Pain disorders after breast cancer surgery.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1701",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Osteogenesis",title:"Osteogenesis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides an in-depth overview of current knowledge about Osteogenesis, including molecular mechanisms, transcriptional regulators, scaffolds, cell biology, mechanical stimuli, vascularization and osteogenesis related diseases. \nHopefully, the publication of this book will help researchers in this field to decide where to focus their future efforts, and provide an overview for surgeons and clinicians who wish to be directed in the developments related to this fascinating subject.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0030-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6809-6",doi:"10.5772/2144",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"osteogenesis",numberOfPages:310,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"63489682e555540ef423d10335e3bf09",bookSignature:"Yunfeng Lin",publishedDate:"February 10th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1701.jpg",numberOfDownloads:25808,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 25th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 28th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"98348",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"yunfeng-lin",fullName:"Yunfeng Lin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98348/images/22_n.jpg",biography:"Yunfeng Lin, D.D.S., M.D., Ph.D., is Professor of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University. He serves as the Vice-director of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Assistant Dean of West China School of Stomatology. He received his Ph.D. from Sichuan University in 2006. Dr. Lin’s research focus on adipose stem cells differentiation and craniofacial regeneration, such as bone, cartilage, tooth, fat et al. He has published over 60 papers, reviews and book chapters, and made several seminal contributions to the stem cells fields. He received New Century Excellent Talents of Chinese Ministry of Education and National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1050",title:"Molecular Genetics",slug:"medical-genetics-molecular-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"28132",title:"Transcriptional Control of Osteogenesis",doi:"10.5772/35826",slug:"transcriptional-control-of-osteogenesis",totalDownloads:1785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28132",authors:[{id:"105995",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Witkowska-Zimny",slug:"malgorzata-witkowska-zimny",fullName:"Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny"}],corrections:null},{id:"28133",title:"Genes and Molecular Pathways of the Osteogenic Process",doi:"10.5772/34022",slug:"genes-and-molecular-pathways-of-the-osteogenic-process",totalDownloads:2810,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,signatures:"Wanda Lattanzi and Camilla Bernardini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28133",authors:[{id:"98329",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanda",surname:"Lattanzi",slug:"wanda-lattanzi",fullName:"Wanda Lattanzi"},{id:"137453",title:"Dr.",name:"Camilla",surname:"Bernardini",slug:"camilla-bernardini",fullName:"Camilla Bernardini"}],corrections:null},{id:"28134",title:"Detrimental Effects of Alcohol on Bone Growth",doi:"10.5772/31580",slug:"detrimental-effects-of-alcohol-on-bone-growth",totalDownloads:2199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Russell T. Turner, Elizabeth Doran and Urszula T. Iwaniec",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28134",authors:[{id:"87806",title:"Prof.",name:"Russell",surname:"Turner",slug:"russell-turner",fullName:"Russell Turner"},{id:"99254",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",surname:"Iwaniec",slug:"urszula-iwaniec",fullName:"Urszula Iwaniec"}],corrections:null},{id:"28135",title:"Scaffold Materials Based on Fluorocarbon Composites Modified with RF Magnetron Sputtering",doi:"10.5772/34697",slug:"scaffold-materials-based-on-fluorocarbon-composites-modified-with-rf-magnetron-sputtering",totalDownloads:2005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"S. I. Tverdokhlebov, E. N. Bolbasov and E. V. Shesterikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28135",authors:[{id:"101265",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tverdokhlebov",slug:"sergey-tverdokhlebov",fullName:"Sergey Tverdokhlebov"},{id:"108631",title:"MSc.",name:"Evgeni",surname:"Bolbasov",slug:"evgeni-bolbasov",fullName:"Evgeni Bolbasov"},{id:"108632",title:"MSc.",name:"Evgeni",surname:"Shesterikov",slug:"evgeni-shesterikov",fullName:"Evgeni Shesterikov"}],corrections:null},{id:"28136",title:"Doped Calcium Carbonate-Phosphate Based Biomaterial for Active Osteogenesis",doi:"10.5772/34119",slug:"doped-calcium-carbonate-phosphate-based-biomaterial-for-active-osteogenesis",totalDownloads:2322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"L. F. Koroleva, L. P. Larionov and N.P. Gorbunova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28136",authors:[{id:"98794",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyubov",surname:"Koroleva",slug:"lyubov-koroleva",fullName:"Lyubov Koroleva"}],corrections:null},{id:"28137",title:"Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/34025",slug:"osteogenesis-of-adipose-derived-stem-cells",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Xiaoxiao Cai, Xiaoxia Su, Guo Li, Jing Wang and Yunfeng Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28137",authors:[{id:"98348",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunfeng",surname:"Lin",slug:"yunfeng-lin",fullName:"Yunfeng Lin"},{id:"107948",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoxiao",surname:"Cai",slug:"xiaoxiao-cai",fullName:"Xiaoxiao Cai"},{id:"108605",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Wang",slug:"jing-wang",fullName:"Jing Wang"},{id:"127545",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo",surname:"Li",slug:"guo-li",fullName:"Guo Li"},{id:"127624",title:"Mrs.",name:"Xiaoxia",surname:"Su",slug:"xiaoxia-su",fullName:"Xiaoxia Su"}],corrections:null},{id:"28138",title:"Mechanotransduction and Osteogenesis",doi:"10.5772/34504",slug:"mechanotransduction-and-osteogenesis",totalDownloads:2146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Carlos Vinícius Buarque de Gusmão, José Ricardo Lenzi Mariolani and William Dias Belangero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28138",authors:[{id:"100472",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Vinicius",surname:"Gusmao",slug:"carlos-vinicius-gusmao",fullName:"Carlos Vinicius Gusmao"},{id:"103179",title:"Prof.",name:"William Dias",surname:"Belangero",slug:"william-dias-belangero",fullName:"William Dias Belangero"},{id:"135810",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Ricardo Lenzi",surname:"Mariolani",slug:"jose-ricardo-lenzi-mariolani",fullName:"Jose Ricardo Lenzi Mariolani"}],corrections:null},{id:"28139",title:"Biological Response of Osteoblasts and Osteoprogenitors to Orthopaedic Wear Debris",doi:"10.5772/34059",slug:"biological-response-of-osteoblasts-and-osteoprogenitors-to-orthopaedic-wear-debris",totalDownloads:2435,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Richard Chiu and Stuart B. Goodman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28139",authors:[{id:"74907",title:"Prof.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Goodman",slug:"stuart-goodman",fullName:"Stuart Goodman"},{id:"98495",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Chiu",slug:"richard-chiu",fullName:"Richard Chiu"}],corrections:null},{id:"28140",title:"Osteogenesis Imperfecta",doi:"10.5772/34775",slug:"osteogenesis-imperfecta",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Roy Morello and Paul W. Esposito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28140",authors:[{id:"101573",title:"Prof.",name:"Roy",surname:"Morello",slug:"roy-morello",fullName:"Roy Morello"},{id:"139446",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Esposito",slug:"paul-esposito",fullName:"Paul Esposito"}],corrections:null},{id:"28141",title:"The Retinoblastoma Protein in Osteogenesis and Osteosarcoma Formation",doi:"10.5772/36712",slug:"-the-retinoblastoma-protein-in-osteogenesis-and-osteosarcoma-formation-",totalDownloads:1497,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pedro G. Santiago-Cardona",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28141",authors:[{id:"109458",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Santiago-Cardona",slug:"pedro-santiago-cardona",fullName:"Pedro Santiago-Cardona"}],corrections:null},{id:"28142",title:"Vascularization in the Bone Repair",doi:"10.5772/36325",slug:"vascularization-in-the-bone-repair",totalDownloads:3022,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Jian Zhou and Jian Dong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28142",authors:[{id:"107860",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian",surname:"Dong",slug:"jian-dong",fullName:"Jian Dong"},{id:"108688",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",surname:"Zhou",slug:"jian-zhou",fullName:"Jian Zhou"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1280",title:"Selected Topics in DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bffa19c9b25bf5aaf029cc9e528916f4",slug:"selected-topics-in-dna-repair",bookSignature:"Clark C. Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",surname:"Chen",slug:"clark-chen",fullName:"Clark Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"499",title:"Non-Viral Gene Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be9c7b064649664a22aa23fd8e975670",slug:"non-viral-gene-therapy",bookSignature:"Xu-bo Yuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59465",title:"Prof.",name:"Xubo",surname:"Yuan",slug:"xubo-yuan",fullName:"Xubo Yuan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3299",title:"Novel Gene Therapy Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63b89d6c73b78754a151626a3c29b10b",slug:"novel-gene-therapy-approaches",bookSignature:"Ming Wei and David Good",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158796",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",surname:"Wei",slug:"ming-wei",fullName:"Ming Wei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"734",title:"Muscular Dystrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d6d8a96e17938c02e9611481a3b4bff8",slug:"muscular-dystrophy",bookSignature:"Madhuri Hegde\tand Arunkanth Ankala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/734.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87795",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhuri",surname:"Hegde",slug:"madhuri-hegde",fullName:"Madhuri Hegde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"501",title:"Targets in Gene Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"796f7b0471ebf507c9c968eb51b08858",slug:"targets-in-gene-therapy",bookSignature:"Yongping You",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59464",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongping",surname:"You",slug:"yongping-you",fullName:"Yongping You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"500",title:"Viral Gene Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5292fcf7bd6aaceecd23530c35b53600",slug:"viral-gene-therapy",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"502",title:"Gene Therapy Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d5cdfbef298810dbd6bf136d33cf2e",slug:"gene-therapy-applications",bookSignature:"Chunsheng Kang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",surname:"Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3308",title:"Genetic Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c80f7f7d98204c92d8b796db997da35d",slug:"genetic-disorders",bookSignature:"Maria Puiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31786",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Puiu",slug:"maria-puiu",fullName:"Maria Puiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1281",title:"DNA Repair and Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc31f8578c9beb17ab7967da7f86b7f8",slug:"dna-repair-and-human-health",bookSignature:"Sonya Vengrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66551",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonya",surname:"Vengrova",slug:"sonya-vengrova",fullName:"Sonya Vengrova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4754",title:"Gene Therapy",subtitle:"Principles and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"289bf60cf7bfaffc78fba2fbb7075a9b",slug:"gene-therapy-principles-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Doaa Hashad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4754.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110869",title:"Dr.",name:"Doaa",surname:"Hashad",slug:"doaa-hashad",fullName:"Doaa Hashad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67216",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10725",leadTitle:null,title:"Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Conditions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe nose plays critical importance in our daily lives and it contributes to our wellbeing and safety as far as airway and smell are concerned. The nose is connected to the paired four sinuses through narrow openings known as ostium. During the past three decades, research on the anatomy of the paranasal and sino-nasal system disorders has seen an ever-growing interest in this exciting field of study.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book provides the reader with an overview of the latest developments in the anatomy of paranasal sinus and sino-nasal system disorders and focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in rhinology. The book will emphasize six different sections namely 'Normal anatomy and anatomical variations', 'Arterial supply of nasal cavity', 'Radiology of paranasal sinuses', 'Frontal/anterior and posterior ethmoid/maxillary/ sphenoid sinusitis', 'Orbit and lacrimal system' and ' Pituitary and para sellar region'. General otolaryngologists, rhinologists, anatomists, specialist related services, and general practitioners with interest in otolaryngology will find this book useful and of interest.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-690-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-689-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-691-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"745767840ecb866e31f906858abc6bc1",bookSignature:" Balwant Singh Gendeh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",keywords:"Paradoxical Middle Turbinate, Haller Cell, Anterior Ethmoidal Artery, Posterior Ethmoidal Artery, Uncinate Process Attachments, Cribriform Plate, Frontal Sinus Cells, Supra Bulla Cell, Dacryocystocele, Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy, Pituitary Adenomas, Endoscopic Hypophysectomy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 26th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with a sub-specialty interest in rhinology. He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, the United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, the USA in 1997. Dr. Gendeh has written 95 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals with more than 478 citations, HI of 13, and editor of 8 books and 7 book chapters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67669/images/system/67669.png",biography:"Dr. Balwant Singh Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with sub-specialty interest in rhinology (allergy, sinonasal diseases, endoscopic sinus, anterior and ventral skull base surgery, and functional and cosmetic nasal surgery). He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, USA in 1997. During his Fulbright experience, he also worked at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Philadelphia and St Joseph’s Hospital, Chicago, USA with sub-specialty interest in rhinology and aesthetic nasal surgery. Dr. BS Gendeh retired as a consultant ENT surgeon at the National University of Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) in 2014, and is presently a Visiting Professor at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at UKMMC and is a resident ENT consultant at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur since 2014. Due to his vast contribution to the academia in research and clinical publication, he was elected as a Diploma of Fellowship Academy of Medicine Malaysia (FAMM) in October 2000, International Fellow of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in April 2004, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (FASc) in April 2016 and as Fellow of Malaysian Scientific Association (FMSA) in September 2017. He has written 95 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals with more than 478 citations, HI of 13 and editor of 8 books and 7 book chapters.",institutionString:"Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"346794",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Miskulin",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/346794/images/15795_n.png",email:"mia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1758",title:"Otolaryngology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b845def701f65d6ae3487686581983f",slug:"otolaryngology",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5911",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96eef6e794a6b96952fdd1ce1e46f411",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5911.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34559",title:"Endometrial Receptivity to Embryo Implantation: Molecular Cues from Functional Genomics",doi:"10.5772/35359",slug:"endometrial-receptivity-to-embryo-implantation-molecular-cues-from-functional-genomics",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34559.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34559",totalDownloads:4348,totalViews:157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 11th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 17th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 30th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34559",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34559",book:{slug:"embryology-updates-and-highlights-on-classic-topics"},signatures:"Alejandro A. Tapia",authors:[{id:"104063",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia",fullName:"Alejandro Tapia",slug:"alejandro-tapia",email:"atapiap@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1699",title:"Embryology",subtitle:"Updates and Highlights on Classic Topics",fullTitle:"Embryology - Updates and Highlights on Classic Topics",slug:"embryology-updates-and-highlights-on-classic-topics",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",bookSignature:"Luis Antonio Violin Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1699.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0465-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6950-5",editors:[{id:"106080",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Violin Pereira",slug:"luis-violin-pereira",fullName:"Luis Violin Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34556",title:"Molecular Alterations During Female Reproductive Aging: Can Aged Oocytes Remind Youth?",slug:"molecular-alterations-during-female-reproductive-aging-can-aged-oocytes-remind-youth-",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Misa Imai, Junwen Qin, Naomi Yamakawa, Kenji Miyado, Akihiro Umezawa and Yuji Takahashi",authors:[{id:"106395",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Yuji Takahashi",slug:"yuji-takahashi"}]},{id:"34557",title:"Role of Sperm DNA Integrity in Fertility",slug:"role-of-sperm-dna-integrity-in-fertility",totalDownloads:5082,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mona Bungum",authors:[{id:"104826",title:"Dr.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"Bungum",fullName:"Mona Bungum",slug:"mona-bungum"}]},{id:"34558",title:"The Epididymis: Embryology, Structure, Function and Its Role in Fertilization and Infertility",slug:"the-epididymis-embryology-structure-function-and-its-role-in-fertilization-and-infertility",totalDownloads:12855,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Kélen Fabiola Arrotéia, Patrick Vianna Garcia, Mainara Ferreira Barbieri, Marilia Lopes Justino and Luís Antonio Violin Pereira",authors:[{id:"106080",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Violin Pereira",fullName:"Luis Violin Pereira",slug:"luis-violin-pereira"},{id:"112722",title:"Dr.",name:"Kélen",middleName:null,surname:"Arrotéia",fullName:"Kélen Arrotéia",slug:"kelen-arroteia"},{id:"112724",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Patrick Garcia",slug:"patrick-garcia"},{id:"112726",title:"BSc.",name:"Mainara",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",fullName:"Mainara Barbieri",slug:"mainara-barbieri"},{id:"112727",title:"BSc.",name:"Marília",middleName:null,surname:"Justino",fullName:"Marília Justino",slug:"marilia-justino"}]},{id:"34559",title:"Endometrial Receptivity to Embryo Implantation: Molecular Cues from Functional Genomics",slug:"endometrial-receptivity-to-embryo-implantation-molecular-cues-from-functional-genomics",totalDownloads:4348,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alejandro A. Tapia",authors:[{id:"104063",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia",fullName:"Alejandro Tapia",slug:"alejandro-tapia"}]},{id:"34560",title:"The Actors of Human Implantation: Gametes, Embryo, Endometrium",slug:"the-actors-of-human-implantation-gametes-embryo-and-endometrium",totalDownloads:3696,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Virginie Gridelet, Olivier Gaspard, Barbara Polese, Philippe Ruggeri, Stephanie Ravet, Carine Munaut, Vincent Geenen, Jean-Michel Foidart, Nathalie Lédée and Sophie Perrier d'Hauterive",authors:[{id:"46486",title:"Dr.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Munaut",fullName:"Carine Munaut",slug:"carine-munaut"},{id:"55019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Foidart",fullName:"Jean-Michel Foidart",slug:"jean-michel-foidart"},{id:"92882",title:"Prof.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier D'Hauterive",fullName:"Sophie Perrier D'Hauterive",slug:"sophie-perrier-d'hauterive"},{id:"99013",title:"MSc.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Gridelet",fullName:"Virginie Gridelet",slug:"virginie-gridelet"},{id:"99019",title:"MSc.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Gaspard",fullName:"Olivier Gaspard",slug:"olivier-gaspard"},{id:"99021",title:"Mrs.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Polese",fullName:"Barbara Polese",slug:"barbara-polese"},{id:"99022",title:"MSc.",name:"Stephanie",middleName:null,surname:"Ravet",fullName:"Stephanie Ravet",slug:"stephanie-ravet"},{id:"99027",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Ledee",fullName:"Nathalie Ledee",slug:"nathalie-ledee"},{id:"99037",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Geenen",fullName:"Vincent Geenen",slug:"vincent-geenen"},{id:"136902",title:"Mr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Ruggeri",fullName:"Philippe Ruggeri",slug:"philippe-ruggeri"}]},{id:"34561",title:"The Role of Macrophages in the Placenta",slug:"the-role-of-macrophages-in-the-placenta",totalDownloads:4204,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Grace Pinhal-Enfield, Nagaswami S. Vasan and Samuel Joseph Leibovich",authors:[{id:"107428",title:"Prof.",name:"Nagaswami",middleName:null,surname:"Vasan",fullName:"Nagaswami Vasan",slug:"nagaswami-vasan"},{id:"113080",title:"Dr.",name:"Grace",middleName:null,surname:"Pinhal-Enfield",fullName:"Grace Pinhal-Enfield",slug:"grace-pinhal-enfield"},{id:"113082",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Leibovich",fullName:"Joseph Leibovich",slug:"joseph-leibovich"}]},{id:"34562",title:"DNA Methylation in Development",slug:"dna-methylation-in-development",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xin Pan, Roger Smith and Tamas Zakar",authors:[{id:"113933",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamas",middleName:null,surname:"Zakar",fullName:"Tamas Zakar",slug:"tamas-zakar"}]},{id:"34563",title:"Stem Cell Therapies",slug:"stem-cell-therapies",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"D. Amat, J. Becerra, M.A. Medina, A.R. Quesada and M. Marí-Beffa",authors:[{id:"45503",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Becerra",fullName:"Jose Becerra",slug:"jose-becerra"},{id:"107664",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Marí-Beffa",fullName:"Manuel Marí-Beffa",slug:"manuel-mari-beffa"},{id:"107670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"R. Quesada",fullName:"Ana R. Quesada",slug:"ana-r.-quesada"},{id:"113081",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Medina",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Medina",slug:"miguel-angel-medina"},{id:"113587",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Amat",fullName:"Daniel Amat",slug:"daniel-amat"}]},{id:"34564",title:"Self-Organization, Symmetry and Morphomechanics in Development of Organisms",slug:"self-organization-symmetry-and-morphomechanics-in-development-of-organisms",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lev V. Beloussov",authors:[{id:"103218",title:"Prof.",name:"Lev",middleName:null,surname:"Beloussov",fullName:"Lev Beloussov",slug:"lev-beloussov"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"216",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a31b9aa4ace99ed56f02e53a74d068e",slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",bookSignature:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"18217",title:"Stem Cells: General Features and Characteristics",slug:"stem-cells-general-features-and-characteristics",signatures:"Hongxiang Hui, Yongming Tang, Min Hu and Xiaoning Zhao",authors:[{id:"53560",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",fullName:"Hongxiang Hui",slug:"hongxiang-hui"},{id:"59235",title:"Mr",name:"Xiaoning",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Xiaoning Zhao",slug:"xiaoning-zhao"},{id:"59236",title:"Mr",name:"Yongming",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Yongming Tang",slug:"yongming-tang"},{id:"118970",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Min Hu",slug:"min-hu"}]},{id:"18218",title:"Human Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells in Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"human-cord-blood-derived-stem-cells-in-transplantation-and-regenerative-medicine",signatures:"Cornel Iancu, Ioana Ilie, Lucian Mocan, Carmen Georgescu, Razvan Ilie, Ileana Duncea, Teodora Mocan, Dana Iancu, and Florin Zaharie",authors:[{id:"33183",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornel",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Cornel Iancu",slug:"cornel-iancu"},{id:"37579",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Mocan",fullName:"Lucian Mocan",slug:"lucian-mocan"},{id:"37580",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodora",middleName:null,surname:"Mocan",fullName:"Teodora Mocan",slug:"teodora-mocan"},{id:"41386",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Georgescu",fullName:"Carmen Georgescu",slug:"carmen-georgescu"},{id:"85636",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ilie",fullName:"Ioana Ilie",slug:"ioana-ilie"},{id:"85728",title:"Prof.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Duncea",fullName:"Ileana Duncea",slug:"ileana-duncea"},{id:"85729",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Ilie",fullName:"Razvan Ilie",slug:"razvan-ilie"},{id:"85730",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Dana Iancu",slug:"dana-iancu"},{id:"85732",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharie",fullName:"Florin Zaharie",slug:"florin-zaharie"}]},{id:"18219",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunology and Therapeutic Benefits",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-immunology-and-therapeutic-benefits",signatures:"Najib El Haddad",authors:[{id:"45460",title:"Dr.",name:"Najib",middleName:null,surname:"El Haddad",fullName:"Najib El Haddad",slug:"najib-el-haddad"}]},{id:"18220",title:"How do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair?",slug:"how-do-mesenchymal-stem-cells-repair-",signatures:"Patricia Semedo, Marina Burgos-Silva, Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira and Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara",authors:[{id:"28751",title:"Prof.",name:"Niels",middleName:"Olsen Saraiva",surname:"Camara",fullName:"Niels Camara",slug:"niels-camara"},{id:"30464",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Semedo",fullName:"Patricia Semedo",slug:"patricia-semedo"},{id:"30465",title:"BSc.",name:"Cassiano",middleName:null,surname:"Donizetti-Oliveira",fullName:"Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira",slug:"cassiano-donizetti-oliveira"},{id:"30466",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos-Silva",fullName:"Marina Burgos-Silva",slug:"marina-burgos-silva"}]},{id:"18221",title:"Immunogenicity and Immune-Modulating Properties of Human Stem Cells",slug:"immunogenicity-and-immune-modulating-properties-of-human-stem-cells",signatures:"Jan Nehlin, Adiba Isa and Torben Barington",authors:[{id:"29668",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:"O.",surname:"Nehlin",fullName:"Jan Nehlin",slug:"jan-nehlin"},{id:"48625",title:"Dr.",name:"Adiba",middleName:null,surname:"Isa",fullName:"Adiba Isa",slug:"adiba-isa"},{id:"48626",title:"Prof.",name:"Torben",middleName:null,surname:"Barington",fullName:"Torben Barington",slug:"torben-barington"}]},{id:"18222",title:"Stem Cell Culture Collection - Promising Strategy for Animal Genetic Resource Preservation",slug:"stem-cell-culture-collection-promising-strategy-for-animal-genetic-resource-preservation",signatures:"Weijun Guan, Xiangchen Li, Dapeng Jin, Xiaohong He, Yabin Pu, Qianjun Zhao, Taofeng Lu, Chunyu Bai, Shen Wu, Xiaohua Su and Yuehui Ma",authors:[{id:"54543",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuehui",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Yuehui Ma",slug:"yuehui-ma"},{id:"54562",title:"Prof.",name:"Weijun",middleName:null,surname:"Guan",fullName:"Weijun Guan",slug:"weijun-guan"},{id:"54563",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiangchen",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiangchen Li",slug:"xiangchen-li"},{id:"54564",title:"Mr.",name:"Dapeng",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Dapeng Jin",slug:"dapeng-jin"},{id:"54565",title:"Mr.",name:"Taofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Taofeng Lu",slug:"taofeng-lu"},{id:"54566",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiahua",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Xiahua Su",slug:"xiahua-su"},{id:"54567",title:"Mr.",name:"Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Shen Wu",slug:"shen-wu"},{id:"54568",title:"Mr.",name:"Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Yubai",fullName:"Chun Yubai",slug:"chun-yubai"},{id:"91215",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohong",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Xiaohong He",slug:"xiaohong-he"},{id:"91218",title:"Mr.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Yabin Pu",slug:"yabin-pu"},{id:"91219",title:"Ms.",name:"Qianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Qianjun Zhao",slug:"qianjun-zhao"}]},{id:"18223",title:"The Role of SOX2 in Maintaining Pluripotency and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells",slug:"the-role-of-sox2-in-maintaining-pluripotency-and-differentiation-of-human-embryonic-stem-cells",signatures:"Keiko Adachi, Hirofumi Suemori, Norio Nakatsuji and Eihachiro Kawase",authors:[{id:"50560",title:"Dr.",name:"Eihachiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kawase",fullName:"Eihachiro Kawase",slug:"eihachiro-kawase"}]},{id:"18224",title:"The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulating Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"the-role-of-micrornas-in-regulating-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Musaffe Tuna and Christopher I. Amos",authors:[{id:"59781",title:"Dr.",name:"Musaffe",middleName:null,surname:"Tuna",fullName:"Musaffe Tuna",slug:"musaffe-tuna"},{id:"87964",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Amos",fullName:"Christopher Amos",slug:"christopher-amos"}]},{id:"18225",title:"Are We There Yet? A Story About Cardiac Stem Cells",slug:"are-we-there-yet-a-story-about-cardiac-stem-cells",signatures:"Shizuka Uchida, Piera De Gaspari and Thomas Braun",authors:[{id:"32665",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Braun",fullName:"Thomas Braun",slug:"thomas-braun"},{id:"33312",title:"Dr.",name:"Shizuka",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Shizuka Uchida",slug:"shizuka-uchida"},{id:"33313",title:"Dr.",name:"Piera",middleName:null,surname:"De Gaspari",fullName:"Piera De Gaspari",slug:"piera-de-gaspari"}]},{id:"18226",title:"Stem Cell Therapy in Myocardial Infarction Clinical Point of View and the Results of the REANIMA Study (REgenerAtion of Myocardium with boNe Marrow Mononuclear Cells in MyocArdial Infarction)",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-in-myocardial-infarction-clinical-point-of-view-and-the-results-of-the-reanima-stu",signatures:"Slobodan Obradovic, Bela Balint and Zoran Trifunovic",authors:[{id:"29171",title:"Prof.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Obradovic",fullName:"Slobodan Obradovic",slug:"slobodan-obradovic"}]},{id:"18227",title:"Randomized Clinical Trials in Stem Cell Therapy for the Heart - Old and New Types of Cells for Cardiovascular Repair",slug:"randomized-clinical-trials-in-stem-cell-therapy-for-the-heart-old-and-new-types-of-cells-for-cardiov",signatures:"Ricardo Sanz-Ruiz, Adolfo Villa Arranz, Enrique Gutiérrez Ibañes, María Eugenia Fernández Santos, Pedro Luis Sánchez Fernández and Francisco Fernández-Avilés",authors:[{id:"47483",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sanz-Ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Sanz-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-sanz-ruiz"},{id:"47701",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Villa",fullName:"Adolfo Villa",slug:"adolfo-villa"},{id:"47702",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez",fullName:"Enrique Gutiérrez",slug:"enrique-gutierrez"},{id:"47703",title:"Dr.",name:"María Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernádez",fullName:"María Eugenia Fernádez",slug:"maria-eugenia-fernadez"},{id:"47704",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",fullName:"Pedro Luis Sánchez",slug:"pedro-luis-sanchez"},{id:"47705",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Avilés",fullName:"Francisco Fernández-Avilés",slug:"francisco-fernandez-aviles"}]},{id:"18228",title:"Autologous Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair: New Insights on Clinical Trial Safety and Best Cell Source",slug:"autologous-stem-cells-for-cardiac-repair-new-insights-on-clinical-trial-safety-and-best-cell-source",signatures:"Nicolas Noiseux, Louis Mathieu Stevens, Jessica Forcillo and Samer Mansour",authors:[{id:"49146",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Noiseux",fullName:"Nicolas Noiseux",slug:"nicolas-noiseux"},{id:"51323",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis Mathieu",middleName:null,surname:"Stevens",fullName:"Louis Mathieu Stevens",slug:"louis-mathieu-stevens"},{id:"51324",title:"Dr.",name:"Samer",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",fullName:"Samer Mansour",slug:"samer-mansour"},{id:"85938",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Forcillo",fullName:"Jessica Forcillo",slug:"jessica-forcillo"}]},{id:"18229",title:"Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease",slug:"stem-cell-transplantation-for-the-treatment-of-peripheral-arterial-disease",signatures:"Nikolaos Papanas",authors:[{id:"37582",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Papanas",fullName:"Nikolaos Papanas",slug:"nikolaos-papanas"}]},{id:"18230",title:"Myogenic Potential of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells in the Dmdmdx Mouse Model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy",slug:"myogenic-potential-of-murine-embryonic-stem-cells-in-the-dmdmdx-mouse-model-for-duchenne-muscular-dy",signatures:"Danielle Ayub-Guerrieri, Poliana C. M. Martins-Machado, Paula C.G. Onofre-Oliveira, Lygia V. Pereira, Camila F. Almeida, Vanessa F. Lopes and Mariz Vainzof",authors:[{id:"58343",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariz",middleName:null,surname:"Vainzof",fullName:"Mariz Vainzof",slug:"mariz-vainzof"},{id:"59611",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Ayub-Guerrieri",fullName:"Danielle Ayub-Guerrieri",slug:"danielle-ayub-guerrieri"},{id:"59612",title:"Dr.",name:"Poliana",middleName:null,surname:"C.M. Martins-Machado",fullName:"Poliana C.M. Martins-Machado",slug:"poliana-c.m.-martins-machado"},{id:"59613",title:"MSc",name:"Paula",middleName:"C. G.",surname:"C. G. Onofre-Oliveira",fullName:"Paula C. G. Onofre-Oliveira",slug:"paula-c.-g.-onofre-oliveira"},{id:"59614",title:"Mr",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"F. Lopes",fullName:"Vanessa F. Lopes",slug:"vanessa-f.-lopes"},{id:"61339",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"De Freitas",surname:"F. Almeida",fullName:"Camila F. Almeida",slug:"camila-f.-almeida"},{id:"103283",title:"Dr.",name:"Lygia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Lygia V. Pereira",slug:"lygia-v.-pereira"}]},{id:"18231",title:"Stem Cell in Neurological Disorders",slug:"stem-cell-in-neurological-disorders",signatures:"Nirmeen Kishk and Noha Abokrysha",authors:[{id:"42975",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirmeen",middleName:null,surname:"Kishk",fullName:"Nirmeen Kishk",slug:"nirmeen-kishk"},{id:"45669",title:"Prof.",name:"Noha",middleName:null,surname:"Abokrysha",fullName:"Noha Abokrysha",slug:"noha-abokrysha"}]},{id:"18232",title:"Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease: Failure or Success?",slug:"cell-therapy-for-parkinson-s-disease-failure-or-success-",signatures:"Magdalena Guerra-Crespo, Alberto K. De la Herrán-Arita, Arturo Hernández-Cruz, José Bargas and René Drucker-Colín",authors:[{id:"29861",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Drucker-Colín",fullName:"René Drucker-Colín",slug:"rene-drucker-colin"},{id:"41529",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Bargas",fullName:"José Bargas",slug:"jose-bargas"},{id:"51781",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra-Crespo",fullName:"Magdalena Guerra-Crespo",slug:"magdalena-guerra-crespo"},{id:"51784",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Cruz",fullName:"Arturo Hernández-Cruz",slug:"arturo-hernandez-cruz"},{id:"89453",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:"K.",surname:"De La Herrán - Arita",fullName:"Alberto De La Herrán - Arita",slug:"alberto-de-la-herran-arita"}]},{id:"18233",title:"Stem Cell Therapy for Neuromuscular Diseases",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-for-neuromuscular-diseases",signatures:"Mirella Meregalli, Andrea Farini and Yvan Torrente",authors:[{id:"54934",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvan",middleName:null,surname:"Torrente",fullName:"Yvan Torrente",slug:"yvan-torrente"},{id:"61362",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Farini",fullName:"Andrea Farini",slug:"andrea-farini"},{id:"61363",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirella",middleName:null,surname:"Meregalli",fullName:"Mirella Meregalli",slug:"mirella-meregalli"}]},{id:"18234",title:"Treatment of the end Stage Liver Cirrhosis by Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells: Preliminary Results",slug:"treatment-of-the-end-stage-liver-cirrhosis-by-human-umbilical-cord-blood-stem-cells-preliminary-resu",signatures:"Jong Yoon Bahk, Zhengfu Piao, Jae Hun Jung and Hoon Han",authors:[{id:"48742",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong Yoon",middleName:null,surname:"Bahk",fullName:"Jong Yoon Bahk",slug:"jong-yoon-bahk"},{id:"52115",title:"Dr.",name:"Jae Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Jae Hun Jung",slug:"jae-hun-jung"},{id:"52116",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Hoon Han",slug:"hoon-han"},{id:"52117",title:"Dr.",name:"YounSoo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"YounSoo Lee",slug:"younsoo-lee"}]},{id:"18235",title:"Stem Cell Therapy for Patients with Chronic Liver Disease",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-for-patients-with-chronic-liver-disease",signatures:"Reebye, V; Levičar, N and Habib, N.",authors:[{id:"38246",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagy",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",fullName:"Nagy Habib",slug:"nagy-habib"},{id:"99797",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikash",middleName:null,surname:"Reebye",fullName:"Vikash Reebye",slug:"vikash-reebye"}]},{id:"18236",title:"Pancreatic Stem Cells: Unresolved Business",slug:"pancreatic-stem-cells-unresolved-business",signatures:"Fang-Xu Jiang and Grant Morahan",authors:[{id:"53597",title:"Prof.",name:"Fang-Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Fang-Xu Jiang",slug:"fang-xu-jiang"},{id:"60158",title:"Prof.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"Morahan",fullName:"Grant Morahan",slug:"grant-morahan"}]},{id:"18237",title:"Cell Sources for Treating Diabetes",slug:"cell-sources-for-treating-diabetes",signatures:"Subhshri Sahu, Mugdha V. Joglekar, Sundy N. Y. Yang and Anandwardhan A. Hardikar",authors:[{id:"55932",title:"Dr.",name:"Anandwardhan",middleName:null,surname:"Hardikar",fullName:"Anandwardhan Hardikar",slug:"anandwardhan-hardikar"},{id:"62301",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Subhshri",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",fullName:"Subhshri Sahu",slug:"subhshri-sahu"},{id:"62302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sundy",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Sundy Yang",slug:"sundy-yang"},{id:"62303",title:"Dr.",name:"Mugdha",middleName:null,surname:"Joglekar",fullName:"Mugdha Joglekar",slug:"mugdha-joglekar"}]},{id:"18238",title:"Stem Cell Therapy for Islet Regeneration",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-for-islet-regeneration",signatures:"Phuc Pham Van",authors:[{id:"28799",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Phuc Van",middleName:"Van",surname:"Pham",fullName:"Phuc Van Pham",slug:"phuc-van-pham"}]},{id:"18239",title:"Topical Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcers",slug:"topical-stem-and-progenitor-cell-therapy-for-diabetic-foot-ulcers",signatures:"Aonghus O’Loughlin and Timothy O’Brien",authors:[{id:"33464",title:"Dr.",name:"Aonghus",middleName:null,surname:"O'Loughlin",fullName:"Aonghus O'Loughlin",slug:"aonghus-o'loughlin"},{id:"36762",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"O'Brien",fullName:"Timothy O'Brien",slug:"timothy-o'brien"}]},{id:"18240",title:"Regeneration of the Kidney - Viewed from ES Cell",slug:"regeneration-of-the-kidney-viewed-from-es-cell",signatures:"Hirotsugu Iwatani and Enyu Imai",authors:[{id:"51983",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirotsugu",middleName:null,surname:"Iwatani",fullName:"Hirotsugu Iwatani",slug:"hirotsugu-iwatani"},{id:"59619",title:"Dr.",name:"Enyu",middleName:null,surname:"Imai",fullName:"Enyu Imai",slug:"enyu-imai"}]},{id:"18241",title:"Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells",slug:"periodontal-ligament-stem-cells",signatures:"Hidefumi Maeda, Naohisa Wada, Shinsuke Fujii, Atsushi Tomokiyo and Akifumi Akamine",authors:[{id:"53534",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidefumi",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",fullName:"Hidefumi Maeda",slug:"hidefumi-maeda"},{id:"53542",title:"Dr.",name:"Naohisa",middleName:null,surname:"Wada",fullName:"Naohisa Wada",slug:"naohisa-wada"},{id:"53543",title:"Prof.",name:"Akifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akamine",fullName:"Akifumi Akamine",slug:"akifumi-akamine"},{id:"53544",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Fujii",fullName:"Shinsuke Fujii",slug:"shinsuke-fujii"},{id:"53547",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Tomokiyo",fullName:"Atsushi Tomokiyo",slug:"atsushi-tomokiyo"}]},{id:"18242",title:"Clinical Stem Cell Imaging and In vivo Tracking",slug:"clinical-stem-cell-imaging-and-in-vivo-tracking",signatures:"Sahar Mirpour and Ali Gholamrezanezhad",authors:[{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad"},{id:"28966",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirpour",fullName:"Sahar Mirpour",slug:"sahar-mirpour"}]},{id:"18243",title:"Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Acute Leukemia and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients",slug:"invasive-fungal-infections-in-patients-with-acute-leukemia-and-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant-re",signatures:"Maxim Norkin and John R. Wingard",authors:[{id:"48090",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Norkin",fullName:"Maxim Norkin",slug:"maxim-norkin"},{id:"52846",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Wingard",fullName:"John Wingard",slug:"john-wingard"}]},{id:"18244",title:"Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology for Stem Cell Research",slug:"synchrotron-radiation-and-nanotechnology-for-stem-cell-research",signatures:"Alessandra Giuliani, Fabrizio Fiori, Adrian Manescu, Vladimir S. Komlev, Chiara Renghini and Franco Rustichelli",authors:[{id:"36933",title:"Dr.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Rustichelli",fullName:"Franco Rustichelli",slug:"franco-rustichelli"},{id:"89804",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Giuliani",fullName:"Alessandra Giuliani",slug:"alessandra-giuliani"}]},{id:"18245",title:"Spontaneous Generation of Neurospheres from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells",slug:"spontaneous-generation-of-neurospheres-from-mouse-embryonic-stem-cells",signatures:"Roberto Di Maio, Kommu Naga Mohan, Brianna Heath and Leonardo D’Aiuto",authors:[{id:"57483",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"D'Aiuto",fullName:"Leonardo D'Aiuto",slug:"leonardo-d'aiuto"},{id:"60668",title:"Prof.",name:"Kommu Naga",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Kommu Naga Mohan",slug:"kommu-naga-mohan"},{id:"60669",title:"Mr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Di Maio",fullName:"Roberto Di Maio",slug:"roberto-di-maio"},{id:"85585",title:"Ms.",name:"Brianna",middleName:null,surname:"Heath",fullName:"Brianna Heath",slug:"brianna-heath"}]},{id:"18246",title:"Multidrug Resistance Transporters – Roles in maintaining Cancer Stem-Like Cells",slug:"multidrug-resistance-transporters-roles-in-maintaining-cancer-stem-like-cells",signatures:"To, Kenneth K.W. and Fu, L.W.",authors:[{id:"54169",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenneth",middleName:"K.W.",surname:"To",fullName:"Kenneth To",slug:"kenneth-to"},{id:"88328",title:"Prof.",name:"L.W.",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"L.W. Fu",slug:"l.w.-fu"}]},{id:"18247",title:"Associated Adeno Virus Vector for Producing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPS) for Human Somatic Cells",slug:"associated-adeno-virus-vector-for-producing-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-ips-for-human-somatic-cel",signatures:"Edilamar Menezes Oliveira and M Ian Phillips",authors:[{id:"49360",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Phillips",fullName:"M. Ian Phillips",slug:"m.-ian-phillips"},{id:"60681",title:"Dr.",name:"Edilamar Menezes",middleName:null,surname:"de Oliveira",fullName:"Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira",slug:"edilamar-menezes-de-oliveira"}]},{id:"18248",title:"Raman Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Monitoring of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Viability Transitions",slug:"raman-spectroscopy-for-noninvasive-monitoring-of-umbilical-cord-mesenchymal-stem-cells-viability-tra",signatures:"P.Chen, F.Zhang, L.Lin, H.Bai, L.Zhang, G.Q.Tang, H.Fang, G.G.Mu, W. Gong, Z. P. Liu, Z. B. Han, H. Zhao and Z. C. Han",authors:[{id:"55520",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ping Chen",slug:"ping-chen"},{id:"61965",title:"Prof.",name:"Lie",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Lie Lin",slug:"lie-lin"},{id:"61966",title:"Prof.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Hua Bai",slug:"hua-bai"},{id:"61967",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoqing",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Guoqing Tang",slug:"guoqing-tang"},{id:"61968",title:"Prof.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Hui Fang",slug:"hui-fang"},{id:"61969",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoguang",middleName:null,surname:"Mu",fullName:"Guoguang Mu",slug:"guoguang-mu"},{id:"85798",title:"Mr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Feng Zhang",slug:"feng-zhang"},{id:"85799",title:"Mr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang"},{id:"85800",title:"Dr",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Wei Gong",slug:"wei-gong"},{id:"85802",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhipeng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zhipeng Liu",slug:"zhipeng-liu"},{id:"85803",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhibo",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Zhibo Han",slug:"zhibo-han"},{id:"85805",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao"},{id:"85806",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhongchao",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Zhongchao Han",slug:"zhongchao-han"}]},{id:"18249",title:"Novel Platforms to Create Labeled Stem Cells",slug:"novel-platforms-to-create-labeled-stem-cells",signatures:"Andrew Fontes, Rene Quintanilla and Uma Lakshmipathy",authors:[{id:"16213",title:"Dr.",name:"Uma",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmipathy",fullName:"Uma Lakshmipathy",slug:"uma-lakshmipathy"},{id:"58481",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Fontes",fullName:"Andrew Fontes",slug:"andrew-fontes"},{id:"58482",title:"Mr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Quintanilla",fullName:"Rene Quintanilla",slug:"rene-quintanilla"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75715",title:"Persistent Breast Cancer Pain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96546",slug:"persistent-breast-cancer-pain",body:'Breast cancer continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide [1] and cases in the United States are expected to rise by 64% between 2011 and 2030 [2]. Nonetheless, with significant progress in prevention and treatment over the past 30 years, survivorship has substantially increased [3], most notably in women ages 20–39 years [4]. The 5-year relative survival rate for breast cancer now approaches 90% [5] and while mortality rates have declined, it presents a unique challenge, as long-term complications of breast cancer management are becoming increasingly apparent, particularly persistent post-surgical pain.
Persistent pain has become a significant area of concern as it appears to afflict up to 50% of women after breast cancer surgery [6]. This pain disorder is typically neuropathic in nature and described as burning, spontaneous, electrical, numbness, tingling, and pinprick pain affecting the area of surgery in the chest, shoulder, axilla, and medial arm [7]. While the literature commonly refers to this presentation as post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS), it is important to note that damage of nerves can occur after all types of breast cancer surgeries, including unilateral or bilateral surgeries, radical mastectomies, lumpectomies, and from axillary lymph node dissection. Thus, in 2016 Waltho et al. proposed the term post-breast surgery pain syndrome (PBSPS) which is not only a more inclusive term but may also help to decrease the wide variation in overall prevalence [8]. The International Association for Study of Pain (IASP) also recently updated their definition to include all types of breast surgeries in the classification. Thus, the term “persistent pain after breast surgery” was chosen, and it is pain which persists for more than 3 months after a surgical incision to the anterolateral chest wall and in some cases in the ipsilateral axillary region [9].
Management of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery can be a challenging task with the lack of effective treatment options [10]. Furthermore, this pain disorder places a financial burden on both patients and the healthcare system with studies showing an estimated cost of approximately $1 billion USD annually to the US healthcare system [11]. Identifying perioperative risk factors associated with the development of persistent pain can help decrease the incidence and the need for ongoing healthcare services.
In this chapter we will provide an outline of the pathophysiology of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery, including a review of pertinent risk factors, clinical features, and various treatment options.
Pain can originate from a multitude of sources, such as from injury to the overlying skin, tissue, or nerves during surgical intervention, or from the effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Additionally, the origin is frequently multifactorial, with psychosocial factors also playing a role.
Surgical factors can cause nerve injuries that contribute to persistent pain after breast cancer surgery. Direct nerve injury, for instance from skin incisions, surgical retractors, or extensive axillary lymph node dissection, can lead to direct nerve transections [12]. This can subsequently lead to the eventual formation of neuromas and scar adhesions. Nerve damage can also be due to indirect injury from postoperative inflammation, hematoma formation, or positioning during surgery (resulting in nerve stretching during the procedure) [12]. The nerves most commonly at risk for injury during breast cancer surgery are the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), the thoracic intercostal nerves, medial and lateral pectoral nerves, the thoracodorsal nerve, and the long thoracic nerve [13].
Intercostobrachial neuralgia is a well-known cause of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery and presents as neuropathic pain in the ipsilateral axilla and arm [14]. The ICBN is the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve (T2) and is pure sensory in nature [12]. It innervates areas of the axilla, lateral chest wall, and aspects of the medial arm (Figure 1), and due to its trajectory and close relation to the axillary lymph nodes, is at high risk of injury during axillary lymph node dissection and radical mastectomies [16]. Furthermore, a study by Zhu et al. demonstrated that identification, dissection, and preservation of the ICBN during surgery reduced the incidence of persistent pain and improved quality of life for patients after breast cancer surgery [17]. While this finding has been observed in additional studies [18, 19], it is important to note that while sensitivity was preserved, the incidence of reduced pain was not always obtainable [19].
Peripheral nerves innervating the breast. *obtained with permission from Dr. Nelun Wijayasinghe from article [
Along with the ICBN, which is a branch of the T2 intercostal nerve, the T3-T6 intercostal nerves are also at high risk for injury and subsequent intercostal neuralgia. These nerves primarily innervate the skin of the breast, and major branches include the rami communicates, the muscular branches, the collateral branch, the lateral cutaneous branch, and the anterior cutaneous branch [20]. Involvement of intercostal nerves can present as pain originating at the posterior axillary line radiating anteriorly into the chest wall, in the distribution of the affected intercostal nerve. It is not uncommon to have multiple intercostal nerves involved in the presentation of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery.
Another nerve, albeit less commonly involved, is the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm. This nerve branches from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and can form a connection with the ICBN. Damage to this nerve results in sensory loss to the lower medial skin of the upper arm [14]. Additionally, neuromas can develop within the surgical scar and be a problematic source of persistent pain - scar neuromas are an elusive source of pain after any type of surgical procedure.
As with other types of amputations, resection of breast tissue is susceptible to the development of phantom pain and sensations. Ahmed et al. enrolled eighty patients undergoing a modified radical mastectomy and at the one-year mark, 13.6% experienced phantom pain, while 17% experienced phantom sensation. Its lower incidence compared to phantom limb pain may be due to the fact that breasts do not involve kinesthetic sensory impulses in the same manner as limbs do [21]. Likewise, there may simply be a lack of widespread knowledge and education for this condition and thus it may be overlooked in clinical practice. Regardless, while less prevalent than neuropathic pain secondary to nerve injury, its importance may be greater as treatment options are even more limited [22].
Radiation therapy can also lead to nerve damage, producing persistent peripheral neuropathy. While treatment is targeted, radiation therapy may still cause unavoidable injury to nearby nerves such as the brachial plexus, including proximal and distal branches. The onset and severity of radiation-induced pain can be proportional to the total dose received [23]. A meta-analysis by Wang et al. reviewing thirty studies involving 19,813 patients showed an increased likelihood of PMPS among women who underwent radiotherapy [24]. This is likely secondary to an increased incidence of tissue fibrosis, which can lead to local constriction and compression on nerves and subsequent neural entrapment. Furthermore, lymphedema and impaired glenohumeral motion are other sequelae that can arise after radiation therapy and lead to the formation of persistent pain and morbidity.
Several commonly used chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel, vinblastine, and vincristine have all been identified as causing residual neuropathic symptoms [25]. Peripheral neuropathies are the most common presentation with patients experiencing sensations of numbness and tingling usually in a stocking and glove-like formation [25]. Unfortunately, those receiving both radiation and chemotherapy tend to experience enhanced neuropathic symptoms [26]. The mechanism of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy caused by common antineoplastic agents is multifactorial. For platinum-based drugs such as oxaliplatin and cisplatin, activation of glial cells causes nearby immune cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, and altered activity in Na+ and K+ ion channels can result in nociceptor sensitization and hyperexcitability of peripheral neurons [27]. Vinca alkaloids also cause the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and influence microtubule polymerization that inhibits axonal transport. This, along with Wallerian degeneration, leads to distal axonopathy [27].
PMPS is multifactorial in nature and several risk factors have been evaluated for their association in the development of persistent pain. Risk factors can be categorized broadly into patient demographics, psychological influence, and surgical and anesthetic factors. While an abundance of literature has evaluated risk factors for chronic pain, only some consensus exists. Nonetheless, identifying risk factors and modifying them early in the perioperative period could potentially help in decreasing the risk of persistent pain in high-risk patients.
Younger age has been strongly correlated with a higher pain burden index and relationship of younger age with persistent pain is well supported [28, 29, 30, 31]. This finding may be secondary to the fact that younger patients usually present with more aggressive, estrogen-receptor negative disease, or higher tumor grade requiring more radical surgeries or adjuvant therapies [32]. Younger patients also tend to have greater levels of perioperative anxiety and a lower threshold to pain, when compared to older patient groups, thus increasing their overall risk [12]. While younger age has been one of the most consistent factors associated with PMPS, some reviews have not always found this to be the case [33].
Literature also reports that patients with a higher BMI are more likely to experience persistent pain after breast cancer surgery. A study by Spivey et al. found that both a young age and higher BMI correlated with higher pain scores at the six month follow up [34], and Juhl et al. showed that a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 was significantly associated with persistent pain in both univariate and multivariate models [14]. Surprisingly however, a systematic review and meta-analysis of thirty high-grade observational studies totaling 19,813 patients showed that BMI was not associated with persistent pain [24]. Thus, the correlation may be multifactorial in nature. Surgery in obese patients may be associated with more difficult axillary dissections due to larger breasts, thus placing them at a higher risk for greater tissue and nerve damage. Regardless, as with other surgical disciplines, the risks of perioperative complications such as impaired wound healing and increased blood loss remain higher in patients with a higher BMI [35, 36].
Several studies have shown a significant correlation between high levels of preoperative anxiety [37], catastrophizing symptoms [38], and persistent breast pain following breast cancer surgery [34, 39, 40]. Furthermore, there is also a significant and independent association between PMPS and somatization, depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance, regardless of the surgical or medical treatment a patient received [33]. Furthermore, pain catastrophizing has been found to intensify the experience of both pain and depression [23, 41]. Patients undergoing breast surgery may expect to have severe pain after the procedure, thus increasing their emotional distress and cause them to excessively focus on only negative aspects such as chronic pain. These negative emotions and beliefs may evolve into catastrophic thoughts and irrational patterns of thinking and become self-fulfilling in producing higher pain levels [42]. In contrast, patients who have a more positive mindset going into surgery, and lower levels of emotional distress, are more likely to experiences less acute pain [43] and therefore experience a lower incidence of PMPS [40].
With the advancement of surgical management, the association between surgical type and chronic pain development seems to vary in the literature. Both breast-conserving surgery (BCS), with or without lymph node dissection, and radical mastectomy have not consistently shown a positive relationship in the development of PMPS. A study of 475 patients found that patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery were at higher risks of developing moderate to severe chronic pain at rest (OR 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2–3.3) [30]. Some reports however, indicate that more extensive surgery (e.g. radical mastectomies, bilateral procedures, reconstruction) does lead to greater acute postoperative pain, which in turn is a risk factor in developing chronic pain [44]. A prospective, observational study by Spivey et al. with 216 patients, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of thirty observational studies of 19,813 patients by Wang, et al. both did not observe a significant relationship between surgical type and pain at three and six months, respectively [24, 34].
Lymph node dissection can help with the staging and management of breast cancer [45]. Compared to sentinel lymph node biopsy, ALND has been an associated risk factor with PMPS in several studies [17, 34, 44, 46]. Fabro et al. analyzed ALND on persistent pain, and after controlling for confounding variables they reported that removal of more than fifteen lymph nodes resulted in two times the risk for developing persistent pain [47]. ALND involves more extensive damage to tissues in the axilla, and the intercostobrachial nerve is at most risk during the dissection [48]. As mentioned above, when possible, the ICBN should aim to be preserved during ALND. Abdullah et al. conducted a randomized controlled trial where the ICBN was preserved during ALND and found a decreased incidence of sensory deficits at the three-month follow up. Notably however, preservation could only be obtained in 65% of the patients.
Postoperative pain scores in the acute setting have been shown to be a significant risk factor associated with persistent pain across numerous surgical sub-groups, including breast surgeries. Acute surgical injury has been linked to central and peripheral pain sensitization, which can lead to the development of persistent chronic pain [49, 50]. Bruce et al. studied 362 post-mastectomy patients and found that higher levels of postoperative pain increased the odds of developing PMPS at four months (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12–1.60) and at nine months (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) after surgery [51]. Wang et al. also concluded that for every point on a 10-point scale, the level of postoperative pain severity increased the likelihood of PMPS (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03–1.30) [24]. Extensive surgical reconstruction, axillary lymph node dissection, high levels of anxiety and pain catastrophizing, and presence of preoperative pain all increase the risk of severe acute postoperative pain [34]. Therefore, acute postoperative pain is a worthy indicator for the development of chronic pain [38] and emphasis should be placed on controlling it early in the postoperative course. Improved postoperative pain control is best managed using a multimodal strategy such as through the use of anti-inflammatories, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) inhibitors, interventions such as nerve or fascial plane blocks with local anesthetics, or by addressing preoperative psychological factors such as anxiousness or fear of the postsurgical path.
There are a number of etiologies that can be responsible for pain after breast cancer surgery. Largely, persistent pain is due to neuropathic causes (Table 1) [7, 10], such as from trauma or injury to the intercostobrachial nerve and other local peripheral nerves (medial and lateral pectoral nerve, intercostal nerves, etc), but also due to phantom breast pain, scar neuroma formation, and chemotherapy/radiation induced peripheral neuropathy.
Neuropathic | Intercostobrachial neuralgia |
---|---|
Phantom breast pain | |
Neuroma formation | |
Local peripheral nerve injuries - medial and lateral pectoral nerves, intercostal nerves, long thoracic, brachial plexopathy | |
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy | |
Radiation-induced peripheral neuropathy | |
Musculoskeletal | Rotator cuff dysfunction |
Adhesive capsulitis | |
Myofascial pain syndrome | |
Aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia | |
Others | Axillary web syndrome |
Lymphedema |
Pain disorders after breast cancer surgery.
from previously published article by Dr. James Khan: [10].
Neuropathic pain due to local peripheral nerve injuries typically present as pain in and around the surgical incision, but due to the peripheral nerve distribution, it can be felt as if it also involves the chest wall, medial arm, axilla, and shoulder [7]. Pain is associated with neuropathic pain features which include burning, paresthesia, tingling, as well as allodynia and hyperalgesia [46, 52]. Pain is also typically associated with sensory changes, such as numbness and hypoesthesia. Furthermore, the incision itself may be a source of spontaneous pain and mechanosensitivity, which may indicate the presence of a scar neuroma, which is more common after a lumpectomy than a mastectomy [53].
Other non-neuropathic etiologies can occur after breast cancer surgery and include musculoskeletal impairments such as rotator cuff dysfunction, adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint, myofascial pain syndrome of the pectoral or intercostal muscles, and aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgias (Table 1) [7, 10]. Other potential disorders include axillary web syndrome and lymphedema.
When patients present for evaluation of their pain, the first step involves diagnosing the type of pain being experienced. Origin of pain is broadly categorized as either nociceptive or neuropathic [54]. In the acute postoperative phase, pain after breast surgery is likely to be nociceptive in nature resulting from intraoperative injury and subsequent inflammation to tissue, ligaments, or muscles. In order to help diagnose the type of pain, and track its severity over time, routine use of questionnaire-based assessments are commonly implemented. One that is frequently used is the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 (DN4), which consists of two sections – a set of interview questions and examination findings [55]. The yes/no interview questions ask for the presence of burning, painful cold, or electric shocks, and one or more of tingling, pins and needles, numbness, and itching. The second section assesses if the patient experiences hypoesthesia to touch or pinprick, and if brushing provokes the pain. With each point valued at 1, a total score ≥ 4 signifies a 90% probability of neuropathic pain. The questionnaire is quick and reliable, with a sensitivity of 78.0% and specificity of 81.2% [56].
It is important that a thorough history and physical examination is conducted. History will include an evaluation of the patient’s preoperative diagnosis and any adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation. Reviewing surgical records will be important to establish what type of procedure was conducted (mastectomy versus lumpectomy), whether axillary lymph nodes were resected, if ICBN nerve sparing surgery was performed, and if implants or expanders were placed. The anesthesia record will also include helpful information on whether perioperative regional anesthetic techniques (i.e., Serratus plane or Pectoralis blocks) or intravenous lidocaine infusions were administered — these techniques are known to be effective on reducing acute pain but also potentially helpful in preventing persistent pain [10, 57].
Physical examination will include a detailed evaluation of the surgical incision and surrounding area, documenting any sensory changes. An evaluation for upper extremity lymphedema and a comprehensive shoulder exam should also be performed.
Approach to the treatment of persistent pain after breast surgery should be multimodal and include the use of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapeutic modalities. The involvement of a multidisciplinary team, including an oncologist, pain management specialist, physiotherapist, psychologist, palliative care specialist, and social worker should be implemented whenever possible. Furthermore, a preoperative comprehensive and patient-tailored pain management plan should be formulated in advance, which includes education on surgery sequelae, the nature and development of their symptoms, and available treatment options.
Non-pharmacological interventions should always be included in the pain management plan, regardless of whether medications are employed or not. Moreover, patients should be aware that non-pharmacological treatments are only one part of the overall comprehensive treatment plan. Some patients may actually prefer non-pharmacological modalities to pharmacological, to avoid risks of drug side effects or costs [58].
The initiation of physical therapy (PT) has repeatedly been shown to be beneficial to patients recovering from breast cancer surgery. Range of motion exercises and active stretching helps to improve upper extremity strength and function, maintain glenohumeral and scapular movement, and allow neuromuscular recruitment with the overall goal of minimizing dysfunction. A systematic review, which evaluated the effectiveness of PT after breast cancer surgery, showed that therapy involving active exercise and stretching was effective in not only improving range of motion but also decreasing postoperative pain [59].
Timing on when to initiate PT has also been studied. Most studies focus on implementing PT early in the postoperative period, with clinical practice guidelines recommending starting gentle range of motion exercises the day after surgery to reduce shoulder dysfunction and pain [60]. Active stretching, followed by strengthening, can then be introduced over the next 6–8 weeks [60]. Several studies however, do report an increase in complications when starting PT too soon after ALND, with Schultz et al. suggesting that a delay of one week can help reduce the incidence of postoperative seromas [61]. Fortunately, patients taking part in early PT after ALND still tend to recover sufficiently by the two-year mark [62].
Besides pain relief, PT has been shown to offer several added benefits to patients after breast surgery. A meta-analysis of 56 studies evaluating the effects of exercise interventions showed significant benefits in fatigue, depression, body image, and health-related quality of life in cancer survivors [63]. As psychological factors play a known role in the incidence of persistent pain [51], long-term benefits can be obtained if practitioners include a PT or exercise course with the hospital discharge plan.
As outlined earlier, psychological factors such as anxiety and catastrophizing play a crucial role in the development of persistent pain. Thus, implementing various psychological interventions into the treatment plan not only helps with pain control [64], but also allows patients to effectively cope during this challenging period in their life. Facing a cancer diagnosis, undergoing invasive treatments, and managing treatment sequelae can all add to the emotional suffering breast cancer patients are faced with. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for non-metastatic breast cancer in women was evaluated in twenty-eight randomized controlled trials involving 3940 patients. The study showed that psychological intervention, in particular cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), produced favourable effects on anxiety, depression, and mood disturbance [65]. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has also been examined in breast cancer patients, with a recent meta-analysis by Haller et al. evaluating the effectiveness of MBSR in 1709 patients. MBSR was found to have a significant effect on improving health-related quality of life, fatigue, sleep, stress, anxiety, and depression [66].
Perioperative screening questionnaires evaluating psychological stressors, fears, and overall mood, such as the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) or the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) should be implemented both in the pre- and postoperative phase. From this, at-risk patients can be identified and the involvement of psychological interventions can be applied. Moreover, with the advancement of technology and involvement of virtual care into clinical practice, it now allows for easier access and for group therapies to support even larger number of participants per session.
Treatment with oral analgesics provides a non-invasive approach to treating pain, and most patients begin here as they transition from acute to chronic pain. Appropriate medication selection relies heavily on obtaining the correct diagnosis, patient comorbidities, drug side-effect profiles, and at times, cost. Furthermore, we must be cognizant of the chronicity of symptoms and the potential long-term consequences of certain therapies, such as with opioids.
A variety of mediation classes have shown to be effective in neuropathic pain, and these same classes are effective in patients with chronic neuropathic pain after breast cancer surgery. Several guidelines are also available to assist prescribers in selecting the most appropriate medication, and second or third line alternatives, if necessary [67, 68, 69]. Various medication choices by class are briefly outlined in this section.
Treatment of neuropathic pain has benefitted from the analgesic properties provided by well-studied and familiar anti-depressants. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have become common medication choices when treating neuropathic pain [70], albeit usually at lower doses than that needed for anti-depressant effects.
Along with providing benefit for post-surgical neuropathic pain, both duloxetine and venlafaxine also offer pain relief for patient’s suffering from chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy [80, 81], and even decrease motor neuropathy symptoms [82]. Benefits of these two SNRIs has been their ability to target multiple concerns, such as depression, anxiety, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathy [83] and thus should be strongly considered as an adjuvant when formulating a comprehensive pain management plan.
Gabapentin and pregabalin are common medications used to treat neuropathic pain. While both have structural resemblance to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter, neither acts as a GABA agonist. Gabapentin’s primary mechanism of action is its high-affinity binding to the α2δ subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels, resulting in a reduction in nerve conduction [84]. A retrospective study of 89 patients with persistent breast cancer pain found a reduction in pain in 80% of patients with an average gabapentin dose of 1135 mg for 14 weeks [85]. Initiating gabapentin at 100-300 mg three times daily, and slowly escalating the dose as tolerated, can provide significant pain relief. While gabapentin continues to be a first line agent for neuropathic pain, certain drawbacks must be considered, such as drowsiness, weight gain, and three times a day dosing.
Pregabalin works similarly to gabapentin by inhibiting voltage-activated calcium channels. It was developed as a successor to gabapentin and has the added benefit of being almost completely absorbed in the body, unlike gabapentin. Thus, with absorption almost three times that of gabapentin, pregabalin reaches peak blood concentrations within one hour after ingestion [86]. Pregabalin has been shown to offer significant decrease in VAS pain scores in patients with PMPS [87, 88], along with significant improvement in quality of life [88].
With the general shift away from prescribing narcotics in clinical practice, opioid therapy can still play an important role in pain management when used appropriately. The need for opioid therapy in the acute postoperative period is common and can help decrease nociceptive post-surgical pain. Unfortunately, limited data supports the use of opioids for neuropathic pain, especially in the long-term [89, 90]. Nonetheless, for cancer patients with continued pain and functional impairment, a trial of opioids in carefully selected patients can be beneficial. Local and national practice guidelines should be reviewed, risks of adverse effects should always be discussed, and signs of tolerance, abuse, addiction, and diversion should continually be assessed.
One major benefit of opioid therapy is its synergistic effect when combined with other medications. For instance, several studies have demonstrated greater pain relief when using gabapentin and an opioid, compared to opioid monotherapy, in the treatment of neuropathic pain [91, 92, 93]. Not only did combination therapy allow for greater reduction in overall pain scores, it also allowed for a decrease in the opioid dose. In turn, this helped to decrease the number of adverse effects that arise with chronic opioid therapy.
Several peripheral nerves can be directly targeted for perineural injections with local anesthetics, steroids, or even with neurolytic substances such as phenol or alcohol. Once the problematic nerves have been identified by a thorough history and physical exam, ultrasound guidance can help to visualize the nerves.
The intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) and specific intercostal nerves can be specifically isolated on ultrasound, and medications can be administered under real-time visualization. The ICBN can be identified in the same approach as performing an axillary brachial plexus block - with the shoulder abducted 90° and externally rotated [94]. The ICBN can be seen posterior to the vessels and just deep to the superficial fascia. The medial cutaneous nerve of the arm can also be visualized just anterior to the ICBN [95]. It is important to note that patients experiencing pain in the anterior chest wall may not benefit from an ICBN block.
For chest wall pain, especially pain radiating laterally from the posterior to the anterior chest, intercostal nerve blocks should be considered. Each intercostal nerve branches from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves and travels on the underside of its corresponding rib [96]. Consecutive intercostal nerves can be blocked simultaneously under ultrasound guidance with the patient lying prone. While the actual nerve may not always be visible on ultrasound, the therapeutic solution can be deposited just inferior to the rib, posterior to the pleura, where the intercostal nerve resides with its corresponding artery and vein. Due to the location, the potential risk of pneumothorax should be explained to the patient, however the use of ultrasound decreases this risk [97].
When the pain is not consistent with a specific nerve, or involves a set of multiple interconnected nerves, various interfascial plane blocks can be an option for pain relief. Due to the complexity of innervation to the breast, the serratus anterior (SA) plane block helps to cover several small nerve branches altogether [98]. This block is approached in a similar manner as individual intercostal nerve blocks, and medication is injected in between the latissimus dorsi muscle and the SA muscle. Branches of the intercostal nerves can be found both above and below the SA [99] and thus some practitioners may choose to deposit additional medication below the SA muscle as well. The ICBN perforates the SA muscle in the mid-axillary line and can be indirectly captured with this plane block as well [10]. Zocca et al. performed the injection on eight patients suffering from PMPS, depositing 0.25% bupivacaine and 40 mg of methyl-prednisolone, and all patients had pain relief ranging from 25% to near complete relief [99].
Other nerve blocks commonly used for patients suffering from pain in the breast region include the thoracic paravertebral block and erector spinae plane block [100]. The true value of these blocks comes mainly in the perioperative period [101, 102]. As mentioned earlier, significant acute postoperative pain is a risk factor for the development of chronic pain. Thus, several studies have shown that the use of these blocks before surgical incision can help decrease the level of acute pain after surgery, and subsequently the prevalence of chronic pain at the six and twelve month follow ups [101, 103]. Furthermore, they have also shown to decrease postoperative opioid use [102, 104].
Regardless of the procedure chosen, the most optimal option should be one that is easy to perform, causes little discomfort to the patient, has reasonable low-risk complications, and allows adequate pain relief.
With increasing prevalence in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain, and a shift to decrease use of chronic opioid therapy, the use of neuromodulation has gained significant interest [105]. Both invasive and non-invasive mechanisms of neuromodulation exist and have been used in the treatment of PMPS. A conservative approach to PMPS with neuromodulation is with the use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit. TENS has effects on the neurophysiological activities of receptors via the gate theory of pain and can induce the expression of endogenous opioids [106]. EEG changes with use of a TENS unit and decrease in overall pain have been observed particularly in patients with ICBN pain after breast cancer surgery [107]. Due to its low cost, non-invasiveness, and favourable side-effect profile, TENS units have gained attention in treating cancer pain [108].
Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) continues to gain growing recognition in the field of pain management due to its less invasive percutaneous approach [109]. PNS allows for direct electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve to alleviate pain in the distribution of that nerve [110]. This offers targeted therapy and offers pain relief for patients suffering from ICBN or intercostal neuralgia [111]. PNS electrodes can be placed under ultrasound guidance alongside the nerve, avoiding the need for fluoroscopy, and the pulse generator can remain external to the body [112].
Spinal cord stimulators (SCS) are a better-known type of neuromodulation available for chronic neuropathic pain. Technological advancements in SCS throughout the years, such as high frequency SCS, burst stimulation, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation, have helped tailor treatment to an individual’s pain condition and target specific symptoms [105]. While SCS continues to play a major role in the relief of failed back surgery syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome, new literature has emerged considering SCS for the treatment of PMPS. A case report using DRG stimulation at the T3 nerve roots demonstrated effective pain relief in a patient with severe neuropathic pain [113], and another showed the effectiveness of SCS in treatment of chronic drug-resistant neuropathy in a patient with radiation-induced plexopathy [114]. While these cases are promising, larger studies still need to be conducted in order to evaluate the optimal spinal level for SCS electrode placement and the best neuromodulation programming.
Treatment of persistent pain after breast surgery continues to be a challenge and clinical vigilance is needed when caring for this patient population. Neuropathic pain features can affect nearly half the number of patients who undergo breast cancer surgery, and failure of diagnosis and treatment can lead to a long-term negative decline in mood, quality of life, and overall functioning. While effective treatments still remain areas of active research, identifying patients at risk allows for the implementation of an early multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Prospective studies on larger populations of breast cancer survivors continue to be performed, and these will help to fill gaps in knowledge and uncover novel therapeutic measures.
IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5818},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5287},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1757},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10539},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15929}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119317},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10672",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10674",title:"Topics on Quantum Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sergio Curilef and Dr. Angel Ricardo Plastino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10852",title:"Electromagnetic Compatibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5d2cce3a2adbd5d108d3301ee97025b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10852.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10921",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c45670ef4b081fd9eebaf911b2b4627b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10956",title:"Pulsed Lasers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"88bd906b149fc3d1c5d6fdbd9916826c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10956.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:47},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5319},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"915",title:"Polymers",slug:"materials-science-biochemistry-polymers",parent:{title:"Biochemistry",slug:"materials-science-biochemistry"},numberOfBooks:23,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:681,numberOfWosCitations:1823,numberOfCrossrefCitations:889,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1946,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"materials-science-biochemistry-polymers",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6202",title:"Applications of Modified Starches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d5fc4b642d47ae13c608ceaa38cf554",slug:"applications-of-modified-starches",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea and Rodolfo Rendón Villalobos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6202.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206705",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Huicochea",slug:"emmanuel-flores-huicochea",fullName:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6185",title:"Lignin",subtitle:"Trends and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c0b9e64cd29f76f5de2dc06531633ce",slug:"lignin-trends-and-applications",bookSignature:"Matheus Poletto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140017",title:"Dr.",name:"Matheus",middleName:null,surname:"Poletto",slug:"matheus-poletto",fullName:"Matheus Poletto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6001",title:"Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"598f8fc0a85fde7d5cea05aa541f2ea5",slug:"acrylic-polymers-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Boreddy S.R. Reddy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6001.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16251",title:"Dr.",name:"Boreddy",middleName:"S.R.",surname:"Reddy",slug:"boreddy-reddy",fullName:"Boreddy Reddy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5904",title:"Aspects of Polyurethanes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514b1dfa3811606d3dd5faf2c4f3ef30",slug:"aspects-of-polyurethanes",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5919",title:"Elastomers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c1ca61ab151481bb9e7da3fd463cf14",slug:"elastomers",bookSignature:"Nevin Cankaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5919.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175645",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",middleName:null,surname:"Çankaya",slug:"nevin-cankaya",fullName:"Nevin Çankaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5365",title:"Adhesives",subtitle:"Applications and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2b4cabdd0f77b9b7ab6d38eb8392873",slug:"adhesives-applications-and-properties",bookSignature:"Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5365.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5260",title:"Conducting Polymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b1132e8d69de0d37de11869d8b87543",slug:"conducting-polymers",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5302",title:"Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b83c0ce566156f818b8e19bbf24366ab",slug:"viscoelastic-and-viscoplastic-materials",bookSignature:"Mohamed Fathy El-Amin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17141",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"F.",surname:"El-Amin",slug:"mohamed-el-amin",fullName:"Mohamed El-Amin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5251",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3ca3de461f0eeb54055b0b83de89bc7",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sutapa Biswas Majee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100703",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutapa",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas Majee",slug:"sutapa-biswas-majee",fullName:"Sutapa Biswas Majee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5089",title:"Recent Advances in Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49b676f9ac3f7097cd3d01b379cde9b4",slug:"recent-advances-in-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5089.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4694",title:"Thermoplastic Elastomers",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3ec02a814af3a9d5b35090169290549",slug:"thermoplastic-elastomers-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Chapal Kumar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175797",title:"Dr.",name:"Chapal",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Das",slug:"chapal-kumar-das",fullName:"Chapal Kumar Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:23,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38964",doi:"10.5772/48779",title:"Microwave Absorption and EMI Shielding Behavior of Nanocomposites Based on Intrinsically Conducting Polymers, Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"microwave-absorption-and-emi-shielding-behavior-of-nanocomposites-based-on-intrinsically-conducting-",totalDownloads:12993,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:104,book:{slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",fullTitle:"New Polymers for Special Applications"},signatures:"Parveen Saini and Manju Arora",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"parveen-saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini"},{id:"156193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Arora",slug:"manju-arora",fullName:"Manju Arora"}]},{id:"38965",doi:"10.5772/48758",title:"Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline: Molecular Synthesis of Polyaniline and the Formation of Supramolecular Structures",slug:"oxidative-polymerization-of-aniline-molecular-synthesis-of-polyaniline-and-the-formation-of-supramol",totalDownloads:19528,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:70,book:{slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",fullTitle:"New Polymers for Special Applications"},signatures:"I.Yu. Sapurina and M.A. Shishov",authors:[{id:"149374",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Sapurina",slug:"irina-sapurina",fullName:"Irina Sapurina"}]},{id:"38901",doi:"10.5772/46094",title:"Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Function, Structure and Biological Activity of Their Derivatives",slug:"plant-cell-wall-polymers-function-structure-and-biological-activity-of-their-derivatives",totalDownloads:7688,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"polymerization",title:"Polymerization",fullTitle:"Polymerization"},signatures:"Marisol Ochoa-Villarreal, Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández, Irasema Vargas-Arispuro and Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez",authors:[{id:"65387",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:"Angel",surname:"Martinez-Tellez",slug:"miguel-angel-martinez-tellez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Martinez-Tellez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:8838,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:56,book:{slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"48857",title:"Thermoplastic Elastomers with Photo-actuating Properties",slug:"thermoplastic-elastomers-with-photo-actuating-properties",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"thermoplastic-elastomers-synthesis-and-applications",title:"Thermoplastic Elastomers",fullTitle:"Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications"},signatures:"Markéta Ilčíková, Miroslav Mrlík and Jaroslav Mosnáček",authors:[{id:"175440",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Mosnacek",slug:"jaroslav-mosnacek",fullName:"Jaroslav Mosnacek"},{id:"175764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marketa",middleName:null,surname:"Ilcikova",slug:"marketa-ilcikova",fullName:"Marketa Ilcikova"},{id:"175765",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Mrlik",slug:"miroslav-mrlik",fullName:"Miroslav Mrlik"}]},{id:"58768",title:"An Overview on the Use of Lignin and Its Derivatives in Fire Retardant Polymer Systems",slug:"an-overview-on-the-use-of-lignin-and-its-derivatives-in-fire-retardant-polymer-systems",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"lignin-trends-and-applications",title:"Lignin",fullTitle:"Lignin - Trends and Applications"},signatures:"Neeraj Mandlekar, Aurélie Cayla, François Rault, Stéphane Giraud,\nFabine Salaün, Giulio Malucelli and Jin-Ping Guan",authors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",middleName:null,surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"},{id:"72195",title:"Prof.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Malucelli",slug:"giulio-malucelli",fullName:"Giulio Malucelli"},{id:"189339",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Giraud",slug:"stephane-giraud",fullName:"Stéphane Giraud"},{id:"218812",title:"Prof.",name:"Guan",middleName:null,surname:"Jinping",slug:"guan-jinping",fullName:"Guan Jinping"},{id:"229606",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurélie",middleName:null,surname:"Cayla",slug:"aurelie-cayla",fullName:"Aurélie Cayla"},{id:"235379",title:"Mr.",name:"Mandlekar",middleName:null,surname:"Neeraj",slug:"mandlekar-neeraj",fullName:"Mandlekar Neeraj"},{id:"235380",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Rault",slug:"francois-rault",fullName:"Francois Rault"}]},{id:"41941",title:"Introduction of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers − Polymers and Composites: Concepts, Properties and Processes",slug:"introduction-of-fibre-reinforced-polymers-polymers-and-composites-concepts-properties-and-processes",totalDownloads:26040,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:43,book:{slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",fullTitle:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair"},signatures:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}]},{id:"50847",title:"Space Charge–Limited Current Model for Polymers",slug:"space-charge-limited-current-model-for-polymers",totalDownloads:3249,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"conducting-polymers",title:"Conducting Polymers",fullTitle:"Conducting Polymers"},signatures:"Syed A. Moiz, Iqbal. A. Khan, Waheed A. Younis and Khasan S.\nKarimov",authors:[{id:"66696",title:"Prof.",name:"Khasan",middleName:null,surname:"Karimov",slug:"khasan-karimov",fullName:"Khasan Karimov"},{id:"180970",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Moiz",slug:"syed-abdul-moiz",fullName:"Syed Abdul Moiz"},{id:"182221",title:"Prof.",name:"Iqbal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed Khan",slug:"iqbal-ahmed-khan",fullName:"Iqbal Ahmed Khan"},{id:"182222",title:"Dr.",name:"Waheed",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"waheed-younis",fullName:"Waheed Younis"}]},{id:"42104",title:"Polymers and the Environment",slug:"polymers-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:8064,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"polymer-science",title:"Polymer Science",fullTitle:"Polymer Science"},signatures:"Telmo Ojeda",authors:[{id:"140465",title:"Dr.",name:"Telmo",middleName:null,surname:"Ojeda",slug:"telmo-ojeda",fullName:"Telmo Ojeda"}]},{id:"51654",title:"Cellulose-Derivatives-Based Hydrogels as Vehicles for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery",slug:"cellulose-derivatives-based-hydrogels-as-vehicles-for-dermal-and-transdermal-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:3282,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Lavinia Vlaia, Georgeta Coneac, Ioana Olariu, Vicenţiu Vlaia and Dumitru Lupuleasa",authors:[{id:"180450",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaia",slug:"lavinia-vlaia",fullName:"Lavinia Vlaia"},{id:"185646",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgeta",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",slug:"georgeta-coneac",fullName:"Georgeta Coneac"},{id:"185647",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Olariu",slug:"ioana-olariu",fullName:"Ioana Olariu"},{id:"185648",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicenţiu",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaia",slug:"vicentiu-vlaia",fullName:"Vicenţiu Vlaia"},{id:"185649",title:"Prof.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Lupuleasa",slug:"dumitru-lupuleasa",fullName:"Dumitru Lupuleasa"}]},{id:"49884",title:"Biopolymers – Application in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology",slug:"biopolymers-application-in-nanoscience-and-nanotechnology",totalDownloads:7296,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-biopolymers",title:"Recent Advances in Biopolymers",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Biopolymers"},signatures:"Sneha Mohan, Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi, Nandakumar Kalarikkal,\nSabu Thomas and Sandile P. Songca",authors:[{id:"99092",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel Oluwatobi",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwafemi",slug:"samuel-oluwatobi-oluwafemi",fullName:"Samuel Oluwatobi Oluwafemi"}]},{id:"16991",title:"Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"functionalization-of-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:12114,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:40,book:{slug:"carbon-nanotubes-polymer-nanocomposites",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Carbon Nanotubes - Polymer Nanocomposites"},signatures:"In-Yup Jeon, Dong Wook Chang, Nanjundan Ashok Kumar and Jong-Beom Baek",authors:[{id:"31369",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Beom",middleName:null,surname:"Baek",slug:"jong-beom-baek",fullName:"Jong-Beom Baek"},{id:"41447",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nanjundan",slug:"ashok-kumar-nanjundan",fullName:"Ashok Kumar Nanjundan"},{id:"41448",title:"Mr.",name:"In-Yup",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon,",slug:"in-yup-jeon",fullName:"In-Yup Jeon,"},{id:"41449",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong Wook",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"dong-wook-chang",fullName:"Dong Wook Chang"}]},{id:"42097",title:"Emulsion Polymerization: Effects of Polymerization Variables on the Properties of Vinyl Acetate Based Emulsion Polymers",slug:"emulsion-polymerization-effects-of-polymerization-variables-on-the-properties-of-vinyl-acetate-based",totalDownloads:22857,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:29,book:{slug:"polymer-science",title:"Polymer Science",fullTitle:"Polymer Science"},signatures:"Hale Berber Yamak",authors:[{id:"139918",title:"Dr.",name:"Hale",middleName:null,surname:"Berber",slug:"hale-berber",fullName:"Hale Berber"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"materials-science-biochemistry-polymers",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/235211/oscar-kurt-bitzer-quintero",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"235211",slug:"oscar-kurt-bitzer-quintero"},fullPath:"/profiles/235211/oscar-kurt-bitzer-quintero",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()