\r\n\tArsenic’s history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its feature as a poison. Arsenic is a synonym of toxicity. Arsenic is widely distributed throughout the environment. It is present in biota, the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, groundwater, sediments, and soils throughout the world. Arsenic is present in many minerals. Due to high mobilization of arsenic, both from natural and anthropogenic sources, it is reactive in aquatic environments and the atmosphere. Natural sources of arsenic mobilization include weathering of arsenic-bearing rocks, biological activity, and volcanic eruption. Anthropogenic sources include mining of metal ores, combustion of fossil fuels, pesticide use, livestock feed additives, wood preservatives, and pigment production. In most cases of groundwater contamination, however, a combination of natural and anthropogenic actions leads to arsenic release. The aim of this book should be to describe and present the most recent findings focused on methods for the determination and separation of arsenic species. Speciation analysis is defined as the determination of the various chemical (oxidation/valence states) forms of the element which together make up the total concentration of that element on a sample. Speciation analysis is aiming to define and quantify the distribution of an element between the different species in which it occurs. These structural levels are important in different areas, for instance, valence state and inorganic and organic speciation are of great importance in determining the availability and toxicity of metals or metalloids, thus being very important in food, and also in clinical and biological fields. The contribution of this book is to present state-of-art in the field of the development and application of methods for determination and removal of arsenic species.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18f6bb0aaa4110f52d0d7ab155cab7bf",bookSignature:"Prof. Vladana Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8507.jpg",keywords:"Toxicity, Presence in the Environment, Occurrence of Different Oxidative States, Detection Limits, Instrumental Techniques, Simple and Efficient Techniques Cost Effective Technologies, Solidification and Stabilization Technologies, Waste Treatment",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"141214",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladana",middleName:null,surname:"Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",slug:"vladana-rajakovic-ognjanovic",fullName:"Vladana Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/141214/images/system/141214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vladana N. Rajaković-Ognjanović currently works as an Assistant Professor at Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade. Her general professional interests include instrumental methods for the characterization and determination of water quality and development of analytical methods for water purification. Dr. Rajaković-Ognjanović has achieved results in the field of arsenic research regarding determination, detection methods and precision of different instrumental techniques. She also has participated in important projects and studies that experimentally proved and discussed processes and methods for purification of the polluted water (particularly with arsenic and cyanide).",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"11941",title:"Probabilistic Inferences in Bayesian Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83969",slug:"probabilistic-reasoning-inferences-in-bayesian-networks-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/11941.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11941",totalDownloads:5578,totalViews:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 18th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/11941",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/11941",book:{slug:"bayesian-network"},signatures:"Jianguo Ding",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3750",title:"Bayesian Network",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bayesian Network",slug:"bayesian-network",publishedDate:"August 18th 2010",bookSignature:"Ahmed Rebai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3750.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11939",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Rebai",slug:"ahmed-rebai",fullName:"Ahmed Rebai"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"11939",title:"Learning Structure and Parameters in Bayesian Networks Using an Implicit Framework",slug:"learning-structure-and-parameters-in-bayesian-networks-using-an-implicit-framework",totalDownloads:2798,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hanen BenHassen, Lobna Bouchaala, Afif Masmoudi and Ahmed Rebai",authors:[null]},{id:"11940",title:"Design of Evolutionary Methods Applied to the Learning of Bayesian Network Structures",slug:"design-of-evolutionary-methods-applied-to-the-learning-of-bayesian-network-structures",totalDownloads:1994,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Thierry Brouard, Alain Delaplace, Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman, Hubert Cardot and Jean-Yves Ramel",authors:[null]},{id:"11941",title:"Probabilistic Inferences in Bayesian Networks",slug:"probabilistic-reasoning-inferences-in-bayesian-networks-",totalDownloads:5578,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jianguo Ding",authors:[null]},{id:"11942",title:"Advanced Algorithms of Bayesian Network Learning and Probabilistic Inference from Inconsistent Prior Knowledge and Sparse Data with Applications in Computational Biology and Computer Vision",slug:"advanced-algorithms-of-bayesian-network-learning-and-probabilistic-inference-from-inconsistent-prior",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rui Chang",authors:[null]},{id:"11943",title:"Group Decision Making Using Bayesian Network Inference with Qualitative Expert Knowledge",slug:"group-decision-making-using-bayesian-network-inference-with-qualitative-expert-knowledge-",totalDownloads:2024,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wichian Premchaiswadi and Nipat Jongsawat",authors:[null]},{id:"11944",title:"Forming Object Concept Using Bayesian Network",slug:"forming-object-concept-using-bayesian-network",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomoaki Nakamura and Takayuki Nagai",authors:[null]},{id:"11945",title:"Guiding Complex Design Optimisation Using Bayesian Networks",slug:"guiding-complex-design-optimisation-using-bayesian-networks",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John Leaney and Artem Parakhine",authors:[null]},{id:"11946",title:"Method of Multi-Source Testing Information Fusion Based on Bayesian Network",slug:"method-of-multi-source-testing-information-fusion-based-on-bayesian-network",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tang Xue-mei and Hu Zheng-dong",authors:[null]},{id:"11947",title:"Dynamic Data Feed to Bayesian Network Model and SMILE Web Application",slug:"dynamic-data-feed-to-bayesian-network-model-and-smile-web-based-interface",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nipat Jongsawat, Anunucha Tungkasthan and Wichian Premchaiswadi",authors:[null]},{id:"11948",title:"Markovian Approach to Time Transition Inference on Bayesian Networks",slug:"markovian-approach-to-time-transition-inference-on-bayesian-networks",totalDownloads:1517,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adamo Santana, Diego Cardoso, Carlos Renato Frances, and João Costa",authors:[null]},{id:"11949",title:"MiniTUBA: a Web-Based Dynamic Bayesian Network Analysis System",slug:"minituba-a-web-based-dynamic-bayesian-network-analysis-system-",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yongqun He and Zuoshuang Xiang",authors:[null]},{id:"11950",title:"Joining Analytic Network Process and Bayesian Network Model for Fault Spreading Problem",slug:"joining-analytic-network-process-and-bayesian-network-model-for-fault-spreading-problem",totalDownloads:3161,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gabor Szucs and Gyula Sallai",authors:[null]},{id:"11951",title:"Monitoring of Complex Processes with Bayesian Networks",slug:"monitoring-of-complex-processes-with-bayesian-networks",totalDownloads:2469,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sylvain Verron, Teodor Tiplica and Abdessamad Kobi",authors:[null]},{id:"11952",title:"Bayesian Networks for Network Intrusion Detection",slug:"bayesian-networks-for-network-intrusion-detection",totalDownloads:3722,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Pablo Garcia Bringas and Igor Santos Grueiro",authors:[null]},{id:"11953",title:"A Novel Probabilistic Approach for Analysis and Planning of Large Capillarity Broadband Networks Based on ADSL2+ Technology",slug:"a-novel-probabilistic-approach-for-analysis-and-planning-of-large-capillarity-broadband-networks-bas",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Diego Cardoso, Adamo Santana, Claudio Rocha and Carlos Renato Frances",authors:[null]},{id:"11954",title:"Optimization Strategies for Improving the Interpretability of Bayesian Networks: an Application in Power Systems",slug:"optimization-strategies-for-improving-the-interpretability-of-bayesian-networks-an-application-in-po",totalDownloads:1598,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudio Rocha, Diego Cardoso, Adamo Santana and Carlos Renato Frances",authors:[null]},{id:"11955",title:"Strategy for Wireless Local Area Networks Planning and Performance Evaluation through Bayesian Networks as Computational Intelligence Approach",slug:"strategy-for-wireless-local-area-networks-planning-and-performance-evaluation-through-bayesian-netwo",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jasmine Araujo, Josiane Rodrigues, Simone Fraiha, Herminio Gomes, Gervásio Cavalcante and Carlos Renato Frances",authors:[null]},{id:"11956",title:"Causal Modelling Based on Bayesian Networks for Preliminary Design of Buildings",slug:"causal-modelling-based-on-bayesian-networks-for-preliminary-design-of-buildings",totalDownloads:2129,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Berardo Naticchia and Alessandro Carbonari",authors:[null]},{id:"11957",title:"Bayesian Networks Methods for Traffic Flow Prediction",slug:"bayesian-networks-methods-for-traffic-flow-prediction",totalDownloads:3188,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Enrique Castillo, Santos Sanchez-Cambronero and Jose Maria Menendez",authors:[null]},{id:"11958",title:"Accommodating Uncertainty in Rangeland Condition Assessment Using Bayesian Belief Networks",slug:"accommodating-uncertainty-in-rangeland-condition-assessment-using-bayesian-belief-networks",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hossein Bashari and Carl Smith",authors:[null]},{id:"11959",title:"Classification of Categorical and Numerical Data on Selected Subset of Features",slug:"classification-of-categorical-and-numerical-data-on-selected-subset-of-features",totalDownloads:4288,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zaher Al Aghbari",authors:[null]},{id:"11960",title:"Learning Self-Similarities for Action Recognition Using Conditional Random Fields",slug:"learning-self-similarities-for-action-recognition-using-conditional-random-fields",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Imran Junejo",authors:[null]},{id:"11961",title:"Probabilistic Modelling and Recursive Bayesian Estimation of Trust in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"probabilistic-modelling-and-recursive-bayesian-estimation-of-trust-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:2188,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammad Momani and Subhash Challa",authors:[null]},{id:"11962",title:"Time-Frequency analysis using Bayesian Regularized Neural Network Model",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-using-bayesian-regularized-neural-network-model",totalDownloads:2729,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Imran Shafi, Jamil Ahmad, Syed Ismail Shah and Ataul Aziz Ikram",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73692",title:"Alternative Treatments for Pain through Dhikr, Hijamah and Herbal Medicine as Integrative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94041",slug:"alternative-treatments-for-pain-through-dhikr-hijamah-and-herbal-medicine-as-integrative-medicine",body:'The term “alternative therapy” is generally used to describe any medical treatment or intervention that is used in place of conventional medicine. When alternative therapies are used in conjunction with conventional medicine, it is called complementary medicine. Alternative therapy covers a wide variety of disciplines. In the last decade, many evidences have been gathered for the benefits of mind-body therapy [1]. This approach has the potential to reduce pain in some cases. Mind-body therapy is a treatment intended to help the mind’s ability to influence bodily functions and symptoms. Mind-body therapy uses a variety of approaches, including relaxation techniques, such as dhikr meditation, hijamah (wet cupping), and herbal remedies approaches. These techniques can relieve the discomfort associated with chronic pain [2].
Pain is when the body’s normal reaction to injury or illness, a warning that something is wrong. When the body heals, it usually stop getting sick. But for many people, pain persists long after the cause has gone away. If it lasts 3 to 6 months or more, it is called chronic pain [3]. When the body gets hurt day after day, it can affect the emotional and physical health. About 25% of people with chronic pain will continue to have a condition called chronic pain syndrome. That’s when people have symptoms beyond just pain, such as depression and anxiety, which interfere with their daily life [3, 4].
Integrative medicine is defined as medicine that “reaffirms the importance of the relationship between practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic and lifestyle approaches, healthcare professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing” [5]. Integrative medicine incorporates all appropriate therapeutic approaches by all healthcare providers from both, conventional and complementary medicine, that are likely to improve an individual patient’s health status [6, 7].
Integrative health care for pain management often brings together conventional and complementary approaches in a coordinated manner. It emphasizes a holistic patient-focused approach to health and wellness care - often covering mental, emotional, functional, spiritual, social, and community aspects - and treating as a whole bodily function. Thus, more research is needed to see how the complementary treatment for pain compares to conventional treatments [8, 9].
Pain is a subjective experience involving biological, psychological, social and spiritual variables. Perceived pain is highly dependent on biological, psychological, social and spiritual variables [10]. One of non-pharmacological management method is meditation. It’s focusing patient attention and easy to do anywhere, and does not require special equipment. Meditation is one of the most important non-pharmacological practices that promote relaxation. This is because through meditation, relaxation can provide an integrated response a psychophysiological response originating in the hypothalamus in the central nervous system [11, 12].
Meditation has physiological, mental, and spiritual benefits for the patients suffering from pain. In addition, meditation is an effective practice for pain management [13]. This can reduce the use of drugs or tranquilizers. Meditation is an activity undertaken to enter the state of unconsciousness and can strengthen soul, body, and mind and thus can reduce the sensation of pain. When someone meditates, the perception of pain can be minimized [14].
During practicing meditation, it was found that the brain produced large quantities of the pleasure-causing neuro-chemicals such as endorphins (as measured by EEG brainwave biofeedback machines) which made people a whole experience pleasurable, reduced pain, alleviated stress and gave an overall feeling of well-being. In addition, the alpha rhythm of the brainwaves was recorded during practicing meditation which leaded the patient to relaxation state [15]. The gate control theory for pain proposed by Melzack and Wall [16]. This theory explains the physical and psychological aspects of pain. It deals with nerve impulses that are released from every part of the body and modified in the spinal cord before being sent to the brain. It involves the spinal gate mechanism, central system, central biasing system, and action system. This correlative system works together rapidly when pain is felt [16, 17].
This theory proposes that the experience of pain is modulated by integrated emotional reactions, a relaxed state, and a meditative state in the higher centers of the brain (Figure 1), they modulate a noxipus input, reduces the perception of pain, and stimulates action to relieve it. Activation of the higher centers of the brain can cause the spinal cord gates to close. Closing the gate prevents pain input from reaching the higher centers of the brain, and translates into a total pain experience. The patient’s reaction to pain includes the perception of pain intensity and physiological changes as a result of activation of the complex nervous system [17, 18].
Study framework effect of Dhikr for pain management among Muslim patients.
To better understand this pain, a psychoneuroimmunological approach is used to explain the mechanism of acute pain, chronic pain and the working mechanism of pain control efforts including dhikr from the perspective of spiritual variables [19]. The mechanism of action of pain is not only played by the peripheral nervous system by involving neurotransmitters and cytokines, but also by the central nervous system [20]. The pain process from stimulation to perception, includes the role of modulation, where the modulation process occurs at the spinal level as well as at the brain level. At this modulation stage there are opportunities for therapeutic modalities, including dhikr, to control acute pain and chronic pain [21, 22].
Chronic pain mechanisms include the role of Long Term Potentiation (LTP), so that even though the cause of the pain is not found, the mechanism for generating pain stimulants can still occur, so that therapeutic modalities other than drugs are needed [23]; and from many research results show that the effectiveness of dhikr for controlling acute pain and chronic pain. Dhikr is one of the Islamic ritual forms, and used to concentrate the mind in order to experience calm inner feelings. Some of the research results of dhikr and the like which are effective in controlling pain and especially chronic pain, along with their biological mechanisms will be described in this section [24].
Affirmation tapping interventions have been shown to reduce pain complaints in postoperative patients who have completed conventional treatment. This is thought to be due to serotonin’s performance. The aim was to compare the mean perceived pain reported by postoperative patients who were given tapping treatment with the other treatments as complementary interventions. This study used a randomized post-test only control group design carried out in parallel with post-cesarean section patients. The sample consisted of 40 patients divided into four groups (10 in affirmation, 10 in tapping, 10 in affirmation-tapping and 10 in control). They were obtained through simple random sampling. The instruments include the tapping affirmation guide, the Elisa kit and McGill - Melzack Pain Questionnaire short-form (MPQsf) [25, 26]. The independent variable was affirmation-tapping intervention and the dependent variable was pain perception and serotonin levels. Data analysis included affirmation-tapping intervention, pain perception, and serotonin serum levels using simple linear regression. The Results showed the variation in the mean serotonin levels in the affirmation tapping treatment group was higher and significantly different from the other groups [26].
Therefore, affirmation-tapping as a complementary intervention can increase serum serotonin levels in post-cesarean patients by complementing conventional treatment. The lowest participant pain complaints were in the affirmation group with the highest serotonin levels and this differed significantly from the other groups [26]. Affirmation-tapping is recommended as a complementary intervention in postoperative patients that complements conventional medicine [26, 27].
Affirmation-tapping switches the activation of the pain process to inhibition of the pain process that occurs in the Pre Frontal Cortex (PFC) and Amygdala. In this state, through the performance of the descending pain modulator pathway, Peri Aquaductal Gray (PAG) modulated ON cells in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (RVM) to become inactive while the OFF cells in the RVM became active; and results in inhibition of the transmission of pain from the periphery to the central nervous system. The performance impact of PFC and PAG is supported by the perception of non-threatening, will stimulate peripheral inflammatory cells to secrete Serotonin, stimulate the secretion of Endorphins, which then modulate the transmission of pain in the Dorsal Horn spinal cord so that the perception of pain is not felt. Tapping on the acupoint will modulate peripheral inflammatory cells so as to reduce the secretion of IL6 and Glutamate, so that there is no inhibition of Serotonin and Endorphin secretion, and then inhibition of pain transmission in secondary neurons. Stimulation of Feishu (BL13), Hegu (L14), and Zusanli (ST36) accupoints resulted in lower interleukin-6 (IL6) and Glutamate [28]. Inhibition modulation in the Amygdala will increase the performance of the descendent pain inhibitor system through RVM and PAG so that pain transmission from the periphery in the spinothalamic pathway will be inhibited, so the overall pain perception is lower [26, 27, 29, 30].
Affirmation of saying and or listening to and following the utterances of prayer, with a focused mind (only listening to and following prayer) and driven by the belief and hope that Allah will grant his prayers starting with istighfar 7 (seven) times, then ta’awudz and the Qur’an surah Al-Fatihah from verse 1 (one) to verse 7 (seven), slowly, the meaning is understood word for word. Prayers said and or heard, are repeated in the same order for up to 10 (ten) minutes [26].
Tapping is performed by tapping the fingertips of another person’s hand or tapping the tips of one’s own fingers on acupuncture points. With a frequency of 2 (two) beats per second; With maximum power you can feel the beats, sequentially from GV 20 (Baihui), B1 (Tongziliao) right, BL 2 (Zanshu) right, B1 (Tongziliao) left, BL 2 (Zanshu) left, each 10 (ten) times and move; and back again starting from GV 20 (Baihui), and so on till time 5 (five) minutes [26].
Affirmation-tapping is done by saying or listening to and following the words of prayer, with a focused mind (only listening to and following prayer) and driven by the belief and hope of the fulfillment of prayer by Allah subhanallahu wa ta’ala, and coupled with tap the fingertips of another person or tap the tips of one’s own fingers on acupuncture points. Prayers are said and or heard, repeated in the same order until 10 (ten) minutes, and at the 5th minute it is continued and added by tapping the tips of other people’s fingers or tapping the tips of one’s own fingers on acupuncture points, with a frequency of 2 (two) beats per second; with maximum power can be felt, sequentially from GV 20 (Baihui), B1 (Tongziliao) right, BL 2 (Zanshu) right, B1 (Tongziliao) left, BL 2 (Zanshu) left, each 10 (ten) times and moving; and back again starting from GV 20 (Baihui), and so on until a total time of 10 (ten) minutes [26].
Pain perception in all treatment groups was lower than the positive control group, and the lowest was found in the affirmation-tapping treatment group, which was accompanied by low levels of IL 6, Glutamate and high levels of Serotonin compared to the control group. The performance of brain in the pain process in the Pre Frontal Cortex (PFC), Amygdala can be modulated with the performance of the mind through affirmations, thereby increasing the performance of the decendent pain inhibition pathway, so that Serotonin secretion increases, and is still strengthened by tapping which results in decreased IL6 secretion which has an impact on decreasing glutamate secretion. and consequently the inhibition of Serotonin secretion is also reduced; thus Serotonin secretion is increased. The effect of serotonin on the decendent pain inhibition pathway is the release of endorphins which inhibit substance-P in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, resulting in blockade of pain signal transduction to the brain. The Pain perception in all treatment groups was also lower than that of the positive control group. This is in line with Svensson’s research, that IL-6 has a major influence in the induction and maintenance of pain as well as a regulator of emerging pathological pain [26, 27, 29, 30].
Decreased postoperative serum IL6 levels, reduced pain perception and reduced postoperative inflammatory response [30, 31]. Affirmation-tapping decreases pain perception more effectively than just affirmations, tapping and standard treatment. A process of awareness and focus of attention involves the performance of the pre frontal cortex (PFC) which will modulate the performance of the amygdala, resulting in adaptive performance. Research with experimental animals, it was found that the pain stimulation given would affect the performance of the amygdala, thus inhibiting the performance of PFC, where in the physiological condition, PFC could strengthen the performance of the Descendent-Pain Inhibition System so that the pain at the threshold value will not be felt [28].
A randomized controlled clinical study in a group of depressed women with Mindfulness exercise (which involved the performance of the Pre Frontal Cortex) and a control group with just a meeting, found that the Mindfullness group had lower levels of IL6 in saliva than the control group. This proves that the empowerment of PFC performance has an impact on reducing IL6 levels in the periphery. The results of this study showed that in the Affirmation and Affirmation-tapping group, serum IL-6 levels were also lower than the control group. This finding is also supported by the results of a study in which groups specially trained in Mind Body Training also experienced decreased levels of IL6 [28].
Referring to the concept research model, affirmation-tapping, besides involving the performance of the Pre Frontal Cortex and Amygdala, also involves the performance of Inflammatory cells (Keratinocyte and Lymhocyte) so as to stimulate Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) to release endorphins, which are known to inhibit the transmission of pain signals [32]. Acupoint stimulation in Tapping treatment, can stimulate target cells so that it has an effect on modulation of target cell function in secreting certain cytokines. In experimental animal studies, with stimulation including the GV-20 acupoint (Bai Hui) which was also used in the Tapping treatment, it was found that a significant decrease in IL6 levels in plasma was found [33]. A study of Tu et al., also concluded that in a mouse model of depression with high glutamate and the acupuncture method was carried out, it could modulate glutamate to be low and the depressive effect due to high glutamate could be restored [34]. By extrapolating from these findings, it can be concluded that acupoint stimulation can make gutamate level was lower.
According to Garland’s research, the “attention network” is one of the brain circuits most influenced by the practice of Affirmations. Accumulation of research suggests that affirmations are associated with beneficial neuroplastic changes in the “attention network” in particular, the Pre Frontal Cortex (PFC) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) areas relevant to cognitive control, as a dimension of pain perception. Meta-analyzes indicated that participation in affirmations was associated with greater activation and thickness of PFC and ACC. Change of broad neuroplastics in the “attention network” are associated with a number of specific results relevant to the construction of ongoing threats. For example, it was associated with increased dorsal activity of ACC during conflict detection and attention orientation. The Pre Frontal Cortex (PFC) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) are involved in top-down regulation of negative emotional reactions to stressful and threatening stimuli used in the amygdala. Given the central role of the Amygdala in processing fear, anxiety, and negative emotions for the better and positive after affirmation, it is probably a function of the changes that are in the Amygdala. In affirmations that involve training activities to focus on the power and mercy of the Creator and emotional control have been repeatedly associated with wholesome structural and functional changes in the amygdala, including a decrease in gray matter and a decrease in the amygdala’s response to negative emotional stimuli [35].
Furthermore, Affirmation transforms the functional connection between Amygdala and PFC in useful ways. Affirmative activity shows a significant reduction in resting functional connectivity of the Amygdala-subgenual ACC status which correlates with decreased biomarkers of chronic HPA axis activation, suggesting that affirmation can reduce molecular mediators of chronic stress by decreasing amygdala reactivity. This approach can be explained that affirmation-tapping, which combines prayer techniques and acupoint stimulation, works to reduce pain perception in two ways, namely increasing Serotonin by utilizing the performance of PFC, Amygdala, PAG, RVM and ITC (Descendent - Pain Inhibition System) as well. Reduced peripheral IL6 output and another way is to take advantage of the acupoint’s performance so that it stimulates the POMC to release Endorphins and stimulates the Amygdala to free the Pre Frontal Cortex barrier to improve the performance of the Descendent-Pain Inhibition System [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38].
Traditionally, Cupping Therapy has been practiced and practiced in various cultures around the world. The Arabic name for cupping therapy is Al-Hijamah which means to reduce the size that is to return the body back to its original state. Al-Hijamah has been a part of Middle Eastern cultural practices for thousands of years (400 BC). From the western world, the first that perform cupping therapy was ancient Egypt, and the oldest medical recorded on a textbook, the Ebers Papyrus, was written since 1550 BC in Egypt. Anthropologists have also found evidence in China of cupping dating back to 1000 BC. Cupping has been known since ancient times, namely the Sumerian kingdom, then continued to expand to Babylon, Ancient Egypt, Saba, and Persia. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad, he used buffalo or cow horns, camel bones, elephant tusks [39].
Cupping is a simple technique of fast, strong, rhythmic movements to stimulate muscles and is very helpful in the treatment of aches and pains associated with various ailments. Thus, cupping has the potential to improve quality of life. There are two types of cupping. Dry cupping pulls the skin into the cup without bleeding. In wet cupping, the skin is torn off so that the blood enters the cup. The wet cupping technique (Al Hijamah) used in the Middle East is different from the technique used in Asia [40].
A hijamah application takes about 20 minutes and is done in five steps. The first step is primary desludging. In this phase, the therapist determines a specific point or area to be covered and then disinfects the area. The cup is sized according to the selected location and the therapist sucks the air inside the cup by manual suction technique. Then the cup is left on the surface of the skin and left for 3 to 5 minutes. The second step is about scarification or stabbing. A superficial incision is made into the skin using surgical knife No. 15 to 21, or pricking with a needle, or auto-lancing tool. The third step is suction and discharge of blood. The cup is placed back on the skin using the same procedure in the previous step and then left in the cup for 3 to 5 minutes. The forth step involves removing the cup, followed by the fifth step which involves drying the area from the blood and then attempting to clean it with a disinfectant. It can also be covered with a plaster strip on the scarified area for 1–2 days [41].
People get it for a variety of purposes, including to pain management, inflammation, stagnant of blood flow, relaxation, and deep tissue massage. Wet cupping therapy is becoming widespread and tends to be more prevalent in the Far East and in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Wet cupping has been used as an alternative therapy in the management of patients with chronic pain [42]. However, high-quality trials are needed to produce stronger evidence.
Many published studies have shown that both techniques appear to be effective for patients with pain compared to an inactive control group but they were not compared in previous clinical studies. Wet cupping therapy also stimulates the inflammatory responses [43, 44]. The Middle East technique uses a three-step technique (a sequence of steps into cupping, stabbing, and cupping) in a continuous manner. General, where a sharp scalpel is used for scarification, and the nomenclature of the cupping place is also different. Asian techniques use a two-step technique. Cupping is applied only after piercing (piercing followed by cupping), which uses an automatic lancet needle rather than a scalpel. In certain countries or protocols they are guided by acupuncture points as cupping sites [45, 46].
The main difference is that in the Middle East, cupping is applied before and after skin scarification. Both techniques are currently used in cupping training programs in Saudi Arabia. However, traditional healers in Muslim countries prefer local techniques such as those used during the time of the Prophet of Islam. Wet Cupping is indicated for blood disorders, pain relief, inflammatory conditions, mental and physical relaxation, tissue massage. Cupping is done to extract blood believed to be harmful from the body which in turn removes the potential harm from the body’s symptoms leading to health problems [47]. The main goals of this therapy are to accelerate blood circulation and to remove blood-stasis and waste from the body [48]. Benefits of cupping by creating a suction through negative pressure on the surface of the skin is known to affect body up to four inches into the tissue. Cupping can also be used to treat muscle pain and spasms, draining away excess fluids and toxins, loosens adhesions, connective tissue and hard knots in soft tissue, stimulates circulation and promotes stagnant blood flow to muscle tissue and skin, thereby increasing energy flow, stimulates the peripheral nervous system, and activates the lymphatic flow system (Figure 2) [40, 47].
Possible mechanism of cupping action theories.
The mechanism of wet cupping therapy (Al Hijamah) is started from the clogged blood that will be removed from the skin, thereby improving blood and lymphatic circulation and relieving painful muscle spasms, and this will have the desired effect. Wet cupping can cause the production of endogenous nitric oxide (which is considered a vasodilator) or removes oxidants, which reduces oxidative stress. In addition, lacerations of the skin can induce pervasive inhibitory control, which in turn acts as a nociceptive stimulus. The mechanism has been explained by Pain-Gate Theory (PGT).
This theory is one of the most influential theories on pain reduction introduced by Melzack and Wall since 1965 [49]. They explain that injuries due to touch, pressure, and vibration to the surface of the skin carry pain signals from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal marrow, the spine, and transmitting pain signals to the brain. While interneurons work as an inhibitor of cell transmission activity. The theory comprehensively explains how pain is transmitted from the point of origin of pain to the brain, and how it is processed in the brain, then sends signals back to the injured efferent area. The wound inflicts local damage to the skin and capillaries acting as a nociceptive stimulus. This Theory was origin from the neuronal hypothesis that cupping can treat chronic pain by altering signal delivery at the level of nociceptors in both the spinal cord and brain [49].
The clinical manifestations of cupping in a randomized control trial report that cupping can be an effective therapy for pain management. The activity in thin and large diameter fibers supports the work of the transmission cell. Thin fiber activity inhibits interneuron cells (tends to allow transmission cells) and large diameter fiber activity stimulates interneuron cells (tends to inhibit transmission cell activity). It can be concluded that the greater the activity of touch, pressure, and vibration on the skin surface, the less pain is felt. Thus, it is hoped that activation of nociceptors through cupping can stimulate “A” and “C” fibers with the involvement of the spino-thalamo-cortical pain pathway. The peripheral nociceptors can be sensitized by metabolic factors such as lactate, adenosine triphosphate, and cytokines. When a stimulus is applied to the surface of the skin, it increases the number of fiber-receptor units that are active to receive the stimulus that will be transmitted to the brain. Cupping therapy can reduce pain through its anti-nociceptive effects by fighting irritation. So it is believed that cupping therapy stimulates pain receptors by increasing the frequency of impulses, which in turn closes the pain gate [49].
Cytokines are small amounts of proteins that mediate the relationship between cells, cytokines are the link between immune cells and nerve cells. Cytokines play a role in the process of immunity, inflammation and hematopoesis. Both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are involved in pain process. There is significant evidence that certain cytokines are involved in not only the initiation but also the persistence of pathologic pain by directory activating nociceptive sensory neurons. Based on its effect on immune cells, especially lymphocytes, cytokines are divided into 2, namely pro-inflammatory cytokines, including: TNF α, IL-1β (Interleukin) and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including: IL-4 and IL-10. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have algesic properties whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines are analgesic. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in the early phase while anti-inflammatory cytokines in the late phase of inflammation [50].
The three pro-inflammatory cytokines can each induce production of one another and work synergistically. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory cytokines suppress the gene encoding IL-1, TNF α and chemokine. A research in the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pain has been extensively investigated. In animal models, peripheral nerve lesions will immediately be followed by changes in cytokine expression continuously where cytokine levels increase in both the peripheral and central nervous system. A study proposed the Law of Pain hypothesis which states that all pain originates from inflammation and inflammatory responses, regardless of whether the pain is acute or chronic, peripheral or central and nociceptive or neuropathic pain [50, 51].
Neutrophils and macrophages both produce and secrete inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and so on. These inflammatory mediators directly activate nociceptors or cause sensitization of nociceptors, causing both spontaneous inflammatory pain and primary hyperalgesia. Neural lesions also cause Schwann cells to de-differentiate and release several algesic mediators such as: pro-inflammatory cytokines [50].
There is also the recruitment of T lymphocytes which can secrete various cytokines depending on the subtypes. These mediator cytokines play a role in the inflammatory response due to primary afferent nerve lesions and contribute to neuropathic pain. A study also explained that the cytokines Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) can induce hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons in vitro, suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in central sensitization [50, 51].
Pain is a nociceptive sensation in which perception causes unpleasant emotions. It is accepted that sensitization of primary sensory neurons is essential for inflammatory pain. Nonetheless, this nociceptor sensitization was, for a long time, thought to be the result of the stimulatory action of various inflammatory mediators i.e. cytokine released at the site of inflamed or damaged tissue. Cytokines generally function as intermediate mediators, releasing other cytokines and end mediators. In some cases, however, cytokines can act as late hyperalgesic mediators and several studies have described the involvement of cytokines in the development of nerve cell damage that will contribute to the onset of pain symptoms that are felt differently than expected by the type of stimulus applied (touch, for example, can produce stabbing pain). In one review, an expression used the term “hyper-nociception” to describe increased pain sensitivity by primary nociceptor neurons in an animal model [52]. Both in vitro and in vivo clinical evidence showed that cytokines play an important role in the mechanism of neuropathic pain can guide alternative therapeutic strategies that target humoral signal molecules and provide opportunities for the development of herbal drugs that can prevent or treat neuropathic pain. There have been studies explaining the evidence supporting the role of cytokines in pain manifestation. It discusses possible therapeutic approaches for pain control using therapies that target cytokines such as dissolved receptors, receptor antagonists, neutralizing antibodies, as well as herbal therapeutic approaches aimed at inhibiting cytokine production [53].
Many significant side effects of taking steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have led to greater interest in natural compounds, as dietary supplements and as herbal remedies, which have been used for centuries to reduce pain and inflammation. Natural compounds derived from plants and animals have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years to find effective pain relievers. Herbal medicine is becoming popular because of its relatively few side effects. However their use still requires knowledge of their biological action, clinical studies and potential interactions with other prescription drug products. Many researchers will reinforce the positive findings on the use of natural compounds to treat diseases, including pain management [54].
Recently, several herbal studies have shown that blends in various extracts from various herbs are predicted to be more effective than a single purified natural ingredient. A new study reports on the potential for polyherbal extracts to reduce inflammation. The novelty polyherbal used in this study is EMSA ERITIN. EMSA ERITIN contains soybeans, brown rice and coconut water. The EMSA ERITIN polyherbal composition has been shown to be effective in suppressing inflammatory transcription factors. EMSA ERITIN consists of soybean extract [53], coconut water extract [54] and brown rice extract. As we know soybeans contain many active compounds. One of the active compounds is genistein. Genistein is an isoflavone isolated from soy, is a powerful antioxidant with good anti-inflammatory effects. The results of this study indicate the effect of poly-herbal EMSA ERITIN can suppress pro inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ in vivo. The study also looked at transcription expression of inflammatory factor (NF-κB). EMSA ERITIN exhibits anti-inflammatory activity when administered to lymphocytes in BALB/c mice after radiation [55]. EMSA ERITIN can decrease proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IFN-γ, also transcription factor of NF-κB. The increasing of dose in EMSA ERITIN showed more effective than lower doses. So, EMSA ERITIN is potential polyherbal plant used as anti-inflammatory agent [55] and further it can be studied for used as herbal medicine for pain relief.
The hypothesis that all pain processes originate from inflammation and inflammatory responses, as well as the hypothesis that pain occurs due to an imbalance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines needs to be studied more deeply, so that if the hypothesis is proven correct, thus the therapeutic strategy can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. or increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines would hopefully have more promising results.
Complementary and alternative medicine has grown in the past decades with many of its systems worldwide. Integrative approaches in pain control methods for Muslims patients in addition to: preventing cell damage, reducing the effect of chemical mediators of pain can be managed by dhikr, hijamah and herbal medicine. It was recomended that dhikr therapy through affirmation-tapping either singly or in combination with hijamah and herbal medicine can signifantly reduce pain intensity. Cupping therapy (Al hijamah) was cited by Muhammad (PBUH), Wet cupping (Al-hijamah) is a therapeutic approach that is believed to combat illness and promote well-being. Also the herbal medicine for healing purposes predates human history and forms the origin of much modern medicine. These approaches will be a promise therapeutic as integrative care for pain management.
We are grateful to Prof. Drs. Sutiman B. Sumitro, DSc for his valuable guiding in the complexity sciences.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5699},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10758",title:"Sustainable Development of Lakes and Reservoirs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"478fd03f02a98452a4a56ed2a6c85dbd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10758.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10766",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a0a54a9ab661e4765fee76ce580cd121",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10766.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10760",title:"Steppe Biome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"982f06cee6ee2f27339f3c263b3e6560",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10846",title:"Stormwater",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9bfae8caba192ce3ab6744c9cbefa210",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10844",title:"Protected Areas Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5b85cf581ee89c6c1457aefdb0bc495a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10844.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b369ac809068d2ebf1f8c26418cc6bec",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:8},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5145},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"3",title:"Health Sciences",slug:"health-sciences",parent:null,numberOfBooks:1613,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:41759,numberOfWosCitations:18267,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12368,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31381,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"health-sciences",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7703",title:"Ocular Surface Diseases",subtitle:"Some Current Date on Tear Film Problem and Keratoconic Diagnosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3dcf967eb2f185930ce7fb7ae462d4e0",slug:"ocular-surface-diseases-some-current-date-on-tear-film-problem-and-keratoconic-diagnosis",bookSignature:"Dorota Kopacz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271261",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Kopacz",slug:"dorota-kopacz",fullName:"Dorota Kopacz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1613,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9614,totalCrossrefCites:106,totalDimensionsCites:222,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:65,totalDimensionsCites:150,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"43874",doi:"10.5772/55925",title:"Residual Transmission of Malaria: An Old Issue for New Approaches",slug:"residual-transmission-of-malaria-an-old-issue-for-new-approaches",totalDownloads:4208,totalCrossrefCites:59,totalDimensionsCites:141,book:{slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",fullTitle:"Anopheles mosquitoes - New insights into malaria vectors"},signatures:"Lies Durnez and Marc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans"},{id:"169018",title:"Dr.",name:"Lies",middleName:null,surname:"Durnez",slug:"lies-durnez",fullName:"Lies Durnez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"43758",title:"Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period",slug:"anxiety-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period",totalDownloads:29552,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Roberta Anniverno, Alessandra Bramante, Claudio Mencacci and Federico Durbano",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"166382",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Anniverno",slug:"roberta-anniverno",fullName:"Roberta Anniverno"}]},{id:"58891",title:"Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy for Couples: An Insight into the Treatment of Couple Hardships and Struggles",slug:"cognitive-behavioral-psychotherapy-for-couples-an-insight-into-the-treatment-of-couple-hardships-and",totalDownloads:6453,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"cognitive-behavioral-therapy-and-clinical-applications",title:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Clinical Applications",fullTitle:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Caroline Dugal, Gaëlle Bakhos, Claude Bélanger and Natacha\nGodbout",authors:[{id:"57536",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Belanger",slug:"claude-belanger",fullName:"Claude Belanger"}]},{id:"70405",title:"Hemostasis in Cardiac Surgery: How We Do it with Limited Resources",slug:"hemostasis-in-cardiac-surgery-how-we-do-it-with-limited-resources",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Biosurgicals - The Next Frontier in Operative Approaches",fullTitle:"Biosurgicals - The Next Frontier in Operative Approaches"},signatures:"Fevzi Sarper Türker",authors:null},{id:"57717",title:"In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages",slug:"in-vitro-cytotoxicity-and-cell-viability-assays-principles-advantages-and-disadvantages",totalDownloads:12177,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:57,book:{slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:9475,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:5883,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:47,book:{slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"56223",title:"Volunteering in Palliative Care in France: “A Tough Job”; Patient, Family, Caregiver, and Volunteer Perspectives",slug:"volunteering-in-palliative-care-in-france-a-tough-job-patient-family-caregiver-and-volunteer-perspec",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-several-underestimated-topics-in-palliative-care",title:"Highlights on Several Underestimated Topics in Palliative Care",fullTitle:"Highlights on Several Underestimated Topics in Palliative Care"},signatures:"Yaël Tibi-Lévy and Martine Bungener",authors:[{id:"88839",title:"Dr.",name:"Martine",middleName:null,surname:"Bungener",slug:"martine-bungener",fullName:"Martine Bungener"},{id:"205065",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaël",middleName:null,surname:"Tibi-Levy",slug:"yael-tibi-levy",fullName:"Yaël Tibi-Levy"}]},{id:"59779",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:6059,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"42668",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cells-in-chronic-myeloid-leukemia",totalDownloads:3925,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"stem-cell-biology-in-normal-life-and-diseases",title:"Stem Cell Biology in Normal Life and Diseases",fullTitle:"Stem Cell Biology in Normal Life and Diseases"},signatures:"Antonieta Chávez-González, Sócrates Avilés-Vázquez, Dafne\nMoreno-Lorenzana and Héctor Mayani",authors:[{id:"159656",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonieta",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez-Gonzalez",slug:"antonieta-chavez-gonzalez",fullName:"Antonieta Chavez-Gonzalez"},{id:"160310",title:"Dr",name:"Dafne",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Lorenzana",slug:"dafne-moreno-lorenzana",fullName:"Dafne Moreno-Lorenzana"},{id:"160311",title:"Mr.",name:"Socrates",middleName:null,surname:"Aviles-Vazquez",slug:"socrates-aviles-vazquez",fullName:"Socrates Aviles-Vazquez"},{id:"160312",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Mayani",slug:"hector-mayani",fullName:"Hector Mayani"}]},{id:"61046",title:"Optical Diagnostics to Improve Periodontal Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"optical-diagnostics-to-improve-periodontal-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:3723,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie and Laurence Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"235443",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"health-sciences",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"74911",title:"Airway Management in Head and Neck Pathology",slug:"airway-management-in-head-and-neck-pathology",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94498",book:{title:"Special Considerations in Human Airway Managements"},signatures:"Muayad M. Radi Al-Khafaji, Hossam Makki, Hassan Haider, Furat Abbas and Abhishek Menon"},{id:"74915",title:"Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A Ready-to-Act Strategy to Tackle Viral Outbreaks",slug:"trained-immunity-based-vaccines-a-ready-to-act-strategy-to-tackle-viral-outbreaks",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95765",book:{title:"Viral Outbreaks"},signatures:"Laura Conejero, Paula Saz-Leal and José Luis Subiza"},{id:"74752",title:"Dyslipidemia and Endocrine Disorder",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-endocrine-disorder",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95756",book:{title:"Dyslipidemia"},signatures:"Mezgebu Legesse Habte, Etsegenet Assefa Beyene and Teka Obsa Feyisa"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:551},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/233918/abdelkader-moumen",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"233918",slug:"abdelkader-moumen"},fullPath:"/profiles/233918/abdelkader-moumen",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()