Criteria for inclusion of studies in the report.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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In the healthcare system, the pharmacists are responsible to audit an instruction inscribed by the medical practitioners to determine potential inappropriate written prescriptions [1]. Such responsibilities are likely to have a profound effect on the success of the healthcare modus operandi since it has potential to wipe out prescribing incongruous medication events [2]. The proceeding is being noticed in the hospital but not at all in non-hospital independent settings. For example, in the developing country like Malaysia, the community pharmacists (CPs) are rarely auditing the written instruction inscribed by the general practitioners (GPs) because GPs are legally given the right to prescribe and dispense medications to their patients [3]. In other words, GPs are performing their exercises regularly in the absence of CPs to audit their prescribing activities. Such exercises might cause their patients to vulnerable experience potential unwanted effects of improper prescribing and it was noted in an earlier study which corroborates the potentially inappropriate prescribing among the long-term care Irish patients [4]. Therefore, the roles of CPs to audit such improper prescribing among GPs are crucial accountabilities in the healthcare system. Nevertheless, the healthcare modus operandi must act in accordance with the mandatory regulation even though such modus operandi might have potential to inflict harm on anyone else.
\nAs CPs, they are also accountable to advocate the consumers with respect to the safe use of medication, its effectiveness, and cost-effective affair. Such responsibilities were noted in earlier studies throughout the world. For example, it is noted that CPs in the United Kingdom are pointing out their role in maintaining safe use of medication among the consumers [5]. In Canada, CPs are executing the role to corroborate the prescriptions are filled up with quality, safe, and effective medications [6]. Additionally, it is noted that CPs in Finland are having the skills to ensure the rising cost that will not restrict the access to medications by the consumers [7]. Such honorable responsibilities are magnifying the potential roles of CPs in the healthcare system.
\nInstead of the roles, it is also a crucial intentionality to determine divergent roles which might be performed in the developed and developing countries. Such dissimilar performance might make it easier for CPs to offer particular services in their community pharmacy settings. Furthermore, the services might have potential to intensify the reputation of CPs as a healthcare provider in the eyes of other healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and consumers. Additionally, the extended services might potentially enlarge the earnings scale in community pharmacy settings.
\nA systematic search was performed via international and national literature reviews and studies using Google Scholar and PubMed as an electronic database, searching for abstracts in English from January 2005 till January 2017 for the international search [8] and January 2006 till May 2017 for the national search [3]. The general search terms used were: community pharmacist; extended roles; extended services; expansion roles; expansion services; perception; perspective; attitudes; barriers; limitation; expanded pharmacy services; pharmacist care services; enhanced pharmacy services; private pharmacies; future services; public health; healthcare systems; review; pharmacy; community pharmacy; CPs; patient counseling; continuing pharmacy education; disease management; intervention; and healthcare. The abstracts were evaluated by the scholar researcher, searching for relevant materials that fitted with the inclusion criteria as depicted in Table 1. The abstracts that concordance with the inclusion criteria were assessed for full texts. Then, another two scholar researchers evaluated in detail the contents of each text, searching for materials that concordance with the criteria in Table 1. These inclusive texts were reflected in this report. The flow of the searching process was reflected in Figures 1 and 2.
\nPopulation | \nCPs, GPs, customers | \n
---|---|
Phenomenon of interest | \nCPs’ extended services; perceptions among CPs, customers, and GPs of extended services. Identifying barriers toward extended services | \n
Primary outcome measures | \nThe outcome measures but not restricted to it were: (1) to describe extended services; (2) to describe perceptions among CPs, customers, and GPs toward extended services; (3) to identify barriers toward extended services | \n
Types of studies | \nQuantitative and qualitative studies; article reviews | \n
Criteria for inclusion of studies in the report.
CPs, community pharmacists; GPs, general practitioners.
Flow diagram for international search.
Flow diagram for National Search.
It is noted that there is a wide range of extended pharmacy services available in many countries throughout the world as illustrated in Table 2 [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. In the absence of Pakistan’s scenario [38], other such extended services divulge the true color of CPs’ knowledge and skills in an authentic practice. For example, it is noted that CPs in Australia are operating supreme services such as anticoagulant and drug-level monitoring, ostomy counseling, chemotherapy, parenteral, and nutrition preparation. In Canada, it is noted that CPs are executing the roles to advocate their customers for alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, physical activities, and immunization. Interestingly, CPs in the developing country like Sudan are making available services such as emergency oral contraception counseling, hyperlipidemia monitoring, and hypertension care. However, the prominence extended service notified in the table is the provision of pharmaceutical care (PC) in community pharmacy settings as noted in Japan, Hong Kong, China, and the United Arab Emirates. Such extended service is also notified in other countries like Peru [39] and Estonia [40]. It divulges PC as a paramount importance to be performed in the healthcare system side-by-side with other extended services.
\nDetermine DRP: Jordan [14], Netherlands [12], China [15], Sudan [23], UAE [22], Mal [32] | \n
Legal right to prescribe selected medications: United Kingdom [11], Aust [16], South Africa [18] | \n
Proffer the pharmaceutical care concept: Japan [28], HK [29], China [15], UAE [20, 22] | \n
Managing a SC program: Japan [28], Aust [13], Canada [17], Sudan [23], UAE [19], Mal [30, 32, 35] | \n
Advising on healthy diets: Canada [17] | \n
Organizing aboriginal health services: Aust [13] | \n
Counseling on alcohol consumption: Canada [17] | \n
Running an anticoagulation monitoring: Aust [13] | \n
Deliver an asthma care: Aust [13], UAE [22], Mal [30] | \n
Offering a body piercing service: Aust [13] | \n
Chemotherapy preparation: Aust [13] | \n
Community health education: Aust [13], Sin [9], HK [27], China [15], Sudan [23], UAE [22], Mal [30, 32] | \n
Community clinic service: Aust [13], Mal [36, 37] | \n
Counseling on physical activities: Canada [17], Mal [30, 35] | \n
Diabetes care service: Aust [13], Canada [17], UAE [19, 22], Mal [30] | \n
Service for patients discharged from hospital settings: Aust [13], Netherlands [12] | \n
Drug-level monitoring or kinetic dosing service: Aust [13] | \n
Emergency oral contraception counseling: Canada [17], Sudan [23] | \n
Geriatric care service: Aust [13], Japan [26, 28] | \n
Harm reduction methadone service: Aust [13] | \n
Herbal and nutritional supplement counseling: Aust [13], UAE [19], Mal [30, 35] | \n
Hyperlipidaemia monitoring service: Aust [13], Canada [17], Sudan [23] | \n
Hypertension care service: Aust [13], Canada [17], Sudan [23], Mal [30, 35] | \n
Drug misuse counseling: Mal [30] | \n
Immunization program service: Canada [17], UAE [22], Mal [30] | \n
Referring patients to GPs: Mal [32] | \n
Lifestyle modification counseling: HK [27], Canada [17], UAE [19] | \n
Medication counseling or review: Nepal [25], Netherlands [12], Sin [9], HK [27, 29], China [15], Russia [10], Sudan [23], UAE [19, 22], Mal [30, 31, 32, 34] | \n
Minor ailment or self-care consultation: Sin [9], HK [29], China [15], UAE [19], Mal [32] | \n
Naturopathy counseling: Aust [13] | \n
Nutritional support including parenteral and enteral nutrition service: Aust [13] | \n
Osteoporosis care service: Aust [13], Japan [26] | \n
Ostomy counseling: Aust [13] | \n
Pediatric pharmacy service: Aust [13] | \n
Pain management service: Aust [13] | \n
Pharmacist-led patient self-management of chronic disease: HK [27, 29] | \n
Psychiatric pharmacy service: Aust [13], Belgium [24] | \n
Sexual health counseling: Canada [17] | \n
Skin-care management service: Aust [13] | \n
Specialized compounding service: Aust [13], UAE [22] | \n
Weight management counseling: Aust [13], Canada [17], UAE [19], Mal [30] | \n
Wound care service: Aust [13], UAE [19] | \n
Monitoring medication outcome: Mal [32] | \n
Providing medication information to GPs: Mal [32] | \n
Oral health counseling: Mal [30] | \n
Special population counseling: Mal [30] | \n
Breast cancer counseling: Mal [33] | \n
Details of countries which indicate extended pharmacy services.
GPs, general practitioners; UAE, United Arab Emirates; HK, Hong Kong; Mal, Malaysia; Aust, Australia; Sin, Singapore; DRP, drug-related problem; SC, smoking cessation; #, number.
There are a lot of earlier studies which disclose such extended service has accomplished positive end results via an authentic practice. For example, it is noted that CPs in Spain are having the quality necessary to exalt medication adherence among the hypertensive patients [41]. In Australia, CPs have executed the role to ameliorate the clinical and humanistic net results among patients who possess type 2 diabetes [42]. Another pharmaceutical care study in Malaysia discloses the potential of CPs to diagnose a wide range of potential undesirable drug-related problems among their customers [43]. It is also notified that there is a review article which divulges the positive impact of smoking cessation program performed by CPs [44]. Consequently, these significant positive impacts are putting on a screen for the consumers and other healthcare practitioners to acknowledge the roles of CPs in community pharmacy settings. Additionally, it might inspire other CPs to persuade the exact service for the benefits of their customers.
\nEven though there are some CPs who might operate their extended services without demanding dollars as a price from their customers for a service rendered, it is essential to reimburse CPs for their knowledge and skills. For example, an earlier review article has pointed out 60 reimbursement programs for CPs in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand [45]. Such reimbursement comprises of payment as such for emergency contraception counseling, advice on minor ailments, comprehensive medication management, medication review, follow-up visit, and time-dependent fee. It is noted that there are variable charges in different countries for the similar extended services. It discloses that the charges must take into account of knowledge, skills, and time exercised by CPs to perform the extended services [46]. Consequently, CPs are given the image as a professional healthcare practitioner like GPs rather than as an entrepreneur.
\nNevertheless, it is crucial to perform a systematic inquiry to notify the facts of barriers and perception among the consumers and other healthcare providers so as to establish the truth of these extended services. Such inquiry might intensify the truth operation of these extended services in an authentic practice. Over and above that, the facts and figures which put into picture might have potential to manoeuvre CPs to instigate a strategy formula to get rid of them.
\nThere is a wide range of barriers to the performance of extended services notified as illustrated in Table 3. Such barriers are a serious impediment to the extended service’s progress and it is noted that CPs, GPs, and consumers can be the origins of the barriers. For example, CPs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Nepal, Netherlands, Singapore, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates specify a lack of time to spend with their customers might be the paramount barrier to the extended services. Additionally, CPs in the United Kingdom and Australia have to reinforce self-confidence to perform such services since there is a potential lack of on-going training for them. Interestingly, it is notified that CPs in Russia and Sudan are incorporating a lack of clinical component in the pharmaceutical education as the obstacle which puts a stop to the extended services. Foremost, it is noted that CPs in the United Kingdom, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Australia, and China might lose their enthusiasm to implement such extended services due to reimbursement affair. Furthermore, CPs in the United Kingdom and Canada intensify the extended services and require financial support. Therefore, it is crucial intentionality to determine such barriers and CPs must have the devotion to rectify the situation with strong feeling and belief of each extended service that can benefit their customers at all.
\nLack of on-going interaction between CPs and customer: Jordan [14], Japan [28], Pakistan [38], HK [27, 29], Canada [17] | \n
Not regular customers: Canada [17] | \n
Customers do not like to be condemned for their lifestyles: Canada [17] | \n
CPs put more effort into product-oriented service: Jordan [14], Japan [28], Sin [9], HK [27], Russia [10], UAE [19, 20] | \n
Customers are in rush and do not have much time to interact with pharmacists: Canada [17] | \n
CPs are not always available at pharmacies: Canada [17] | \n
Pharmacy program in university is basically product-oriented rather than patient-oriented: China [15] | \n
Lack of clinical components in pharmacy education: Russia [10], Sudan [23] | \n
Absence of legal regulation to conserve customer medication documentation: Jordan [14] | \n
Lack of time to counsel: UK [11], Aust [13], Belgium [24], Nepal [25], Netherlands [12], Sin [9], Canada [17], UAE [19] | \n
Owner does not have the interest to provide such extended services: Canada [17], Russia [10], Mal [30] | \n
Customers do not have an idea about benefit of such extended services: Canada [17] | \n
Lack of interrelationship among the CPs: Sin [9] | \n
Shortage of pharmacists: Aust [13], Pakistan [38], Canada [17], China [15], Mal [34] | \n
Shortage of supporting staffs: UAE [19], Mal [33] | \n
Lack of financial support: UK [11], Canada [17], Mal [33, 36, 37] | \n
Lack of self-confidence to execute such services: UK [11], Aust [13], South Africa [18] | \n
Low perception of self-competence: UK [11], South Africa [18] | \n
CPs have been overworking: Canada [17] | \n
Language barrier: Mal [34] | \n
Lack of working relationship with other HPs: UK [11], Aust [13], Belgium [24], Sin [9], HK [27], Canada [17] | \n
Lack of managing support: UK [11], Mal [30] | \n
Such extended services are not composed of a conservative pharmacy profession: Aust [13], China [15] | \n
On-going searching for a location to perform: UK [11] | \n
Competition with colleagues for a location to perform: UK [11] | \n
Lack of confidence or trust among customers: UK [11], Belgium [24], Nepal [25], HK [29], UAE [20, 22] | \n
Customers are not ready to undergo a chance in the conservative practice: Canada [17] | \n
Customers reject to reimburse for such extended service: Aust [13] | \n
Lack of reimbursement scheme: UK [11], Aust [13], Belgium [24], Sin [9], UAE [19], Canada [17], China [15], Mal [30] | \n
Lack of clinical supporting tools: Canada [17], South Africa [18] | \n
Lack of recognition as a supreme healthcare practitioner: Pakistan [38], Sin [9], HK [27, 29], Sudan [23], UAE [21, 22] | \n
Lack of continuing support: UK [11] | \n
Having existence of many technical burdens to be sorted out: UK [11], Canada [17] | \n
Lack of knowledge and skills: Aust [13, 16], Belgium [24], China [15], Pakistan [38], Nepal [25], HK [27], Canada [17], Russia [10], Sudan [23], UAE [22], Mal [33, 34] | \n
Lack of competence to formulate a drug therapy plan: UK [11] | \n
Other HPs confuse with recent extended services: UK [11], Aust [13], HK [29], UAE [21], Sudan [23], Mal [32, 36, 37] | \n
Lack of on-going training program: UK [11], Japan [28], Aust [13], HK [27], Sudan [23], Mal [30, 33, 34] | \n
Lack of profitability: Mal [30, 33] | \n
Government/organizational puts a stop to such extended services: UK [11], Pakistan [38], Sin [9], HK [27, 29], UAE [19] | \n
Lack of an access to medication record: UK [11], Belgium [24], Sin [9], Aust [13], HK [27], Canada [17], Sudan [23] | \n
Other HPs have a negative way of thinking: UK [11], Aust [16], Pakistan [38], HK [27], Canada [17], UAE [21, 22] | \n
Lack of a return performance evaluation: UK [11] | \n
Such extended services confusticate the customers: UK [11], HK [27, 29], China [15], South Africa [18] | \n
Absence of a counseling space: UK [11], Belgium [24], Canada [17], South Africa [18], Mal [34] | \n
Absence of a principle model as a merit procedure for CPs: Canada [17], Russia [10], UAE [22], Mal [30] | \n
Lack of confidence and trust among GPs: Mal [32, 36, 37] | \n
Gender barrier: Mal [33] | \n
Health promotion which is carried out by the customers: Mal [30] | \n
Details of countries which indicate barriers toward performance of extended pharmacy services.
GPs, general practitioners; CPs, community pharmacists; HK, Hong Kong; UAE, United Arab Emirates; Sin, Singapore; Aust, Australia; UK, United Kingdom; Mal, Malaysia; CPs, community pharmacists; HPs, healthcare providers; #, number.
Most prominent in rank, it is noted that CPs might not have an interest to execute the extended services due to their absence of knowledge and skills as illustrated in Table 3. The reasons are putting into the frame that it is crucial to initiate a strategy formula in order to eliminate the barrier toward extended services. In absence of the strategy formula, CPs might not have the opportunity to undergo phenomenal experience via extended services. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to give intellectual to CPs who can take the first step to commerce a triage action mode as an earlier extended service in community pharmacy settings. Such action mode is a critical exercise because CPs are always in the right position to act as a ‘gate-keeper’ to the entire healthcare system. Following the sequence, it is believed that CPs might make a start to acquire knowledge and skills in dissimilar extended services in order to serve the customers. Nonetheless, it is necessary to institute a fundamental procedure for CPs to follow in making an accurate triage action plan. The procedure should be simple and easier to be carried out in the frenetic surrounding.
\nNevertheless, the consumers in point of fact are the paramount importance to the provision of extended services in community pharmacy settings. Such extended services turn to be ineffectual if the consumers refuse to admit the true benefits of such services. As a result, the consumers might testify against such extended services via their negative justification. For example, as illustrated in Table 3, it is noted that the consumers in Canada possess insufficient time to be in contact with CPs and such extended services are not adjudged to be the recipient to ameliorate their health status. Such feeling and beliefs are obstacles to the normal progress of commencing a wide range of extended services. Therefore, it is notified that some customers in Australia refuse to reimburse CPs for such services. Consequently, it is crucial to take into account of consumers to be members of policymaker so that their official spokesman can give intellectual, moral, and instruction to the society about the benefits of such extended services.
\nForemost, GPs and consumers must acknowledge the role of CPs as the supreme medication protector in the healthcare system. Their feeling and belief might make the extended services look more attractive or otherwise. Therefore, it is critical to determine their point of views regarding the provision of extended services in community pharmacy settings. As illustrated in Table 4, it is notified that CPs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan have taken into account of collaborating with GPs to operate such extended services. Such working relationship might bring benefits to consumers at all. For example, it is notified in an earlier study which signifies that such relationship can be a service to superintend hypertension patients [47]. Additionally, it is noted that such relationship in managing more chronic diseases have been reflected in an earlier review article [9]. Nevertheless, such working relationship might have potential to summon misconception in the responsibilities of both parties as notified in an earlier study [48]. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate a constructive strategy to fortify such working relationship in the healthcare system [49]. The strategy formula must have a conceptual framework as a general guiding principle to make it easier for CPs to work side-by-side with GPs. For that reason, an instrument is known as STARZ-DRP put into operation as a course of action to enroll both healthcare providers into a strategy medical team [50].
\nCustomers rarely adjudge the community pharmacy as a healthcare facility: Jordan [14] | \n
Having a tendency to minimize the general practitioners’ overburden duties: Aust [13] | \n
Supporting from the pharmacy associations to exercise such extended services: UK [11], Aust [16] | \n
Government’s rule to execute such extended services: UK [11] | \n
A solution to the shortage of general practitioners: UK [11] | \n
Reimbursement scheme for such extended service: UK [11] | \n
Determine to exercise their knowledge and skills: UK [11], Nepal [25], Aust [16], South Africa [18], Sudan [23] | \n
Determine to experience a new challenge in an on-going practice: UK [11] | \n
Advancing personal marketability: UK [11] | \n
A duty to take more responsibilities with their medication action plan: UK [11], South Africa [18] | \n
A potential to establish a working relationship with other healthcare providers: UK [11], Aust [16], HK [27], South Africa [18], UAE [21], Sudan [23], Mal [31, 33, 36, 37] | \n
Magnifying the superior image of pharmacy practice: UK [11], South Africa [18], Mal [33] | \n
A part to enlarge on-going career: UK [11] | \n
Benefit the profession in many aspects: UK [11], South Africa [18] | \n
Personal satisfaction: UK [11], Nepal [25] | \n
Benefit the customers: UK [11], Nepal [25], Sudan [23] | \n
Improving sales: Nepal [25], UAE [20] | \n
A strategic plan to eliminate business competition: Nepal [25], UAE [20] | \n
GPs are not favor of CPs to conduct the smoking cessation program: Mal [32] | \n
GPs are favor of CPs to determine the drug-related problems: Mal [32] | \n
GPs are willing to work side-by-side with CPs to review medication outcome: Mal [31, 32] | \n
GPs are aware of CPs more toward patient-oriented profession: Mal [31] | \n
GPs are not favor of CPs to document customers’ profiles: Mal [31] | \n
GPs are not favor of CPs to recorrect written prescriptions themselves: Mal [31] | \n
GPs are favor of CPs to refer customers to them: Mal [31, 32] | \n
CPs are not regarded as the best practitioner to advise GPs about the rationale medication use: Mal [31, 32] | \n
GPs should listen to CPs about written prescriptions’ issues: Mal [31, 32] | \n
CPs are not well trained to perform screening tests: Mal [31] | \n
GPs are favor of CPs to treat minor ailments: Mal [31, 32] | \n
CPs are underestimated by GPs: Mal [31] | \n
CPs’ knowledge and skills are underutilized: Mal [32] | \n
CPs are not well trained in clinical therapeutic knowledge: Mal [31] | \n
Customers appreciate extended services: Mal [33, 35] | \n
CPs are potential to counsel about health screening: Mal [33, 35] | \n
CPs are the best practitioner to educate about medications: Mal [31, 32] | \n
CPs should involve in health promotion: Mal [32, 33, 35] | \n
Details of countries which indicate perception of extended pharmacy services.
GPs, general practitioners; CPs, community pharmacists; Aust, Australia; UK, United Kingdom; UAE, United Arab Emirates; Mal, Malaysia; HK, Hong Kong.
It is necessary to have a fundamental procedure to follow in advanced prior to execute the other extended services. The procedure should help out CPs to have an initial idea regarding each individual feature acquired via counseling session. In other words, it is crucial for CPs to make an accurate triage action plan as an earlier extended service based on the up-to-date information. For example, the idea to refer the customers to GPs for immediate medical attention should be the first in the sequence of making a triage action plan. Such ethical responsibilities might have potential to save the customers’ life from inappropriate medication use. The following sequence is to help out CPs to make a medication therapy plan. It might involve CPs and customers to sit down and start to determine the ideal medication to alleviate the on-going minor ailments or maintain the current health status. Consequently, this sequence is magnifying the role of CPs as an adviser to the customers. The last sequence in a triage action plan is to help out CPs to assist their customers to experience the other extended pharmacy services which are available in community pharmacy settings as illustrated in Table 2. The main intention is to help out the customers to enhance their quality of life via CPs’ knowledge and skills. Furthermore, the knowledge and skills might have potential to add on more value to an earlier medical treatment or else. As a consequence, it is critical for CPs to start out this triage action mode as a fundamental extended service in advance. Therefore, STARZ-DRP is picked up as the appropriate fundamental procedure to follow via experience in an earlier study [43]. Foremost, STARZ-DRP is helping out CPs to execute the role as the supreme medication protector via determining the drug-related problem (DRP) which might have potential to be the origin of actual or potential medical problem [50]. As a consequence, it is the opportunity for CPs to interact with GPs to discuss in detail about the DRP which might be experienced by the customers.
\nSTARZ-DRP is a simple mnemonic to remember and it is initiated to make it easier for CPs to make an accurate triage action plan and distinguish the origins of DRP [50]. As illustrated in Table 5, the mnemonic integrates several words which are entitled to act as an action to scrutinize customer features. CPs are necessary to act in the same direction while operating the appraisal via the tool and it is prohibited to ignore a single word in STARZ-DRP. For example, there is an inclination toward a particular word in STARZ-DRP such as ‘A’ since it is not a conventional practice to assess such features. However, it is notified that such precise word might help CPs to determine critical signs and symptoms that require instant medical attention [51]. On top of that, CPs shall not fail to hit the single word is known as ‘Z’ in STARZ-DRP. Such a single word is the paramount importance to determine the origins of actual and potential drug-related problems. It has been notified in an earlier study regarding the potential of CPs to determine, counteract, and rectify drug-related problems [52]. In the authentic practice, the role to determine the origins of drug-related problems is the rightful possession of CPs. Furthermore, CPs are the supreme medication protector who are trained in superintending medication affairs in the healthcare system.
\nLetter | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
This is not a diagnostic tool, rather it is a format with the purpose of organizing a community pharmacist’s knowledge in a manner that allows him/her to begin identifying the actual and potential drug-related problems and subsequently referring triage patients to the appropriate healthcare professionals.
The patient’s vital signs will be measured when necessary. At times, the patient’s blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature are measured to aid the pharmacist in assessing the appropriateness of symptoms for self-medication.
STARZ-DRP has been initiated in a printed paper as illustrated in Figure 3. The main objective is to make easier for CPs to transcript the verbal data of customer features into a written version. Such a proceeding is to facilitate CPs to reminisce about earlier events when CPs counsel their customers during a follow-up session. Consequently, the proceeding might precipitate CPs to determine the successful result of the previous triage action plan. In other words, CPs might have to initiate another alternative triage action plan if the earlier blueprint disappoints to wipe out the origins of the medical and medication affair. In such authentic practice, a referral to GPs must be carried out using the form as illustrated in Figure 4 in order to request for advanced medical examination or advice. Interestingly, CPs can put in writing about their earlier observation so that GPs will have some ideas about the customers.
\nPharmacy self-care advice form.
Patient referral form.
An earlier study has pointed out that CPs’ knowledge and skills to make a triage action plan are ameliorated after CPs emerged in a STARZ-DRP training [53]. Additionally, significant differences are noted in some of the knowledge and skills after weighing up the mean scores of pre- and post-training. Among the significant differences, the self-confidence to assess and determine individual features that acquire immediate medical attention or non-prescription medications are noted. As a consequence, it is an aspiration if CPs can determine STARZ-DRP as a potential mode of action to execute the initial extended service in community pharmacy settings.
\nSincerely, such proceeding should be reimbursed with appropriate dollars as it takes CPs to perform their knowledge and skills to determine the triage action plan and origins of drug-related problems. In addition, CPs have to spend their time to interact with their customers via the proceeding. Foremost, CPs should be adjudged as a supreme healthcare practitioner in determining all medication affairs in the healthcare system.
\nIn general, STARZ-DRP might not have potential to help out CPs to execute extended services unless CPs are well trained in clinical therapeutic knowledge. Such knowledge should come into possession via higher pharmacy education in the university. In the absence of such knowledge, CPs might not have self-confidence to interact with customers. Subsequently, CPs might also have potential to keep distance from GPs as a way to avoid being cross-examined regarding the customers’ medication affairs. As a consequence, it is necessary to initiate a strategy formula to add in more clinical therapeutic knowledge in the pharmacy program.
\nAdditionally, STARZ-DRP acquires CPs to retain possession of customer features in a printed paper as illustrated in Figure 3. Subsequently, there is a potential to experience some issues like unable to track down the printed paper because it is not in its expected place or absence of a proper cabinet to put aside all printed papers. Therefore, in the near future, STARZ-DRP might have potential to be exercised via a softcopy version. Such a legible version might eliminate the issues as noted in advanced. As a consequence, STARZ-DRP is eligible for CPs who might have an interest to sustain their authentic practice in up-to-date scenario.
\nForemost, STARZ-DRP acquires CPs to allocate a few moments in their life to interact with the customers in order to understand about their features. Failure to execute the moments might have potential to put an end to other extended services. Therefore, it is crucial for CPs to have motivating force to perform STARZ-DRP as a mode of action. In the scenario, the pharmaceutical association should take the responsibilities to convince the policymakers to enforce a regulation for CPs to make an accurate triage action plan for each customer. The policymakers should have absolute understanding that STARZ-DRP might have potential to benefit the customers at all.
\nAftermost, CPs must allocate a space for a private conversation with their customers. It is necessary to have the private room in order to protect the information obtained via the conversation to be heard by other customers. Subsequently, it might have potential to ease the customers to voice out their features to CPs. As a consequence, CPs might have the opportunity to determine an appropriate triage action plan.
\nSTARZ-DRP is a conceptual framework for CPs and it emerges from the concept of PC which acquires CPs to determine DRP among the customers who are on short- or long-term treatment. STARZ-DRP had been incorporated into an earlier study in order to look into its feasibility to be put into practice in non-hospital independent facilities [50]. Interestingly, the model is able to coach CPs to determine a wide range of DRP as well as help out CPs to initiate an accurate triage action plan. Consequently, the end result is bringing to the public attention about the competence of the model to be the course of actions for CPs in their on-going practice. Subsequently, the model is on the right track to reject the idea as a theoretical work.
\nIn general, STARZ-DRP is actually helping out CPs to market their critical accountability as a supreme medication protector in the healthcare system. In other words, CPs must make sure that each customer is accessible to a wide range of medications which its safety, effectiveness, quality, and cost-effective are protected. It might involve the customers who are on short- or long-term treatment. Consequently, the role might have potential to magnify the image of CPs in the healthcare system. Moreover, the model acquires CPs to be more responsible with each decision made. Therefore, the model is practical to be put into the on-going practice despite different languages, culture, and healthcare modus operandi.
\nMoreover, STARZ-DRP might have potential to help out CPs in Malaysia to market their position as a healthcare provider after CPs are taken into account as an entrepreneur for such a long time [3]. STARZ-DRP might show the way for CPs to determine the basic extended service prior to other extended services in advanced. Subsequently, STARZ-DRP might have potential to influence CPs to add in more values into their conservative exercise. As a consequence, the scenario might attract the attention of other healthcare providers, policymakers, and customers to put their absolute trust on CPs to manage all medication affairs. Otherwise, the other medical practitioners like doctor and nurse might take the chance to market their knowledge and skills via managing the medication affairs. At the end, CPs will have to breathe harder in order to sustain their existing in the healthcare system.
\nCPs must move forward to market their expertise in dissimilar extended services. It is necessary to have such mission and vision in order to sustain their values in the eye of other healthcare providers, policymakers, and customers. It is noted in an earlier study that STARZ-DRP might have potential to eliminate a wide range of DRP in the community pharmacy settings [43]. Such a role points out that CPs can perform the identical exercise like the clinical pharmacists in the hospital settings. Subsequently, in the near future, it is necessary to review the definition of clinical pharmacists for the non-hospital settings. As a consequence, it might have potential to eliminate the image as an entrepreneur and put into the frame the image as a respected healthcare provider.
\nIt is notified that CPs can market their knowledge and skills via a wide range of extended service. Nevertheless, CPs must determine the origins of barriers toward such extended services and perceptions of the services in the eyes of customers and GPs. Consequently, CPs have to initiate a strategy formula to eliminate such barriers and perceptions. It is noted that STARZ-DRP is an applicable model to help out CPs to commerce an earlier extended service via the role as a ‘gate-keeper’. Additionally, STARZ-DRP might have potential to show the way the exact mode of action prior to other extended services in advanced. The rationale of the article is the fact that it might have potential to help out CPs to incorporate the concept of PC into their on-going practice. Moreover, the model as noted in advance is able to integrate CPs with GPs and work side-by-side for the sake of the customers. Subsequently, the model might have potential to magnify the image of CPs as a supreme medication protector in the healthcare system.
\nWe are grateful to those who make it easier for us to put the finishing touches on this article.
\nAuthors declare no conflict of interest in the study.
Thanks to Nazri Nordin, the doctoral degree (PhD) candidate who has put his effort to finish up this article on time.
The strong explosion in a small volume of a detonating gas mixture has been studied well in modern physics [1, 2]. The velocity of a detonation wave propagating in a spherical reactor can be calculated absolutely precisely with the use of a variety of original software programs [3]. There are also approximation formulas such as
\nwhere \n
is used. The work is aimed at analyzing the development of the process at the time moment, when the energy of a point explosion is equal to the energy of a burned gas, \n
A lot of researches were devoted to the emergence of detonation in a hydrogen-oxygen mixture [6, 7, 8]. At the same time, there are no works in the scientific literature dealing with the influence of initial conditions on the detonation process, when the blast wave propagates in the gas environment. In this paper it was possible to obtain the necessary results by studying the chain reactions [9] of the interaction of hydrogen with oxygen.
\nConsider an explosion in a chemically inert gas mixture. Let the point explosion occur instantly in a perfect gas with density \n
Schematic diagram of a shock wave from the point explosion.
Let the total mass of a gas engaged into a blast wave be concentrated in a thin layer near the front surface. The gas density here is constant and equal to that at the front,
This formula can be derived from the formula for strong shock waves [11] in the case where the Mach number \n
whence
\nSince the layer is very thin, the gas velocity in it almost does not change and coincides with that at the front,
In the shock wave theory, a more accurate formula is considered, which couples the gas flow velocity behind the shock wave front, \n
Let us denote the pressure at the inner layer side as \n
It can be used only within the limits
\nwhere the quantity \n
Here, we arrive at a detailed mathematical representation of formulas and equations, by using the already known relations (4) and (8), which are the conservation laws for the mass and the moment, respectively. However, the latter are not enough for the problem to be solved. One more equation is needed,
\nwhich is the energy conservation law. The explosion energy is constant and equal to a sum of two terms: the potential, \n
are valid. Moreover, we have Eq. (6), and
\nwhere \n
It should be noted that, in the given system of equations, relation (4) does not determine a connection between the regions separated by the shock wave front (regions 0 and 1). Instead, it couples the states before the explosion and after it. While solving this problem for the one-dimensional centrally symmetric flow, we come back to Eq. (8).
\nThe mass itself depends on the time, so that it is the momentum \n
Bearing in mind that
\nand integrating Eq. (13), we find
\nwhere \n
The internal energy is concentrated in a “cavity” confined by an infinitesimally thin layer. The pressure in the cavity is equal to \n
Expressing the quantities \n
Since the explosion energy \n
We determine the constant \n
and substituting it together with Eq. (20) into formula (15), we arrive at the expression for the shock wave velocity in the case of point-like explosion
\nor
\nwhere
\nDistinctive features of the problem consist in that the exothermic chemical reactions are possible in such a medium. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to assume that the blast wave continuously transforms into the detonation one. Let us consider the following model. An explosion in the gas generates a strong shock wave, which propagates over the gas and heats it up to a state, in which burning reactions become probable. We denote the energy of explosion by \n
where \n
where \n
Scenario of the continuous transformation of a blast wave into a detonation one:
It should be noticed that conditions (26) and (27) strongly restrict the scope, where the laws of point explosion in an inert gas are applicable to the flows in the detonating medium. However, if the energy \n
the combustion processes start to play a dominating role, and the gas flow will possess the main characteristics of the detonation combustion [12].
\nFrom the aforesaid, some interesting conclusions can be drawn.
The theory of a point explosion is proposed to be used for a combustible mixture of gases within the limits \n
When \n
It is evident that, if \n
Hence, we come to an idea of that, for the model of point explosion in a combustible mixture of gases to be valid at \n
Substituting the new values of \n
According to the integration rules, the quantity \n
The law of conservation of energy gives unpredictable results, but these results are quite possible, given that the energy of the system is changing.
\nLet us determine the shock wave velocity in the critical zone, when \n
where \n
Substituting Eq. (35) into Eq. (33), we obtain
where
At the time moment, when \n
taking into account that \n
For a plane wave, the following formula is widely known [11, 13]:
where \n
Gas mixture | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n2550 | \n2830 | \n9.9 | \n
\n\n | \n2089 | \n2330 | \n10.3 | \n
Shock wave velocities.
In this work, the ideal case of the transformation of an explosive spherical wave into the Chapman-Jouguet mode is considered. From this viewpoint, formulas (33) and (37) prove that the regime of normal spherical detonation can exist at the beginning of the process, much earlier before the curvature radius can be assumed tending to the infinity. Moreover, it demonstrates a possibility of the existence of the normal spherical detonation with a lower velocity of a shock wave in comparison with the classical one. The mathematical expression (38) is “actual” at the final stage, when the radius tends to infinity, i.e. for the plane wave. It should be noted that, in the gas dynamics researches, instead of the shock wave velocity, its ratio to the sound velocity in the unperturbed gas medium, \n
With regard for the formula for the sound velocity,
and expression (37), we obtain
\nFormula (41) demonstrates the dependence of the Mach number on the adiabatic index \n
The process of shock wave propagation is very fast. For instance, at the shock wave velocity \n
First of all, it should be emphasized that the matter concerns chain reactions. The Haber scheme [9] and the development of a chain reaction with the Haber cycle look like
\nReactions (42) and (43) correspond to the chain continuation, reactions (44) and (45) to the chain branching, and reactions (46)–(49) to the chain break. For reaction (42), the corresponding activation energy is supposed to be high, with not every collision of \n
In Semenov’s book [9], the expression for \n
where \n
or
\nFrom the physical viewpoint, this means that the probability reaches the maximum, and the branching occurs at every chain link. Then the interaction scheme changes, reaction (44) substitutes reaction (43), and a transformation to the Lewis scheme takes place. In this case, we obtain \n
In the summarized form, the cycle reaction looks like
and just this reaction is associated with the first fastest initial chain transformations that give rise to detonation.
\nLet a point explosion took place in a gas medium. In our case, the matter concerns the reacting gas media; therefore, the blast wave extinction may occur more slowly that usually; or it can be absent altogether, because a strong mechanism of chain reactions between hydrogen and oxygen starts to play its role. The ultimate result depends on the physico-chemical properties of the gas mixture and the initial energy of explosion. From this point of view, the most interesting is the model of a transition of the strong (overcompressed) detonation into the Chapman-Jouguet regime.
\nThe shock wave propagates from a region with a higher pressure into a region where the pressure is lower. The gas dynamics usually considers waves that have a sharp front. The region of shock-induced transition is a discontinuous surface, the shock wave front. The unperturbed state is designated by subscript 1 and the perturbed one by subscript. 2. The density \n
where Mach number, \n
Now, let us carry out a simple gedanken experiment. Let a spherical reactor contain a hydrogen-oxygen mixture with the initial parameters (\n
i.e. the critical temperature \n
where
is the partial hydrogen pressure (in mm Hg units) at the shock wave front [17], \n
Let us express \n
From Eq. (63), it follows that
or, in view of Eq. (69),
The temperature \n
Whence, we obtain
or, taking Eq. (73) into account,
The denominator in formula (68) also includes the hydrogen content,
(in this case, we impose a restriction on the gas mixture composition, \n
Then, formula (66) reads
Hence, we obtained the dependence which connects the initial pressure in the medium and the Mach number with the critical temperature at the shock wave front.
\nAfter the substitution of the corresponding numerical values of physical parameters of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture and taking into account that \n
Most of these quantities are well known. The values of the others are chosen for practical reasons. So, for example, \n
In the second one (\n
The transcendental equations were solved with the use of the software package “Consortium Scilab (Inria, Enpc)” with the program code “Scilab-4.1.2”. After the corresponding calculations, we obtained \n
Dependences of the critical temperature at the shock wave front,
One can see that the critical temperature grows nonlinearly with the Mach number. This behavior is not of surprise. The stronger the shock wave, the higher is the pressure at its front, and the higher is the probability of the chain break. As a result, we obtain the critical temperature growth, because the probability of chain break can be compensated only by the probability of chain branching, which increases with the medium temperature. However, this is not the main point. Knowing the critical temperature and the Mach number, it is possible to determine the initial temperature of the gas medium required for the detonation to take place. In other words, it is possible to determine such a temperature \n
To summarize, it should be noted that formula (37) determines the velocity of a detonation wave at the initial stage, if this wave is generated at the combustion of some “portion” (the parameter \n
The expression (66) obtained for the critical temperature is the simplest criterion for the transformation of the blast wave into a detonation one. At this temperature, \n
Gas mixture | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n273 | \n4.95 | \n1558 | \n1427 | \n
\n\n | \n273 | \n4.72 | \n1438 | \n1420 | \n
\n\n | \n273 | \n4.31 | \n1241 | \n1390 | \n
Parameter changes at the shock transition (\n
Comparing the \n
Gas mixture | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n373 | \n4.23 | \n1648 | \n1384 | \n
\n\n | \n373 | \n4.04 | \n1523 | \n1365 | \n
\n\n | \n373 | \n3.70 | \n1339 | \n1339 | \n
Parameter changes at the shock transition (\n
The practical results testify that the conditions for the emergence of spherical detonation have a drastic dependence on the temperature and the mixture composition. The relation obtained in this work allows the critical values of those parameters to be determined and, in such a manner, to stimulate the regime of supersonic burning in the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. In the future, the presented results can be used to determine the range of admissible values of the parameters of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture necessary for detonation. Thus, it becomes possible to improve the performance of engines, make them more efficient.
\n\n \n shock wave velocity, detonation velocity critical radius Mach number pressure, temperature, density of the medium gas velocity behind the shock front speed of sound in a stationary gaseous medium adiabatic index explosion energy burnt gas energy combustion energy of one mole of combustible gas molar mass universal gas constant Avogadro number coefficient of flammable gas content in the mixture chemical reaction rate branching probability is the partial pressure of hydrogen critical temperature hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule water molecule oxygen atom hydrogen atom compound of an oxygen atom with a hydrogen atom function of the variable \n exponential function increment of variable derivative much less much more aspires to line segment
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. 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In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"