\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5603",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Clinical Audiology",title:"Advances in Clinical Audiology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Advances in Clinical Audiology is an excursus on the latest findings in clinical audiology with a strong emphasis in new emerging technologies which facilitate and optimize a better assessment of the human patient. The book has been edited with a strong educational perspective (all chapters include an extensive introduction to their corresponding topic and an extensive glossary of terms). The book contains material suitable for graduate students in audiology, ENT, hearing science, and neuroscience.",isbn:"978-953-51-3044-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3043-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4888-3",doi:"10.5772/63685",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-clinical-audiology",numberOfPages:260,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0f52ebfa4173882c42e96ac8325309ab",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",publishedDate:"March 29th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5603.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20696,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 31st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 28th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 24th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 16th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 14th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174266/images/system/174266.jpg",biography:"Dr. Stavros Hatzopoulos is a faculty member of the Audiology and ENT clinic, University of Ferrara, Italy, since 1994. His background is in biomedical engineering, audiological engineering, and hearing science (BS, from the University of Southern California; MSc from Texas A&M University; PhD from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts). He received his habilitation as an associate professor in 2014. He is the author of more than 175 book chapters, peer-review papers, and congress presentations. He has participated in numerous European Concerted Action Projects in the areas of otoacoustic emissions, genetics, and nanotechnologies. He currently serves as the editor of the Portal on Otoacoustic Emissions and as the audiology section editor in the Journal of Hearing Science.",institutionString:"University of Ferrara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1097",title:"Neurotology",slug:"neurotology"}],chapters:[{id:"54107",title:"Introductory Chapter - Genealogy of Audiology",doi:"10.5772/67437",slug:"introductory-chapter-genealogy-of-audiology",totalDownloads:1303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54107",authors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"53013",title:"Speech-Evoked Brainstem Response",doi:"10.5772/66206",slug:"speech-evoked-brainstem-response",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a clinical tool to assess the neural functionality of the auditory brainstem. The use of verbal stimuli in ABR protocols has provided important information of how the speech stimuli are processed by the brainstem structure. The perception of speech sounds seems to begin in the brainstem, which has an important role in the reading process and the phonological acquisition speech ABR assessment allows the identification of fine-grained auditory processing deficits, which do not appear in click evoked ABR responses. The syllable /da/ is commonly used by speech ABR assessment due to it being considered a universal syllable and allows it to be applied in different countries with good clinical assertiveness. The speech ABR is a objective, fast procedure that can be applied to very young subjects. It be utilized in different languages and can provide differential diagnoses of diseases with similar symptoms, as an effective biomarker of auditory processing disorders present in various diseases, such as dyslexia, specific language impairment, hearing loss, auditory processing disorders, otitis media, and scholastic difficulties. Speech ABR protocols can assist in the detection, treatment, and monitoring of various types of hearing impairments.",signatures:"Milaine Dominici Sanfins, Piotr H. Skarzynski and Maria Francisca\nColella-Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53013",authors:[{id:"194610",title:"Prof.",name:"Milaine",surname:"Sanfins",slug:"milaine-sanfins",fullName:"Milaine Sanfins"}],corrections:null},{id:"53896",title:"Wideband Tympanometry",doi:"10.5772/67155",slug:"wideband-tympanometry",totalDownloads:2056,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The wideband tympanometry (WBT) assesses the middle ear function with a transient wideband stimulus in order to capture the middle ear behavior at a wide range of frequencies. Data in the literature suggest that the WBT has more sensibility to detect middle ear disorders than the traditional tympanometry. In this context, pathologies, which might be more easily identified/monitored by WBT, include otosclerosis, flaccid eardrums, ossicular chain discontinuity with semicircular canal dehiscence, and negative middle ear pressure with middle ear effusion. The chapter presents information on classical tympanometry, the multifrequency tympanometry equivalent coded as WBT, clarification of terms used in WBT measurements, and a short overview of clinical applications in infants and adults.",signatures:"Thais Antonelli Diniz Hein, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Piotr Henryk\nSkarzynski and Maria Francisca Colella-Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53896",authors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"54068",title:"Suppression of Otoacoustic Emissions Evoked by White Noise and Speech Stimuli",doi:"10.5772/66700",slug:"suppression-of-otoacoustic-emissions-evoked-by-white-noise-and-speech-stimuli",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: Suppressing otoacoustic emissions is one of the objectives, noninvasive methods that can be used to assess the efferent auditory system. When the ascending reticular activating system is stimulated, the cortex becomes more alert. The system reacts better to an important stimulus than an unimportant one.",signatures:"Kelly C.L. Andrade, Gabriella O. Peixoto, Aline T.L. Carnaúba, Klinger\nV.T. Costa and Pedro L. Menezes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54068",authors:[{id:"28464",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Menezes",slug:"pedro-menezes",fullName:"Pedro Menezes"},{id:"38453",title:"MSc.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Andrade",slug:"kelly-andrade",fullName:"Kelly Andrade"},{id:"196673",title:"BSc.",name:"Gabriella",surname:"Peixoto",slug:"gabriella-peixoto",fullName:"Gabriella Peixoto"},{id:"196674",title:"MSc.",name:"Aline",surname:"Carnaúba",slug:"aline-carnauba",fullName:"Aline Carnaúba"},{id:"196676",title:"MSc.",name:"Klinger",surname:"Costa",slug:"klinger-costa",fullName:"Klinger Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"53464",title:"Power Amplification and Frequency Selectivity in the Inner Ear: A New Physical Model",doi:"10.5772/66542",slug:"power-amplification-and-frequency-selectivity-in-the-inner-ear-a-new-physical-model",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This Chapter presents a new physical model for signal processing phenomena (power amplification and frequency selectivity) occurring in the inner ear (Cochlea). It is generally accepted that Outer Hair Cells (OHCs) play a pivotal role in the Cochlear signal processing. In the proposed new model we postulate that all signal processing phenomena in the Cochlea are due to electrical currents flowing in the Cochlea structure. Three crucial characteristics of the OHCs are: 1) a forward mechanoelectrical transduction, 2) a strong piezoelectric effect (direct and inverse), and 3) a transmembrane nonlinear capacitance. The new model postulates existence of a biological electromechanical transistor (EMT) in each of the OHCs (based on a forward mechanoelectrical transduction phenomenon), which enhances the power of an incoming acoustic signal. Consequently, the nonlinear capacitance of the appropriate OHCs is charged (pumped) by an AC current source generated at the output of the proposed EMT transistor. Power amplification and frequency selectivity are realized on the nonlinear capacitance, which constitutes an essential part of a parametric amplifier circuit. The amplified and sharpened in frequency electric signal is then converted to a mechanical signal by the OHCs (inverse piezoelectric effect) and transferred to the Inner Hair Cells that transform this mechanical signal into an output electrical signal supplied to the afferent nerves.",signatures:"Piotr Kiełczyński",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53464",authors:[{id:"12753",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Kielczynski",slug:"piotr-kielczynski",fullName:"Piotr Kielczynski"}],corrections:null},{id:"53111",title:"Hearing Impairment in Old Age",doi:"10.5772/66372",slug:"hearing-impairment-in-old-age",totalDownloads:1310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gro Gade Haanes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53111",authors:[{id:"193274",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gro Gade",surname:"Haanes",slug:"gro-gade-haanes",fullName:"Gro Gade Haanes"}],corrections:null},{id:"53676",title:"Aging Auditory System and Amplification",doi:"10.5772/66935",slug:"aging-auditory-system-and-amplification",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aging of auditory system determines the physical, sensory, and neural changes in the peripheral and central parts and may cause changes in the reception and sound processing. Age related hearing loss, also called presbycusis, can occur in the elderly population due to aging. The difficulty for compression of speech in the elderly may be due solely to hearing loss, but may be linked to degenerative issues of the central auditory system. Age is a factor that interferes with the central auditory processing. The results of auditory processing may change and more if there is the presence of peripheral hearing loss. It should be considered that the longer an individual has hearing loss, the greater the negative effects on the perception of sound and performance in listening skills. The use of hearing aids favors amplification and modification of the sound stimulus so that it reaches the eardrum with quantity increase and quality, promoting and stimulating the auditory skills. This chapter intends to make a review of the auditory processing disorder and evidence the benefit of the use of amplification in the elderly.",signatures:"Christiane Marques do Couto and Izabella dos Santos Brites",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53676",authors:[{id:"194141",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christiane",surname:"Marques Do Couto",slug:"christiane-marques-do-couto",fullName:"Christiane Marques Do Couto"},{id:"194142",title:"Mr.",name:"Izabella",surname:"Dos Santos Brites",slug:"izabella-dos-santos-brites",fullName:"Izabella Dos Santos Brites"}],corrections:null},{id:"53705",title:"Temporal Filterbanks in Cochlear Implant Hearing and Deep Learning Simulations",doi:"10.5772/66627",slug:"temporal-filterbanks-in-cochlear-implant-hearing-and-deep-learning-simulations",totalDownloads:1578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The masking phenomenon has been used to investigate cochlear excitation patterns and has even motivated audio coding formats for compression and speech processing. For example, cochlear implants rely on masking estimates to filter incoming sound signals onto an array. Historically, the critical band theory has been the mainstay of psychoacoustic theory. However, masked threshold shifts in cochlear implant users show a discrepancy between the observed critical bandwidths, suggesting separate roles for place location and temporal firing patterns. In this chapter, we will compare discrimination tasks in the spectral domain (e.g., power spectrum models) and the temporal domain (e.g., temporal envelope) to introduce new concepts such as profile analysis, temporal critical bands, and transition bandwidths. These recent findings violate the fundamental assumptions of the critical band theory and could explain why the masking curves of cochlear implant users display spatial and temporal characteristics that are quite unlike that of acoustic stimulation. To provide further insight, we also describe a novel analytic tool based on deep neural networks. This deep learning system can simulate many aspects of the auditory system, and will be used to compute the efficiency of spectral filterbanks (referred to as “FBANK”) and temporal filterbanks (referred to as “TBANK”).",signatures:"Payton Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53705",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53705",authors:[{id:"193354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payton",surname:"Lin",slug:"payton-lin",fullName:"Payton Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54005",title:"Treatment of Partial Deafness: The Polish School in World Science",doi:"10.5772/67234",slug:"treatment-of-partial-deafness-the-polish-school-in-world-science",totalDownloads:1209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Introduction of the method of treatment of partial deafness with cochlear implants has given many patients the previously inaccessible chance to (re)enter the world of sounds. This method of treatment had been developed and introduced to the world’s medicine by H. Skarżyński in 2002, after the extensive research since 1997. This task involved creation of a multispecialty team of experts, development of a special surgical method, and concept of the therapy reflecting on the world largest number of hearing improving surgeries being performed for 13 years averaging 15,000 otosurgical procedures yearly. This chapter introduces the treatment of partial deafness, considered as the Polish School in world science and medicine.",signatures:"Henryk Skarżyński and Piotr Henryk Skarżyński",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54005",authors:[{id:"89153",title:"Prof.",name:"Henryk",surname:"Skarzynski",slug:"henryk-skarzynski",fullName:"Henryk Skarzynski"},{id:"197446",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Skarzynski",slug:"piotr-skarzynski",fullName:"Piotr Skarzynski"}],corrections:null},{id:"53140",title:"Various Aspects of Auditory Fatigue Caused by Listening to Loud Music",doi:"10.5772/66203",slug:"various-aspects-of-auditory-fatigue-caused-by-listening-to-loud-music",totalDownloads:1453,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents results of research on influence of auditory fatigue on some aspects of listening condition measured among various groups of listeners. Three experiments have been carried out. The aim of the first one was to find the influence of the kind of headphones used by young people on their hearing loss. The second experiment was concerning the temporary threshold shift (TTS) caused by the listening of loud musical signals after several time of sound exposure. The main interest of the third experiment was the detection ability of changes in spectrum of musical samples obtained after several time of listening to the loud music. It turned out that except for frequency of 4 kHz there is no relation between the types of preferred headphones and the shift of hearing threshold while for the frequency of 4 kHz, a statistically important influence of the headphone types on the threshold values was observed. The second and third experiments were carried out under conditions which normally exist in a studio or on the stage when the sound material is recorded and/or mixed. It turned out that after several loud music listening sessions the average value of temporary threshold shift reached more than 3 dB for 1 kHz and increased up to 6–7 dB with an exposure time of 120 min. On the basis of results obtained from the third experiment, it was found that the decrease in ability to detect the spectrum changes for longer noise exposure exists particularly for lower changes (of ±1.5 dB) and at all frequency regions under investigation. It may suggest that the hearing system gets tired for the region of higher frequencies faster than for other bands after listening to loud music. The results may also be influenced by the mental fatigue which occurred after several time duration of permanently played loud sounds, together with demanding tasks. Such conditions involving the mental engagement in a noisy environment, which is referred to the natural scenery of the studio work can significantly reduce the time of exhaustion which causes the decrease of accuracy in solving several tasks. It should be also noted that the tendencies observed within young people culture in listening loud music in order to be isolated from the environment is actually causing not the TTS phenomenon but permanent threshold shift (PTS).",signatures:"Andrzej Dobrucki, Maurycy J. Kin and Bartłomiej Kruk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53140",authors:[{id:"173718",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Dobrucki",slug:"andrzej-dobrucki",fullName:"Andrzej Dobrucki"},{id:"193820",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurycy",surname:"Kin",slug:"maurycy-kin",fullName:"Maurycy Kin"},{id:"193821",title:"MSc.",name:"Bartlomiej",surname:"Kruk",slug:"bartlomiej-kruk",fullName:"Bartlomiej Kruk"}],corrections:null},{id:"52909",title:"Psychophysiological Evidence of an Autocorrelation Mechanism in the Human Auditory System",doi:"10.5772/66198",slug:"psychophysiological-evidence-of-an-autocorrelation-mechanism-in-the-human-auditory-system",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This article details a model for evaluations of sound quality in the human auditory system. The model includes an autocorrelation function (ACF) mechanism. Thus, we conducted physiological and psychological experiments to search for evidence of the ACF mechanism in the human auditory system. To evaluate physiological responses related to the peak amplitude of the ACF of an auditory signal, which represents the degree of temporal regularity of the sound, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to record auditory evoked fields (AEFs). To evaluate psychological responses related to the envelope of the ACF of an auditory signal, which is a measure of the repetitive features of an auditory signal, we examined perceptions of loudness and annoyance. The results of the MEG experiments showed that the amplitude of the N1m, which is found above the left and right temporal lobes around 100 ms after stimulus onset, was a function of the peak amplitude and its delay time or the degree of envelope decay of the ACF. The results of the psychological experiments indicated that loudness and annoyance increased for sounds with envelope decay of the ACF in a certain range. These results suggest that an autocorrelation mechanism exists in the human auditory system.",signatures:"Yoshiharu Soeta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52909",authors:[{id:"17277",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",surname:"Soeta",slug:"yoshiharu-soeta",fullName:"Yoshiharu Soeta"}],corrections:null},{id:"53205",title:"Cochlea – A Physiological Description of a Finely Structured Sense Organ",doi:"10.5772/66316",slug:"cochlea-a-physiological-description-of-a-finely-structured-sense-organ",totalDownloads:2068,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The whole inner ear or the cochlea, responsible for hearing perception, represents a unique sense organ, including the organ of Corti and the inner ear endo- and perilymph. The fluid homeostasis of the lymph spaces with its parameters volume, concentration, osmolarity and pressure, as well as the finely aligned hair cell receptors, their supporting cells and structures embedded in these unique fluid spaces, corresponds to the specific necessities for adequate response to continuous stimulation and the outstanding discrimination capacity of the hearing system. The manuscript gives an overview and describes the structural characteristics and distinct physiological hearing qualities of the cochlea in comparison with the other human receptor cells and sense organs.",signatures:"Raphael R. Ciuman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53205",authors:[{id:"99902",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",surname:"Ciuman",slug:"raphael-ciuman",fullName:"Raphael Ciuman"}],corrections:null},{id:"53540",title:"Ototoxicity: Old and New Foes",doi:"10.5772/66933",slug:"ototoxicity-old-and-new-foes",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug-induced ototoxicity has been known for centuries. Already in the seventeenth century, hearing loss was described to be a side effect of quinine. The post- World War II pharmaceutical industry boomed with the production of aminoglycoside antibiotics followed by diuretics and cytostatic drugs. Wide-spread and long-term usage of these medications brought the knowledge about their unwanted ototoxic effects. In the last decades, several new drugs appeared on the shelves of pharmacies and the hearing loss or tinnitus have been among the side effects of many of them. However, the awareness of community about new ototoxic medications is still not sufficient. New ototoxic drugs may belong to the class of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, used to improve microcirculation and to treat erectile dysfunction. Moreover, interferons used for the therapy of hepatitis B and C, common painkiller paracetamol and hydrocodone, synthetic opioid methadone and the inhibitors of reverse transcriptase were demonstrated to induce adverse effects on hearing. Lastly, hearing loss linked to immunosuppressive drugs was documented in patients undergoing organ transplantation. Making the patients aware of adverse drug reactions and offering them audiological monitoring and intervention should be considered by respective therapists.",signatures:"Agnieszka J. Szczepek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53540",authors:[{id:"193666",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Szczepek",slug:"agnieszka-szczepek",fullName:"Agnieszka Szczepek"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6364",title:"An Excursus into Hearing Loss",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a38726fa9ccb2ba12a90ef3f02843770",slug:"an-excursus-into-hearing-loss",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos and Andrea Ciorba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7131",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{},chapter:{},book:{}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11485",leadTitle:null,title:"Wetting and Wettability - Fundamental and Applied Aspects",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAt first sight, a subject of this book may appear as a rather specialized topic; however, wetting and wettability are fundamental to many important phenomena, including adhesion, penetration of liquids into capillary structures, granulation and agglomeration of fines and powders, interfacial chemical reactions, spreading and retention of liquid sprays on the surface, particle floatation, cleaning, printing and so on. Wetting is also an indispensable part of fluid rheology and fluid dynamics. Therefore, it is an influential theme with countless practical applications including biology, pharmacy, healthcare, agrochemistry, petrochemistry, minerals and metals, ceramics, polymers, coatings, fibers, adhesives, etc. Even though wetting and wettability have been studied since long ago, this remains a very booming research area that reveals new opportunities for discoveries and innovations related to the nanoscale, advanced materials, novel measurement, characterization techniques, and data processing.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to offer a rare opportunity for researchers from various domains to share cutting-edge interdisciplinary knowledge, including both fundamentals and practical applications.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-570-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-569-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-571-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"54b954378e0840f2317b2e94e6c467d6",bookSignature:"Dr. Volodymyr Shatokha",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11485.jpg",keywords:"Methodologies, Work of Adhesion, Surface Free Energy, Interfacial Tension, Contact Angle, Contact Angle Hysteresis, Sliding Angle, Shedding Angle, Wetting Speed, Modelling, Penetration, Spreading",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A renowned researcher in ironmaking and steelmaking served 20 years as Vice-Rector for Research and Education of the National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology, and holder of patents ‘’Production of nano-sized ferrite comprising oxidizing a molten slag’’ and ‘’Production of nano-sized ferrite’’.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:null,surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111000/images/system/111000.jpg",biography:"Volodymyr Shatokha graduated in 1982 as a Ferrous Metallurgy engineer. In 1985, he received a Ph.D. degree from the Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute (known since 1999 as the National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine and since 2021 as the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology). In 1998, he received the title of professor with the Ironmaking Chair. During 1999–2002, he was the dean of the Metallurgical Faculty. During 2002-2021, he was the vice-rector for Research and Education. Since 2022 he is a professor of the Ironmaking & Steelmaking Department. His research deals mainly with the properties of iron ore materials, physicochemical processes of ironmaking, recycling methods, sustainability analysis, etc. He is the author of over 180 research papers, 7 books, and 7 patents. He is the honorary professor at the Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China, and a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo (2013). He is a laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology (2010) and a fellow of the Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Programme for the EU climate and energy policy studies (since 2015).",institutionString:"Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2132",title:"Sintering",subtitle:"Methods and Products",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4374d54a1172051ff65e9f3aebee8f3",slug:"sintering-methods-and-products",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6335",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26195f784577133f2972d538cef6f8c9",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6335.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9991",title:"Iron Ores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b2c288312233e1be62cd01c7e74fec",slug:"iron-ores",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9991.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"30616",title:"Analysis of Rural Ecosystem in Japan Using Stable Isotope Ratio",doi:"10.5772/27734",slug:"analysis-of-rural-ecosystem-in-japan-using-stable-isotope-ratio",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30616.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30616",totalDownloads:1901,totalViews:77,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:11,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 22nd 2011",dateReviewed:"July 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 2nd 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/30616",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/30616",book:{id:"2032",slug:"applied-photosynthesis"},signatures:"Atsushi Mori",authors:[{id:"71319",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",fullName:"Atsushi Mori",slug:"atsushi-mori",email:"mori37@affrc.go.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2032",type:"book",title:"Applied Photosynthesis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Photosynthesis",slug:"applied-photosynthesis",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2012",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2032.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0061-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5224-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:80,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:"Mahdi",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"351"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30597",type:"chapter",title:"Photosynthetic Inhibitors",slug:"photosynthetic-inhibitors",totalDownloads:5478,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Róbson Ricardo Teixeira, Jorge Luiz Pereira and Wagner Luiz Pereira",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68395",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:"Ricardo",surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Robson Teixeira",slug:"robson-teixeira"}]},{id:"30598",type:"chapter",title:"Photosynthetic Behavior of Microalgae in Response to Environmental Factors",slug:"photosynthetic-responses-of-microalgae-to-environmental-factors",totalDownloads:3022,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ben Dhiab Rym",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"72160",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben Dhiab",middleName:null,surname:"Rym",fullName:"Ben Dhiab Rym",slug:"ben-dhiab-rym"}]},{id:"30599",type:"chapter",title:"Characterization of Chestnut Behavior with Photosynthetic Traits",slug:"characterization-of-chestnut-behavior-with-photosynthetic-traits",totalDownloads:2846,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"José Gomes-Laranjo, Lia-T. Dinis, Luís Martins, Ester Portela, Teresa Pinto, Marta Ciordia Ara, Isabel Feito Díaz, Juan Majada, Francisco Peixoto, S. Pereira Lorenzo, A.M. Ramos Cabrer, Changhe Zhang, Afonso Martins and Rita Costa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15173",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes-Laranjo",fullName:"José Gomes-Laranjo",slug:"jose-gomes-laranjo"}]},{id:"30600",type:"chapter",title:"Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Epiphytic Orchids: Current Knowledge, Future Perspectives",slug:"crassulacean-acid-metabolism-in-epiphytic-orchids-current-knowledge-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:6082,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gilberto Barbante Kerbauy, Cassia Ayumi Takahashi, Alejandra Matiz Lopez, Aline Tiemi Matsumura, Leonardo Hamachi, Lucas Macedo Félix, Paula Natália Pereira, Luciano Freschi and Helenice Mercier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76657",title:"Prof.",name:"Helenice",middleName:null,surname:"Mercier",fullName:"Helenice Mercier",slug:"helenice-mercier"}]},{id:"30601",type:"chapter",title:"Nitrate Assimilation: The Role of In Vitro Nitrate Reductase Assay as Nutritional Predictor",slug:"nitrate-assimilation-the-role-of-in-vitro-nitrate-reductase-assay-as-nutritional-predictor",totalDownloads:3558,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Fungyi Chow",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68373",title:"Dr.",name:"Fungyi",middleName:null,surname:"Chow",fullName:"Fungyi Chow",slug:"fungyi-chow"}]},{id:"30602",type:"chapter",title:"Interaction Between Flowering Initiation and Photosynthesis",slug:"interaction-between-flowering-initiation-and-photosynthesis",totalDownloads:2616,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Giedrė Samuolienė and Pavelas Duchovskis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66517",title:"Dr.",name:"Giedrė",middleName:null,surname:"Samuolienė",fullName:"Giedrė Samuolienė",slug:"giedre-samuoliene"}]},{id:"30603",type:"chapter",title:"Remote Sensing of Photosynthetic Parameters",slug:"remote-sensing-of-photosynthetic-parameters",totalDownloads:3158,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Natascha Oppelt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74106",title:"Prof.",name:"Natascha",middleName:null,surname:"Oppelt",fullName:"Natascha Oppelt",slug:"natascha-oppelt"}]},{id:"30604",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Compounds with Different Alkyl Chain Length on Photosynthetic Apparatus",slug:"effects-of-bioactive-natural-and-synthetic-compounds-with-different-alkyl-chain-length-on-photosynth",totalDownloads:1879,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Katarína Kráľová and František Šeršeň",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69193",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarína",middleName:null,surname:"Králová",fullName:"Katarína Králová",slug:"katarina-kralova"},{id:"69203",title:"Dr.",name:"Frantisek",middleName:null,surname:"Sersen",fullName:"Frantisek Sersen",slug:"frantisek-sersen"}]},{id:"30605",type:"chapter",title:"The Xanthophyll Cycle in Aquatic Phototrophs and Its Role in the Mitigation of Photoinhibition and Photodynamic Damage",slug:"the-xanthophyll-cycle-in-aquatic-phototrophs-and-its-role-in-the-mitigation-of-photoinhibition-and-p",totalDownloads:2383,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miriam Zigman, Zvy Dubinsky and David Iluz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85328",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Iluz",fullName:"David Iluz",slug:"david-iluz"}]},{id:"30606",type:"chapter",title:"Leaf Photosynthetic Responses to Thinning",slug:"leaf-photosynthetic-responses-to-thinning",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qingmin Han",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70233",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingmin",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Qingmin Han",slug:"qingmin-han"}]},{id:"30607",type:"chapter",title:"Measuring Photosynthesis in Symbiotic Invertebrates: A Review of Methodologies, Rates and Processes",slug:"measuring-photosynthesis-in-symbiotic-invertebrates-a-review-of-processes-rates-and-methodologies",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Ronald Osinga, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto and Susana Enríquez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77364",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Osinga",fullName:"Ronald Osinga",slug:"ronald-osinga"},{id:"136442",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Iglesias-Prieto",fullName:"Roberto Iglesias-Prieto",slug:"roberto-iglesias-prieto"},{id:"136443",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Enriquez",fullName:"Susana Enriquez",slug:"susana-enriquez"}]},{id:"30608",type:"chapter",title:"Physiology of Crops and Weeds Under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses",slug:"physiology-of-crops-and-weeds-under-biotic-and-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:2788,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Germani Concenço, Ignacio Aspiazú, Evander A. Ferreira, Leandro Galon and Alexandre F. da Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13555",title:"Dr.",name:"Germani",middleName:null,surname:"Concenco",fullName:"Germani Concenco",slug:"germani-concenco"},{id:"71795",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Aspiazú, D. Sc.",fullName:"Ignacio Aspiazú, D. Sc.",slug:"ignacio-aspiazu-d.-sc."},{id:"83802",title:"Dr.",name:"Evander A.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Evander A. Ferreira",slug:"evander-a.-ferreira"},{id:"83804",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Galon",fullName:"Leandro Galon",slug:"leandro-galon"},{id:"116668",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"F. Da Silva",fullName:"Alexandre F. Da Silva",slug:"alexandre-f.-da-silva"}]},{id:"30609",type:"chapter",title:"Phloem Feeding Insect Stress and Photosynthetic Gene Expression",slug:"phloem-feeding-insect-stress-and-photosynthetic-gene-expression",totalDownloads:2144,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anna-Maria Botha, Leon van Eck, Carlo S. Jackson, N. Francois V. Burger and Thia Schultz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73308",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Botha",fullName:"Anna-Maria Botha",slug:"anna-maria-botha"},{id:"120100",title:"Dr.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Van Eck",fullName:"Leon Van Eck",slug:"leon-van-eck"},{id:"120101",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlo S",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",fullName:"Carlo S Jackson",slug:"carlo-s-jackson"},{id:"120102",title:"BSc.",name:"N. Francois V.",middleName:null,surname:"Burger",fullName:"N. Francois V. Burger",slug:"n.-francois-v.-burger"},{id:"120103",title:"MSc.",name:"Thia",middleName:null,surname:"Schultz",fullName:"Thia Schultz",slug:"thia-schultz"}]},{id:"30610",type:"chapter",title:"Salinity Dependent Photosynthetic Response and Regulation of Some Enzymes in Halophytes from Indian Sundarbans",slug:"salinity-dependent-photosynthetic-response-and-regulation-of-some-enzymes-in-halophytes-from-indian-",totalDownloads:3015,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sauren Das",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66138",title:"Dr.",name:"Sauren",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Sauren Das",slug:"sauren-das"}]},{id:"30611",type:"chapter",title:"Relation Between Characteristics of Plant Bioelectric Potential and Purification Function Under LED Light",slug:"relation-between-characteristics-of-plant-bioelectric-potential-and-purification-function-under-led-",totalDownloads:1843,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shin-ichi Shibata, Haruhiko Kimura and Takashi Oyabu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68391",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shin-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Shibata",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Shibata",slug:"shin-ichi-shibata"}]},{id:"30612",type:"chapter",title:"The Distribution of Dry Matter in Bean Seedlings in Light and Darkness Conditions",slug:"the-distribution-of-dry-matter-in-bean-seedlings-in-light-and-darkness-conditions",totalDownloads:1812,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ramón Díaz-Ruiz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65974",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Ruiz",fullName:"Ramón Diaz-Ruiz",slug:"ramon-diaz-ruiz"}]},{id:"30613",type:"chapter",title:"Submergence Tolerance of Rice Species, Oryza glaberrima Steudel",slug:"submergence-tolerance-of-rice-species-oryza-glaberrima-steud-",totalDownloads:2528,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jun-Ichi Sakagami",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65293",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakagami",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Sakagami",slug:"jun-ichi-sakagami"}]},{id:"30614",type:"chapter",title:"Development and Application of Molecular Markers to Breed Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight (CBB) — Current Status and Future Directions",slug:"development-and-application-of-molecular-markers-to-breed-common-bean-phaseolus-vulgaris-l-for-resis",totalDownloads:2646,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kangfu Yu, Chun Shi, and BaiLing Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67618",title:"Dr.",name:"Kangfu",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Kangfu Yu",slug:"kangfu-yu"},{id:"67829",title:"Ms",name:"BaiLing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"BaiLing Zhang",slug:"bailing-zhang"},{id:"112338",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Chun Shi",slug:"chun-shi"}]},{id:"30615",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Analysis of LHCB1 in Arabidopsis Growth, Development and Photosynthetic Capacity",slug:"functional-analysis-of-lhcb1-in-arabidopsis-growth-development-and-photosynthetic-capacity",totalDownloads:2548,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Aghdasi, S. Fattahi and H. R. Sadeghipour",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68339",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahnaz",middleName:null,surname:"Aghdasi",fullName:"Mahnaz Aghdasi",slug:"mahnaz-aghdasi"},{id:"75763",title:"MSc.",name:"Samaneh",middleName:null,surname:"Fatahi",fullName:"Samaneh Fatahi",slug:"samaneh-fatahi"},{id:"75764",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Sadeghipour",fullName:"Hamid Reza Sadeghipour",slug:"hamid-reza-sadeghipour"}]},{id:"30616",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Rural Ecosystem in Japan Using Stable Isotope Ratio",slug:"analysis-of-rural-ecosystem-in-japan-using-stable-isotope-ratio",totalDownloads:1901,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Atsushi Mori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71319",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",fullName:"Atsushi Mori",slug:"atsushi-mori"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"876",title:"Advances in Photosynthesis",subtitle:"Fundamental Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"123b06815a236b28ddccd1713ea1fd6b",slug:"advances-in-photosynthesis-fundamental-aspects",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28366",title:"Photosynthesis: How and Why?",slug:"photosynthesis-how-and-why-",signatures:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour and Babak Pashaei",authors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:"Mahdi",surname:"Najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour"}]},{id:"28367",title:"The Guiding Force of Photons",slug:"the-guiding-force-of-photons",signatures:"Kevin M. Folta",authors:[{id:"65456",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Folta",fullName:"Kevin Folta",slug:"kevin-folta"}]},{id:"28368",title:"Energy Conversion in Purple Bacteria Photosynthesis",slug:"energy-conversion-in-purple-bacteria-photosynthesis",signatures:"Felipe Caycedo-Soler, Ferney J. Rodríguez, Luis Quiroga, Guannan Zhao and Neil F. Johnson",authors:[{id:"65950",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Caycedo-Soler",fullName:"Felipe Caycedo-Soler",slug:"felipe-caycedo-soler"}]},{id:"28369",title:"Carotenoids and Photosynthesis - Regulation of Carotenoid Biosyntesis by Photoreceptors",slug:"carotenoids-and-photosynthesis-regulation-of-carotenoid-biosyntesis-by-photoreceptors",signatures:"Claudia Stange and Carlos Flores",authors:[{id:"76724",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Stange",fullName:"Claudia Stange",slug:"claudia-stange"}]},{id:"28370",title:"Mechanisms of Photoacclimation on Photosynthesis Level in Cyanobacteria",slug:"mechanisms-of-photoacclimation-on-photosynthesis-level-in-cyanobacteria",signatures:"Sabina Jodłowska and Adam Latała",authors:[{id:"65702",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Latała",fullName:"Adam Latała",slug:"adam-latala"}]},{id:"28371",title:"Photosynthesis in Microalgae as Measured with Delayed Fluorescence Technique",slug:"photosynthesis-in-microalgae-as-measured-with-delayed-fluorescence-techniques",signatures:"Maja Berden-Zrimec, Marina Monti and Alexis Zrimec",authors:[{id:"66218",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Berden-Zrimec",fullName:"Maja Berden-Zrimec",slug:"maja-berden-zrimec"},{id:"76046",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Zrimec",fullName:"Alexis Zrimec",slug:"alexis-zrimec"},{id:"76048",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Monti",fullName:"Marina Monti",slug:"marina-monti"}]},{id:"28372",title:"Fast Kinetic Methods with Photodiode Array Detection in the Study of the Interaction and Electron Transfer Between Flavodoxin and Ferredoxin NADP+-Reductase",slug:"revisiting-the-mechanism-of-interaction-and-electron-transfer-between-flavodoxin-and-ferredoxin-nadp",signatures:"Ana Serrano and Milagros Medina",authors:[{id:"34481",title:"Dr.",name:"Milagros",middleName:null,surname:"Medina",fullName:"Milagros Medina",slug:"milagros-medina"},{id:"36742",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",fullName:"Ana Serrano",slug:"ana-serrano"}]},{id:"28373",title:"Photosynthesis in Lichen: Light Reactions and Protective Mechanisms",slug:"photosynthesis-in-lichen-light-reactions-and-protective-mechanisms",signatures:"Francisco Gasulla, Joaquín Herrero, Alberto Esteban-Carrasco, Alfonso Ros-Barceló, Eva Barreno, José Miguel Zapata and Alfredo Guéra",authors:[{id:"65848",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Guéra",fullName:"Alfredo Guéra",slug:"alfredo-guera"},{id:"75273",title:"Prof.",name:"José Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Zapata",fullName:"José Miguel Zapata",slug:"jose-miguel-zapata"},{id:"75275",title:"MSc",name:"Joaquín",middleName:null,surname:"Herrero",fullName:"Joaquín Herrero",slug:"joaquin-herrero"},{id:"75277",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Barreno",fullName:"Eva Barreno",slug:"eva-barreno"},{id:"75280",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Esteban-Carrasco",fullName:"Alberto Esteban-Carrasco",slug:"alberto-esteban-carrasco"},{id:"75282",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Ros-Barceló",fullName:"Alfonso Ros-Barceló",slug:"alfonso-ros-barcelo"},{id:"75283",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Gasulla",fullName:"Francisco Gasulla",slug:"francisco-gasulla"}]},{id:"28374",title:"Energy Conductance from Thylakoid Complexes to Stromal Reducing Equivalents",slug:"energy-conductance-from-thylakoid-complexes-to-stromal-reducing-equivalents",signatures:"Lea Vojta and Hrvoje Fulgosi",authors:[{id:"67584",title:"Prof.",name:"Hrvoje",middleName:null,surname:"Fulgosi",fullName:"Hrvoje Fulgosi",slug:"hrvoje-fulgosi"},{id:"75810",title:"Dr.",name:"Lea",middleName:null,surname:"Vojta",fullName:"Lea Vojta",slug:"lea-vojta"}]},{id:"28375",title:"The Photomorphogenic Signal: An Essential Component of Photoautotrophic Life",slug:"the-photomorphogenic-signal-an-essential-component-of-photoautotrophic-life",signatures:"Sabrina Iñigo, Mariana R. Barber, Maximiliano Sánchez-Lamas, Francisco M. Iglesias and Pablo D. Cerdán",authors:[{id:"76305",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Cerdan",fullName:"Pablo Cerdan",slug:"pablo-cerdan"},{id:"76308",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Iñigo",fullName:"Sabrina Iñigo",slug:"sabrina-inigo"},{id:"76309",title:"MSc",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Iglesias",fullName:"Francisco Iglesias",slug:"francisco-iglesias"},{id:"76310",title:"MSc",name:"Maximiliano",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Lamas",fullName:"Maximiliano Sanchez-Lamas",slug:"maximiliano-sanchez-lamas"},{id:"122247",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Barber",fullName:"Mariana Barber",slug:"mariana-barber"}]},{id:"28376",title:"Chloroplast Photorelocation Movement: A Sophisticated Strategy for Chloroplasts to Perform Efficient Photosynthesis",slug:"chloroplast-photorelocation-movement-a-sophisticated-strategy-for-chloroplasts-to-perform-efficient-",signatures:"Noriyuki Suetsugu and Masamitsu Wada",authors:[{id:"67982",title:"Prof.",name:"Masamitsu",middleName:null,surname:"Wada",fullName:"Masamitsu Wada",slug:"masamitsu-wada"}]},{id:"28377",title:"Light Harvesting and Photosynthesis by the Canopy",slug:"light-harvesting-and-photosynthesis-by-the-canopy",signatures:"Mansour Matloobi",authors:[{id:"70746",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",middleName:null,surname:"Matloobi",fullName:"Mansour Matloobi",slug:"mansour-matloobi"}]},{id:"28378",title:"The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis – XXVIII – Response of Plants to Polyalkylglucopyranose and Polyacylglucopyranose",slug:"the-path-of-carbon-in-photosynthesis-xxviii-responses-of-plants-to-polyalkylglycopyranose-and-polyac",signatures:"Arthur M. Nonomura, Barry A. Cullen and Andrew A. Benson",authors:[{id:"65482",title:"Dr",name:"Arthur",middleName:null,surname:"Nonomura",fullName:"Arthur Nonomura",slug:"arthur-nonomura"},{id:"66805",title:"Mr.",name:"Barry A.",middleName:null,surname:"Cullen",fullName:"Barry A. Cullen",slug:"barry-a.-cullen"},{id:"66806",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew A.",middleName:null,surname:"Benson",fullName:"Andrew A. Benson",slug:"andrew-a.-benson"}]},{id:"28379",title:"The Role of C to N Balance in the Regulation of Photosynthetic Function",slug:"a-role-of-c-to-n-ratio-in-the-regulation-of-photosynthetic-function",signatures:"Vladimir I. Chikov and Svetlana N. Batasheva",authors:[{id:"72698",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Chikov",fullName:"Vladimir Chikov",slug:"vladimir-chikov"},{id:"72762",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Batasheva",fullName:"Svetlana Batasheva",slug:"svetlana-batasheva"}]},{id:"28380",title:"High-CO2 Response Mechanisms in Microalgae",slug:"high-co2-response-mechanism-in-microalgae",signatures:"Masato Baba and Yoshihiro Shiraiwa",authors:[{id:"71335",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shiraiwa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Shiraiwa",slug:"yoshihiro-shiraiwa"},{id:"74688",title:"MSc.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Baba",fullName:"Masato Baba",slug:"masato-baba"}]},{id:"28381",title:"Photosynthesis and Quantum Yield of Oil Palm Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide",slug:"photosynthesis-and-quantum-yield-responses-of-oil-palm-to-elevated-carbon-dioxide",signatures:"H.Z.E. Jaafar and Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"65739",title:"Dr.",name:"Hawa Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Jaafar",fullName:"Hawa Ze Jaafar",slug:"hawa-ze-jaafar"}]},{id:"28382",title:"Oscillatory Nature of Metabolism and Carbon Isotope Distribution in Photosynthesizing Cells",slug:"oscillatory-nature-of-metabolism-and-carbon-isotope-distribution-in-photosynthesizing-cells",signatures:"Alexander A. Ivlev",authors:[{id:"65897",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"Andreevich",surname:"Ivlev",fullName:"Alexander Ivlev",slug:"alexander-ivlev"}]},{id:"28383",title:"Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism: Plasticity and Evolution",slug:"photosynthetic-carbon-metabolism-evolution-and-plasticity-",signatures:"Roghieh Hajiboland",authors:[{id:"75461",title:"Dr.",name:"Roghieh",middleName:null,surname:"Hajiboland",fullName:"Roghieh Hajiboland",slug:"roghieh-hajiboland"}]},{id:"28384",title:"Photosynthetic Adaptive Strategies in Evergreen and Semi-Deciduous Species of Mediterranean Maquis During Winter",slug:"photosynthetic-adaptive-strategies-in-evergreen-and-semi-deciduous-species-of-mediterranean-maquis-d",signatures:"Carmen Arena and Luca Vitale",authors:[{id:"65208",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Arena",fullName:"Carmen Arena",slug:"carmen-arena"},{id:"73610",title:"Dr",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Vitale",fullName:"Luca Vitale",slug:"luca-vitale"}]},{id:"28385",title:"The Core- and Pan-Genomes of Photosynthetic Prokaryotes",slug:"the-core-and-pan-genomes-of-photosynthetic-prokaryotes",signatures:"Jeffrey W. Touchman and Yih-Kuang Lu",authors:[{id:"65754",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Touchman",fullName:"Jeffrey Touchman",slug:"jeffrey-touchman"},{id:"78598",title:"Prof.",name:"Yih-Kuang",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yih-Kuang Lu",slug:"yih-kuang-lu"}]},{id:"28386",title:"A Review: Polyamines and Photosynthesis",slug:"a-review-polyamines-and-photosynthesis",signatures:"Sheng Shu, Shi-Rong Guo and Ling-Yun Yuan",authors:[{id:"68090",title:"Dr.",name:"Shirong",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Shirong Guo",slug:"shirong-guo"},{id:"72752",title:"Mr.",name:"Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Sheng Shu",slug:"sheng-shu"},{id:"119462",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ling-Yun",fullName:"Yuan Ling-Yun",slug:"yuan-ling-yun"}]},{id:"28387",title:"An Overview of Plant Photosynthesis Modulation by Pathogen Attacks",slug:"an-overview-of-plant-photosynthesis-modulation-by-pathogen-attacks",signatures:"Kumarakurubaran Selvaraj and Bourlaye Fofana",authors:[{id:"68900",title:"Dr.",name:"Bourlaye",middleName:null,surname:"Fofana",fullName:"Bourlaye Fofana",slug:"bourlaye-fofana"}]},{id:"28388",title:"The Stringent Response in Phototrophs",slug:"the-stringent-response-in-phototrophs",signatures:"Shinji Masuda",authors:[{id:"74373",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Masuda",fullName:"Shinji Masuda",slug:"shinji-masuda"}]},{id:"28389",title:"Morphological and Physiological Adjustments in Juvenile Tropical Trees Under Contrasting Sunlight Irradiance",slug:"morphological-and-physiological-adjustments-in-juvenile-tropical-trees-under-contrasting-sunlight-ir",signatures:"Geraldo Rogério Faustini Cuzzuol and Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez",authors:[{id:"72992",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:"Rogério Faustini",surname:"Cuzzuol",fullName:"Geraldo Cuzzuol",slug:"geraldo-cuzzuol"},{id:"76902",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Cuzzuol",fullName:"Geraldo Cuzzuol",slug:"geraldo-cuzzuol"}]},{id:"28390",title:"Transglutaminase is Involved in the Remodeling of Tobacco Thylakoids",slug:"transglutaminase-is-involved-in-the-remodeling-of-tobacco-thylakoids",signatures:"Nikolaos E. Ioannidis, Josep Maria Torné, Kiriakos Kotzabasis and Mireya Santos",authors:[{id:"75486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Ioannidis",fullName:"Nikolaos Ioannidis",slug:"nikolaos-ioannidis"},{id:"76425",title:"Dr.",name:"Josep Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Torne",fullName:"Josep Maria Torne",slug:"josep-maria-torne"},{id:"137228",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiriakos",middleName:null,surname:"Kotzabasis",fullName:"Kiriakos Kotzabasis",slug:"kiriakos-kotzabasis"},{id:"137229",title:"Dr.",name:"Mireya",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Mireya Santos",slug:"mireya-santos"}]},{id:"28391",title:"The Plant–Type Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductases",slug:"the-plant-type-ferredoxin-nadp-reductases",signatures:"Matías A. Musumeci, Eduardo A. Ceccarelli and Daniela L. Catalano-Dupuy",authors:[{id:"74903",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccarelli",fullName:"Eduardo A. Ceccarelli",slug:"eduardo-a.-ceccarelli"},{id:"75550",title:"Dr.",name:"Matías",middleName:null,surname:"Musumeci",fullName:"Matías Musumeci",slug:"matias-musumeci"},{id:"75552",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:"L",surname:"Catalano-Dupuy",fullName:"Daniela Catalano-Dupuy",slug:"daniela-catalano-dupuy"}]},{id:"28392",title:"Primary Production in the Ocean",slug:"primary-production-in-the-ocean",signatures:"Daniel Conrad Ogilvie Thornton",authors:[{id:"71804",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Thornton",fullName:"Daniel Thornton",slug:"daniel-thornton"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"901",title:"Transgenic Plants",subtitle:"Advances and Limitations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eaa4d0024fab56af74d9e3d0624bec11",slug:"transgenic-plants-advances-and-limitations",bookSignature:"Yelda Özden Çiftçi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelda",surname:"Ozden Çiftçi",slug:"yelda-ozden-ciftci",fullName:"Yelda Ozden Çiftçi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1489",title:"Plants and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"612a067a1255855ede4af6c7837d4353",slug:"plants-and-environment",bookSignature:"Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah and Devaiah Kambiranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1956",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Bioactivities and Impact on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bca0d717264e92e4863937bdcf16e06b",slug:"phytochemicals-bioactivities-and-impact-on-health",bookSignature:"Iraj Rasooli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61446",title:"Prof.",name:"Iraj",surname:"Rasooli",slug:"iraj-rasooli",fullName:"Iraj Rasooli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2032",title:"Applied Photosynthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eae1ef7b02301a595a17071b934bb94b",slug:"applied-photosynthesis",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2969",title:"Protected Area Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70efb527b6cd48bf087444c27ac16d76",slug:"protected-area-management",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2032",title:"Applied Photosynthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eae1ef7b02301a595a17071b934bb94b",slug:"applied-photosynthesis",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82147",title:"Tropical Soils: Considerations on Occurrence and Characteristics and Studies in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103947",slug:"tropical-soils-considerations-on-occurrence-and-characteristics-and-studies-in-brazil",body:'Soils are formed by the joint action of climatic factors, weather, relief, source material, and organisms. Source materials consist of rocks or other soils, under which the other factors work. Thus, the properties of a residual soil and the behavior it presents in the face of various requests will largely be determined by the rock or material from which it originated.
In tropical and intertropical regions, a diversity of climates and relief is observed, resulting in a very large variety of soils known as tropical.
Brazil, for its large size (more than 8 million square kilometers), presents geological, climatic, and relief diversity that has conditioned the formation of soils with various behaviors.
In general, the significant climatic factors for soil formation are mean precipitation and temperature, which condition the rates of chemical reactions, the rate of change of rocks as well as the mobility of elements along the profile. Formed from the leaching of bases and the concentration of oxides and iron and aluminum sesquioxides in this pedological evolution, we have the lateritic soils, which have properties differentiated from the soils formed in temperate climate.
Thus, considering the wide distribution of tropical climate in the world and its occurrence in much of the Brazilian territory, aspects on the genesis, importance, and properties of tropical soils in the country will be addressed in this chapter.
The definition of tropical soil varies from region to region [1], but in general they are defined as those that occur in places that have tropical and humid climates.
The tropics are regions of the Earth located approximately in the middle of the globe between the latitude lines of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn and include the Ecuador line and parts of North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia; tropical regions are home to about one-third of the world’s population and account for 36% of the land mass.
Intemperism in the tropics can reach tens of meters below the surface, and the products of this process are complex and are not only of interest to geotechnical engineers; they are of great interest to other researchers [2]. It is possible to say that tropical soils are rather intemperated soils rich in iron oxides and aluminum; however, not all tropical soils can be included in this category, since they can originate from materials such as volcanic gray or form in regions of desert climate and thus exhibit different characteristics of the indicated [3].
In this sense, Brazil has 92% of Brazil’s territory located in the Tropical or Intertropical Climate Zone, the remaining 8% are south of the Tropic of Capricorn and are inserted in the Temperate Climate Zone of the Southern Hemisphere. (Figure 1) in which the climate Aw is observed (the tropical savanna climate features distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration). Most of the region’s annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season, and very little precipitation falls during the dry season [5, 6].
Climate map of South America [
The tropical climatic conditions are constituted by rains concentrated in November and March and a dry period that goes from April to October with haste in general inferior to 60 mm in the dry periods. In the large area of central Brazil [5], Aw climate is markedly seasonal, with strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1,300 to 1,900 mm and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall seasonality.
The conditions found in the regions of wet tropical climate produce, in great part, peculiarities of the Brazilian grounds (incident, constitution, formation, properties, rates, and environmental conditions), which are different from the considered ones in climate regions seasoned for which there were developed the systems of classification of traditional grounds [7].
The term laterita was used initially by Francis Buchanan in 1807 when, in travel to the west of India, he identified the use of a reddish ground that after drying was used like bricks in constructions of several sizes; the term laterita, however, includes a scale bigger of materials and of behavior varied [8]. However, it is known that the laterita was already used like building materials before that and his importance attached for the production of foods and of construction in function of the vast area of incident in the world, they are studied by several authors around the world as in Brazil, Africa, India, Australia, and other places [9].
The laterização is a process that makes part of the evolution of the relief [10] and [11] in which it takes place to lixiviation of alkaline ones, magnesium, and partially of the quartz and the consequent layers, the formation of lateritas, what are the mixture of hydroxides of iron and aluminum in varying proportions plus add up titania and other residue left. They can constitute micro-collected or collected cement of few centimeters of diameter in the womb of the soil [12].
Depending on the degree of laterization, the materials can be presented under several forms of texturais what go from not consolidated soft clays that can be broken under pressure of the fingers up to materials having enough edurecidos. That led to the use in the concepts literature empiricos of degree of hardness as “hard“ or “soft” [8, 13]. However, these expressions guard little relation with mechanical properties of interest of the engineering. Since the variety of lateritas and the changes in his conditions due to environmental factors, his agreement to classifications that use purely morphological concepts, will not always be possible [14].
Another aspect of the formation of these grounds is that the lixiviation of the bases and of the sílica, nevertheless, can be incomplete and the distinction between two types of grounds is difficult to be done; in spite of the properties of two types of grounds, it is similar in terms of properties for the engineering [15].
As for the time of formation of the grounds, lateríticos appreciate that takes place in nearly 104 years, but there are evidences of which this formation is quicker in rocks with less content of quartz like basaltos in granites or rich sediments in quartz [16, 17].
Figure 2 illustrates the process of formation of the tropical grounds and the denominations used for the same.
Terms used in the description of tropical soils [
As noted, the materials classified as lateritic owe their mechanical and hydraulic behavior to this process of “laterization” that promotes the leaching of basic cations and concentration of iron oxides and aluminum and additionally the predominance of clay minerals of the group of caulinites, low CTC. Studies have shown that soils formed under similar conditions tend to exhibit similar indices and engineering properties [19].
It is noted that Pedology, science that originated in the countries of the northern hemisphere, where soil formation processes are delayed due to cold winter or dry summers, meets challenges for soil description and classification in the tropics, including the difficulties of distinguishing soil from source material and the different horizons resulting from the intense pedogenetic processes of the tropical climate [10].
Lateritic soils (later Latin: brick) are shallow soils, typical of well-drained regions of the tropical wet regions, and have peculiar characteristics associated with the laterization process being the most important from the technological point of view, soil enrichment of iron- and/or aluminum-hydrated oxides, and the permanence of kaolinite as predominant and almost always exclusive clay. These minerals give the soils a typical color: red, yellow, brown, and orange [7, 15].
The saprolitic soils (sapro, Greek: rotten) are those resulting from the decomposition and/or
Saprolitic soils form layers underlying the layer of lateritic surface soil (or possibly other soil) generally appearing on the surface of the soil due to soil erosion or excavation due to man-made works. These soils are more heterogeneous and consist of a complex mineralogy containing minerals still in decomposition phase.
The characterization and evaluation of the geotechnical properties of residual soils are a complex subject, and there is the need for studies on their peculiar behavior for different purposes such as foundation, roads, stability of taludes, construction of earthworks, among others.
Figure 3 illustrates some variations that can be found in the intemperism profile of tropical soils and that contribute to the complexity of the approach, and Figure 4 shows concretions formed by this material.
Alteration profiles of tropical soils [
Distinct mesoscopic aspects of the lateritic materials at the Rondon do Pará bauxite deposit. A. Contact between Belterra clay and Nodular Bauxite; B. massive bauxite; C. fragments of iron crust with hematite; D. ferruginous bauxite with oxyhydroxide clasts in a gibbsite matrix, strong goethitized; E: massive bauxite base with kaolinite; F. mottled zone in the basal clay. Approximate scale, drillcore HQ diameter of 9.65 cm (3.5″).
Field investigations of residual soils often relate to heterogeneous soil profiles vertically and horizontally, great structural complexity, and expected metastability due to the process of leaching and chemical decomposition, the presence of rock blocks immersed in matrix, among other aspects [21].
Despite the difficulties of naming these soils, there is a relative consensus that their characterization is made by conventional criterion, which is chemical, that is, would be lateritic soils all those in which the silica/sesquioxides ratio is greater than or equal to 2, and it is deeply weathered soil [22].
Despite the conventional definition, it is found in many situations that the behavior of these soils cannot necessarily be addressed by the conventional geotechnical project due to one or more of the following reasons [21]:
Soil state is variable due to complex geological conditions.
Classical constitutive models do not offer an approximation of their true nature.
These formations are difficult for sample and the soil structure cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. As a consequence, mechanical behavior and geotechnical properties should be evaluated directly from
There is also a limited experience collected and reported and the finding that parameter values are outside the most commonly found ranges for sand and clay formations of sedimentary soils.
Deposits are often unsaturated and the role of matrix suction and its effect on soil permeability and shear resistance must be recognized and accounted for.
These difficulties of lifting and characterization are detached also by authors [23, 24, 25], and others, according to which the tropical grounds it has the reputation of there are “problematic soils” because of without being fitted in the classification systems usually used as they were developed for temperate climates; there is also the need to use adequate methods for them, since the destruction of the cement and its original structure compromises the analysis of its behavior.
Variability in its engineering properties implies, in many situations, a difficulty to meet traditional specifications or consecrated use. An example put forward by [8] is that these materials usually have gaps in the graduation curve (e.g., in the coarse sand fraction); high plasticity indices (PIs 15-20) and CBR values below the minimum 80% are normally specified. An interesting discussion about unconventional materials and their research can be seen in [26].
The geotechnical behavior of these soils is therefore influenced more by their unsaturated condition and by factors such as their structure, macro- and microporosity, anisotropy, and genesis than by their stress history [27, 28, 29].
As mentioned above, studies on tropical soils often exhibit a higher degree of difficulty because of their mineralogical, textural, and structural variability, and this is not an exception in the Brazilian territory. Several researchers have studied the behavior of these soils both in the context of the execution of works and for experimental purposes, in universities and research centers. One aspect to highlight is the contribution of foreign companies and professionals in recent years to enriching the knowledge and discussion of engineering problems from the exchange of ideas [30].
Although the country has soil surveys developed by EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agribusiness Research Company) and other research bodies, these are mainly for use in agriculture, without the geotechnical focus [31].
In this context, the peculiarities of Brazilian soils (occurrence, constitution, formation, properties, indices, and environmental conditions) are therefore different from the conditions found in the temperate climate regions where the traditional soil classification systems were developed [4, 7].
It is thus observed that the physical, chemical, biological, pedological, and geomorphological processes vary throughout the area of occurrence of these soils and also in Brazil, where they are distributed over 80% of the territory, as shown in Figure 5 [32].
Area of occurrence of laterite soils in Brazil represented by dark brown colors and hachuras [
Since knowledge of where a work will be deployed depends primarily on well-designed and developed local research, one of the important aspects for the development of an assertive engineering project is the description of the soil profile. Expedited forecasts of collapsible or expansive soil behavior could be inferred from pedological classifications, where in addition to soil identification and classification, information about soil genesis is provided. This is because there is a close dependence on the tropical humid climate of the changing soils in relation to the matrix rock, as, for example, granites decompose originating mycaceous soils with particles of clay and sand, and basalts change basically in clays [3].
Of course, the use of generic profiles is inadvisable and local research can in no way be replaced. Consequently, the use of the geological description of the soil profile in engineering projects is considered essential, and the ignorance of the soil profile leads the designer to make predictions with a degree of uncertainty above that tolerated in the standards. On the other side, when the origin was known and the characteristics of the whole region and of the profile in an individual place the foresight becomes more assertive, reducing risks, costs, and creating solutions more appropriate to each situation [33, 34].
The occurrence of porous layers of clay or sandy texture and materials with varying degree of intemperization is frequent in Brazilian soil profiles, requiring in some situations, analyses and more complex models regarding the geotechnical behavior of the soil. Figures 6 through 8 present some profiles of lateritic soils found in engineering works in Brazil.
Soil profile along the tunnel, South Wing, Brasilia [
Profile of shear module variation for Caxingui Shaft of Sao Paulo subway [
Site characteristic profiles [
In relation to the research methods, one of the most used in Brazilian geotechnical engineering for underground research is the survey of simple recognition of soil with SPT test as highlighted [36, 37], its execution currently governed by the Brazilian NBR 6484:2020. Despite the existence of other methods, the tendency to use this remains, either for its lower cost compared with the other methods (CPT, DMT, geophysical, or other) or for the fact that it does not require specialized labor, for the empirical correlations that are established from or by which other methods are little publicized in the universities.
This tendency of using the sounding SPT can be observed in an abreve consultation to the site of the ABMS (Brazilian Association of Mechanics of Grounds) in which nearly 100 articles are listed that wrap different applications of the method in several types of work (https://philos.sophia.com.br/terminal/8530/) as in [32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43] and many other authors.
However, in some situations where the size of the work, geological complexity, or even academic studies so require, and other methods are used such as CPT (cone penetration test) or DMT (Dilatometer Marchetti Test) as well as the collection of undeformed samples for laboratório testing (triaxial compression, shear strength, deformation, modulus, and others) as exemplified by the work of [22, 30, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55].
As previously mentioned, lateritic soils can present quite varied behaviors, which requires the implementation of projects that take into account their geotechnical properties, obtained from field and/or laboratory tests. The growing urbanization and verticalization of cities in the center-south region of Brazil, as well as the increase in infrastructure works, lead to increasing challenges in foundation design, since the foundation elements must consider the high loads to be distributed frequently. For this, the use of piles has been the most common foundation option, since in some situations, geotechnical limitations occur due to soil properties such as high porosity and/or the collapsible character or excessive settlements in the face of loads, which do not allow the use of direct foundation.
One example of this behavior is the soils of the city of Brasilia, located in the state of Goiás, which is located in an area of highly weathered tropical soil, with high levels of aluminum and iron. As a consequence of the high porosity of the cemented structure of this soil, known as “porous clay,” it presents great structural instability and can sorer that is highly unstable and can suffer changes in volume (collapse) due to changes in saturation and stress state. The possibility of sharp deformations must be considered since this type of soil covers 80% of the area of the municipality [53, 54, 55].
Figure 9 illustrates the SPT index strengths in the study conducted by [53, 54] and the strength parameters of unsaturated porous clay, according to Mohr-Coulomb criteria that can be considered as Cohesion angle ranging from 20 to 34 KPa, friction angle () between 25 and 28° and Young’s modulus varying 1–8 Mpa, Coefficient of collapsibility is 0–12%, Coefficient of permeability is 10−06–10−03 cm/s [55, 56]. The tests to evaluate the granulometry of the soil composed of sieving and sedimentation, in addition to the Atteberg limits test, allowed the classification of the soil as CH by the Unified Classification system, with a plastic Index of 12% and a natural unit weight around 15 kN/m3. This porous clay layer has a variable thickness of 20–30 m and NSPT indexes between 2 and 3 strokes with a deep water level, and in some cases reaching a depth of 5 m. Liquid limit LL = 50–80%, plastic limit PL = 35–50%, and water content w = 35–55%. The clay fraction, that is, the percentage of soil particles less than 2 μm lies between 70 and 55%. The percentage of fines (less than 60 μm in diameter,) varies from 70 and 80% [55].
Stratigraphy and SPT-SPTT results [
Considering the characteristics observed in the drilling and laboratory tests, the authors state that a foundation option that has been used in the city of Brasilia and neighboring cities is the Alluvial Pile Anker, a new type of small diameter foundation characterized by fast execution, with technical and economic advantages over precast piles. It consists of drilling small diameter piles, where a 2 ½″ tube, 50 cm longer than the depth of the hole, with a cutting tip (Figure 10), is installed in the ground at very high speed, and the soil is drilled through rotation. The hole is filled with cement, and after it has been drilled, the capping is made with precast-reinforced concrete or steel sheeting on each pile. A gravel backfill is placed between the capstones at the same height, and a geogrid is placed over it, followed by a transition backfill that acts as a stress dissipator [53, 57].
Alluvial Anker pile construction process [
It should be noted that in foundations embedded in lateritic or collapsible soils, the rigor in the design process and in the design should be greater, because the behavior of these foundations often differs from the classical models adopted and presented in the technical-scientific literature, being possible to observe a nonlinearity of the soil behavior due to variations in the soil parameters that control its behavior: modulus of deformation and shear modulus of the soil [58]. It is fundamental for pile foundation design like aspects such as the relative stiffness of the lateritic soil of the first layer when not saturated; the collapsibility of this soil, especially if the piles are totally embedded in this layer and the evaluation of the ultimate strength, due to its own executive process, be taken into consideration.
Studies conducted in collapsible lateritic soils in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, where most of the foundations employed are deep, with auger piles being the most commonly used, show the use of foundations executed as staked foundations, for example, a foundation element where the piles under the radier are interrelated may have greater efficiency in the reduction of settlements, because the greater contact of the surface foundation element contributes to the performance of load capacity and settlement reduction for the system [59, 60].
In the city of São Paulo, the construction of an extensive subway network allowed obtaining geotechnical parameters of soils existing in the São Paulo Basin from the study of 12 different sites, which demonstrated the heterogeneity of the profiles, comprising alternating layers of sandy clays and clayey sand with silt fractions. However, the horizontal stress index (Kd) revealed values greater than 2, confirming the overconsolidation of the variegated soils, which had been previously reported in the literature [22]. The
It is noteworthy that lateritic soils can also present variation in their behavior as a function of matrix suction variation, and therefore, their geotechnical investigation should be careful [21, 26, 33, 58, 61, 62].
Furthermore, one must consider the resistance variation presented by laterite soils that vary considerably with depth, according to the influence of such factors as parent rock, depth of the water table, topography, degrees of decomposition, laterization, and desiccation, as well as mineralogical composition. Also in relation to mineralogy, if the clay present in the soil has the presence of iron oxide in ferric state, the soil is essentially stable and no changes are expected and therefore, standard tests can be employed for soil characterization [8, 32, 63].
Tropical soils occur over a large area of the planet, occupying about 40% of the surface. The tropical climate is responsible for the laterization process, which generates well-drained soils, porous, reddish in color, and with characteristics different from those of temperate soils and that may require, by their nature, solutions different from those proposed by classical soil mechanics.
Despite the importance of these soils, there is still no integrated database on their characteristics and behavior. In Brazil, residual and saprolitic soils are a challenge to engineering because they range from highly weathered and well-drained, porous soils in tropical and subtropical climates to thin and poorly developed soils in regions of the country where the drier climate predominates.
This chapter has aimed to approach some aspects of the soils in Brazil, without the pretension of exhausting the subject, which is of great interest to the country and others that are located in the tropical region.
There is a need for further investigation of soils not only in terms of fertility or application to agriculture, as is often the case, but also in terms of geotechnical aspects for the execution of foundations and roads, retaining structures, among others, so that field and laboratory tests can be conducted, not only in the south and southeast regions, but also in other regions, considering the constant expansion of the country’s infrastructure, including international partnerships.
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2457},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17716}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{"amp;sort":"dateEndThirdStepPublish",hasNoEditors:"0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:417},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1134",title:"Population Health",slug:"population-health",parent:{id:"200",title:"Public Health",slug:"medicine-public-health"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:262,numberOfWosCitations:153,numberOfCrossrefCitations:129,numberOfDimensionsCitations:263,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1134",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10571",title:"Global Women's Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6e4958a3dcb6623d2b8035bad5f3276",slug:"global-women-s-health",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10571.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6142",title:"Family Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4993c79cffba3126a9ca1ef7c9902c7e",slug:"family-planning",bookSignature:"Zouhair O. Amarin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6142.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5483",title:"Adiposity",subtitle:"Epidemiology and Treatment Modalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f19b6a0755b8a29538e3b2043d4a854",slug:"adiposity-epidemiology-and-treatment-modalities",bookSignature:"Jan Oxholm Gordeladze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36345",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:"Oxholm",surname:"Gordeladze",slug:"jan-gordeladze",fullName:"Jan Gordeladze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5378",title:"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"862e269e0512a4763bba54d355c3c44f",slug:"the-epidemiology-and-ecology-of-leishmaniasis",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5287",title:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases",subtitle:"Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8ce64cf0b96dce4c16042b2982ef5bb",slug:"epidemiology-of-communicable-and-non-communicable-diseases-attributes-of-lifestyle-and-nature-on-humankind",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2140",title:"Epidemiology Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30ed18695c28d4af7aa8fe536a765829",slug:"epidemiology-insights",bookSignature:"Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2140.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"313",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50844b8973e93e755acd2e5a950f2766",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6af1c688ae4cf514c5c3ed6e801f6725",slug:"health-management",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"58916",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73255",title:"Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning",slug:"factors-affecting-the-attitudes-of-women-toward-family-planning",totalDownloads:8483,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Everyone has the right to decide on the number and timing of children without discrimination, violence and oppression, to have the necessary information and facilities for it, to access sexual and reproductive health services at the highest standard. Deficient or incorrect family planning methods, wrong attitudes and behaviors toward the methods and consequent unplanned pregnancies, increased maternal and infant mortality rates are the main health problems in most countries. Individuals’ learning modern family planning methods and having positive attitude for these methods may increase the usage of these methods and contributes the formation of healthy communities. It is considered important to examine the current attitudes and determinants in order to spread the choice of effective method.",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Nazli Sensoy, Yasemin Korkut, Selcuk Akturan, Mehmet Yilmaz,\nCanan Tuz and Bilge Tuncel",authors:[{id:"216377",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazli",middleName:null,surname:"Sensoy",slug:"nazli-sensoy",fullName:"Nazli Sensoy"},{id:"216589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Korkut",slug:"yasemin-korkut",fullName:"Yasemin Korkut"},{id:"216595",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Akturan",slug:"selcuk-akturan",fullName:"Selcuk Akturan"},{id:"216596",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Tuz",slug:"canan-tuz",fullName:"Canan Tuz"},{id:"216598",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilge",middleName:null,surname:"Tuncel",slug:"bilge-tuncel",fullName:"Bilge Tuncel"},{id:"216599",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"mehmet-yilmaz",fullName:"Mehmet Yilmaz"}]},{id:"58297",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72224",title:"Family Planning Services in Africa: The Successes and Challenges",slug:"family-planning-services-in-africa-the-successes-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The world population is on the increase, and the majority of this increase will be from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is estimated that by 2030 the population of Africa will rise to 1.3 billion. Published peer-reviewed journals, abstracts, Gray literature (government documents, technical reports, other reports, etc.), internet articles and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) reports were used as resource materials. Manual search of reference list of selected articles was checked for further relevant studies. Family planning (FP) programmes that started in 1960s across SSA have made steady progress with contraceptive prevalence rates still very low and unacceptably high unmet need. Despite near universal knowledge on contraceptives, there is an obvious knowledge-practice gap. There are barriers, personal, religious and community levels, to contraceptive use. Contraceptives have a lot of benefits to the mother, child and community. Thus, there is a need for publicity campaigns through information, education and communication (IEC) to address social and cultural barriers to FP including misconceptions and misinformation. Contraception should be vigorously promoted in SSA not only for its demographic dividends but also on socio-economic and health grounds and the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs).",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Alhaji A Aliyu",authors:[{id:"217688",title:"Prof.",name:"Alhaji A",middleName:null,surname:"Aliyu",slug:"alhaji-a-aliyu",fullName:"Alhaji A Aliyu"}]},{id:"24998",doi:"10.5772/22790",title:"The Role of Mass Media Communication in Public Health",slug:"the-role-of-mass-media-communication-in-public-health",totalDownloads:10804,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"313",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",title:"Health Management",fullTitle:"Health Management - Different Approaches and Solutions"},signatures:"Daniel Catalán-Matamoros",authors:[{id:"49198",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Catalan-Matamoros",slug:"daniel-catalan-matamoros",fullName:"Daniel Catalan-Matamoros"}]},{id:"24997",doi:"10.5772/21387",title:"Human Walking Analysis, Evaluation and Classification Based on Motion Capture System",slug:"human-walking-analysis-evaluation-and-classification-based-on-motion-capture-system",totalDownloads:3355,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"313",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",title:"Health Management",fullTitle:"Health Management - Different Approaches and Solutions"},signatures:"Bofeng Zhang, Susu Jiang, Ke Yan and Daming Wei",authors:[{id:"42911",title:"Prof.",name:"Daming",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"daming-wei",fullName:"Daming Wei"},{id:"52921",title:"Prof.",name:"Bofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"bofeng-zhang",fullName:"Bofeng Zhang"},{id:"52924",title:"Ms.",name:"Susu",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"susu-jiang",fullName:"Susu Jiang"},{id:"52937",title:"Mr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"ke-yan",fullName:"Ke Yan"}]},{id:"35769",doi:"10.5772/31746",title:"Epidemiology of Lymphoid Malignancy in Asia",slug:"epidemiology-of-lymphoid-malignancy-in-asia",totalDownloads:5073,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2140",slug:"epidemiology-insights",title:"Epidemiology Insights",fullTitle:"Epidemiology Insights"},signatures:"Zahra Mozaheb",authors:[{id:"88507",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Mozaheb",slug:"zahra-mozaheb",fullName:"Zahra Mozaheb"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58916",title:"Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning",slug:"factors-affecting-the-attitudes-of-women-toward-family-planning",totalDownloads:8485,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Everyone has the right to decide on the number and timing of children without discrimination, violence and oppression, to have the necessary information and facilities for it, to access sexual and reproductive health services at the highest standard. Deficient or incorrect family planning methods, wrong attitudes and behaviors toward the methods and consequent unplanned pregnancies, increased maternal and infant mortality rates are the main health problems in most countries. Individuals’ learning modern family planning methods and having positive attitude for these methods may increase the usage of these methods and contributes the formation of healthy communities. It is considered important to examine the current attitudes and determinants in order to spread the choice of effective method.",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Nazli Sensoy, Yasemin Korkut, Selcuk Akturan, Mehmet Yilmaz,\nCanan Tuz and Bilge Tuncel",authors:[{id:"216377",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazli",middleName:null,surname:"Sensoy",slug:"nazli-sensoy",fullName:"Nazli Sensoy"},{id:"216589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Korkut",slug:"yasemin-korkut",fullName:"Yasemin Korkut"},{id:"216595",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Akturan",slug:"selcuk-akturan",fullName:"Selcuk Akturan"},{id:"216596",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Tuz",slug:"canan-tuz",fullName:"Canan Tuz"},{id:"216598",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilge",middleName:null,surname:"Tuncel",slug:"bilge-tuncel",fullName:"Bilge Tuncel"},{id:"216599",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"mehmet-yilmaz",fullName:"Mehmet Yilmaz"}]},{id:"58297",title:"Family Planning Services in Africa: The Successes and Challenges",slug:"family-planning-services-in-africa-the-successes-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The world population is on the increase, and the majority of this increase will be from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is estimated that by 2030 the population of Africa will rise to 1.3 billion. Published peer-reviewed journals, abstracts, Gray literature (government documents, technical reports, other reports, etc.), internet articles and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) reports were used as resource materials. Manual search of reference list of selected articles was checked for further relevant studies. Family planning (FP) programmes that started in 1960s across SSA have made steady progress with contraceptive prevalence rates still very low and unacceptably high unmet need. Despite near universal knowledge on contraceptives, there is an obvious knowledge-practice gap. There are barriers, personal, religious and community levels, to contraceptive use. Contraceptives have a lot of benefits to the mother, child and community. Thus, there is a need for publicity campaigns through information, education and communication (IEC) to address social and cultural barriers to FP including misconceptions and misinformation. Contraception should be vigorously promoted in SSA not only for its demographic dividends but also on socio-economic and health grounds and the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs).",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Alhaji A Aliyu",authors:[{id:"217688",title:"Prof.",name:"Alhaji A",middleName:null,surname:"Aliyu",slug:"alhaji-a-aliyu",fullName:"Alhaji A Aliyu"}]},{id:"61630",title:"Introductory Chapter: Family Planning",slug:"introductory-chapter-family-planning",totalDownloads:1041,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Zouhair Amarin",authors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}]},{id:"52171",title:"β-Thalassemia: Genotypes and Phenotypes",slug:"-thalassemia-genotypes-and-phenotypes",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"β-Thalassemias are extremely heterogeneous at the molecular level. More than 200 disease-causing mutations have been identified. The majority of mutations are single nucleotide substitutions. Rarely, β-thalassemia results from gross gene deletion. The degree of globin chain imbalance is determined by the nature of the mutation of the β-gene. β0 refers to the complete absence of production of β-globin on the affected allele. β+ refers to alleles with some residual production of β-globin (around 10%). In β++, the reduction in β-globin production is very mild. The broad spectrum of β-thalassemia alleles can produce a wide spectrum of different β-thalassemia phenotypes. In this chapter, we review the molecular basis of the marked heterogeneity of the thalassemia syndromes or in other words the genotype-phenotype relationship in β-thalassemia.",book:{id:"5287",slug:"epidemiology-of-communicable-and-non-communicable-diseases-attributes-of-lifestyle-and-nature-on-humankind",title:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases",fullTitle:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases - Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind"},signatures:"Tamer Hassan, Mohamed Badr, Usama El Safy, Mervat Hesham,\nLaila Sherief and Marwa Zakaria",authors:[{id:"106463",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"tamer-hassan",fullName:"Tamer Hassan"},{id:"110940",title:"Prof.",name:"Laila",middleName:null,surname:"Sherief",slug:"laila-sherief",fullName:"Laila Sherief"},{id:"174733",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"El Safy",slug:"usama-el-safy",fullName:"Usama El Safy"},{id:"187306",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Badr",slug:"mohamed-badr",fullName:"Mohamed Badr"},{id:"187544",title:"Prof.",name:"Mervat",middleName:null,surname:"Hesham",slug:"mervat-hesham",fullName:"Mervat Hesham"},{id:"187545",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"marwa-zakaria",fullName:"Marwa Zakaria"}]},{id:"51773",title:"The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery (Arteria Lusoria)",slug:"the-epidemiological-morphological-and-clinical-aspects-of-the-aberrant-right-subclavian-artery-arter",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The most common embryologic abnormality of the aortic arch is aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA), known clinically as arteria lusoria (AL). This vessel travels to the right arm, crossing the middle line of the body and usually passing behind the esophagus. If the artery compresses the esophagus, it may produce a condition called dysphagia lusoria. Another commonly reported symptoms related to compression of adjacent structures by arteria lusoria were dyspnea, retrosternal pain, cough, and weight loss greater than 10 kg over a 6-month period. The chapter includes information describing demographic, clinical, and morphological characteristics of presence of arteria lusoria such as gender distribution, frequency in population, frequency of the most commonly reported symptoms related to compression of adjacent structures, coexistence with the most common vascular anomalies and diagnostic procedures. The presence of arteria lusoria together with the right nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRILN) is especially clinically important; during thyroid surgery, the right laryngeal nerve cannot be found at the lower pole of the thyroid, and it may be injured by the surgeon if it is not identified in the aberrant area or found lateral to the thyroid.",book:{id:"5287",slug:"epidemiology-of-communicable-and-non-communicable-diseases-attributes-of-lifestyle-and-nature-on-humankind",title:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases",fullTitle:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases - Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind"},signatures:"Michał Polguj, Ludomir Stefańczyk and Mirosław Topol",authors:[{id:"182164",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michał",middleName:null,surname:"Polguj",slug:"michal-polguj",fullName:"Michał Polguj"},{id:"183200",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludomir",middleName:null,surname:"Stefańczyk",slug:"ludomir-stefanczyk",fullName:"Ludomir Stefańczyk"},{id:"183201",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirosław",middleName:null,surname:"Topol",slug:"miroslaw-topol",fullName:"Mirosław Topol"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1134",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/233863",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"233863"},fullPath:"/profiles/233863",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()