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Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6923",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Candida Albicans",title:"Candida Albicans",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book highlights modern techniques of research into Candida albicans, especially in terms of emerging and emerged pathogenic Candida species. It also looks at metabolic adaptation, resistance related to environmental stress and variety of nutrients, best performing plants that inhibit Candida's activities, interaction with other microbes, antifungal immunity mechanisms, and the posttherapeutic management of fungal infections. The book is a collection of very high impact research that includes a combination of biochemical, molecular biological, and medical microbiological innovative scientific techniques. It contains fascinating information that will help readers to explore and understand why C. albicans is different from other microbes. The authors describe this significant discovery using both bioinformatic and laboratory techniques and this uniqueness is the reason why C. albicans is a successful pathogenic yeast.",isbn:"978-1-83880-160-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-159-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-152-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73454",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"candida-albicans",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b037c09c5e2980ef09b650b87fabb668",bookSignature:"Doblin Sandai",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6923.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9872,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 19th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 27th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179627",title:"Dr.",name:"Doblin",middleName:null,surname:"Sandai",slug:"doblin-sandai",fullName:"Doblin Sandai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179627/images/system/179627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Doblin Sandai obtained his PhD in Molecular Medical Mycology at the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland United Kingdom in 2011. He is the Associate Professor at Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia Bertam, Penang, Malaysia. Currently, he is involved in teaching on undergraduate Medical Degree program and MMed & MSc for postgraduate Mixed Mode program. He is specialized in subjects such as Medical Microbiology, Fungus Infection Related to Organ and Tissue Transplantation, Biological Insults on Cells- Mycology, and Host Defenses in Oral Cavity. He also supervises postgraduate full research PhD and MSc candidates in research related to the molecular pathogenicity of Candida albicans, diagnostic testing of natural products and enhancing the resistant strains of Candida species to the anti-fungal drug treatment.",institutionString:"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Universiti Sains Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"366",title:"Mycetology",slug:"mycetology"}],chapters:[{id:"63094",title:"Emerging Pathogens of the Candida Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80378",slug:"emerging-pathogens-of-the-candida-species",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, opportunistic and nosocomial fungal pathogens have been dominated by yeasts of the genus Candida. Most of the research has focused on Candida albicans since it is the most prominent etiological agent. There are numerous publications that describe the biology, virulence factors, morphology, immunity, genomics, diseases, and laboratory aspects of Candida albicans. In this chapter we offer a historic perspective of C. albicans and focus on other non-albicans candida (NAC) that cause serious disease. We review the current knowledge of emerging NAC pathogens with useful graphics and current references. This chapter is laid out as an overview and is geared for students seeking basic information and may be superficial for an infectious diseases clinician.",signatures:"Bo Yang and Reeta Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63094",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63094",authors:[{id:"261208",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reeta",surname:"Rao",slug:"reeta-rao",fullName:"Reeta Rao"},{id:"268249",title:"Ms.",name:"Bo",surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63650",title:"Antifungal Activity of Brazilian Medicinal Plants against Candida Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80076",slug:"antifungal-activity-of-brazilian-medicinal-plants-against-candida-species",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the resistance of Candida sp. to the usual antifungal, the demand for active principles found in the plants has been the target of diverse studies around the world. There are few in vivo and human studies on the antifungal activity of medicinal plants in the mouth. Native and imported medicinal plants, used by the Brazilian population for traditional medicine use, are the subject of study in this chapter. Thirty-eight Brazilian plants were related to information on species, family, name, used part, and medical indication of popular use. All the species mentioned had their extracts tested in vitro against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, among other species that occur more frequently in the mouth. In the articles consulted, there is a great variation in Candida species tested and in minimum inhibitory concentration. The in vitro studies serve as information for the continuity of studies on the best performing plants, validate the popular belief about the use, and provide subsidies for the development of new products that are effective in the control of oral and systemic candidiasis and that are cheap and accessible for the population.",signatures:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos and Elizete Maria Rita Pereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63650",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63650",authors:[{id:"79610",title:"Dr.",name:"Vagner Rodrigues",surname:"Santos",slug:"vagner-rodrigues-santos",fullName:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos"},{id:"265619",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizete Maria Rita",surname:"Pereira",slug:"elizete-maria-rita-pereira",fullName:"Elizete Maria Rita Pereira"}],corrections:null},{id:"63088",title:"Carbon Sources Attribute to Pathogenicity in Candida albicans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80211",slug:"carbon-sources-attribute-to-pathogenicity-in-candida-albicans",totalDownloads:1003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This topic was to examine the impact of galactose or fructose upon the assimilation of secondary carbon sources by Candida albicans. C. albicans ICL1 gene is repressed upon addition of 2% galactose or fructose to lactate- and oleic acid-grown cells. Further studies on CaFOX2, CaFBP1 and CaMLS1 transcripts in response to galactose or fructose on assimilation of lactate and oleic acid resulted in repression of these genes. The CaICL1 gene, which encode the glyoxylate cycles enzymes isocitrate lyase are required for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources. However, the enzyme CaIcl1 was not destabilized by galactose, but was degraded in response to fructose. In contrast, S. cerevisiae Icl1 has retained the molecular apparatus of protein degradation in response to either galactose or fructose. Screening of ubiquitination site by http://www.ubpred.org/ showed that C. albicans lacks ubiquitination site in gluconeogenic and glyoxylate cycles enzymes as compare to S. cerevisiae. Addition of a putative S. cerevisiae ubiquitination site carboxy terminus of CaIcl1 led to galactose- accelerated degradation of this protein in C. albicans cell via a ubiquitin-dependent process. In the other hand, CaIcl prior to addition of ubiquitination site was degraded upon exposure to fructose; addition of S. cerevisiae ubiquitination site to CaIcl1 further increased the speed of protein degradation.",signatures:"Doblin Sandai, Yasser Tabana and Rosline Sandai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63088",authors:[{id:"179627",title:"Dr.",name:"Doblin",surname:"Sandai",slug:"doblin-sandai",fullName:"Doblin Sandai"},{id:"256555",title:"Mr.",name:"Yasser",surname:"Tabana",slug:"yasser-tabana",fullName:"Yasser Tabana"},{id:"256559",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosline",surname:"Sandai",slug:"rosline-sandai",fullName:"Rosline Sandai"}],corrections:null},{id:"66105",title:"The Cell Wall of Candida albicans: A Proteomics View",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82348",slug:"the-cell-wall-of-candida-albicans-a-proteomics-view",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Candida species are a natural commensal of humans and when the immune system is compromised it can cause candidiasis. C. albicans is the main etiological agent of candidiasis, representing nearly 60% of the total cases worldwide. The cell wall provides protection against several physical and chemical aggressions and is responsible for the different shapes displayed by C. albicans. The cell wall is not a static structure, but a dynamic one, having great plasticity to allow different cell morphologies, molecular remodeling and changes in the cell wall composition as a result from adaptation to the surrounding environment. It is mainly composed of chitin, β-glucan and mannoproteins. Therefore, the cell wall components are putative targets for the discovery and development of new drugs. The cell wall reprograming in response to several conditions, including a host carbon source, blood, serum, high temperature, acidic environment, and morphogenesis, have a direct impact on the mannoprotein content and might be involved in adherence, drug resistance and virulence of C. albicans. In this chapter, we performed an analysis of the proteins that have been identified in the C. albicans cell wall by our group and others, which allowed the identification of proteins from different intracellular compartments.",signatures:"Elizabeth Reyna-Beltrán, César Isaac Bazán Méndez, María Iranzo,\nSalvador Mormeneo and Juan Pedro Luna-Arias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66105",authors:[{id:"259166",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juan Pedro",surname:"Luna-Arias",slug:"juan-pedro-luna-arias",fullName:"Juan Pedro Luna-Arias"},{id:"259168",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Reyna-Beltrán",slug:"elizabeth-reyna-beltran",fullName:"Elizabeth Reyna-Beltrán"},{id:"259169",title:"MSc.",name:"Cesar Isaac",surname:"Bazán-Méndez",slug:"cesar-isaac-bazan-mendez",fullName:"Cesar Isaac Bazán-Méndez"},{id:"259170",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Mormeneo",slug:"salvador-mormeneo",fullName:"Salvador Mormeneo"},{id:"259172",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Iranzo",slug:"maria-iranzo",fullName:"María Iranzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"63492",title:"The Role of Phagocytes in Immunity to Candida albicans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80683",slug:"the-role-of-phagocytes-in-immunity-to-candida-albicans",totalDownloads:1313,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Body clearance of fungi such as Candida albicans involves phagocytosis by fixed tissue macrophages as well as infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils. Through phagocytosis, the fungi are confined and killed by the oxidative and non-oxidative anti-microbial systems. These include oxygen derived reactive species, generated from the activation of the NADPH oxidase complex and granule constituents. These same mechanisms are responsible for the damage to hyphal forms of C. albicans. Complement promotes phagocytosis, through their interaction with a series of complement receptors including the recently described complement receptor immunoglobulin. However, it is also evident that under other conditions, the killing of yeast and hyphal forms can occur in a complement-independent manner. Phagocytosis and killing of Candida is enhanced by the cytokine network, such as tumour necrosis factor and interferon gamma. Patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases who have phagocytic deficiencies, such as those with defects in the NADPH oxidase complex are predisposed to fungal infections, providing evidence for the critical role of phagocytes in anti-fungal immunity. Secondary immunodeficiencies can arise as a result of treatment with anti-cancer or other immunosuppressive drugs. These agents may also predispose patients to fungal infections due to their ability to compromise the anti-microbial activity of phagocytes.",signatures:"Annabelle G. Small, Jovanka R. King, Deborah A. Rathjen and\nAntonio Ferrante",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63492",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63492",authors:[{id:"65156",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Ferrante",slug:"antonio-ferrante",fullName:"Antonio Ferrante"},{id:"270166",title:"Ms.",name:"Annabelle",surname:"Small",slug:"annabelle-small",fullName:"Annabelle Small"},{id:"270167",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka",surname:"King",slug:"jovanka-king",fullName:"Jovanka King"},{id:"270168",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",surname:"Rathjen",slug:"deborah-rathjen",fullName:"Deborah Rathjen"}],corrections:null},{id:"64013",title:"Interactions of Candida albicans Cells with Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria during Formation of Mixed Biofilms in the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81537",slug:"interactions-of-candida-albicans-cells-with-aerobic-and-anaerobic-bacteria-during-formation-of-mixed",totalDownloads:1125,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biofilm is a compact coating formed on various artificial and physiologic surfaces by a population of microorganisms which in this habitat establish a close cooperation, exploiting both the physical interactions that stabilize the community and chemical cooperation, engaging numerous agents to modify the environment, i.e., to influence the acidity, nutrient acquisition, or oxygen availability. Microorganisms can also communicate using quorum-sensing molecules carrying specific messages. Some microbes temporarily dominate, while others are constantly replaced by different community members. But these co-operations or competitions have a deep sense—they serve to protect the whole community against the defense system of the host to assure survival. The oral cavity is inhabited by diverse microorganisms, including bacteria, but also yeast-like fungi from the genus Candida that stay under a tight control of the host as long as its immune system is not weakened; then these relatively mild commensals convert to dangerous pathogens that start the invasion often in collaboration with other microbes. Elongated hyphal forms of fungal cells favor the biofilm type of growth and communication with other microbes supporting immune resistance of the biofilm. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms of interactions between bacteria and C. albicans in the oral cavity, their communication, host responses, and possible strategies of anti-biofilm treatment.",signatures:"Maria Rapala-Kozik, Marcin Zawrotniak, Mariusz Gogol, Dominika\nBartnicka, Dorota Satala, Magdalena Smolarz, Justyna Karkowska-\nKuleta and Andrzej Kozik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64013",authors:[{id:"198701",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Rapala-Kozik",slug:"maria-rapala-kozik",fullName:"Maria Rapala-Kozik"},{id:"200045",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Kozik",slug:"andrzej-kozik",fullName:"Andrzej Kozik"},{id:"274639",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Zawrotniak",slug:"marcin-zawrotniak",fullName:"Marcin Zawrotniak"},{id:"274640",title:"MSc.",name:"Dominika",surname:"Bartnicka",slug:"dominika-bartnicka",fullName:"Dominika Bartnicka"},{id:"274641",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",surname:"Gogol",slug:"mariusz-gogol",fullName:"Mariusz Gogol"},{id:"274642",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",surname:"Satala",slug:"dorota-satala",fullName:"Dorota Satala"},{id:"274643",title:"MSc.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Smolarz",slug:"magdalena-smolarz",fullName:"Magdalena Smolarz"},{id:"274644",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",surname:"Karkowska-Kuleta",slug:"justyna-karkowska-kuleta",fullName:"Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta"}],corrections:null},{id:"63926",title:"Nanoparticles as New Therapeutic Agents against Candida albicans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80379",slug:"nanoparticles-as-new-therapeutic-agents-against-candida-albicans",totalDownloads:1689,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Candida albicans is an opportunistic dimorphic yeast. This organism is pathogen associated to superficial and systemic infections. Actually, Candida albicans represents an emergent pathogen especially in a patient with some immunity compromises. Added to this, the use of antifungal in an indiscriminate form has increased the resistance of the existing drugs. In this aspect, the nanotechnology generates the possibility of creating new therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles are structures of 1–100 nm with special physicochemical characteristics that allow it to function as therapeutic agents or as carriers of these. Palladium, silver, and gold metallic nanoparticles and iron, titanium, zinc, and copper oxides have been used as growth inhibitors. These nanoparticles have been proved alone or in form of nanocomposites. The objective of this chapter is to describe the state of the art of the use of nanoparticles as inhibitors of the growth of Candida albicans, as well as the most relevant results regarding the mechanisms involved in this inhibition.",signatures:"Hilda Amelia Piñón Castillo, Laila Nayzzel Muñoz Castellanos,\nRigoberto Martínez Chamorro, Reyna Reyes Martínez and Erasmo\nOrrantia Borunda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63926",authors:[{id:"34191",title:"Prof.",name:"Erasmo",surname:"Orrantia-Borunda",slug:"erasmo-orrantia-borunda",fullName:"Erasmo Orrantia-Borunda"},{id:"207108",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilda Amelia",surname:"Piñon-Castillo",slug:"hilda-amelia-pinon-castillo",fullName:"Hilda Amelia Piñon-Castillo"},{id:"257111",title:"Dr.",name:"Laila Nayzzel",surname:"Muñoz Castellanos",slug:"laila-nayzzel-munoz-castellanos",fullName:"Laila Nayzzel Muñoz Castellanos"},{id:"266658",title:"BSc.",name:"Rigoberto",surname:"Martínez Chamorro",slug:"rigoberto-martinez-chamorro",fullName:"Rigoberto Martínez Chamorro"},{id:"266659",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna",surname:"Reyes Martínez",slug:"reyna-reyes-martinez",fullName:"Reyna Reyes Martínez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"22",title:"Fungicides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"fungicides",bookSignature:"Odile Carisse",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/22.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14447",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",surname:"Carisse",slug:"odile-carisse",fullName:"Odile Carisse"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8081",title:"Trichoderma",subtitle:"The Most Widely Used Fungicide",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb120bd787a35aeeb72997edc44d0c5d",slug:"trichoderma-the-most-widely-used-fungicide",bookSignature:"Mohammad Manjur Shah, Umar Sharif and Tijjani Rufai Buhari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8081.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9463",title:"An Introduction to Mushroom",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"989e23dafb2b12c71acfe79ce04c3c2b",slug:"an-introduction-to-mushroom",bookSignature:"Ajit Kumar Passari and Sergio Sánchez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"304710",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajit",surname:"Kumar Passari",slug:"ajit-kumar-passari",fullName:"Ajit Kumar Passari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The modern computer is based on Von Neumann architecture of stored program concept. Any application/program is fetched into main memory and executed. The program has instructions. Any instruction is fetched into the processor (CPU) and executed based on pipeline concepts. The instructions act on data. Any program has 80% of its instructions in loops. Repeated access of data gives the concept of locality of reference. If any data is accessed repeatedly it has temporal locality. Data that are in vicinity of access are said to have spatial locality. Taking advantage of locality of reference, the concept of caches was introduced in computers. The data/instruction from main memory is fetched into cache before accessed by the CPU. This improves the performance. The memory hierarchy thus runs from registers, caches, main memory, secondary memory, tertiary memory, etc. The performance of memory system is measured as average memory access time (AMAT). Various cache levels are prevalent in modern processors.
\nA processor cache is denoted by the tuple (C, k, L) where C is the capacity, k the associativity and L the line size. Based on the various values of k, three types of caches are known. These are direct mapped cache with k = 1, set associative cache with k > 1, fully associative cache with one set and n blocks. An address a is mapped to set given by a mod S, with tag value a div S for S sets. If a line is present in cache, it is cache hit, else it is cache miss. Cache misses are of three kinds: cold, capacity and conflict. A cache miss for first occurrence is called cold miss. The difference between misses in cache and fully associative cache of same capacity is the capacity miss. If a line maps to occupied set or way, it is called conflict miss. A computer system usually has many cache levels. A line can reside in cache level and higher cache levels in inclusive caches. A line resides in only one cache level in exclusive caches. Usually processors have caches dedicated to instructions and data separately. These are called instruction cache and data cache, respectively. Certain systems have same cache for both instruction and data. These are called unified caches. A system with caches of two or more kinds (direct mapped, set associative, fully associative) is called multilateral or hybrid cache. As the address mapping may vary with each cache level, the average memory access time (AMAT) is used to measure the cache performance.
\nAs the number of computer components active increases, the energy consumed also increases. The power consumed by cache depends on number of active components. The energy is given as E = power × time. The energy is given by the formula E = \n
The performance of CPU caches is measured by execution time for various applications. Benchmarks are used to measure the CPU performance. The SPEC2000 benchmarks are one of standard benchmarks. The integer benchmark suites of SPEC2K are given as follows:
\nName | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
256.bzip2 | \nCompression | \n
181.mcf | \nCombinatorial optimization | \n
197.parser | \nWord processing | \n
300.twolf | \nPlace and route simulator | \n
255.vortex | \nObject-oriented database | \n
175.vpr | \nFPGA circuit placement and routing | \n
The memory performance is improved by adding caches. The inclusive, exclusive and two-type data cache models are presented in this chapter. The proposed models are simulated using SPEC2000 benchmarks. The benchmarks are run using Simplescalar Toolkit for simulations.
\nConsider cache system of n cache levels, main memory. Let the cache levels are \n
Inclusive cache of n levels.
Let the levels be \n
The first three terms in Eq. (1) are the access time of level one, level two and level three cache hits. The last term is the miss penalty. This expression can be extended to any number of cache levels.
\nEnergy consumed in cache depends on number of active components. The individual lines can be selectively switched on in caches using certain software techniques or hardware circuits. The total power consumed can be reduced through this technique. Consider w-way set associative cache of S sets. Let the power consumed per line be p watts. The total power consumed is wpS. Consider a circuit which enables lines if occupied. This is shown in Figure 2. If the power consumed by the circuit is q watts, the number of occupied lines is y, the total power consumed is q + yp. An improvement in power consumption is observed if q + yp < wpS.
\nSequential circuit in cache way to save power consumption. For details, refer [
Power saving using software techniques involves mapping lines to fixed ways by address mapping techniques [4].
\nExclusive caches have a line in one cache level only. There is no containment property of the inclusive caches. Let the cache levels be \n
Exclusive cache of n levels.
Consider cache with two cache levels. The placement, replacement algorithm as proposed by Jouppi and Wilton [5] is given as follows:
Check if line is present in level one. If present, access the line and stop.
Check if line is present in level two. If present, swap with level one cache line, access and stop.
If line is not present in cache, put the line in level one cache evicting the victim in first level cache to second level cache.
The number of sets in both levels has to be equal in the abovementioned design. Let \n
The first term in Eq. (2) is level one hit time. The second term is level two hit time. The factor of 2 in this expression is because of swapping of the lines. The third term is the miss penalty.
\nAnother logic to realize exclusive caches is proposed by Subha [6]. Consider two-level cache system. The placement, replacement logic is given as follows:
Initialize all lines to be in level zero.
If the line is present in level one or level two cache (cache hit), let the line be in logical level one and stop.
Check if level one cache line is free. If so, place the line in level one cache, consider it as logical level one cache and stop.
Check if level two cache line is free. If so, place the line in level two cache; consider it as logical level one cache and stop.
Check the status of physical level one and physical level two caches. If physical level one cache has status of logical level two and vice-versa, place the block in level one cache and change its status to logical level one, change the status of physical level two cache to logical level two cache and stop. Else, place the block in physical level two, treat physical level one as logical level two, physical level two as logical level one and stop. [Put in logical level two, flip the level indices].
The abovementioned model does not require the two cache levels to have equal sets. There is a path between main memory and level two. Let \n
where \n
The simulations of exclusive cache proposed in [6] using SPEC2K benchmarks are presented in the following section. Table 1 gives the configurations and Table 2 gives the AMAT.
\nSimulation configurations for two-level exclusive cache.
AMAT values of two-level exclusive caches.
The AMAT is depicted in Figure 4.
\nAMAT comparisons of two-level exclusive caches.
The power consumed by exclusive depends on the number of active cache lines. One method to reduce the number of active lines is to have separate cache called tag cache [7]. The tag cache contains the tag values of all cache levels. The address mapping proceeds as follows in the tag cache.
Compute the following
Set1 = a mod \n
Tag1 = a div \n
Set2 = a mod \n
Tag2 = a div \n
Check in tag cache for the matching of Tag1. If match is found, the line is present in level one cache as it is level one hit condition. Access the line in level one cache and stop. If there is level one cache miss, check for level two cache hit by inspecting match of Tag2. If there is level two cache hit, access the line in level two cache and stop.
This step is for cache miss condition. Place the least recently used line in Set2 of level two in main memory. Transfer the least recently used line of Set1 in level one cache in the evicted level two line. Place the line with address a in level one cache. Update the entries in the tag cache.
Stop
In the abovementioned algorithm, a level one cache line or higher level cache line is enabled only on cache hit or cache miss in all levels. This saves the energy consumed by the cache system. The cache is exclusive in nature and the exclusive algorithm proposed by Jouppi and Wilton [5] is used. The proposed model has scalability. The architecture is shown in Figure 5.
\nExclusive tag cache architecture [
Let trace be R references. Let \n
The tag cache access time is the first term in Eq. (5). The hit time accesses to level one and level two caches are given by second and third terms, respectively. The time taken to fill vacant way in level one cache is given by the fourth term. This involves accessing tag cache in level one, fetching the line to level one cache and updating the tag cache entry. The time taken to fill vacant second level cache line is given by the fifth term. This includes accessing the tag cache to check for match in level one cache and level two cache and placing the line in level two cache, updating the tag cache entry. The time taken to replace existing line is given by the sixth term. This involves checking for tag match in level one cache, level two cache, replacing the level one cache line and updating the tag cache entries. As the tag cache contains the tags in consecutive locations, it may be the case that the tag entries in level one and level two are in two different cache blocks.
\nThe energy consumed in exclusive tag cache is calculated in the following section. Let us assume that the cache operates in two modes: high-power mode and low-power mode. On accessing cache way, its corresponding set is placed in high-power mode from low-power mode. Let \n
The first term in Eq. (6) is the energy consumed when the cache is not accessed. The second term is the energy consumed in level one hits. This is equal to enabling the line in tag cache and accessing the ways in the level one cache for the set. The third term gives the energy consumed for level two cache hits. The fourth term is the energy consumed for filling a vacant level one cache line. The fifth term is the energy consumed to fill a vacant level two cache line. The sixth term is the energy consumed to replace an existing line in level one cache on a conflict miss. Consider a traditional exclusive cache with the same algorithm given in Section 3. The energy consumed for R references is calculated as follows. Let \n
A saving in energy consumption is observed as given by Eq. (8).
\nThe simulations for the above proposed tag cache model of exclusive cache is presented in the following section [7]. The simulation parameters are given in Table 3. The energy consumed in low-power mode is 5 J and high-power mode is 15 J. The AMAT was calculated using C routines. Figure 6 gives the AMAT and Figure 7 gives the energy consumed. As seen from Figure 6, the AMAT performance is comparable with traditional exclusive cache. The energy is saved by 23% as seen from Figure 7 when compared with traditional exclusive cache.
\nSimulation parameters for Exclusive Tag cache model.
AMAT comparison for tag cache model of exclusive caches.
Energy comparison of tag cache model of exclusive caches.
A hardware method [8] to improve the power consumption is to enable level one and level two cache lines based on the contents of the tag cache. This is depicted in Figure 8.
\nProposed hardware for power saving in exclusive tag cache architecture of two levels [
The simulations for the model presented in [8] are presented in the following section. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 4. The power consumed is shown in Table 5. The AMAT is shown in Figure 9. The t is traditional model and p is the proposed model. There is 49% improvement in power consumption with no change in AMAT for this model compared with the exclusive model proposed in tag cache model of exclusive cache (t in this discussion) as proposed in [7].
\nSimulation parameters of sequential circuit for exclusive caches.
Power consumed in sequential circuit of exclusive cache.
AMAT comparison of sequential circuit model for exclusive caches.
The caches discussed so far in this chapter are inclusive and exclusive. A two-level data cache model [9] which selectively makes the cache ways in various levels as inclusive or exclusive is presented in the following section. This model makes the cache ways inclusive based on access. A two-level data cache is chosen for discussion. Initially, both cache levels are exclusive. The first occurrence of address places the data in one of cache levels making the occupied way exclusive. Preference is given to place the data in level one in this case. On consecutive access to data in level one cache, cache way is made inclusive with level two cache. During this process, data in level two cache may be replaced. The least recently used algorithm (LRU) is used for data replacement in level two cache. If the data have temporal access in level two cache, the way is made exclusive. On a cold miss with both the levels occupied, the block is placed in level one cache making it exclusive. As the number of ways to place the data increases, the performance increases in terms of the average memory access time (AMAT). Figure 10 shows this architecture.
\nTwo-type data cache model [
The algorithm for two-type data cache model is given in the following section.
\nAlgorithm for two-type data cache: Given two-level data cache, this algorithm places the line in the cache system. Input is the address. An index array is maintained per cache for each way. It is zero to indicate inclusive and one to indicate exclusive.
A level one hit occurs if the address is found in level one. The block is made inclusive by placing a copy of it in level two cache. The index array entry is set to 00 to indicate this in both the levels. The block is accessed and the process stops.
A level one miss and level two hit occurs if the address is not found in level one but is found in level two cache. The block is made exclusive in this case. This is indicated by setting index array entry of block to 11. The block is accessed and the process stops.
A cache miss occurs if the block is not present in level one and level two cache. If level one cache is vacant, it is placed in level one cache. Else, if level two cache way is vacant, it is placed in level two cache. The block is made exclusive. The block is accessed and process stops. If the level one set is full, the block replaces an existing block based on least recently used algorithm. The corresponding index array entry is made exclusive by setting it to 11. The mapping process stops. Table 6 gives the algorithm.
Two-type data cache algorithm.
Let R, \n
where \n
In Eq. (9) the first term gives inclusive cache type hits, the second term indicates first time level one hits. The third term indicates the level two hits. The fourth term indicates placing a block in vacant level two way/set. The fifth term indicates either placing a block in free level one cache set/way or replacing a level one cache set/way on cache full scenario. It is assumed that exchange of a block from level one to memory can be done in parallel. The term 2 k is to update the index arrays of both the cache levels. The first term gives the hit time in level one cache. The second term gives the hit time in level two cache. This involves accessing level one and level two caches. The third term gives the time to service the misses. This involves accessing level one and level two caches, determining if it is missed in both levels, accessing main memory and fetching the block into level one. The level one block is written to the memory before the new block is fetched. Simultaneously, the requested block is sent to the processor.
\nDenote the inclusive cache as \n
The AMAT for inclusive cache is given by Eq. (10).
\nThe first term is the level one hit time. The level two hit time is given by second term. This involves accessing level one, level two and transferring data from level one to memory and data from level two to level one cache. The miss time is given by third term. This involves accessing level one, level two to determine it is a miss in both levels, write from level one to memory and level two to memory the existing blocks. The new block from main memory is fetched into level two cache and from there to level one cache. Simultaneously, it is given for processing. An improvement in performance is observed as given by Eq. (11).
\nThe AMAT for the exclusive system is given by Eq. (12).
\nThe first term in Eq. (12) is the level one hit time. The second term is for level two cache hits. This needs access of level one cache, level two cache and exchange the contents. On a miss in both the levels, the contents of level two are updated in the main memory, level one cache block is sent to level two and new block is fetched from main memory to level one cache. Simultaneously, the requested block is sent to the processor. The terms in Eq. (9) and Eq. (12) differ due to the architectural differences. A performance improvement in the proposed model over exclusive cache is seen as given by Eq. (13).
\nIn all the models, it is assumed that the cache block when fetched into the cache is simultaneously sent to the processor.
\nThe proposed two-type data cache model is simulated using SPEC2000 benchmarks. The proposed model is compared with inclusive, exclusive caches described in this chapter. The simulation parameters are given as follows (Tables 7 and 8):
\nSimulation parameters of proposed two-type data cache and inclusive cache.
Simulation parameters for exclusive cache in two-type data cache.
The AMAT values are given in the graph in Figure 11. It is compared with inclusive and exclusive caches.
\nAMAT comparison with inclusive cache.
As observed from Figure 11, improvement in AMAT in proposed system compared with inclusive cache is seen. There is a decrease in AMAT by 3% compared with exclusive caches. The proposed model has better performance for systems where elements of set are accessed more than two times after a sequence of other cold misses mapped to the same set such that the number of total misses is a multiple of number of elements of level one cache.
\nThe AMAT values are shown in Table 9.
\nAMAT values for two-type data cache simulations.
The author thanks Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA for providing SPEC2000 benchmarks.
\nEvery aspect of our lives includes some form of supply chain and logistics, so the impact of these activities on the environment is of significant importance. The objective of this chapter is to introduce principles and practices that facilitate sustainable logistics operations in a holistic manner and consider factors of logistics affecting the natural environment beyond the usual factors of distance traveled, fuel use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that have been well discussed in freight transportation literature. Global business is more dominant these days, for example, many manufacturers produce their goods in lesser-developed countries, and then shipped all around the world. This requires global logistics to ensure timely and efficient global distribution of goods from producers to consumers. Logistics and supply chain management (SCM) activities have a significant economic impact on countries and their societies. Grant et al. [1] reported these activities accounted for 8.3 percent of US gross domestic product (GDP) or US $1.45 trillion in 2014 and 6.8 percent of GDP (€876 billion) across the European Union’s (EU) 27 countries in 2012.
This chapter covers sustainable logistics. It starts by presenting an overview of logistics in the second section. The third section discusses the basics of sustainable development and sustainability. The fourth section introduces the basic concept of sustainable business as minimizing costs, which covers the three aspects of business: environmental, financial, and human. The fifth section discusses sustainable supply chain and logistics. As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, economic growth, and profitability in the long term. It wraps up with a brief section on the evaluation of logistic operations. In addition to cost and speed criteria, sustainability should be introduced in the evaluation criteria.
Effective logistics largely contributes to the success of business through quick deliveries in minimum time and cost. Logistics is the process of getting material, product, and service where and when they are needed. It works to determine the temporal and spatial positioning of raw materials, work in progress, and finished inventories where they are needed and when they are required. Logistics can be categorized into subsistence logistics, operation logistics, and system logistics. Subsistence logistics is concerned with the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter within any given conditions, and it provides the foundation of operations logistics. Operations logistics goes beyond subsistence to systems involved in producing luxuries; it incorporates the raw material required by the enterprise in the production. System logistics includes all resources required in keeping a system in operating condition. These resources include personnel, test and support equipment, spare parts for maintenance, technical publication, and facilities. Thus, logistics systems consist of four main activities: purchasing management, inventory management, warehousing management, and transportation management.
Logistics is defined by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) as “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements” [2].
Effective logistics minimizes the cost of transportation, inventory, material handling, and other distribution-related activities. In light of the new trends in business, logistics have gained great importance. New trends include high production efficiency, change in inventory philosophy, high transportation cost, production lines replication, propagation of computers and technology, retails fast-growing, globalization, and reduction in economic regulations. Efficient logistics systems throughout the world business are a basis for trade and a better economy. It allows a geographical region to exploit its inherent advantage by focusing its productive efforts on those products in which it has been an advantage, which will result in competitive production cost, logistics cost, and quality compared to other regions.
Global logistics is growing and playing a vital role in international business. It ensures timely and efficient global distribution of goods from producers to consumers through a connection of critical components of the supply chain from a product’s point of origin to its point of consumption. It was reported that global container trade has increased on average 5 percent per year over the last 20 years and at its peak in the mid-2000s comprised 350 million 20-foot equivalent units (TEU) a year [1].
Advancements in information technology and communication, transportation and material handling, and high volume data processing and transmission are revolutionizing logistics control systems. The use of big data tools in logistics and supply chain management gives great advantages as it provides better decision making, improved efficiency, cost reduction, better risk management, and better visibility and competition [3]. Communication technology enables better, faster, and reliable supply chains, communications take place between any firm, suppliers, customers, and other members involved in the chain.
Different people or organizations might have different understandings or definitions for sustainability, depending on their area of specialty or function. Many people think the word sustainability is synonymous with “going green,” or limit their understanding of sustainability to the environment. However, the word sustain means causing or allowing something to continue over a period of time. In the same logic, an unsustainable process or act assumes that it will come to an end sooner rather than later. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), known by the name of its Chair, Gro Harlem Brundtland, published its report “Our Common Future,” in 1987 [1] and proposed the concept of sustainable development as an ideal for the global economy and corporations. Sustainability was defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Based on the WCED definition of sustainability, focusing only on the environmental aspects of sustainability is short-sighted and partial. In addition to the environment, sustainability embraces several arenas including economics, materials, industry, human behavioral science, laws and legislation, social sciences, and finance, as depicted in Figure 1.
Arenas of sustainability.
To achieve sustainable development, there are three goals that need to be fulfilled: waste elimination or minimization, optimization of resources, and cost minimization. Achieving the three goals will lead to environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability, which are the three pillars of sustainability. From a business viewpoint, sustainability is about reducing costs in every conceivable form, which will lead to profitability, competitiveness, and continuity. These costs consist of the costs of raw materials, waste, deficits in resources, poor product design, inefficient production process, climate change, and unemployment. These costs can be grouped into three categories that represent the three aspects of business: Environmental, Economic, and Social.
Sustainable business is about minimizing costs, which covers the three aspects of business: environmental, financial, and human. There are several challenges business need to consider to better compete in the market. The volatile energy prices is a major challenge for business, all options need to be considered to reduce the energy bill and consequently the business’s dependence on oil. The prices of raw material increases due to increase in the world’s population. Increases in waste and disposal costs are becoming critical to business. Most countries of the world have passed laws and regulations for waste regulation and recycling. Plastic, cans, papers, and other recyclable materials are kept away from landfill sites to avoid waste. The legislation to control CO2 pollution is active in many countries, manufacturers and industrial companies not only face a real challenge to keep their level of CO2 within limits, but investors are avoiding investing in companies that are not willing to comply and watch the high cost of change in environment. Customer and business demands and expectations are becoming different, buyers are so much aware of prices and sustainability initiatives. Retailers are concerned with their supply chains, where the majority of their environmental footprint is centered. They are interested to optimize prices of energy, material, and supply chains. Companies that are committed to low-cost sustainable operations gain the best market share; this will put such companies on a competitive advantage compared to others. Nowadays, customers expect companies to be transparent, which is done through two channels: voluntary where information passing from company to customers, or involuntary where information is shared by consumer watchdog groups. There are companies that are making it possible for customers to have online access to follow up on products from concept to material sourcing, to manufacturing and delivery. Companies share ingredients of their products by providing online lists.
Commitment to sustainability helps companies to recruit, and retain smart employees who think about things other than money. Those employees work with pride and purpose, want to feel the ability to make difference and accomplishment. The longer a company takes an action, the higher the cost is, and the further behind it will be in terms of market share, profitability, and innovation. Hidden costs exist, such costs could be building-related low productivity, and sickness resulting from poor ventilation and lighting. In addition, there are costs related to laying off employees, which include the loss of investment in human capital, economic and social ex-communication, and reduction in national economic growth.
As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, and economic growth and profitability in the long term. Figure 2 depicts the relationships between the three goals that need to be fulfilled: waste elimination or minimization, optimization of resources, and cost minimization, sustainable development with its three dimensions: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability, and sustainable logistics with its components: logistics concepts, methods, and functions. To achieve sustainable development, integration of its three dimensions is required; any defect in the three dimensions of sustainable development will not lead to its achievement. Logistics is involved in all aspects of business as well daily life of individuals. Sustainable logistics is tied to sustainable development in general, sustainability criteria should be included in the logistic evaluation, in addition to another criterion such as cost and speed. Sustainable logistics is at the intersection of its concepts, methods, and functions. The goal is to eliminate environmental problems in the areas of logistics, which can be achieved by eliminating or minimizing negative impacts of logistics on the environment. Starting from the concepts, these activities include designing sustainable packaging, and reuse of, recycling waste, reducing energy and the pollution caused by transport.
Sustainability framework.
Several concepts and terms of logistics resulted from strict environmental regulations. Reverse logistics is defined as “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost-effective flow of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products, together with the related information flows, from the point of consumption to the point of origin, in order to recover the value or proper management” [4]. Disposal logistics – “the application of the concept of logistics for the residue, to induce their efficient, economically and ecologically, movements, while the space-time transformation, including changes in the amount and type of” [5]. Recirculation logistics – “suggests that product or packaging, is circulated repeatedly in a closed-loop supply chain” [6]. Downcycling – “process of waste or useless products transformation into new materials or products, having lower quality and functionality” [6]. Green logistics is defined as a “management approach” aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the ecosystem of logistics flows. The problems of excessive environmental degradation concern companies, operating in each market sector. In particular, however, apply to freight forwarders and carriers. The concept of green logistics associated with the strategy consists in the use of their resources in the most efficient and environmentally friendly way. It is a trend that stems from the need to care for the global environment [7].
Logistics includes “efforts to acquire materials and finished products distribution to the right place, at the right time and in the right amount. Typical elements of the logistics system are customer service, demand forecasting, distribution communications, inventory control, warehousing, procurement processes, parts and service support, site selection magazine, shopping, packing, handling complaints, waste management, transport, and storage” [8]. To improve logistic operations, companies collaborate with suppliers, shippers, distributors, and customers. As a result, logistic cost will be reduced and business performance will be improved.
Sustainable supply chain management covers all activities, functions, processes, and relationships, where materials, products, services, information, and monetary transactions move among enterprises. The first step in the implementation of sustainable supply chain management starts with product design. In addition to optimizing quality and cost, the design will allow recycling of products. Sustainable production is the second step, which can be achieved through utilizing clean production methods, use of new technology, reducing raw materials, and resources. Sustainable marketing helps companies to enhance their relationships with stakeholders. Maintaining biological balance, paying more attention to environment, and waste management leads to cost reduction and improved competitiveness. Sustainable transportation is a major element in achieving sustainable supply chain management. Utilizing renewable energy, modes of transport, infrastructure, and operational management practices can be considered to achieve sustainable transportation. Sustainable purchase leads to minimizing waste, hazardous materials, and sources of pollution.
Hammer and Somers [9] discussed concepts that provide possibilities of using resources more productively. The lean methods involve following a product through factory or service operation with the objective to reduce waste of energy and materials. Unlike profit per ton, the concept of profits per hour takes into account the time dimension in production process. This concept enables companies to make wise decisions and choices regarding resources and productivity.
Advanced analytic techniques help companies navigate and sort within different variables such as equipment configuration, raw materials, and process changes. Comprehensive change management effort is required for resource productivity, which ensures that employees create more value from less. Think circular is a sustainable logic that creates new value for companies and societies. This logic relies on looping products, components, and materials back into the production process.
Rothenberg [10] promoted the concept of “servicizing,” where suppliers could focus on providing services instead of selling products as their business models. This will lead to reduced material use as a strategic opportunity. This is in line with the World Commission on Environment and Development definition of “sustainable development.” The author presented the case study of three companies; Gage Products, PPG Industries, and Xerox. The three companies are taking the servicizing approach; they adopted business models that help customers purchase less of their products. The three companies have attracted new customers with their new business models. In addition, they have built stronger customer relationships. This closure customer relationship has led to expanding the range of products they sell, attracting new customers who are impressed with the company’s sustainable social commitment, and usually, customers are less likely to change suppliers.
Similar to other large-scale initiatives for change, moving to servicing is faced with challenges. Changing the culture from selling more products to helping customers to use fewer products is not an easy task. There will be internal resistance at different levels to this change. Managing this change falls into six categories: (1) utilizing existing strengths (2) restructuring profit in contractual agreements (3) introducing the new business model (4) new incentive schemes (5) introducing new skills and (6) expressing major significance and special interest of environmental advantage.
Paine [11] discussed the importance of corporate responsibility to their long-term success. Nike’s corporate committee’s role in supporting innovation was described. The committee was created in 2001 as a result of board member Jill Ker Conway’s lobbying. The committee advises on issues such as labor practices, resource sustainability, innovation, and acquisitions. The author concluded that corporate responsibility committee could help companies in several ways such as a source of knowledge and expertise, accountability, driver of innovation, a source for the full board and constructive critic.
Nidumolu et al. [12] discussed the idea of collaboration, as is a necessity for business sustainability. They introduce four models for systematic sustainability using case studies. The models have two common features; stakeholder inclusion and innovation in either operating processes or business outcomes. Companies can work together on issues such as climate change, depletion of resources, and ecosystem. Two types of collaborations focus on business processes and outcomes. First, is corporate collaboration, which includes all players in business such as manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and retailers. Second, extended collaborations, which covers business and non-corporate partners such as government, NGOs, and academics.
Companies can identify and share operational processes that will minimize consumption of resources and waste, which will lead to natural resources protection. In addition, companies can share defined outcomes that minimize environmental impact. To explain the proposed models, the authors discussed several case studies. Processes were the center of corporate collaborations in the case of Dairy Management Inc. and case of an action to accelerate recycling. The corporate collaboration’s focus was on outcomes in the case of sustainable coalition, and Latin American water funds partnership.
Authors stated seven next practices for successful collaborations in sustainability. (1) Starting with small committed group (2) link self-interest to shared interest (3) monetize system value (4) create a clear path with quick wins (5) acquire independent project management expertise (6) build in structured competition, and (7) nurture a culture of trust.
Doorey [13] describes the case study of Nike and Levis. The contribution of factory disclosure was evaluated, and tracking the change from resistance to transparency in supply chain was tracked. Information disclosure is a tool that is used in business and it affects its behavior. Business leaders can change harmful behavior with transparency and empowering private watchdogs. This is clear from the private movement that took place in the late 1990s to pressure corporations to disclose and declare their global suppliers. It was believed that such disclosure would improve working conditions and labor practices. For example, Nike and Levis published their suppliers list in 1995, which was a surprise to the business community. Information systems were introduced to track information about labor practices including global suppliers’ databases.
Unlike Nike and Levis, many other companies are not welcoming the idea of supplier transparency. Some of these companies cannot track their suppliers, which will lead to ignorance of labor practices. In such case, the role of private actors becomes essential to apply the needed pressure to create transparent supply chains.
New [14] discussed the importance of transparent supply chain. When supply chain is not transparent, trouble will arise. Many companies consider provenance very important, H&M for example declares that labor practices and environmental effects of its suppliers’ suppliers are very important. Origin is considered an important and essential feature of what a customer may buy. Companies such as Wal-Mart are using new technologies to provide origin data. For example, bar codes that can be read with mobile phones, genetic markers for agricultural products and labeling have been transformed by microscopic electronic devices.
Customers have an interest in origins and authenticity. Providing them with information about provenance will become part of the marketing strategy. Provenance is important on downstream and upstream sides of the supply chain. Both customers and suppliers can access this internet of things that gather provenance information.
Until recently, logistic operations were evaluated based on cost and speed criteria. The situation is different now, where sustainability was introduced in the evaluation criteria [15]. Logistics is a human activity and impacts the environment through its components purchasing, inventory, warehousing, and transportation. Decision-making becomes more important in logistic and supply chain management, which may vary from single quantitative criterion to multi-criteria problems. Many problems in logistic management such as supplier selection, purchasing, manufacturing, distribution, collaboration, performance management, and design are covered by suitable multiple criteria decision-making approaches. Mohsen and Murat [16] developed an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of freight forwarders. It analyzes different criteria that would be employed in the evaluation and selection of forwarders.
Companies’ competitiveness rely on their ability to ship their products around the globe at the right time in a perfect physical situation. It is suggested that logistic evaluation is based on a multi-criteria in terms of transit time, quality of service, expertise and specialized service, network, competitive prices, technology and information, and sustainability criteria.
In logistics, quality of service is not about responding to emails or calls anymore. The quality of service pertains to such areas as expertise in providing relevant services, ability to work with one point of contact, meeting unique customer requirements, dependability and assurance of the international shipping service, flexibility and ability to provide a wide range of services, and meeting deadlines. Quality of service is about supporting customers to gain a competitive edge against their competitors by using innovative systems, utilizing big data, and advising on the market conditions and logistics trends. Huang et al. (2019) explore some practical business solutions to enhance customer service level of the international freight forwarders. Providing high-quality service is a key objective in this business sector to enhance customer satisfaction since competition is extremely critical.
Ability to provide specialized service is very critical for customers needing special and expert handling of their sensitive cargo. For example, the shipment of a pharma product requires a forwarder who knows the regulations and has proven record experience in handling pharma when it comes to temperature monitoring during the shipping and warehousing requirements.
Network for the logistics partner is defined as the existence of the company around the globe. It is important to deal with a company that has a strong network around factories to the distribution centers to make sure they guarantee space for cargo, and on the other hand to be committed to the agreed transit time. Network dimension concerns such factors as international deployment, number of branches worldwide, and number of countries in which the international shippers are represented.
Price might be critical to some industries, especially for low-value products. Hence, customers seek the most competitive rates in the market to increase their profitability. On the other hand, other industries’ shipping pricing might not be as critical as for pharma and high technology because of the need for special handling and expertise which might not be available in all logistic companies. So, you need to check your industry and value of your product before negotiations. In all cases, the ability to offer service with attractive prices will continue to be an important criterion.
No doubt that technology is so important nowadays, finding a partner with advanced technology would help to have efficient and effective operations. The ability to access and interface with the international shippers’ information technology is a very important factor in evaluating the freight forwarder. Finding a partner with advanced technology will give the company a competitive edge against your competitors by utilizing their big data.
Some shippers have really advanced technology to level that they have platforms, which allow you to predict the economy for every quarter of the year per region by utilizing the big data of logistics (import & export), this will be very helpful, especially for newly launched products.
Saving the environment is everyone’s concern nowadays, all companies giving more attention to sustainability and they made a lot of initiatives to save environment. Finding a logistics partner who cares about sustainability will help the company in its strategy. Some of the logistic and transport companies generate reports for CO2 emission, which will help you in your strategy.
Logistics is a required function for all types of businesses. It covers many actions and activities performed by the companies involved in managing the flow of raw material, unfinished products, and final products. This wide range allows to introduce and use many tools, solutions, or actions that led to the creation of Sustainable Logistics Management term.
Sustainability is the future for logistics and supply chain businesses. It is important to understand the level of social, environmental, and economic impact and viability that suppliers and customers have. It is beyond going green and being environmentally friendly, it has an influence on manufacturing processes, starting from where raw materials are obtained, processes involved, use, and potential recycling of the product or service. In analyzing the problem of selecting a freight forwarder, sustainability will be one amongst other criteria for evaluation. Selecting a logistics partner who cares about sustainability will help in achieving company’s strategy. Some of the logistic and transport companies generate reports for CO2 emission, which will help in achieving specific targets and strategies.
As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable logistic and supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, and economic growth and profitability in the long term.
In addition to cost and speed criteria, sustainability should be introduced in the evaluation criteria. It is suggested that logistic evaluation is based on a multi-criteria in terms of transit time, quality of service, expertise and specialized service, network, competitive prices, technology and information, and sustainability criteria.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
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Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]},{id:"51411",doi:"10.5772/63960",title:"Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems",slug:"coastal-tsunami-warning-with-deployed-hf-radar-systems",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"We describe the evolution of coastal HF radar observations of tsunamis, first proposed in 1979 and developed after the 2004 Indonesia and 2011 Japan tsunamis to allow routine monitoring to detect an approaching tsunami. Oceanographic tsunami theory is summarized, both for the fundamental equations of motion and in the ray optics and Green's Law approximations; the latter can be applied when water depths are slowly varying. Observations of the current velocities caused by the 2011 Japan tsunami off the Japanese, the US West, and Chilean coasts are described and examples are shown. These observations led to the development of an empirical tsunami detection method, which is outlined. Examples of offline tsunami detections are given and detection times are compared with arrival times at neighboring tide gauges. We describe the observation and offline detection of the June 2013 meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. Methods to model and simulate tsunami velocities are described and videos of the resulting velocity/height maps are given. We describe preliminary methods for evaluating the suitability of radar sites for tsunami detection using simulated tsunami velocities. Factors affecting tsunami detectability are discussed and methods are described for the alleviation of false alarms.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson",authors:[{id:"184807",title:"Dr.",name:"Belinda",middleName:null,surname:"LIpa",slug:"belinda-lipa",fullName:"Belinda LIpa"}]},{id:"51183",doi:"10.5772/63956",title:"Tsunamis in Sweden: Occurrence and Characteristics",slug:"tsunamis-in-sweden-occurrence-and-characteristics",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the last 13,000 years, there are 17 tsunami events recorded in Sweden. This chapter highlights the characteristics of two high-magnitude events from the deglacial period and three events from Late Holocene age.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Nils-Axel Mörner",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}]},{id:"64194",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80037",title:"Geo-Statistical Assessment of the Intensity, Duration, Frequency and Trend of Drought over Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India",slug:"geo-statistical-assessment-of-the-intensity-duration-frequency-and-trend-of-drought-over-gangetic-we",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter presents spatio-temporal (1901–2002) appraisal of the intensity, duration, frequency and trend of drought over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB), Eastern India using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The study reveals that, after 1950s the magnitude of deficit precipitation has increased substantially. Stepping up of the mean intensity of most intense drought events; average drought duration; severe and extreme drought frequency in this agricultural tract at the latter half of the twentieth century are also some alarming events. The western degraded plateau is more sensitive to extreme droughts but, the impact is expected to be rigorous over the adjacent areas. In an nutshell this work provides the evidences demonstrating the intensification of aridity in the northern Rarh plain and moribund delta which may corresponds to degradation and lowering of water resources especially ground water which may also lead to increase of socio-economic vulnerability to drought. Such altered hydrolo-meteorological system hence calls for review of the agricultural practices and water use in this counterpart.",book:{id:"7484",slug:"topics-in-hydrometerology",title:"Topics in Hydrometerology",fullTitle:"Topics in Hydrometerology"},signatures:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh",authors:[{id:"257980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"krishna-gopal-ghosh",fullName:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh"}]},{id:"67666",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86774",title:"Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Patterns in Jeddah City, KSA: Future Impacts",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-rainfall-patterns-in-jeddah-city-ksa-future-impacts",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been facing significant changes in rainstorm patterns (rainstorm intensities, frequencies, distributions) causing many flash flood events. The city of Jeddah is located in a coastal plain area, in the middle of the western side of the KSA, which represents a clear case of changing rainstorm patterns. Jeddah has been hit by many rainstorm events, which increased dramatically since 2009 (e.g., one in 2009, one in 2011, one in 2015, and another one happened in 2017). However, in 2018 about six rainstorms occurred. Two major flash flood events occurred in the city in November 2009 and in January 2011. There were significant impacts of these two events causing severe flooding. During these events, 113 persons were announced dead (in the 2009 event), and infrastructures and properties were damaged (roads and highways, more than 10,000 homes and 17,000 vehicles). In addition to that, dam failure occurred in the 2011 event. This situation gives clear evidence in changing the climate system that could cause more storms in the future across the KSA. Generally, Jeddah city has a lack of short-duration data in rainfall stations. In addition to that, there are a limited number of studies that have been done in determining rainstorm patterns. Consequently, the approach of the current study will focus on understanding and determining rainstorm patterns in the period between 2011 and 2017 depending on some digital rainfall stations that have been installed recently in Jeddah city. Rainstorm pattern and the method of distribution are the most crucial factors affecting peak flow and volume calculations. Our findings showed that there are two pattern types for the rainstorms in Jeddah city. Finally, a comparison with SCS-type II distribution was carried out.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Mazen M. Abu Abdullah, Ahmed M. Youssef, Fawzy Nashar and Emad Abu AlFadail",authors:[{id:"188462",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"ahmed-youssef",fullName:"Ahmed Youssef"},{id:"289794",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Abu Abdulla",slug:"mazen-abu-abdulla",fullName:"Mazen Abu Abdulla"},{id:"296737",title:"Mr.",name:"Fawzy",middleName:null,surname:"Nashar",slug:"fawzy-nashar",fullName:"Fawzy Nashar"},{id:"296738",title:"Mr.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Abu AlFadail",slug:"emad-abu-alfadail",fullName:"Emad Abu AlFadail"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75865",title:"The Role of Statistical Methods and Tools for Weather Forecasting and Modeling",slug:"the-role-of-statistical-methods-and-tools-for-weather-forecasting-and-modeling",totalDownloads:404,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The need to understand the role of statistical methods for the forecasting of climatological parameters cannot be trivialized. This study gives an in depth review on the different variations of the Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test and how they can be applied, regression techniques (Simple and Multiple), the Angstrom-Prescott model for solar radiation, etc. The study then goes ahead to apply some of them with data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet), and applying tools like the python programming language and Wolfram Mathematica. Results show that the maximum ambient temperature for Calabar is increasing (Z = 2.52) significantly after the calculated p-value <0.05 (significant level). The seasonal M-K test was also applied for the dry and wet seasons and both were found to be increasing (Z = 3.23 and Z = 4.04 respectively) after their calculated p-values <0.05. The relationship between refractivity and other meteorological parameters relating to it was discerned using partial differential equations giving the gradient of each with refractivity; this was compared with results from the correlation matrix to show that the water vapor contents of the atmosphere contributes significantly to the variation of refractivity. Multiple linear regression has also been adopted to give an accurate model for the prediction of refractivity in the region after the residual error between the calculated refractivity and predicted refractivity was minimal.",book:{id:"8485",slug:"weather-forecasting",title:"Weather Forecasting",fullTitle:"Weather Forecasting"},signatures:"Emmanuel P. Agbo",authors:[{id:"337554",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel P.",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Agbo",slug:"emmanuel-p.-agbo",fullName:"Emmanuel P. Agbo"}]},{id:"70625",title:"Response of the Coastal Ocean to Tropical Cyclones",slug:"response-of-the-coastal-ocean-to-tropical-cyclones",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea region are the birthplaces of most monsoon disturbances and tropical cyclones and are an important channel for the generation and transmission of water vapor. The Northwest Pacific plays a major role in regulating interdecadal and long-term changes in climate. China experiences the largest number of typhoon landfalls and the most destructive power affected by typhoons in the world. The hidden dangers of typhoon disasters are accelerating with the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid development of economic construction and global warming. The coastal cities are the most dynamic and affluent areas of China’s economic development. They are the strong magnetic field that attracts international capital in China, and are also the most densely populated areas and important port groups in China. Although these regions are highly developed, they are vulnerable to disasters. When typhoons hit, the economic losses and casualties caused by gale, heavy rain and storm surges were particularly serious. This chapter reviews the response of coastal ocean to tropical cyclones, included sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, storm surge simulation and extreme rainfall under the influence of tropical cyclones.",book:{id:"8974",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-cyclone-research",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research"},signatures:"Zhiyuan Wu and Mack Conde",authors:null},{id:"51562",title:"About the Concept of the Environment Recycling—Energy (ERE) in the Romanian Steel Industry",slug:"about-the-concept-of-the-environment-recycling-energy-ere-in-the-romanian-steel-industry",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper takes as its starting point an analysis of the ecological functioning of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Thus, we present a classification of emissions generated by EAF, including limits of variation in chemical composition of “dust” issued by EAF in various countries and limit values for permissible concentrations of these emissions.The paper presents and analyzes various abstraction and treatment-related emissions for hipo-polluting operation of EAF. In this chapter, the correlations between macro system represented by metallurgical environment and interacting systems: System-Energy-Recycling Environment (ERE), Ecological system (ECO), and Recycling, Reclamation System (REC-REV) are presented. These correlations are presented in the spirit of sustainable development concepts (DC) and total quality (TQ).",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Adrian Ioana and Augustin Semenescu",authors:[{id:"177153",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana",slug:"adrian-ioana",fullName:"Adrian Ioana"},{id:"193573",title:"Prof.",name:"Augustin",middleName:null,surname:"Semenescu",slug:"augustin-semenescu",fullName:"Augustin Semenescu"}]},{id:"51481",title:"Effect of Dopants on the Properties of Zirconia‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide",slug:"effect-of-dopants-on-the-properties-of-zirconia-supported-iron-catalysts-for-ethylbenzene-dehydrogen",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Due to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide to the environment, a lot of work has been carried out aiming to find new applications, which can decrease the emissions or to capture and use it. An attractive application for carbon dioxide is the synthesis of chemicals, especially for producing styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in which it increases the catalyst activity and selectivity. In order to find efficient catalysts for the reaction, the effect of cerium, chromium, aluminum, and lanthanum on the properties of zirconia‐supported iron oxides was studied in this work. The modified supports were prepared by precipitation and impregnated with iron nitrate. The obtained catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area measurement, and temperature‐programmed reduction. The catalysts showed different textural and catalytic properties, which were associated to the different phases in the solids, such as monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, hematite, maghemite, cubic ceria, monoclinic or hexagonal lantana, and rhombohedral chromia, the active phases in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. The most promising dopant was cerium, which produces the most active catalyst at the lowest temperature, probably due to its ability of providing lattice oxygen, which activates carbon dioxide and increases the reaction rate.",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Maria do Carmo Rangel, Sirlene B. Lima, Sarah Maria Santana\nBorges and Ivoneide Santana Sobral",authors:[{id:"94651",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Do Carmo Rangel",slug:"maria-do-carmo-rangel",fullName:"Maria Do Carmo Rangel"}]},{id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"838",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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