Alloy chemical composition.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"125",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"PID Control, Implementation and Tuning",title:"PID Control",subtitle:"Implementation and Tuning",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The PID controller is considered the most widely used controller. It has numerous applications varying from industrial to home appliances. This book is an outcome of contributions and inspirations from many researchers in the field of PID control. The book consists of two parts; the first is related to the implementation of PID control in various applications whilst the second part concentrates on the tuning of PID control to get best performance. We hope that this book can be a valuable aid for new research in the field of PID control in addition to stimulating the research in the area of PID control toward better utilization in our life.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-166-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6003-8",doi:"10.5772/652",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pid-control-implementation-and-tuning",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"85fa6169048e8bdeb686e8c50cdce0d7",bookSignature:"Tamer Mansour",publishedDate:"April 19th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/125.jpg",numberOfDownloads:41091,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:61,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 29th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 4th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 16th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"64880",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"tamer-mansour",fullName:"Tamer Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64880/images/1636_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Tamer Mansour graduated from Tohoku University at 2008. Since then, he had been involved with the Aerospace Engineering Department at Tohoku University as a visiting researcher. He had published many papers in international journals like “Advanced Robotics” and “Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics.” He served as a reviewer for “Journal of Sound and Vibration” and “Robotica.” He had the experience in teaching and assisting during the period from 1996-2004. Since October 2004, he started his Ph.D. course and finished in July 2008. During this period, he had the experience as teaching assistant and research assistant in the graduate school of Engineering in Tohoku University. 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The unique feature of the novel DNN-PID controller is that it has highly simple and dynamic self-organizing structure, fast online-tuning speed, good generalization and flexibility in online-updating. The proposed adaptive algorithm focuses on fast and efficiently optimizing Gain Scheduling and PID weighting parameters of Neural MLPNN model used in DNN-PID controller. This approach is employed to implement the DNN-PID controller with a view of controlling the joint angle position of the highly nonlinear pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) manipulator in real-time through Real-Time Windows Target run in MATLAB SIMULINK® environment. The performance of this novel proposed controller was found to be outperforming in comparison with conventional PID controller. These results can be applied to control other highly nonlinear SISO and MIMO systems. 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Water electrolysis is one of the most effective ways of energy storage. Produced hydrogen can be used in the hydrogen refueling stations for fuel cell cars or used as a reactant with CO2 in the Sabatier synthesis producing methane.
\nThere are two types of the available commercial electrolyzers with different electrolyte: (1) alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) (2) proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer. The latter has much higher voltage efficiency than the former system. However, in alkaline electrolyzers, non-noble Ni-based catalysts are used, but in the PEM water electrolyzers, the noble Pt and IrO2 catalysts are used. The use of noble metal catalysts could become a problem for mass production.
\nIntermediate temperature water electrolysis has a potential to combine high efficiency with cheap catalysts. The molten KH2PO4 is a promising candidate for a proton-conducting electrolyte. Moreover, it has been shown that WC is a better catalyst than Pt for the hydrogen evolution reaction in this electrolyte at 260°C [1].
\nIn this paper, corrosion resistance of stainless steels (AISI 316, 321 and 347), high-nickel alloys (Hasteloy®C-276, Inconel®625), tantalum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, platinum, and gold was studied in the molten KH2PO4-K2H2P2O7 system.
\nEarlier, we have studied corrosion behavior of the same materials at 150°C in concentrated phosphoric acid as model system for the polybenzimidazol/phosphoric acid electrolyte [2–4]. This polymeric electrolyte was studied as a high-temperature (up to 200°C) alternative to the Nafion® electrolyte in PEM water electrolyzers. Unfortunately, the only material which was corrosion stable under these conditions was tantalum. It would be logic to expect similar results at 200°C in KH2PO4.
\nElectrochemical behavior of Pt and Au was already studied in the potassium dihydrogen sulfate melt in argon atmosphere at 265°C. It was found that the electrochemical stability window for the Pt electrode was 1.05 V with the hydrogen evolution reaction as the cathodic limit and the oxygen evolution reaction as the anodic limit. It has been also shown that gold is corrosion unstable at positive polarization.
\nRecently, we have studied the thermal behavior of molten potassium dihydrogen phosphate using differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy [5].
\nIt has been shown if the vessel is not pressurized at temperatures higher than ~100°C water tends to evaporate. KH2PO4 salts have various applications [6] and recently also the application of the melt as an electrolyte for high temperature water electrolysis was suggested [7]. Upon the melting process, water molecules are considered to participate in the formation of eutectic mixtures among phosphates and other salts, due to reactions such as [8, 9]:
\nwhere the melt loses water by evaporation, starting at ~180°C [10].
\nFurther heating of the system under open atmosphere will inevitably decompose it to the metaphosphate salt (KPO3)
There is evidently no true melting point at atmospheric pressure, as fusion is simultaneously accompanied by decomposition due to loss of water, as shown by evolution of gas (water vapor) from the crystals [12].
\nTransfer from KH2PO4 to (KPO3)
The chemicals KH2PO4, KHSO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, p.a.), and Ag2SO4 (Heraeus, 99.9% pure) were used as received.
\nThe gold and platinum wires sealed in Pyrex tubes served as working electrodes (the diameter of the wires was 0.2 and 0.4 mm, respectively). The other metal wires were sealed in alumina tubes with outer and inner diameter 4 and 2 mm, respectively. CC180W coating paste was used for sealing the wires inside the tubes and was provided by CeProTec (Germany). CVD tantalum-coated stainless steel AISI 316L (diameter 1.0 mm) was provided by Tantaline A/S (Denmark). Nickel and niobium wires (diameter 1.0 mm) were provided by Good Fellow Cambridge Limited (England). Both the nickel wire with a purity of 99.98% and hard tempered the niobium wire with a purity of 99.9% were annealed. W, Mo, Ti, and Ta wires with diameter 1 mm were provided by ChemPur GmbH, Germany. The rest of the metal wires were provided by Sigma Aerospace Metals LLC. Depending on the composition of the wires, the diameter varied from 0.5 to 0.7 mm. The working electrode area among all tested materials varied from 0.08 to 0.72 cm2. A platinum wire spiral served as a counter electrode. The reference electrode was a silver wire placed in a Pyrex cylindrical chamber with a Pyrex grade “3” frit bottom. A melt of KHSO4 saturated with Ag2SO4 was used as an electrolyte for the reference electrode. This electrode proved to be reliable during our previous studies [12, 13]. The potential difference between the Ag/Ag2SO4 and the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) is approximately 0.7 V at room temperature [14]. Typical chemical compositions of stainless steels and nickel-based alloys investigated in this work are given in Table 1.
\nAlloy type | \nNi | \nCo | \nCr | \nMo | \nW | \nFe | \nSi | \nMn | \nC | \nAl | \nTi | \nOther | \nNb + Ta | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AISI 347 | \n9.0–13.0 | \n– | \n17–19 | \n– | \n– | \nBal. | \n1.0 | \n2.0 | \n0.08 | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n0.8 | \n
AISI 321 | \n9.0–12.0 | \n– | \n17–19 | \n– | \n– | \nBal. | \n1.0 | \n2.0 | \n0.08 | \n– | \n0.4–0.7 | \n– | \n– | \n
AISI 316L | \n10.0–13.0 | \n– | \n16.5–18.5 | \n2.0–2.5 | \n– | \nBal. | \n1.0 | \n2.0 | \n0.03 | \n– | \n– | \nN less 0.11 | \n– | \n
Hastelloy®C-276 | \n57 | \n2.5 | \n15.5 | \n16.0 | \n3.75 | \n5.5 | \n0.08 | \n1.0 | \n0.02 | \n– | \n– | \nV 0.35 | \n– | \n
Inconel®625 | \n62 | \n1.0 | \n21.5 | \n9.0 | \n– | \n5.0 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n0.1 | \n0.4 | \n0.4 | \n– | \n3.5 | \n
Alloy chemical composition.
The electrochemical cell: (1) silicon rubber stoppers; (2) stainless steel cover; (3) viton ring; (4) stainless steel lid; (5) teflon lid; (6) ceramic tubes; (7) quartz tube; (8) oven; (9) pyrex glass; (10) counter electrode; (11) working electrode; (12) reference electrode; and (13) electrolyte.
Voltammetric measurements were performed in a three-electrode quartz cell shown in Figure 1. The cell was placed in a vertical aluminum-bronze alloy block furnace with temperature regulation within ±1°C. The temperature inside the cell was measured by a chromel-alumel thermocouple in a stainless steel cover. The thermocouple was placed between the walls of the Pyrex glass (position 9 in Figure 1) and the quartz tube (position 7 in Figure 1).
\nA condenser was placed above the electrochemical cell so that the escaping water from the melt could be condensed and run back into the melt. Because the amount of water which still escapes from heated KH2PO4 is not known, the composition of the melt is given as KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7.
\nAll steady-state voltammetric tests were performed at 260°C in air using potentiostat model VersaSTAT 3 and VersaStudio software by Princeton Applied research. For each experiment, polarization was initiated at −1 V vs. Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrode, followed to 1.4 V and then the polarization direction was reversed to the negative direction back to −1 V. The exchange current densities obtained during the backward scan were used to evaluate corrosion current densities. The scan rate was 1 mV/s in All the experiments.
\nSteady-state voltammetric curves obtained at the Pt electrode are presented in Figures 2 and 3. It can be seen that the cathodic limiting reaction (hydrogen evolution reaction) takes place at −0.6 V vs. the Ag/Ag+ reference electrode and the anodic limiting reaction (oxygen evolution reaction) proceeds at approximately 0.6 V vs. the Ag/Ag+ reference electrode (Figure 3). It can be seen from Figure 3 that the electrochemical stability window on Pt in the molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C is approximately 1.67 V.
\nPolarization curve for Pt wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Tafel plot for Pt wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
It is safe to assume the following limiting reactions:
\nPolarization curve for Au wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Moreover, in our recent study [5], electrolysis was performed by passing current through closed ampoules (vacuum sealed quartz glass electrolysis cells with platinum electrodes). The formation of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen gases as well as water vapor was detected by Raman spectroscopy. In this way, it was demonstrated that water presents in this new type of electrolyte can be electrolyzed at temperatures ~275 to 325°C via the reaction:
\nThe steady-state voltammetric curve obtained at the Au electrode is presented in Figure 4. It can be seen that the hydrogen evolution reaction takes place almost at the same potential as at the Pt electrode.
\nPolarization curve for Ta-CVD coating on AISI 316L wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Polarization curve for stainless steel AISI 316L wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Polarization curves for AISI 321L and AISI 347 wires in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
However, like in the molten KHSO4, gold demonstrated corrosion instability at positive polarization [12]. There is a reduction-oxidation reaction at around 0.6 V, which can be assumed to be Au electrochemical oxidation and the Au complex reduction, that is, corrosion of gold in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7.
\nPolarization curves for Hastelloy®C-276 and Inconel®625 wires in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Polarization curves for Nb and Ta wires in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
Polarization curve for Ni wire in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
The voltammetric data obtained for the stainless steels and the high-nickel alloys are presented in Figures 5–11 and Tables 2 and 3. It can be seen that stainless steels AISI 316 and AISI 347 are corrosion unstable in the studied media (Figures 6 and 7), with the AISI 316 undergoing corrosion dissolution at around 0.122 V and the AISI 347 anodically dissolving at −0.04 and −0.20 V. It is obvious from Figure 8 that Inconel®625 is more corrosion stable than Hastelloy®C-276. Among the alloys, the behavior is explained by the presence of Ti in the materials. Nb and Ta doping were not effective in preventing corrosion in the alloys. In this study, we did not concentrate on studying particular mechanisms of corrosion in different alloys rather the purpose of this study was to make a review and a selection of materials, which have the potential to be used in this electrolyte.
\nPolarization curves for Ni, W, Ti, and Ni wires in molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°C. Scan rate 1 mV/s.
\n | Potential vs. Ag/Ag2SO4 [mV] | \n|
---|---|---|
Sample | \nHER (at forward scan) | \nOER (at backward scan) | \n
SS AISI 316L | \n−720 | \n– | \n
SS AISI 321 | \n−675 | \n493 | \n
SS AISI 347 | \n−685 | \n505 | \n
Hastelloy®C-276 | \n−640 | \n– | \n
Inconel®625 | \n−640 | \n457 | \n
Pt | \n−594 | \n594 | \n
Au | \n−597 | \n699 | \n
Tantalum | \n−705 | \n– | \n
Niobium | \n−810 | \n– | \n
Nickel | \n−683 | \n– | \n
Reversible potentials, calculated from Tafel curves.
It is also clear from Figure 9 that at the Ta electrode, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) takes place at less negative potentials than at the Nb electrode. However, the HER exchange current is much higher at the niobium electrode. Both metals are electrochemically inactive at positive polarization and have high enough corrosion stability.
\nSample | \n[mV] | \n[mA/cm2 (CR, mm/year)] | \n
---|---|---|
SS AISI 316L | \n122 | \n1.2 × 10−1 (1.4) | \n
SS AISI 347 | \n36 | \n5.0 × 10−2 (0.6) | \n
Hastelloy®C-276 | \n96 | \n3.0 × 10−2 (0.4) | \n
Calculated corrosion currents and corrosion rates (from the backward polarization slope).
Both Ta (Figure 9) and Ni (Figure 10) demonstrate an obvious passivation at positive polarization (hysteresis between scans in the cathodic and anodic directions).
\nComparison between the electrochemical behaviors is shown in Figure 11. As it has already been mentioned, Ti and Ni demonstrate high corrosion resistance. This fact is in contrast to earlier results which demonstrated poor stability of titanium in hot phosphoric acid [6]. This can be explained by different acidities of two electrolytes: H3PO4 and KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7. In contrast to Ti and Ni, there is obvious anodic dissolution with passivation in case of Mo and W between −0.5 and 0.0 V. It should be also mentioned that at Mo, W, and Ni HER takes place at a potential close to the HER potential for Pt. Only at the Ti electrode HER proceeds at more negative potentials.
\nAmong the studied materials Pt, Ni, Ta, Ti, AISI 321, and Inconel®625 were the most corrosion stable in the molten KH2PO4/K2H2P2O7 at 260°. If we compare the corrosion resistance of the stainless steels and their composition (Table 1), we can conclude that Ti as an additive, and not Nb or Ta, increase corrosion resistance of the stainless steels in the studied media. Corrosion resistance of the high-nickel alloys shows that the higher the nickel content and the lower the Mo content the higher is the corrosion resistance.
\nCultivated rice is grouped in to the genus
Rice is an essential food crop that provides for most of world’s population. It is also the second most consumed among cereal crops that include maize, wheat, barley, sorghum and millet. Rice is a major cereal crop with high economic and nutritional importance [4, 5]. Worldwide the leading producers of rice are Indonesia, India and China who together account for 50% world production [6]. Africa accounts for only 3% of the world’s total production, with biggest producing countries being found in West Africa and they include Cote d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Mali. Mozambique and Malawi are the leading producers in Southern Africa. Madagascar and Egypt are also other substantial producers. In East Africa Tanzania ranks top in production followed by Kenya then Uganda [6].
In Kenya rice is mainly consumed as food with byproducts having other roles, for example rice hull is used as animal feeds, rice straw is also used as animal feed and substrate for growing mushrooms, while rice husks are used as cooking fuel [7]. In Kenya rice consumption has increased tremendously at an annual rate of 12% in comparison to wheat and maize that have increased at about 4% and 1% respectively. This is credited to changes in eating habits mostly among people living in urban centers [8]. Therefore, demand for rice is expected to increase further. In 2019 the annual rice consumption in Kenya was approximated to be 800,000 metric tons compared 130,000 metric tons produced the same year (Figure 1), the deficit was met through imports [6]. Current rice imports are estimated to be about $87.5 million consequently stretching other parts of the economy [6].
Rice production, imports and consumption in Kenya between 2015 and 2019.
Irrigated rice production land potential is about 540,000 ha while the production land potential for rain-fed ecology is 1.0 million ha [7, 9] currently area under production is estimated to be 30,000 ha. This indicates that if rain fed ecology potential is fully explored it will contribute to towards bridging production and consumption gap. Rice yield for irrigated rice is approximated at 4–6 t ha−1 while for rain fed is 1 t ha−1 which are below optimal production capability of about 10 t ha −1 and 7 t ha −1 respectively [7].
In Kenya like in many other sub-Sahara Africa counties rainfed rice farming has not been given priority [10]. With a potential of over 1 million ha about only 250, 000 ha are under rainfed rice crop [11]. Increasing Rain fed rice production is likely to increase the national rice production thus decreasing the rice import bill. This chapter aims at reviewing rainfed rice farming in Kenya by highlighting ecological conditions, ecological systems, the constraints faced by rainfed rice farming and discussing their potential solutions which if adopted can increase rice production in Kenya.
Rice plant water requirements is based on ecosystems under which it is cultivated. When it is grown as an upland crop under rain-fed conditions it needs 100 mm monthly rainfall and when grown as lowland crop it requires 200 mm rainfall per month. Rice can also be grown as lowland crop with standing water. Rice crop will need 125 mm monthly rainfall during vegetative stage while during ripening stage no standing water is needed. It is thus best adapted to grow with abundant water supply [12]. Rice grows in different soil conditions ranging from black clay that is heavy to sandy loam with a pH range of 4.5–7.0 and can tolerate water logged soils. Hot and humid condition with temperature ranging between 22o centigrade to 40o centigrade is the ambient climatic condition of rice. It grows well in altitudes of between 0 and 1700 meters above sea level [13].
Based on IRRI, rice farming is categorized into four ecosystems depending on source and water supply. This are irrigated, flood prone, rainfed lowland and rainfed upland and [14].
Irrigated ecosystems are the most widely utilized rice farming ecosystems accounting for over 75% percent of total yield. The ecosystem includes lager parts of Europe, Australia, America, Asia and Africa. Irrigation ecosystem is again grouped into irrigated wet season and irrigated dry season. Irrigated wet season involves cultivation of rice during the wet season and irrigation water supplements rainfall. Irrigated dry season involves planting rice when rainfall is usually low and water is majorly supplied by irrigation in places that usually experience high solar radiation and evapotranspiration. In irrigated ecosystem the fields are bunded and leveled, water level maintained at between 2.5 cm to 1.5 cm determined by availability of water. Rice seeding is by either transplanting or direct seeding. In Kenya irrigation farming is done in irrigation schemes under the management of the National Irrigation Board (NIB). Major irrigation schemes include Ahero, Bunyala, West Kano, Perkera, Hola, Bura and Mwea. Small holder irrigation farming is practiced along river valleys namely; Kore, Alungo Nyachoda, Wanjare, Anyiko and Gem Rae in Western Kenya and Kipini, Malindi, Shimoni and Vanga at the coastal region [11]. Dry irrigation entails continuous flooding and it is practiced in Mwea, Ahero, Bunyala and Western Kano irrigation farming. Dry irrigation must have continuous water supply and soils must have high water retention capacity. During drought water is rationed hence reducing productivity though currently, System Rice Intensification (SRI) has been introduced.
Flood prone ecosystems involves paddy-fields being subjected to unbounded flooding for a duration that is about 5 months and water depth might range up to a maximum of about 5.0 M during plant growth. In this deep-water condition rice plants, mostly floating rice varieties outstretch their stems to get to the water surface. Flood prone ecosystem is largely practiced in Africa and Asia and accounts for 7% of the world land under rice cultivation. The cultivation is mostly located in river deltas for instance the Ganges in India, Brahmaptura in Bangladeshi, the Mekong in Vietnam and Cambodia, Niger delta in Niger and Chao Phraya of Thailand. Deep water rice system is also extensively practiced in coastal areas of India, West Africa, Vietnam and Bangladeshi based on daily tidal inundation. Key constraint in this environment is soil and water salinity and flash floods. This ecosystem extremely variable due to unpredictable flooding and drought. Farmers in this ecosystem records about 1.5 t ha−1 average yield with the main stress being environmental making most applicable farming inputs ineffective [14].
Rainfed lowland ecosystem involves slightly bunded and leveled field where water supply is mainly by rainfall and the water depth and the duration depends on the rain season. The water level cannot be controlled and rice plants are severely exposed to drought, deep floods, and alterations between anaerobic and aerobic environments [14]. In Kenya Rain-fed lowland rice cultivation is practiced in Kwale, Kilifi and Tana River counties at the Coast region.
Upland ecosystems involve rice fields in straighten valley bottoms to hilly mountainous lands with slopes ranging from 40% to about 0% descend. In Upland ecosystem rice cultivation done by preparing fields that are seeded when dry. These ecosystems form about 13% of harvested rice areas worldwide but accounts for only 4% of the world’s total production. Upland rice is largely for a subsistence crop with yields approximated at 1 t ha−1 in areas with little inputs to 3–4 t ha−1 in situations where fertilizer application and supplementary irrigation is practiced. An estimated population of 100 million people are believed to depend on upland rice as their staple food. Upland rice is mostly grown in Asia (Bangladeshi and India), Africa and Latin America. These ecosystems have many constraints, mostly attributed to insufficient soil fertility, weed invasion and disease infection. Worldwide, rain fed ecosystem accounts for approximately 54 million ha of rice, mostly found in Africa and Asia [14]. In Kenya rain fed upland is grown in Kisumu, Busia counties in western Kenya and Kilifi, Kwale and Tana river counties of Coastal Kenya [15].
Rice varieties under rainfed conditions are categorized as traditional, introduced improved and hybrid rice. Traditional varieties are characterized by late maturity, low yields, lodging. However, they are adapted and are able to tolerate stresses such as pests and diseases, drought, weeds, salinity and even bird’s attack. Some traditional lines possess farmers preferred traits like aroma and good gelatinization temperature.
Under rainfed lowland ecology traditional lines include Madevu, Kitumbo, Kichana chawa, macho ya wanda, kijego, Matako Nyeusi, Moshi and Mtumbatu. Introduced improved lines show improved yield, earliness and less lodging. Rainfed lowland introduced improved lines include Komboka and MWIR 2. Komboka was introduced by Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) in co-operation with International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 2013. It is high yielding, good grain quality, semi aromatic and has high tillering ability. Supaa, a local landrace that is aromatic and late maturing is also grown particularly at the Kenyan coast. Highbred low land ecosystem rice lines are Arize Tej Gold and Arize 6444 Gold from Bayer East Africa that were evaluated and found promising by National Irrigation Board (NIB) however, there adoption remain low.
Rainfed upland introduced improved rice lines include MWUR 4,
A wide range of constraints affect rice production in Kenya mostly a biotic, biotic, socio-economic and management [18]. Abiotic constraints include drought and erratic rainfall. Biotic constraints comprise of pests, diseases and weeds while socio-economic includes land ownership, unfavorable trans-border trade, high cost of machineries and inputs, poor infrastructure, unskilled farmers, slow technological advance transfer, poor access to credit and uncoordinated marketing.
In Kenya drought and erratic rainfall is a major constraint that has limited production and led to low yields for rainfed rice farming [19, 20]. In reports done by [19, 21] at the coastal and central regions of Kenya, they both conclude that drought is a constraint of great importance in rain fed rice production in the country. During drought years in Kenya rice yield in the paddy system potential drops to 1.4 t ha−1 from a potential of between 2.7 t ha−1 to 5.4 t ha−1 in a good year. Rice is very sensitive to drought especially during the reproductive stage where if there is drought then it leads to significant yield losses. Drought stress reduces peduncle rate of elongation and length at the booting stage. Reduction in peduncle elongation majorly predisposes reduction in panicle exertion rate [22, 23]. This results in either incomplete or failure of the panicles to exsert from the boot. Moreover, there is spikelet sterility from the damaged and abnormal development of the reproductive organs [23].
Weeds compete for vital nutrients with rice plants. Weeds serve as alternative hosts for diseases, pests and rodents. Weeds have a cumulative effect of suppressing rice plants growth thus reducing yield. Common weeds in Kenya include;
Diseases are also a major constraint to a Kenyan rainfed farmer. Common diseases include; Blast caused by
Land ownership system has led to land fragmentation in potential areas as population increases. This has made it difficult to utilize mechanization in rice farming processes leading to reliance on manual labor which rises production costs narrowing profits margins for farmers. Furthermore, women who are key players in rice production are traditionally not allowed to own land though Kenyan laws provide for women land ownership [26].
There is a lot of informal trade with Tanzania and Uganda. There is uncertified rice seeds movement which presents challenges to the rice sub-sector development. With no harmonized tariffs on germplasm trade between the East African community neighbors controlling this type of trade has been a challenge. There has also been illegal importation of cheaper milled rice from other countries which leads to low prices for the Kenyan farmer hence hurting profits.
The cost of acquiring machineries such as tractors and farm inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides is so high. This has been a disincentive to farmers on use of machineries and farm inputs. This has driven production cost high reducing farmers profits margins.
In Rainfed rice systems poor infrastructure has been a major constraint to farmers. Rice mills are unevenly distributed forcing farmers to rely on traditional milling methods which are labor intensive, and lead to low quality and low percentage of milled rice recovery from paddy rice. Poorly developed roads, drainage, communication and viable public-private sector partnerships contribute to low rice productivity. More improvement in rice milling value chain could improve rice production. A study done in Rwanda by [27] showed that the system of processing rice in small hullers did not to contribute to increasing domestic supply. This was attributed to hulled rice of poor quality that was demonstrated by 30% decrease in prices of domestic rice compared to imported rice. Other aspects in which millers affects rice production is in relation to their location. Rice mills located far from farms implies high cost of transportation and this drives up production costs. The high milling costs implies farmers being unable to recover their production costs since cost of transporting paddy rice which is bulky than rice that has been milled by about 40% is expensive [28].
Most farmers lack modern rice farming skills instead relying on traditional farming methods that have been overtaken by time. As new advancements in technology in rice are made the rate at which the technology is transferred to farmers is slow. Extension staff services are inadequate and at times the staff themselves have limited capacity on educating the farmers.
Most rainfed rice farmers do not have access to credit as most are small scale and subsistence farmers. Marketing is done individual farmers unlike in irrigation ecosystem where it is coordinated. Individual uncoordinated marketing makes the farmer lose ability to bargain for better prices exposing them to brokers who exploit them.
Breeding of drought tolerant lines can effectively address frequent droughts problem in rainfed lowland and upland rice ecosystems [29]. The technology is cheap; costs less to grow drought tolerant lines than to grow a susceptible one. Yield performance under both drought stressed and non-drought stressed environments are realized, with the drought tolerant line having the ability to be cultivated in all seasons with no yield penalties in the good years [20]. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt early maturing lines like the NERICAS. Breeding for early maturing lines can be used to come up with genotypes that mature faster thus evading drought stress especially in rain fed production [30]. Using improved water storage, harvesting and underwater could supplement rain in rainfed system avoiding total crop failure when rains fail or are inadequate. This can also increase irrigation potential to 1.3 ha [15].
Enhancing access to farm inputs and equipment’s could increase yields. The government needs to subsidize fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers must also have access to appropriate germplasm and variety maintenance. The government should ensure sufficient production, supply and marketing of high-quality equipment’s. The County governments need to have facilities that allow for hiring of expensive equipment’s and machinery e.g., tractors to farmers.
To discourage farmers from using low yielding long durational lines, lines development should be specified based on agro-ecological zones though seed multiplication should be in areas that experience low abiotic stresses. Researchers should develop breeder and foundation seed that is maintained by research institutions. Scientist certified seed should be reproduced by seed merchants who should in turn sell it to seed stockiest in rice growing areas as per projected requirements to ensure they are easily accessed by farmers. This should be followed by massive sensitization of extension officers and farmers on the new lines in the market [25].
Organize farmers into cooperative societies and common interest groups. This makes it easier to market their rice and access credit facilities. State funded credit agencies e.g., Agricultural Finance Cooperation (AFC) should be encouraged to lend to farmers.
Construction of modern mills will promote rainfed rice farming. Improving roads, construction of health facilities to provide health services to curb water-borne diseases are other infrastructural improvement that could promote rice farming. Furthermore, both national and County governments must provide incentives and formulate policies that encourages private sector partnerships. Temperature regulated bulk seed storage facilities should also be built. Fully equipped soil analysis laboratories as well as rice harvesting machines be made available to farmers.
Improving rice mills also contributes to improved income by offering employment. These mills support food security, and increase competition that will bring down milling costs to farmers [31]. There is need to put in efforts to modernize and improve rice milling subsector. Efforts should be put in place to promote setting up of mult-pass rice mills with recovery rate of about 70% of un-husked rice compared to single pass mills with recovery rate of about 57%. In addition to that, mult-pass mills have a lower split rice percentage of about 14% compared to 27% in single pass mills. To support farmers in this situations, possible approaches to be employed include; supplying multi-stage rice mills to farmers co-operatives societies, using rural social entrepreneur to supply rural mills, assisting millers and farmers to set up out grower agreements and developing models to upgrade central and decentralized local milling technologies [31, 32].
The government should commission studies on inventories on post-harvest facilities for rice, losses assessment and information gathering that supports government planning and other stake holder’s intervention to the sub-sector. Better storage facilities need to be developed and promoted, to support the milling section further the government and county governments should promote technological knowhow on agronomic applications and post-harvest technologies that entails agricultural processing to reduce losses.
Furthermore, a need also arises to utilize other energy and drying technologies like solar drying systems and hybrid’s systems that use both rice straws and solar, collapsible dryers, portable thermal dryers and other renewable energy technologies. This will greatly reduce post-harvest losses. Another way of pushing profits margin up for farmers is utilizing rice by-products mostly husks that make up to about 20% of paddy in animal feeds production, bio-fertilizers and briquettes [31].
Researchers’ farmers and extension officers should be trained on modern rice production techniques and utilization. Setting up new training institutions and revitalizing existing ones to undertake capacity building in rice specific courses. Extension officers be posted to rice growing areas to improve quality inspection and its enforcement. Fully functional research and extension infrastructure should be set up to promote development, packaging, and timely disseminating of appropriate technology to extension officers, farmers organizations and other stakeholders. Farmers-extension-research linkages should also be improved and strengthened.
To increase Kenyan rice production further emphasis, need to be on small scale rainfed farmers. By addressing the constraints like drought and erratic rainfall, weeds, pest and diseases, cheap imports, land ownership and poor infrastructure through; mitigation against drought and erratic rainfall, improving farm inputs and equipment, increasing germplasm production and distribution, credit support and marketing to farmers, improving farmers skills through technological transfers and infrastructural development. Rainfed rice farming production potentials could be unlocked resulting in improved rice production.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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However, the current system evaluation toolkit does not recommend specific areas required for further improvement. The objective of this chapter was to identify those constructs and their attributes that were the most suitable candidates for managerial intervention by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. In doing so, the quantitative survey was adopted from the past studies together with new items creation representing system quality, records quality, service quality, and knowledge quality as the predictors while effective use and user performance as the outcomes. When extending the findings in importance‐performance map analysis, two‐system quality attributes (workflows fit and work styles fit) and all‐knowledge quality attributes exhibited higher importance rank for managerial actions. The chapter also provides a valuable recommendation for the policy and decision‐makers at the managerial level on how to apply the proposed system evaluation method in producing more efficient strategic‐planning strategies for further system upgrades and new implementation at health facilities.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh, Rosni Abdullah and Nasriah Zakaria",authors:[{id:"198049",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Idzwan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-idzwan-mohd-salleh",fullName:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh"},{id:"205599",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosni",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"rosni-abdullah",fullName:"Rosni Abdullah"},{id:"205600",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasriah",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"nasriah-zakaria",fullName:"Nasriah Zakaria"}]},{id:"54483",doi:"10.5772/67818",title:"Assessment of Avoidable Mortality Concepts in the European Union Countries, Their Benefits and Limitations",slug:"assessment-of-avoidable-mortality-concepts-in-the-european-union-countries-their-benefits-and-limita",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The concept of avoidable mortality is intended to assessing health care system performance. It is defined as premature deaths from selected disease groups that are considered either treatable through the timely and effective health care (amenable mortality), or preventable by public health interventions (preventable mortality). The purpose of study is to analyse the impact of four lists of causes of death created by researchers on amenable mortality by country, sex and cause of death. Data on deaths were obtained from the WHO database for 20 European Union countries in 2014. We applied the method of direct standardisation using the European Standard Population, Spearman rank‐order correlation with statistical significance tests and confidence intervals. We found that the selection of diseases considered as amenable has not significantly impact on the cross‐country comparison, but the weight of selected list of causes of death is significant at the national level. The concept has several limitations relating to selection of diseases and setting age threshold over time, availability of health care resources, prevalence of diseases or variation of causes of death coding among countries. However, indicator of avoidable mortality offers a way of the evaluating effectiveness of health systems in maintaining and improving population health.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Beata Gavurova and Tatiana Vagasova",authors:[{id:"197261",title:"Prof.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Gavurova",slug:"beata-gavurova",fullName:"Beata Gavurova"},{id:"201172",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Vagasova",slug:"tatiana-vagasova",fullName:"Tatiana Vagasova"}]},{id:"54609",doi:"10.5772/67817",title:"The Efficiency of Post‐Communist Countries’ Health Systems",slug:"the-efficiency-of-post-communist-countries-health-systems",totalDownloads:1255,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Health‐care costs are a major financial burden for the transition economies, which have experienced rapidly increasing demand for health‐care services. The former communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia needed to reform the financing of their health‐care systems and make efforts to strengthen the role of primary care while limiting the role of hospital care. The growing health needs and, consequently, costs resulted in the increased attention paid to the performance of health systems. The aim of this chapter is to determine the efficiency of health systems in post‐communist countries. The data envelopment analysis method was used. The effective health systems were identified and recommendations for the inefficient countries were formulated.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Justyna Kujawska",authors:[{id:"198853",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kujawska",slug:"justyna-kujawska",fullName:"Justyna Kujawska"}]},{id:"56415",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69954",title:"Low-Cost Health/Medical Tourism of Italians",slug:"low-cost-health-medical-tourism-of-italians",totalDownloads:1204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In recent years, becoming a form of spatial mobility of people is mainly called “medical tourism or health tourism”. In Italy the adoption of the expression “turismo sanitario” is often used as an international expression synonymous with “medical tourism or health tourism”: this situation raises a number of conceptual problems. In fact, the Italian public health service is one of the most developed in the world and is distinguished by many nations to the fact to offer its citizens free of charge and many health care services. In this situation, the Italian citizen in need of medical care is not convenient to travel to other places and is not obliged to do so. In fact, the Italian citizen tends to move for medical and health care that the Italian public health service does not deliver at no charge: such as dental care, we will deal with this case illustrating some examples of dental tourism low cost of the Italians. However, from our point of view, tourism period may be coupled to the trips to the health or well-being only in cases where the journey is “voluntary.” All this will be discussed in this paper.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Tullio Romita and Antonella Perri",authors:[{id:"204991",title:"Dr.",name:"Tullio",middleName:null,surname:"Romita",slug:"tullio-romita",fullName:"Tullio Romita"},{id:"213614",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Perri",slug:"antonella-perri",fullName:"Antonella Perri"}]},{id:"73241",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93604",title:"Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents",slug:"epidemiology-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:735,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. Childhood obesity is a critical burden because it can be associated with a higher possibility of obesity, premature death, and disability in adults, as well as early markers of cardiovascular disease. In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6–9 years were severely obese in Europe. Particularly, Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Spain had one in five children obese in 2018. In Europe, different initiatives and actions have been launched in recent years to fight childhood obesity. However, the progress on combating obesity in children has been slow and inconsistent across the region. In this chapter, we have discussed the prevalence of obesity in children and existing policies to combat childhood obesity in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Giulio Nittari, Stefania Scuri, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Fabio Petrelli and Iolanda Grappasonni",authors:[{id:"322429",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Nittari",slug:"giulio-nittari",fullName:"Giulio Nittari"},{id:"322447",title:"Prof.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Grappasonni",slug:"iolanda-grappasonni",fullName:"Iolanda Grappasonni"},{id:"322448",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Scuri",slug:"stefania-scuri",fullName:"Stefania Scuri"},{id:"323556",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Petrelli",slug:"fabio-petrelli",fullName:"Fabio Petrelli"},{id:"323558",title:"Dr.",name:"Getu Gamo",middleName:null,surname:"Sagaro",slug:"getu-gamo-sagaro",fullName:"Getu Gamo Sagaro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73280",title:"Teamwork in a Surgical Department",slug:"teamwork-in-a-surgical-department",totalDownloads:1241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Teamwork is essential in surgery. A surgeon alone cannot fulfill his daily tasks. Surgical departments are divided into surgical teams: the surgical team in the operating theater, the surgical ward team, and the surgical emergency team. The common task of those teams is adequate patient care. The characteristics of team members describe necessary abilities such as: open communication, effective coordination skills, collaboration willingness, interdependency, mutual performance monitoring, backup behavior, adaptability, team orientation, and personality type. Team processes are recurring and ongoing short-term courses that occur in the team. The team developmental model separates the development of a team in four stages over a longer period of time. In the last stage, the team reaches the highest level of teamwork performance. Each team must be assessed for their nontechnical skills with team measurement tools. Surgical teams are insufficiently measured. There are possible disadvantages in teamwork, which must be considered and discussed versus the obvious benefits. Leadership is a process where the leading team member sets the direction for the others. There are different styles of leadership, whereby the dominant role of the leader is more or less pronounced. Leadership and teamwork are not contradicting characteristics of teams in the surgical department.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Nikolai Ramadanov",authors:[{id:"322676",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Ramadanov",slug:"nikolai-ramadanov",fullName:"Nikolai Ramadanov"}]},{id:"54844",title:"Extending Health Information System Evaluation with an Importance‐Performance Map Analysis",slug:"extending-health-information-system-evaluation-with-an-importance-performance-map-analysis",totalDownloads:1483,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Evaluation of a health information system is necessary for determining effective use and for enhancing the productivity of medical practitioners. However, the current system evaluation toolkit does not recommend specific areas required for further improvement. The objective of this chapter was to identify those constructs and their attributes that were the most suitable candidates for managerial intervention by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. In doing so, the quantitative survey was adopted from the past studies together with new items creation representing system quality, records quality, service quality, and knowledge quality as the predictors while effective use and user performance as the outcomes. When extending the findings in importance‐performance map analysis, two‐system quality attributes (workflows fit and work styles fit) and all‐knowledge quality attributes exhibited higher importance rank for managerial actions. The chapter also provides a valuable recommendation for the policy and decision‐makers at the managerial level on how to apply the proposed system evaluation method in producing more efficient strategic‐planning strategies for further system upgrades and new implementation at health facilities.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh, Rosni Abdullah and Nasriah Zakaria",authors:[{id:"198049",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Idzwan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-idzwan-mohd-salleh",fullName:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh"},{id:"205599",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosni",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"rosni-abdullah",fullName:"Rosni Abdullah"},{id:"205600",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasriah",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"nasriah-zakaria",fullName:"Nasriah Zakaria"}]},{id:"73241",title:"Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents",slug:"epidemiology-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. Childhood obesity is a critical burden because it can be associated with a higher possibility of obesity, premature death, and disability in adults, as well as early markers of cardiovascular disease. In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6–9 years were severely obese in Europe. Particularly, Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Spain had one in five children obese in 2018. In Europe, different initiatives and actions have been launched in recent years to fight childhood obesity. However, the progress on combating obesity in children has been slow and inconsistent across the region. In this chapter, we have discussed the prevalence of obesity in children and existing policies to combat childhood obesity in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Giulio Nittari, Stefania Scuri, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Fabio Petrelli and Iolanda Grappasonni",authors:[{id:"322429",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Nittari",slug:"giulio-nittari",fullName:"Giulio Nittari"},{id:"322447",title:"Prof.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Grappasonni",slug:"iolanda-grappasonni",fullName:"Iolanda Grappasonni"},{id:"322448",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Scuri",slug:"stefania-scuri",fullName:"Stefania Scuri"},{id:"323556",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Petrelli",slug:"fabio-petrelli",fullName:"Fabio Petrelli"},{id:"323558",title:"Dr.",name:"Getu Gamo",middleName:null,surname:"Sagaro",slug:"getu-gamo-sagaro",fullName:"Getu Gamo Sagaro"}]},{id:"73609",title:"Spiritual Environment Management Tool",slug:"spiritual-environment-management-tool",totalDownloads:560,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter is about the spiritual environment management tool, which includes spirituality at work and spiritual practices. This management tool is divided into two steps: diagnostic of the worker’s perceptions about spirituality at work (first step) and spiritual practices design (second step). By meaning, spirituality at work can help healthcare managers to build effective teamwork in medicine. Spirituality at work has a multidimensional and measurable nature and is aligned with the three principles of the World Health Organization, based on two arguments: the new approach should be preventive and should promote partnership. This fact allows the managers as well the human resource department to classify the organizational environment on the next spiritual issues in the first step: meaningful work; opportunities for inner life; the sense of community; alignment with the organization’s value; emotional balance and inner peace. The reduction of medical errors to improve patient safety require the performance of multistep tasks of the great complexity of healthcare professionals, and this chapter pretends to show how the spiritual environment management tool can contribute with the “all working together” goal through a multi-disciplinary care team.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Maria Joelle",authors:[{id:"230270",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Joelle",slug:"maria-joelle",fullName:"Maria Joelle"}]},{id:"54168",title:"European Health System Typologies: Last 30 Years Under Review",slug:"european-health-system-typologies-last-30-years-under-review",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The quest of the researcher to classify national health systems into homogeneous groups has a long history. In this paper, the last 30 years are divided in two periods (1985–2000 and 2000–2015) in order to present and briefly describe the most influential national health system typologies.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Aida Isabel Pereira Tavares",authors:[{id:"196819",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"aida-isabel-tavares",fullName:"Aida Isabel Tavares"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"461",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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