Comparison between the capacitive power transfer and inductive power transfer.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"758",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Osteoporosis",title:"Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Osteoporosis is a public health issue worldwide. During the last few years, progress has been made concerning the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanism of the disease. Sophisticated technologies have added important information in bone mineral density measurements and, additionally, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone. New bone indices have been developed from biochemical and hormonal measurements in order to investigate bone metabolism. Although it is clear that drugs are an essential element of the therapy, beyond medication there are other interventions in the management of the disease. Prevention of osteoporosis starts in young ages and continues during aging in order to prevent fractures associated with impaired quality of life, physical decline, mortality, and high cost for the health system. A number of different specialties are holding the scientific knowledge in osteoporosis. For this reason, we have collected papers from scientific departments all over the world for this book. 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Deliver long-range power over great distances is very interesting in the future. For this reason, the Wireless Power transfer (WPT) is a versatile modern technique that can be used by a range of electrical devices. Batteries play an important role in the mobility but have a high initial cost and a short life. For example, the first application of quick wireless charging has been applied in vehicles for public transportation in the traditional bus stations [1]. This form of application has such a small distance between stations and a short waiting period that it has been readily embraced by the WPT for electrical charging. Furthermore, research into EV wireless charging while driving or parking is really appealing and is helping to grow the industry [2]. Another case in point is the spread of so-called commercial electronics. This sector has already seen commercial successes of these WPT systems, particularly for smart-phone chargers, due to the problem of limited battery time and the large use [3]. Although it is difficult to realise those applications because the power must penetrate a thick material like the skin, the benefits of using a WPT device are definitely clear in implantable equipment for health care [4]. Wireless power distribution removes the need for percutaneous cables or surgeries to replace batteries, which may be uncomfortable and infection-prone. This results in a reduced size and lighter weight, or the removal of an energy storage feature that provides patient comfort. In both of these implementations, the propagation distance is critical to the application’s reliability.
An electric power is transmitted from a source such as a generator or a battery to a load if an electric potential differential is applied over a conductor. The use of cables and wires to link the source to a load is the preferred method to allow the electrons flow. However, electronic devices are getting smaller and more compact as technology progresses. Obtaining energy from a cable attached to a power outlet can no longer be a viable option. Mobile devices that involve a smart power supply management are being built and implemented. As a result, a wired connections restrict their mobility and, in some situations, may not be a secure choice if they are damaged.
Electrical energy can be converted into other types of energy that can be transmitted through a particular medium without the use of conductive wires. The use of radio waves to transmit information, such as sound, video and data is a clear example of transmitting energy wirelessly. In a radio station, a voltage signal reflecting the information is produced and then converted into an electromagnetic energy pulse, which is broadcast into the atmosphere, where it spreads in all directions. An antenna detects the electromagnetic energy signal at a lower energy frequency. This signal is then converted back into an electrical voltage signal from which the information is derived.
Depending on the distance between transmitter and receiver, the power can also be converted in energy and then transmitted. Electromagnetic waves are generated in the surrounding media by any electromagnetic field source (point particle, dipole, antenna, or coil). The electromagnetic waves are distinguished by the properties of the fields and how these are associated with the medium in which they are travelling. These fields are normally divided into two types: the near-field and far-field (shown in Figure 1), based on their distance from the source and, more specifically, the characteristics of the dominant waves in this area.
Representation of wireless power transmission in (a) far field where is highlighted the rectenna, and (b) near field.
In addition to the near-field, it can be further subdivided into the reactive (non-radiative) near-field and the radiative. The wavelength of the field source is normally used to define these limits as shown in Figure 2. As a consequence, an electromagnetic (EM) wave’s wavelength, which is proportional to its energy, defines how it interacts with its surroundings. Its limits depends on the wavelength
Region partition depending from the wavelength
The reactive (non-radiative) region is on the very short range of
The first methods of electromagnetic coupling were discovered by Tesla in the 1900s [7], by capacitive coupling, which is possible to use the electric field for power transfer in the near-field. However, there was a high voltage present between the transmitter and receiver, which could result in electric shock. The main reason is that the experiment was based on the electric arc. The two electrodes on the capacitor are the transmitter and the receiver of the power transfer system with the air being the dielectric. During each voltage pulse, the output voltage rises to the point where the air around the high voltage terminal ionises, causing corona, brush discharges, and streamer arcs to emerge from the terminal, as shown in the Figure 3. This event occurs only when the electric field strength surpasses the air’s dielectric strength, which is around
Recent demonstration of the Tesla experiment in Ref. [
The CPT is based on this functionality, where two parallel plates (a capacitor) are on a very small distance apart because of safety issues of the above mentioned electric arc. The transmitter is attached to the first plate on each capacitor, and the receiver is connected to the second plates, as shown in Figure 4. Air is the dielectric forming a capacitor of:
Principle of the capacitive power transfer (CPT).
where
This design can be expanded by adding two connected capacitor plates in both sides (transmitter and receiver) with an electric field between them, as shown in Figure 4. The created electric field causes an alternating current to pass in the receiver plates. Thus, power is being sent through the secondary plates of the receiver. The capacitive area is designed after the application, where plates can take on multiple shapes, for example, rectangular, disc, or cone, or specific architecture such as a matrix [10].
The amount of power transmitted (power loss on the components is neglected) through the capacitor electric field is thus approximately calculated:
where
The use of a magnetic field for power transfer has the safety benefit of not using high voltages and not interacting with most biological material. As a result, the magnetic field is used in the majority of modern near-field WPT studies and has a vast range of applications. A non-radiative magnetic field is produced by passing an alternating current (AC) through a coil known as the transmitter, as shown in Figure 5. When a load circuit is in vicinity to the reactive area, an electromotive force (EMF) is produced in a second coil, known as receiver. In this way, the electrical power is passed from the transmitter’s coil to the receiver’s coil. There is a mutual inductance between between the transmitting and receiving coils. This inductance is one of the most significant parameters that affects the power transmitted in inductively coupled wireless power transfer systems.
Principle of the inductive power transfer (IPT).
The mutual inductance M between two coils, Tx and Rx, is shown in Figure 5, where alternating current is guided inside coil, Tx, and induced current appears in the coupled coil, Rx. The current flowing in
where
The amount of power transmitted (power loss on the components has been neglected) through the magnetic field is thus approximately calculated:
where
Research studies into the inductive power transfer in IPT has been focused on increasing the yield. Performance and reliability are sure to be improved as new designs, components, such as core, coil shapes and configurations, and ways of handling conductivity, are further researched [11, 12, 13]. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computerised method to predicting how the magnetic field is distributed in the air and how coils react to real-world forces, heat and other physical effects. In Figure 6 it is shown the simulation of WPT system by using ANSYS Electronic v14, where it can be seen the diffusion (Figure 6a) and the flux lines (Figure 6b) of the magnetic field.
Magnetic field shown in ANSYS software simulation: (a) the diffusion and (b) the flux lines of the magnetic field.
A largely adopted technique in the near-field magnetic coupling is the resonance which has largely extended the potential of the near-field WPT. A capacitor is connected to the coils to form the LC resonant tank. Therefore, an impedance transformation network is made by the resonant tank at the oscillation frequency
where
As a whole, WPT (both IPT and CPT) throughput power decreases in a linear trend (for a log scale) with increasing frequency. It is likely that this limitation is primarily determined by power electronics limitations, rather than coupling characteristics, since it affects IPT and CPT equally. As the frequency increases, the output power is limited by losses. This limitation appears in both IPT and CPT applications. The average power is increased by 10-fold in the last 10 years, with the frequency also increased by 10-fold. In part, this is attributed to the development of wide bandgap devices and the refinement of coupling structures to minimise losses. It is expected that the power-frequency empirical limitation will continue to increase with time, essentially like a “Moore’s Law” trend or variant for WPT. In Table 1, there is a further summary between typical differences in the development between CPT and IPT.
Inductive power transfer | Capacitive power transfer | |
---|---|---|
Switching frequency | 10 kHz | 100 kHz |
Coupling field | Magnetic | Electric |
Foreign objects (metal) | Will generate heat | Will not generate heat |
Material | Litz wires, ferrites | Copper/aluminium plates |
Cost | High | Low |
Safety | Good | Excellent |
Size | Small | Large |
Misalignment | Poor | Good |
Efficiency | Excellent | Excellent |
Voltage stress | Medium | High |
Power level | High | Medium |
Stationary or dynamic | Better for stationary | Both |
Comparison between the capacitive power transfer and inductive power transfer.
When the distance between transmitter and receiver is smaller than the geometry of the transmitter, is indicated as a small-range WPT. As a practical rule, the mid-range refers to the situation when the gap is 2 to 3 times the size of either device involved in the power transfer.
Two coil systems are used for charging both portable and heavy power devices like powerbanks. An optimal alignment has the greatest coupling co-efficient where the coils are the same size and parallel to each other. The mutual inductance declines as the ratio of the two coils’ primary magnetic field decreases, particularly when there is a broad separation between the two coils.
Multiple coils in the transmitter, receiver, or in the middle are adopted essentially for two main reasons: (a) more degrees of freedom to maximise the efficiency and desensitise the link gain versus coupling factor; (b) highly coupled transmitter-repeater or repeater-receiver link work greatly as impedance matching elements at both sides. Although this last configuration requires four or more coils, it offers a better efficiency-distance than a three coils system [14]. For this reason, the three coil WPT is not very popular, unless the application has no space for additional coils.
Let us consider a four-coil resonator system with two intermediate repeaters coils called “2” and “3” where an impedance (capacitor) compensation
Four coils WPT system with the coupling factors. The couplings are marked following their value.
calling
Combining these equations in the Eq. (8)c, it is possible to obtain the impedance reflected in the primary transmitter:
where simplifying we obtain:
In this equation we can notice that the reflected impedance of the all system depends directly only by the total coupling coefficient and the value of receiver impedance. Moreover, the WPT system can be seen as an equivalent total coupling coefficient defined by:
It is a design rule making sure that the following condition can be met:
the reflected load will be matched and we will have the maximum power transferred. In such a way, the four coils system creates a possibility to extend the distance from primary to the load using more and more coils. In order to maximise the transmission distance, the mutual coupling coefficient between the repeaters could be minimised. Additional intermediate coils with still be loose coupled between them but they will increase the total coupling coefficient of the system. For example, even if the coefficient
However, the impedance matching such a system is not endowed with a high overall efficiency because it is restricted by the merit factor given by the Eq. (9) Nonetheless, the four-coil system still offers (in terms of efficiency-distance) a better solution rather the two-coil systems when the distance is much bigger than the coil size.
The power transfer in short transmission distance is commonly achievable with good coupling coefficient which depends on the medium between coils whether it is air or any material with permeability 1 or above. In addition, the best coupling coefficient is obtained when the coils have the same dimensions, negligible gap and they are perfectly aligned. The alignment of the transmitter not correct with the receiver has been the first challenge to overcome in this technology. Therefore, the charging appliance are usually fabricated in a similar size in order to have a visible matching. Although the system efficiency and power transferred can be maximised, the following problems can arise in these systems.
Cross-talking or localised charging happens if the transmitter is much larger than the receiver. The magnetic flux path should only occur between the transmitter coil and the receiver coil. Only the transmitter coil that is closest to the receiver is powered on with others around in standby mode. This type of WPT are mostly used on dynamic EV charging applications where power consumption by each transmitter coil can be monitored to roughly identify the position of the receiving coil.
Not-alignment between primary-secondary coil is usually measured in degrees, from perfectly aligned
The foreign objects detection (FOD) near the transmitter coil or pad cause safety issue because of the eddy current created inside metallic objects. An increased temperature can be observed in daily metal objects such as coins, keys and metallic packaging materials. In Figure 8 is shown the effect of a commercial chew-gum in its typical aluminium wrap. Eddy currents have increased temperature and a begin of fire have started.
FOD to a chew-gum aluminium wrap which have begun a fire.
In the far-field range, the power is transmitted through microwaves and in practice has been developed for low-power applications, because of its low efficiency. However, despite the low intensity the light rays are able to transmit the power. For instance, Sun rays can generate large amounts of energy in spite of travelling enormous distances. Similar to the other far field sources, the power generation occurs in specific conditions and in large amounts. A great use of this technique will be the solar farms in large areas of Saudi Arabia, which are able to generate nearly the same level of electricity per year compared to the traditional power generation stations [15].
The Radio Frequency (RF) signals have powered very low power application and is more considered as a harvesting energy solution. The ultrasound waves and vibrations are also utilised in similar applications. The waves are converted through the piezoelectric effect as transducer for electrical signal and are considered as energy harvesting from the environment.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves of frequencies ranging from 1 to 30 GHz. They are widely used in today’s applications, especially in communications. Microwaves, differently from radio waves, can be sent in narrow beams, allowing the transmitter to concentrate its energy on the receiver. Microwaves are emitted or radiated from an antenna that is fed with a high frequency current in low power applications such as mobile phones. Another antenna will then pick up the microwaves and transform them back to an electric current.
The conversion of microwaves back to electricity was the biggest barrier to overcome in order to convert back the highest amounts of power. When an antenna picks up a microwave signal, it generates an alternating current of the same frequency as the microwave signal and equal to the microwave’s signal strength. Since all applications and devices run on either an AC voltage of 50 Hz or 60 Hz or a constant DC voltage, the microwave antenna’s high frequency current must be converted to a suitable voltage type. A great development of this technology was the invention of the ‘rectenna’ or ‘rectifying antenna’ by W. Brown. Using a rectifier, the rectenna converts the microwave antenna’s high frequency current into a DC voltage. Further advancements in the semiconductor technology coupled with the availability of Schottky-barrier diodes resulted in higher efficiencies, higher power capabilities and smaller rectenna designs [16].
The power efficiency, seen as Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) in the Figure 9, is the capability of a rectifier to transform radio frequency (RF) energy into DC current. The PCE depends on the diode conduction and reverse leakage losses. The input voltage varies according to the frequency, which means the diode impedance varies, leading to a difference in the performance loss. In low input power, the efficiency is low because the input voltage dynamic is lower or equal to the forward biasing voltage of the diode.
Receiver block diagram where it has been highlighted the rectifier ant its efficiency.
In general, the PCE varies with the input dynamic which in turn depends on
Diode efficiency function depends on the breakdown voltage and the load resistance.
Diode-based rectifier circuits are the most common because they have a lower forward voltage drop compared to the CMOS circuits. In rectenna applications, Schottky barrier diodes are widely used due to offering the best alternative to achieve higher PCE, a diode with a lower forward voltage.
The simplest rectifier circuit consists of a series shown in Figure 11a (or parallel in Figure 11b) and a parallel (or series) capacitor. The series diode circuit is also known as Villard Rectifier or DC restorer. The waveform produced is shown in Figure 12a. The parallel version is the well-known half-wave rectifier. When AC voltage comes through D1, only the positive cycle goes in the output, as shown in Figure 12b. Because of the reduction of the input, the full-wave rectifier, as shown in Figure 11c, is the most popular circuit. The output voltage sees two capacitors in series (each one is storing a voltage of Vpeak). Thus, Vout is a DC voltage twice the Vpeak, as shown in Figure 12c. For this reason this circuit is also known as a single-stage voltage doubler circuit or Cockroft Walton voltage doubler.
The four typical configuration of the rectifier: (a) series, (b) parallel, (c) full-wave (d) bridge rectifier.
Voltage waveforms (y-axis) simulated towards time (x-axis). The input test is a 1 Volt peak-to-peak (10 kHz) voltage. For each configuration of the rectifier, the red colour represents the input voltage and the blue represents the output voltage, respectively: (a) series rectifier waveforms, (b) parallel rectifier waveforms, (c) full-wave rectifier waveforms, (d) bridge rectifier waveforms.
Therefore, this topology is more stable and efficient than the halfwave rectifier. There is also the bridge rectifier shown in Figure 11d, which rectifies both positive and negative. The figures in Figure 12 summarise the waveforms obtained. As we can see, the full-wave and the Bridge rectifier “double” voltage have the highest output voltage, as shown in Figure 12d.
Different configuration of circuits that convert AC to DC by increasing the values goes with the name of voltage multiplier. The most fundamental configuration is the Cockcroft–Walton voltage multiplier shown in Figure 13a. This circuit’s operational principle is similar to the full-wave rectifier but has more stages for higher voltage gain. The Dickson multiplier in Figure 13b is a modification of Cockcroft–Walton’s configuration with stage capacitors being shunted to reduce parasitic effects. Thus, the Dickson multiplier is preferable for small voltage applications. However, it is challenging to obtain high PCE due to the fact that the high threshold voltage among diodes creates leakage current, thus reducing the overall efficiency. Additionally, for high resistance loads, output voltage drops drastically leading to low current supply to the load.
Most common voltage multiplier configurations: (a) three stages Cockcroft–Walton voltage multiplier, (b) four stages Dickson voltage multiplier, (c) four stage Dickson voltage multiplier using CMOS technology, (d) two stages voltage multiplier comprised of differential drive unit.
Limitation of diodes can be overcome by MOSFET technology. Major advantage of MOSFET is the fast switching speed. Dickson charge pump is also designed using MOSFETs in order to merge it in integrated circuits as shown in Figure 13c. Relatively low threshold voltages and high PCEs are features of this design.
Moreover, differential drive voltage multiplier Figure 13d is widely used because of its low leakage current and potential for further modification in specific applications. The number of stages in a voltage multiplier has a close relationship with its sensitivity and efficiency. If the number of stages grows, the amount of losses per stage increases. However, the tradeoff consists of a higher voltage multiplication and small threshold voltage at the first stage. On the other hand, a voltage multiplier with a few stages has less voltage drop between its stages, but it requires higher threshold voltage for all stages to work simultaneously. As a result, when a large number of stages are present, a voltage multiplier becomes more susceptible, whereas when smaller stages are present, it becomes more effective. Therefore, based on the implementation goals, the optimum number of steps should be considered.
The voltage loss across MOSFET devices leads to low efficiency. This is further deteriorated by reverse leakage current. Another major disadvantage of MOSFET based circuits is that as frequency increases, the efficiency decreases. This happens due to increased power losses from the reverse leakage current in the MOSFET.
The wireless power transfer technique has received a lot of research attention in recent years. As a result, it is becoming a more popular application in consumer electronics and electric cars. There are, however, other methods for transmitting electricity, which can be categorised further based on their working ranges, such as near-field and far-field transmission. This chapter provides an outline of the concepts of various methods of wireless power transfer. The investigation of the receiver block is then addressed by looking at the characteristics of rectifier technologies. Later in the book, the Rectenna device (rectifying antenna) is defined in relation to Internet of Things (IoT) wireless charging in remote locations.
Overweight and obesity are global health problems affecting more than 1.1 billion adults [1]. This is problematic in that overweight and obesity are prominent risk factors for the development of numerous conditions and diseases, including cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus [1, 2]. Consequently, overweight and obesity then result in enormous burdens on the healthcare system and burgeoning healthcare costs [3]. In weight loss regimes, it is important to note that the use of the term “overweight” is a misnomer, since overweight and obesity are situations of an individual being “overfat” and not just having a high weight [4].
Weight loss is a common aim for athletes, obese, overweight and even normal weight individuals. However, an optimal weight loss programme should concomitantly reduce body fat while maintaining lean mass [5]. As such, the relative effect of various interventions should be assessed on how they impact body composition, rather than weight loss. In this regard, body composition is the amount or percentage of tissues within in the body, primarily including body fluids, bone, fat and muscle tissue an individual has. Typically, body composition is defined as the distribution of the body tissues into extracellular water, fat-free mass/lean mass and fat mass [6]. In this regard, two individuals of the same gender, height and weight can look completely different because of differences in body composition.
Further, in addition to total fatness, fat topography or distribution in the body has been found to be even more important for health promotion and disease prevention [7, 8]. This is so since abdominal visceral fat deposition is especially associated with an increased risk for a variety of health problems and metabolic disturbances such as “syndrome x” [9]. An increased intra-abdominal visceral fat even in the absence of a high body mass index (BMI) or generalised obesity can increase mortality and morbidity from chronic diseases and health conditions such as heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus [7].
The most common strategy employed globally for weight loss is the use of dietary intervention or the cutting of calories [10]. This strategy is based on the “calories in versus calories out” model and maintains that you will lose weight if you take in less calories than you use. Problematically, the human body is more complex than that. Human bodies are not static and have a multitude of fluctuations in energy needs, such as stress and activity levels. Further, even the timing and composition of meals will affect nutrient intake, such as the thermic effect of food [11].
Further reasons against the use of caloric restriction strategies for weight loss arise from research findings that treatments relying only on energy restriction commonly cause substantial loss of lean mass [12]. Further, severe caloric restriction is also associated with impairment of muscle dysfunction and aerobic capacity, which is especially detrimental for athletes [13].
Thankfully, the addition of exercise, has frequently been shown to mitigate this loss in lean mass and physiological impairments [12], and potentially offset athletic performance decrements. Exercise is especially useful with weight loss in that it acutely increases energy and lipid utilisation and contributes to increases in lean mass and metabolic rate, which indirectly aids weight loss [14]. It is for this reason that exercise is considered an important component of weight loss and perhaps the best predictor of weight maintenance [15]. Specifically, at least 30 min a day of moderate intensity aerobic exercise per day is recommended for weight loss and maintenance but greater amounts appear to increase the magnitude of weight loss and maintenance [15].
It is critical to note that many weight loss programmes incorporating diet-only and/or even aerobic-only exercise results in weight loss as a result of a deleterious reduction in muscle mass [16], sometimes even without a decrease in fat mass [16]. When it comes to weight loss, it is clear that a combination of interventions is more effective than a single intervention strategy [17]. Thus, it is critical for clients and health professionals alike to emphasis body recomposition, rather than weight loss, since it focuses on the process of changing the ratio of fat and lean mass, with a focus on losing fat mass while gaining muscle mass. In this regard, research indicates that resistance training (RT) as an exercise modality is most effective at increasing lean mass [8]. RT, also known as strength training or weight training, is any type of exercise in which a muscle or muscle group has to overcome some sort of external resistance. This can be achieved through a variety of techniques, including incremental weight increases, the use of a variety of exercises and types of equipment to target specific muscles or muscle groups. As such, RT can also incorporate a variety of training techniques, such as callisthenics, Pilates, yoga, free weights, weight machines, resistance bands, isometrics, high-intensity interval training (HITT) and plyometrics.
Problematically, a challenge to body recomposition and RT’s unpopularity in weight management is that this loss in fat mass coupled with an increase in fat mass results in a relatively stable weight, that is undesirable by those engaged in “weight loss”. In addition, due to this stigma of an increased muscle mass following RT, many individual engaging in a weight management programme fail to engage in RT [18].
RT results in a plethora of physiological changes and adaptions that are well suited to weight loss and body recomposition. In this regard, a unique feature of RT is its ability to maintain or increase muscle mass. It is this increase in muscle mass that not only offsets declines in performance and health, but also increases metabolic rate. In this regard, while aerobic exercise may burn slightly more calories per hour than RT (i.e. running at five miles per hour burns approximately 606 calories per hour for a 73 kg individual versus a general resistance training session for 1 h that burns an average of 448 calories per hour for a 70 kg individual), each kg of muscle burns off around 13 calories per day [19]. As such, even a modest 5 kg increase in muscle mass will result in an additional 65 calories being burnt daily. Further, research has demonstrated that while caloric expenditure of RT is only slightly less than aerobic exercise, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and post-exercise caloric expenditure are higher following RT (even when matched for oxygen consumption and equal durations) [20] and this may have an additional favourable consequence on weight management programmes.
Physiologists may be interested in the effect of exercise on basal metabolic.
rate, fat size and distribution, and dietary-induced thermogenesis, whereas other scientists, such as nutritionists and psychologists may be concerned about the possible effect of exercise on other factors, such as habitual nutrient intake, and effect on body image and self-concept, feelings of well-being and adherence, respectively. In this regard, the addition (but not sole use) of RT to aerobic training can reduce the amount of total calories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats consumed and as such promotes a favourable improvement in self-reported dietary intake [21].
While greater amounts of exercise appear to increase the magnitude of weight loss and maintenance [15], it must be noted that too much exercising actually prevents body fat loss due to increases in cortisol. In fact, research suggests this raised cortisol leads to overeating, weight gain and an increase in abdominal fat [22].
Further, many individuals engaging in a weight loss programme fail to utilise RT for fear of “bulking up”, “looking manly”, or “becoming muscle-bound”. While it is true that RT is the exercise of choice for bodybuilders, many individuals, and females in general, lack the hormonal and genetic profile to develop overly large muscles [23].
A particular problem amongst children and health professionals working with children is the erroneous belief that all RT results in damage to the epiphyseal or growth plates [24]. Despite the need for RT in supporting neural adaptation during normal physiological maturation, RT has proven effective at weight loss and body recomposition in children and adolescents [25, 26]. While literature and research indicate that some risk of injury from RT does exist, this is comparable to that of sports children are already participating in and that risk for injury in children is not dramatically elevated by RT and can be minimised by effective programme design (i.e. appropriate programme development) and education (i.e. on lifting technique) [24, 27].
While the term spot reduction or spot training (the localised loss of fat as a result of exercising a particular part of the body), is commonly practiced using RT, research in this area is still contradictory [28]. In this regard, the present body of knowledge is insufficient about the plastic heterogeneity of regional body tissues when a localised RT programme is applied [28].
A common prevailing myth is the belief that fat can be turned into muscle. However, this is not a physiological probability since skeletal muscle consists of numerous protein muscle fibres, which in turn, are comprised of a number of myofibrils containing multiple myofilaments [29]. On the contrary, body fat, which is known as adipose tissue consists of triglycerides, which consist of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Fat is exclusively made up of numerous carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms [30]. As such, due to this differentiation in muscle and fat cell chemical composition, neither can be converted into the other [31].
The majority of exercise recommendations for weight loss endorse aerobic-type activities with a focus on a significant caloric expenditure during the exercise session [10]. In this regard, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) emphasises diet restriction and aerobic exercise, while not assigning RT a major role in weight maintenance and weight loss, due to insufficient evidence. This is problematic in that RT has a multitude of health benefits and has proven effective in the short-term for modestly decreasing body fat, especially in conjunction with dietary interventions [32]. More importantly, research suggests that RT can also play a vital role in long-term weight management, especially in that it utilises additional mechanisms to that of aerobic exercise [33].
However, for any exercise programme to be effective at weight management, continuous adjustments need to be made to the programme design variables, namely; choice of exercises, order of exercises, frequency, load (weight), volume, rest periods, variation and progression [34].
While almost any RT exercise will have a positive impact on health promotion and weight management, RT exercises for weight management should focus on large muscle groups and those exercises utilising compound movements, such Olympic lifts, deadlifts and squats. Since these compound exercises require an elevated oxygen use and hormonal response and result in high-calorie-expenditure. These compound exercises should be prioritised in an effective RT programme for weight management. In addition, training the larger muscle groups will also result in an enhanced hypertrophy and increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) (i.e. minimum number of calories required for basic functions at rest) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (i.e. the number of calories the body burns while at rest) in the long-term [35].
Further, although many programme designs exist or RT sessions, recommendations for weight loss suggest progressing from multi-joint to single-joint exercises in RT sessions. This may be especially important from a safety standpoint to prevent any undue consequences of muscle fatigue at the end of a workout [35].
Since the principal determinant of BMR is body mass, and more specifically lean mass [36], RT has important long-term implications for successful weight management. This is because RT is the primary exercise intervention for increasing muscle mass [37]. When it comes to hypertrophy, recent research indicates a dose-response relationship between the total number of weekly sets and increases in muscle growth [38]. In this regard, health professionals should consider all aspects related to increasing training volume, such as the total number of sets, reps or time under tension, and resistance (weight) utilised during a training day, month or other block of training time. Thankfully, this increased volume of training serves a dual purpose as it is also deemed high-caloric expenditure in nature. Specifically, moderate loads for hypertrophy correspond to approximately 8–15 of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) [39] and should be performed for three to five sets per exercise to increase volume [37, 40].
As the outcome of RT is the same as for that of aerobic exercise interventions for weight loss, it important to note that research indicates a graded dose-response relationship whereby increases in RT volume (i.e. increased number of weekly sets) produce greater gains in muscle hypertrophy [37]. This increase in RT dose also results in an increased caloric expenditure and improves the prognosis not only for hypertrophy but also for weight loss. As for any exercise intervention (whether RT or aerobic), cognisance should be taken of the training status of the individual, with beginners training less frequently and well-trained individuals training more frequently. RT is especially useful in this area of programme design in that it allows for split routines, whereby upper-body and lower-body can be trained on alternate days to facilitate and enhance recovery.
While 3–5 min rest periods are advocated between RT sets for multiple sets per exercise [40], well-trained individuals can consider exercise sets with minimal rest periods for optimising weight loss [41]. This is because decreasing rest periods or making use of super sets has been demonstrated to increase training intensity [40]. Problematically, while RT with minimal rest periods is considered as most effective for weight and fat loss, it can cause significant central nervous system fatigue and eventual overtraining [42].
While it is important to keep the exercises used in a programme fairly consistent for weeks or months in a particular training period to prevent overuse, health professionals must allow for new ways to stimulate muscle growth and fat utilisation. For example; this could be accomplished by manipulating the number of sets, the number or repetitions, the weight utilised during exercises or additional training days could be added as well to increase overall volume. In turn, when training at a specific repetition maximum (RM) load, it is recommended that a 2–10% increase in load be applied when the individual can perform the current workload for one to two repetitions over the desired number [40]. Progressive increases in volume should be observed for a particular training block of weeks or months, followed by a period of decreased volume. This aids in preventing training plateaus, injury and boredom [40]. Table 1 provides guidelines on the approaches for the implementation of resistance training in weight management.
Frequency | Intensity | Repetitions | Sets | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 or more days/week; aim to increase volume and caloric expenditure; split routines can be utilised to enhance recovery; beginners: train less frequently; well-trained: train more frequently | Moderate loads for hypertrophy | 8–15 of 1-RM; emphasis is on volume | 3–5 per exercise; with minimal duration rest intervals; emphasis is on volume | Multi-joint/compound exercise utilising more than one muscle or muscle group |
Guidelines for resistance training programme design for body recomposition and weight loss.
Despite the credible evidence that exists to suggest that RT can play an important role in a comprehensive weight loss programme, RT is not promoted as widely as aerobic interventions. Problematically, while the inclusion of RT may not optimally enhance short-term weight loss in all populations, the integration of RT with dietary interventions could facilitate long-term fat loss, while preserving lean mass while increasing RMR and BMR. This is in addition to the significant and unique health and functional benefits that RT provides. However, in order to stimulate adaptation toward weight loss and body recomposition, specific progressive RT protocols are necessary that focus on caloric expenditure through high volume training (s with other modes of exercise) and hypertrophy.
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the Non-Communicable Disease Intervention Research Unit (NCDIRU).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Given their increasing integration with corporate networks, in which the industry 4.0 is the most recent driving force, new uncertainties, not only from the tangible physical world, but also from a cyber space perspective, are brought into play. In order to improve the overall resilience of a cyber-physical system, this work proposes a framework based on a distributed middleware that integrates a multiagent topology, where each agent is responsible for coordinating and executing specific tasks. In this framework, both physical and cyber vulnerabilities alike are considered, and the achievement of a correct state awareness and minimum levels of acceptable operation, in response to physical or malicious disturbances, are guaranteed. Experimental results collected with an IPv6-based simulator comprising several distributed computational devices and heterogeneous communication networks show the relevance and inherent benefits of this approach.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Fábio Emanuel Pais Januário, Joaquim Leitão, Alberto Cardoso and\nPaulo Gil",authors:[{id:"202364",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Januário",slug:"fabio-januario",fullName:"Fábio Januário"},{id:"203414",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"alberto-cardoso",fullName:"Alberto Cardoso"},{id:"203415",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Gil",slug:"paulo-gil",fullName:"Paulo Gil"},{id:"206481",title:"MSc.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"Leitão",slug:"joaquim-leitao",fullName:"Joaquim Leitão"}]},{id:"56014",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69352",title:"Robust Adaptive Cooperative Control for Formation-Tracking Problem in a Network of Non-Affine Nonlinear Agents",slug:"robust-adaptive-cooperative-control-for-formation-tracking-problem-in-a-network-of-non-affine-nonlin",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In this chapter, a decentralized cooperative control protocol is proposed with application to any network of agents with non-affine nonlinear multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) dynamics. Here, the main purpose of cooperative control protocol is to track a time-variant reference trajectory while maintaining a desired formation. The reference trajectory is defined to a leader, which has at least one information connection with one of the agents in the network. The design procedure includes a robust adaptive law for estimating the unknown nonlinear terms of each agent’s dynamics in a model-free format, that is, without the use of any regressors. Moreover, an observer is designed to have an approximation on the values of control parameters for the leader at the agents without connection to the leader. The entire design procedure is analysed successfully for the stability using Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, the simulation results for the application of the proposed method on a network of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMR) are presented. Desirable leader-following tracking and geometric formation control performance have been successfully demonstrated through simulated group of wheeled mobile robots.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Muhammad Nasiruddin bin Mahyuddin and Ali Safaei",authors:[{id:"204129",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nasiruddin",middleName:null,surname:"Mahyuddin",slug:"muhammad-nasiruddin-mahyuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin"},{id:"206489",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Safaei",slug:"ali-safaei",fullName:"Ali Safaei"}]},{id:"56255",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69844",title:"Time Critical Mass Evacuation Simulation Combining A Multi- Agent System and High-Performance Computing",slug:"time-critical-mass-evacuation-simulation-combining-a-multi-agent-system-and-high-performance-computi",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter presents an application of multi-agent systems to simulate tsunami-triggered mass evacuations of large urban areas. The main objective is to quantitatively evaluate various strategies to accelerate evacuation in case of a tsunami with a short arrival time, taking most influential factors into account. Considering the large number of lives in fatal danger, instead of widely used simple agents in 1D networks, we use a high-resolution model of environment and complex agents so that wide range of influencing factors can be taken into account. A brief description of the multi-agent system is provided using a mathematical framework as means to easily and unambiguously refer to the main components of the system. The environment of the multi-agent system, which mimics the physical world of evacuees, is modelled as a hybrid of a high-resolution grid and a graph connecting traversable spaces. This hybrid of raster and vector data structures enables modelling large domain in a scalable manner. The agents, which mimic the heterogeneous crowd of evacuees, are composed of different combinations of basic constituent functions for modelling interaction with each other and environment, decision-making, etc. The results of tuning and validating of constituent functions for pedestrian-pedestrian, car-car and car-pedestrian interactions are presented. A scalable high-performance computing (HPC) extension to address the high-computational demand of complex agents and high-resolution model of environment is briefly explained. Finally, demonstrative applications that highlight the need for including sub-meter details in the environment, different modes of evacuation and behavioural differences are presented.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Leonel Aguilar, Maddegedara Lalith and Muneo Hori",authors:[{id:"203530",title:"Prof.",name:"Maddgedara",middleName:null,surname:"Lalith",slug:"maddgedara-lalith",fullName:"Maddgedara Lalith"},{id:"204168",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar",slug:"leonel-aguilar",fullName:"Leonel Aguilar"},{id:"204169",title:"Prof.",name:"Muneo",middleName:null,surname:"Hori",slug:"muneo-hori",fullName:"Muneo Hori"}]},{id:"56327",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69845",title:"Motion Coordination Problems with Collision Avoidance for Multi-Agent Systems",slug:"motion-coordination-problems-with-collision-avoidance-for-multi-agent-systems",totalDownloads:1409,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter studies the collision avoidance problem in the motion coordination control strategies for multi-agent systems. The proposed control strategies are decentralised, since agents have no global knowledge of the goal to achieve, knowing only the position and velocity of some agents. These control strategies allow a set of mobile agents achieve formations, formation tracking and containment. For the collision avoidance, we add a repulsive vector field of the unstable focus type to the motion coordination control strategies. We use formation graphs to represent interactions between agents. The results are presented for the front points of differential-drive mobile robots. The theoretical results are verified by numerical simulation.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Jesús Santiaguillo-Salinas and Eduardo Aranda-Bricaire",authors:[{id:"16943",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Aranda-Bricaire",slug:"eduardo-aranda-bricaire",fullName:"Eduardo Aranda-Bricaire"},{id:"204125",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Santiaguillo-Salinas",slug:"jesus-santiaguillo-salinas",fullName:"Jesús Santiaguillo-Salinas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56573",title:"Introductory Chapter: Multi-Agent Systems",slug:"introductory-chapter-multi-agent-systems",totalDownloads:2433,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Jorge Rocha, Inês Boavida-Portugal and Eduardo Gomes",authors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"},{id:"214969",title:"Prof.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Boavida-Portugal",slug:"ines-boavida-portugal",fullName:"Inês Boavida-Portugal"},{id:"214971",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"eduardo-gomes",fullName:"Eduardo Gomes"}]},{id:"55920",title:"Hybrid Architecture to Support Context‐Aware Systems",slug:"hybrid-architecture-to-support-context-aware-systems",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Any system that is said to be context‐aware is capable of monitoring continuously the surrounding environment, that is, capable of prompt reaction to events and changing conditions of the environment. The main objective of a context‐aware system is to be continuously recognizing the state of the environment and the users present, in order to adjust the environment to an ideal state and to provide personalized information and services to users considering the user profile. In this chapter, we describe an architecture that relies on the incorporation of intelligent multi‐agent systems (MAS), sensor networks, mobile sensors, actuators, Web services and ontologies. We describe the interaction of these technologies into the architecture aiming at facilitating the construction of context‐aware systems.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Maricela Bravo, José A. Reyes‐Ortiz, Leonardo Sánchez‐Martínez\nand Roberto A. Alcántara‐Ramírez",authors:[{id:"204084",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricela",middleName:null,surname:"Bravo",slug:"maricela-bravo",fullName:"Maricela Bravo"},{id:"204085",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes",slug:"alejandro-reyes",fullName:"Alejandro Reyes"},{id:"204086",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",slug:"leonardo-sanchez",fullName:"Leonardo Sánchez"},{id:"204087",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Alcántara-Ramírez",slug:"roberto-alcantara-ramirez",fullName:"Roberto Alcántara-Ramírez"}]},{id:"56184",title:"Multiagent Systems in Automotive Applications",slug:"multiagent-systems-in-automotive-applications",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The multiagent systems have proved to be a useful tool in the design of solutions to problems of distributed nature. In a distributed system, it is possible that the data, the control actions or even both, be distributed. The concept of agent is a suitable notion for capturing situations where the global knowledge about the status of a system is complex or even impossible to acquire in a single entity. In automotive applications, there exist a great number of scenarios of distributed nature, such as the traffic coordination, routes load balancing problems, traffic negotiation among the infrastructure and cars, to mention a few. Even more, the autonomous driving features of the new generation of cars will require the new methods of car to car communication, car to infrastructure negotiation, and even infrastructure to infrastructure communication. This chapter proposes the application of multiagent system techniques to some problems in the automotive field.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Raul Campos‐Rodriguez, Luis Gonzalez‐Jimenez, Francisco\nCervantes‐Alvarez, Francisco Amezcua‐Garcia and Miguel\nFernandez‐Garcia",authors:[{id:"178524",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Rodriguez",slug:"raul-campos-rodriguez",fullName:"Raul Campos-Rodriguez"},{id:"204584",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Cervantes Alvarez",slug:"francisco-cervantes-alvarez",fullName:"Francisco Cervantes Alvarez"},{id:"204586",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua Garcia",slug:"francisco-amezcua-garcia",fullName:"Francisco Amezcua Garcia"},{id:"204587",title:"BSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez Garcia",slug:"miguel-fernandez-garcia",fullName:"Miguel Fernandez Garcia"},{id:"207383",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Jimenez",slug:"luis-gonzalez-jimenez",fullName:"Luis Gonzalez-Jimenez"}]},{id:"56297",title:"Multiagent System for Image Mining",slug:"multiagent-system-for-image-mining",totalDownloads:1382,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The overdone growth, wide availability, and demands for remote sensing databases combined with human limits to analyze such huge datasets lead to a need to investigate tools, techniques, methodologies, and theories capable of assisting humans at extracting knowledge. Image mining arises as a solution to extract implicit knowledge intelligently and semiautomatically or other patterns not explicitly stored in the huge image databases. However, spatial databases are among the ones with the fastest growth due to the volume of spatial information produced many times a day, demanding the investigation of other means for knowledge extraction. Multiagent systems are composed of multiple computing elements known as agents that interact to pursuit their goals. Agents have been used to explore information in the distributed, open, large, and heterogeneous platforms. Agent mining is a potential technology that studies ways of interaction and integration between data mining and agents. This area brought advances to the technologies involved such as theories, methodologies, and solutions to solve relevant issues more precisely, accurately and faster. AgentGeo is evidence of this, a multiagent system of satellite image mining that, promotes advances in the state of the art of agent mining, since it relevant functions to extract knowledge from spatial databases.",book:{id:"5996",slug:"multi-agent-systems",title:"Multi-agent Systems",fullTitle:"Multi-agent Systems"},signatures:"Nicksson Ckayo Arrais de Freitas and Marcelino Pereira dos Santos\nSilva",authors:[{id:"203201",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Nicksson",middleName:"Ckayo Arrais",surname:"De Freitas",slug:"nicksson-de-freitas",fullName:"Nicksson De Freitas"},{id:"203204",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelino",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"marcelino-silva",fullName:"Marcelino Silva"}]},{id:"56255",title:"Time Critical Mass Evacuation Simulation Combining A Multi- Agent System and High-Performance Computing",slug:"time-critical-mass-evacuation-simulation-combining-a-multi-agent-system-and-high-performance-computi",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter presents an application of multi-agent systems to simulate tsunami-triggered mass evacuations of large urban areas. The main objective is to quantitatively evaluate various strategies to accelerate evacuation in case of a tsunami with a short arrival time, taking most influential factors into account. Considering the large number of lives in fatal danger, instead of widely used simple agents in 1D networks, we use a high-resolution model of environment and complex agents so that wide range of influencing factors can be taken into account. A brief description of the multi-agent system is provided using a mathematical framework as means to easily and unambiguously refer to the main components of the system. The environment of the multi-agent system, which mimics the physical world of evacuees, is modelled as a hybrid of a high-resolution grid and a graph connecting traversable spaces. This hybrid of raster and vector data structures enables modelling large domain in a scalable manner. The agents, which mimic the heterogeneous crowd of evacuees, are composed of different combinations of basic constituent functions for modelling interaction with each other and environment, decision-making, etc. The results of tuning and validating of constituent functions for pedestrian-pedestrian, car-car and car-pedestrian interactions are presented. A scalable high-performance computing (HPC) extension to address the high-computational demand of complex agents and high-resolution model of environment is briefly explained. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. 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