76e5af9583532ab5bee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walter Salazar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11999.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236461",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Salazar",slug:"walter-salazar",fullName:"Walter Salazar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12172",title:"Health Risks of Food Additives - Recent Developments and Trends in Food Sector",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6aa23b1045d266d0928fcef04fa3417",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sajid Arshad and Mr. Waseem Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12172.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"842f84f308439c0a55c4e8e6a8fd9c01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adel El-Shahat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12113",title:"Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2387a4e0d2a76883b16dcccd452281ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nahum Rosenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"68911",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahum",surname:"Rosenberg",slug:"nahum-rosenberg",fullName:"Nahum Rosenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12196",title:"Sepsis - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3590e6f6047122bd96d1d57da29c4054",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang, Dr. Youyu Zhang and Dr. Lingbin Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12196.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12102",title:"Current Trends in Ambulatory Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa37d79f81893fd0a9ab346ae1c3e4a9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xin-Nong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345917",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin-Nong",surname:"Li",slug:"xin-nong-li",fullName:"Xin-Nong Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12050",title:"Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb86ab5c5ca0dab95f01941eb350f920",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. IMR Fattah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12050.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463663",title:"Dr.",name:"IMR",surname:"Fattah",slug:"imr-fattah",fullName:"IMR Fattah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12326",title:"Drug Formulation Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be61949c97a884e4342d41ec7414e678",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rahul Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12326.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:417},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4428},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"84",title:"Nuclear Chemistry",slug:"nuclear-chemistry",parent:{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:144,numberOfWosCitations:99,numberOfCrossrefCitations:85,numberOfDimensionsCitations:191,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"84",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8352",title:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d89a5d9be18d6ee9231976f596cf415",slug:"use-of-gamma-radiation-techniques-in-peaceful-applications",bookSignature:"Basim A. Almayah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259474",title:"Prof.",name:"Basim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Almayyahi",slug:"basim-almayyahi",fullName:"Basim Almayyahi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6336",title:"Advanced Technologies and Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"662abe626287d6cc1e9ae444e094efc0",slug:"advanced-technologies-and-applications-of-neutron-activation-analysis",bookSignature:"Lylia Alghem Hamidatou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156961",title:"Dr.",name:"Lylia",middleName:"Alghem",surname:"Hamidatou",slug:"lylia-hamidatou",fullName:"Lylia Hamidatou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7443",title:"Nuclear Fusion",subtitle:"One Noble Goal and a Variety of Scientific and Technological Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76c428580cf3eda6f92b41e7419fb5c",slug:"nuclear-fusion-one-noble-goal-and-a-variety-of-scientific-and-technological-challenges",bookSignature:"Igor Girka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261397",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Oleksandrovych",surname:"Girka",slug:"igor-girka",fullName:"Igor Girka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5903",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",subtitle:"Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e0fe8a5f023e5b09d0a6f76a3f0c1fd",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Hosam El-Din M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5974",title:"Radon",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fddac69c4b8555589b4f916069ae663d",slug:"radon",bookSignature:"Feriz Adrovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106756",title:"Prof.",name:"Feriz",middleName:null,surname:"Adrovic",slug:"feriz-adrovic",fullName:"Feriz Adrovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5196",title:"Radiation Effects in Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99f0555ddea93e099cc8d9df9cd6ec0f",slug:"radiation-effects-in-materials",bookSignature:"Waldemar A. Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118821",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldemar Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",slug:"waldemar-alfredo-monteiro",fullName:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1678",title:"Radiometric Dating",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1981fa77879bdb21ef62e19c832c0587",slug:"radiometric-dating",bookSignature:"Danuta Michalska Nawrocka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1678.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108912",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",middleName:null,surname:"Michalska Nawrocka",slug:"danuta-michalska-nawrocka",fullName:"Danuta Michalska Nawrocka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62736",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79161",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"50329",doi:"10.5772/62728",title:"Irradiation Pretreatment of Tropical Biomass and Biofiber for Biofuel Production",slug:"irradiation-pretreatment-of-tropical-biomass-and-biofiber-for-biofuel-production",totalDownloads:2621,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Interest on biofuel production from biomass and biofiber has gain great attention globally because these materials are abundant, inexpensive, renewable, and sustainable. Generally, the conversion of biomass and biofiber to biofuel involves several processes including biomass production, pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Selecting the most efficient pretreatment is crucial to ensure the success of biofuel production since pretreatment has been reported to contribute substantial portion on the production cost. The main goal of the pretreatment is to enhance digestibility of the biomass and biofiber, and to increase sugar production prior to fermentation process. To date, several pretreatment methods have been introduced to pretreat biomass and biofiber including irradiation. This book chapter reviews and discusses different leading irradiation pretreatment technologies along with their mechanism involved during pretreatment of various tropical biomass and biofiber. This chapter also reviews the effect of irradiation pretreatment on the biomass and biofiber component, which could assist the enzymatic saccharification process.",book:{id:"5196",slug:"radiation-effects-in-materials",title:"Radiation Effects in Materials",fullTitle:"Radiation Effects in Materials"},signatures:"Mohd Asyraf Kassim, H.P.S Abdul Khalil, Noor Aziah Serri,\nMohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir,\nN.A. Sri Aprila and Rudi Dungani",authors:[{id:"181433",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Kassim",slug:"mohd-asyraf-kassim",fullName:"Mohd Asyraf Kassim"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"365131",title:"Dr.",name:"H.P.S",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Khalil",slug:"h.p.s-abdul-khalil",fullName:"H.P.S Abdul Khalil"},{id:"365132",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor Aziah",middleName:null,surname:"Serri",slug:"noor-aziah-serri",fullName:"Noor Aziah Serri"},{id:"365133",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Haafiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad Kassim",slug:"mohamad-haafiz-mohamad-kassim",fullName:"Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim"},{id:"365134",title:"Dr.",name:"N.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Sri Aprila",slug:"n.a.-sri-aprila",fullName:"N.A. Sri Aprila"}]},{id:"36652",doi:"10.5772/34662",title:"Geochronology of Soils and Landforms in Cultural Landscapes on Aeolian Sandy Substrates, Based on Radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating (Weert, SE-Netherlands)",slug:"geochronology-of-soils-and-landforms-in-cultural-landscapes-on-aeolian-sandy-substrates-based-on-rad",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1678",slug:"radiometric-dating",title:"Radiometric Dating",fullTitle:"Radiometric Dating"},signatures:"J.M. van Mourik, A.C. Seijmonsbergen and B. Jansen",authors:[{id:"101143",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Van Mourik",slug:"jan-van-mourik",fullName:"Jan Van Mourik"},{id:"158014",title:"Dr.",name:"A.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Seijmonsbergen",slug:"a.c.-seijmonsbergen",fullName:"A.C. Seijmonsbergen"},{id:"158015",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Jansen",slug:"b.-jansen",fullName:"B. Jansen"}]},{id:"61052",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76818",title:"Introductory Chapter: Safety Aspects in Nuclear Engineering",slug:"introductory-chapter-safety-aspects-in-nuclear-engineering",totalDownloads:725,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Hosam M. Saleh",authors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}]},{id:"36648",doi:"10.5772/36583",title:"Improved Sample Preparation Methodology on Lime Mortar for Reliable 14C Dating",slug:"improved-sample-preparation-methodology-on-lime-mortar-for-reliable-14-c-dating",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1678",slug:"radiometric-dating",title:"Radiometric Dating",fullTitle:"Radiometric Dating"},signatures:"Luis Angel Ortega, Maria Cruz Zuluaga, Ainhoa Alonso-Olazabal, Maite Insausti, Xabier Murelaga and Alex Ibañez",authors:[{id:"108933",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis A",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"luis-a-ortega",fullName:"Luis A Ortega"},{id:"109000",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cruz",middleName:null,surname:"Zuluaga",slug:"maria-cruz-zuluaga",fullName:"Maria Cruz Zuluaga"},{id:"109001",title:"Dr.",name:"Ainhoa",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso-Olazabal",slug:"ainhoa-alonso-olazabal",fullName:"Ainhoa Alonso-Olazabal"},{id:"109004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite",middleName:null,surname:"Insausti",slug:"maite-insausti",fullName:"Maite Insausti"},{id:"109006",title:"Dr.",name:"Xabier",middleName:null,surname:"Murelaga",slug:"xabier-murelaga",fullName:"Xabier Murelaga"},{id:"109007",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Ibañez",slug:"alex-ibanez",fullName:"Alex Ibañez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62736",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"68785",title:"Basic Modes of Radioactive Decay",slug:"basic-modes-of-radioactive-decay",totalDownloads:1749,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This basic modes of radioactive decay review “Gamma Rays” reviews some topics related to radiation, its classification and importance. In general, gamma rays interfere with our life, so we need to comprehend radiation as fact around us all the time and all the time. We live in a naturally radioactive world, but to what extent do physicians, nurses, and medical technicians, who may have to deal with urgent cases of a radiation, know about it? This chapter will address what radiation is and what is its role. This chapter will guide us toward the knowledge of ionizing radiation and its certain forms such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays. as well as it will review on radioactive decay (nuclear decay) as well as help us learn about radioactivity and radiation, in addition to the types of decays, which are divided into beta decay, gamma decay, electron capture, positron decay, and alpha decay. This chapter will focus on radioactive decay, the activity and units of radioactive activity, and half-life of it. The last part of this chapter discusses attenuation as the reduction in the intensity of gamma ray or X-ray beam. The most important subtitles that are scattered from attenuation are HVL mean free path, the linear attenuation coefficient, pair production, and photoelectric scattering.",book:{id:"8352",slug:"use-of-gamma-radiation-techniques-in-peaceful-applications",title:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications",fullTitle:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications"},signatures:"Hasna Albandar",authors:[{id:"257770",title:"Mrs.",name:"Hasna",middleName:null,surname:"Albander",slug:"hasna-albander",fullName:"Hasna Albander"}]},{id:"67539",title:"Study of Bio-Based Foams Prepared from PBAT/PLA Reinforced with Bio-Calcium Carbonate and Compatibilized with Gamma Radiation",slug:"study-of-bio-based-foams-prepared-from-pbat-pla-reinforced-with-bio-calcium-carbonate-and-compatibil",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Foamed polymers are future materials, considered “green materials” due to their properties with very low consumption of raw materials; they can be used to ameliorate appearance of structures besides contributing for thermal and acoustic insulation. Nevertheless, waste disposal has generated about 20–30% of total of solid volume in landfills besides prejudicing flora and fauna by uncontrolled disposal. The development of biodegradable polymers aims to solve this problem, considering that in 2012, bio-plastics market was evaluated in 1.4 million tons produced and in 2017 attained 6.2 million tons. Biodegradable polymers as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) are thermoplastics which can be processed using the most conventional polymer processing methods. PLA is high in strength and modulus but brittle, while PBAT is flexible and tough. In order to reduce interfacial tension exhibited by PLA/PBAT blends, it was used as compatibilizing agent 5 phr of PLA previously gamma-radiated at 150 kGy. Ionizing radiation induces compatibilization by free radicals, improving the dispersion and adhesion of blend phases, without using chemical additives and at room temperature. As a reinforcement agent, calcium carbonate from avian eggshell waste was used, at 10 ph of micro particles, 125 μm. Admixtures were further processed in a single-screw extruder, using CO2 as physical blowing agent (PBA). Property investigations were performed by DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and mechanical essays.",book:{id:"8352",slug:"use-of-gamma-radiation-techniques-in-peaceful-applications",title:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications",fullTitle:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications"},signatures:"Elizabeth C.L. Cardoso, Duclerc F. Parra, Sandra R. Scagliusi, Ricardo M. Sales, Fernando Caviquioli and Ademar B. Lugão",authors:[{id:"201312",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar Benevolo",middleName:null,surname:"Lugão",slug:"ademar-benevolo-lugao",fullName:"Ademar Benevolo Lugão"},{id:"266192",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Scagliusi",slug:"sandra-scagliusi",fullName:"Sandra Scagliusi"},{id:"273947",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth Carvalho Leite",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"elizabeth-carvalho-leite-cardoso",fullName:"Elizabeth Carvalho Leite Cardoso"},{id:"279488",title:"Dr.",name:"Duclerc",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes Parra",slug:"duclerc-fernandes-parra",fullName:"Duclerc Fernandes Parra"},{id:"408795",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo M.",middleName:null,surname:"Sales",slug:"ricardo-m.-sales",fullName:"Ricardo M. Sales"},{id:"408796",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Caviquioli",slug:"fernando-caviquioli",fullName:"Fernando Caviquioli"}]},{id:"50579",title:"Radiation Effects in Textile Materials",slug:"radiation-effects-in-textile-materials",totalDownloads:2860,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Irradiation processes have several commercial applications, in the coating of metals, plastics, and glass, in printing, wood finishing, film and plastic cross-linking, and in the fields of adhesive and electrical insulations. The advantages of this technology are well known.",book:{id:"5196",slug:"radiation-effects-in-materials",title:"Radiation Effects in Materials",fullTitle:"Radiation Effects in Materials"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi and Jakub Wiener",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"},{id:"87913",title:"Prof.",name:"Jakub",middleName:null,surname:"Wiener",slug:"jakub-wiener",fullName:"Jakub Wiener"},{id:"176974",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Ghoranneviss",slug:"mahmood-ghoranneviss",fullName:"Mahmood Ghoranneviss"}]},{id:"66397",title:"Overview of Neutron Activation Analysis",slug:"overview-of-neutron-activation-analysis",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of physical principles, procedures, proprieties, and some scientific achievements of neutron activation analysis. The most scientific events organized by the International Scientific Committees ICAA and k0-ISC are also reported.",book:{id:"6336",slug:"advanced-technologies-and-applications-of-neutron-activation-analysis",title:"Advanced Technologies and Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis",fullTitle:"Advanced Technologies and Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis"},signatures:"Lylia Alghem Hamidatou",authors:[{id:"156961",title:"Dr.",name:"Lylia",middleName:"Alghem",surname:"Hamidatou",slug:"lylia-hamidatou",fullName:"Lylia Hamidatou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"84",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/23689",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"23689"},fullPath:"/profiles/23689",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()