\r\n\tnano-optics, nonlinear plasmonics, and nonlinear metamaterials emerged in the last decades due to the progress in nanotechnology.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe essential subject of this book is the publication of novel theoretical and experimental results concerning the nonlinear optical phenomena in photonic and plasmonic nanostructures, nonlinear metamaterials including liquid crystals, and devices based on nonlinear optical waveguides. In particular, the following topics will be considered: the interaction of solid-state nanostructures with the intense electromagnetic fields, the surface plasmon polariton propagation and interaction near the metal-dielectric interface, active nano-photonic devices for lasing and optical sources, nonlinear metamaterials, the nonlinear optics of liquid crystals and the possible combination of liquid crystals with plasmonic and metamaterials. We do not limit the book to these topics.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe novel results in other fields of nonlinear optics would be also welcome. We hope that the proposed book will be interesting for researchers and engineers occupied in optical fiber telecommunications, optical signal processing, novel active materials, and devices.
",isbn:"978-1-83962-836-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-835-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-890-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",bookSignature:"Dr. Boris I. Lembrikov",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",keywords:"Nonlinear Optics, Nano-Photonics, Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP), Plasmonics, Plasmonic Nanostructure, Plasmonic Waveguide, Metamaterial, Nonlinearity, Nematic Liquid Crystals (NLC), TE Mode, TM Mode, Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (CLC)",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr.Lembrikov actively participated in numerous international scientific conferences, he is an author of a book, a large number of papers, and chapters in scientific books. He was an invited researcher at the Max Planck Institute High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Grenoble, France.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2359/images/system/2359.jpg",biography:"Boris I. Lembrikov is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering of the Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), Holon, Israel. B. I. Lembrikov received his Ph.D. in Nonlinear Optics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1996. Since then he was an invited researcher at the Haifa University, at the Max Planck Institute High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Grenoble, France, at the Technion, Haifa, Israel. Dr. B. I. Lembrikov is an author of the book \\Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media\\, a number of chapters in scientific books, a large number of papers in international peer reviewed journals and reports delivered at the international scientific conferences. He actively participated in a number of research projects concerning optics of nanoparticles, optical communications, UWB communications. The main research fields of interest of Dr. B. I. Lembrikov are nonlinear optics, optical and UWB communications, nanostructures, quantum dot lasers.",institutionString:"Holon Institute of Technology (HIT)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"11",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Holon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"345821",firstName:"Darko",lastName:"Hrvojic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/345821/images/16410_n.",email:"darko@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3674",title:"Ultra Wideband",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ultra-wideband",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"189",title:"Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2f8e92a107244ca4c22888843e374f",slug:"novel-applications-of-the-uwb-technologies",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/189.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7582",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07",slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71609",title:"Air Traffic Controllers’ Attitude to the Mistakes Hazards during Their Professional Experience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91937",slug:"air-traffic-controllers-attitude-to-the-mistakes-hazards-during-their-professional-experience",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
As for today human factor (HF) has approved dual influence on flight safety (FS). Unfortunately the statistics of dangerous air events and serious accidents shows that negative component of this influence has advantage. This stimulated ICAO to publish multiple circulars, annexes, and manuals with generalized world experience on the topic. They are based on the reports and proceedings of air companies and regional administrations dedicated to negative HF influence prevention [1, 2, 3, 4]. It is natural that all kinds of such generalization should be scientifically based.
\n
Frontline air operators (in this chapter we talk only about air traffic controllers (ATCs)) work process can be presented as uninterrupted set of decisions. They are generated and implemented in clear and stealth forms under the influence of various factors. These factors could be classified as external/internal, biased/unbiased, stochastic and deterministic, etc. [5]. Thus it seems possible to present actual ICAO FS paradigm [4] with leading role of HF influence on decision-making (DM). Figure 1 proposed by authors and cited in various proceedings proves this thesis [6, 7, 8, 9].
\n
Figure 1.
Influence scheme of HF in regard to decision-making and ICAO flight safety concept components interaction.
\n
It is important that blocks (a)–(e) designation in Figure 1 is used according to the ICAO safety concept introduction. Components (h)–(l) inserted in block (e) correspond to the authors’ vision of HF influence on the DM process. They draw “attitudes toward unsafe acts and conditions” which also belongs to the mentioned concept. Blocks (h, i, j) are already researched both for ATC students and professionals. Research results are summarized and published [10]. Less attention is paid to (k) and (l) components.
\n
Taking into account all mentioned above, this chapter is dedicated to the preferences system (PS) research. The system is referred as HF to DM influence component, thus playing its role in “attitudes toward unsafe acts and conditions.” Such attitudes are reasonable to be determined via ATC PS across typical errors set in professional activity process.
\n
\n
\n
2. Theoretical fundamentals of preferences system determination technology
\n
On the basis of such sources like ICAO recommendations, air accidents statistic, specific ATC experience, and ATC personnel education experience, the following list of typical errors for ATC during their professional activity was composed [9, 11, 12]:
Er.1—Radiotelephony phraseology violation.
Er.2—Inconsistent aircraft entry into the adjacent ATC zone.
Er.3—Longitudinal course time interval violation.
Er.4—Counter course time interval violation.
Er.5—Cross-aircraft separation violation at crossing courses.
Er.6—No address in ATC messaging.
Er.7—Error in aircraft call sign determination.
Er.8—Error in aircraft identification.
Er.9—Misuse of ATC schedule.
Er.10—Absence of the note of control transfer to the adjacent air traffic control center in the ATC strip.
Er.11—Absence of the coordination mark for aircraft entrance into adjacent ATC in the ATC strip.
Er.12—Violation of coordinated geographic control transfer boundary by ATC.
Er.13—Violation of coordinated time control transfer boundary by ATC.
Er.14—Non-efficient/saving ATC.
Er.15—Negligence while applying of the letter-digital information (potential multiple interpretations) to the strip.
Er.16—Violation of shift transition procedures.
Er.17—Issued commands to change the altitude or direction of flight are not reflected on the strip.
Er.18—Attempt to control the aircraft under condition of TCAS system operation in the “resolution advice” mode.
Er.19—Errors at aircraft concerning information input into the automated system.
Er.20—Emergency procedures violation.
Er.21—Airspace use violations.
\n\n
Different errors obviously possess different hazard levels. This requires ATC attitude to be found and arranged in preferences system for those errors. Referring to proceedings [9, 11, 12, 13] and current research context, this PS is considered as ATC hazard levels experience. This includes the most hazardous error, the least hazardous error, and all other error types arranged in hazard descending order.
\n
Finalized PS is important for ATC correct person-targeted professional training arrangement. Also it can be used in preventive maintenance of HF negative influence on FS. Really all information of FS allows experienced instructors to determine peculiarities of ATC individual experience, including air accidents and catastrophic experience. On the other hand, such knowledge might contribute revealing of flaws in professional training and conceptual safety model. The latter two grow during professional activity process.
\n
There are several most common ways to determine PS. They could be used for ATC attitude identification toward hazards of typical errors and mistakes with ranking method [9, 13]:
Sorting is used in case of previous clustering of huge number of alternate options. For example, the ICAO states that ATC mistakes and errors clustering should be performed with regard to such types and sources [3]: mistakes caused by incorrect equipment utilization, procedural mistakes, and communication mistakes. At that point the proposed list of typical mistakes was also partially based on the ICAO recommendations.
This set of mistakes significantly exceeds operative capabilities of human memory expressed with “magic Miller’s number” (7±2 units at the same time) [14] and reaches the so-called Parkinson’s inefficiency coefficient [15]. However participants encouraged to pass the survey are highly experienced ATC. Each of them has significant real occupational experience including nonstandard situation solving. These situations include potential conflicts, urgent conflicts, catastrophic, high work pressure, and psychological overload. They also had teaching experience. Thus in their case, clustering procedure with secondary ranking step was unnecessary.
Direct ranking is a simple process, although its application has certain limits. They are operating memory capacity and cognitive functions limitations mentioned above.
Pair comparison and relative input calculation.
Determination of weighted hazard coefficients (importance, significance, etc.).
Determination of biased hazardous mistakes probabilities.
Application of fuzzy variables in order to find mistakes rate.
\n\n
For the current research, the pair comparison method was chosen with further relative contribution calculation for both components. It was applied for every mistakes pair. Such approach could be presented [9, 13, 16] as following:
where cij is the quantitative index of preferences of mistake Er.i over mistake Er.j in regard to hazard level and z is the index that describes summary hazard level of mistakes Er.i and Er.j.
\n
Proposed method of PS calculation is quite simple since researched mistakes are compared in pairs. This pushes expert’s attitude to other mistakes out of the single comparison scope. All presented is a part of wide class of experts’ opinions explication methods where expert opinion is taken as basic undividable statement.
\n
Preferences cij value sequence determination as quantitative characteristics of mistakes comparison is the following:
Experts express their statements via pair comparisons of mistakes hazards. They use their own professional experience and statistics of accidents and incidents. Initially it’s just a prevalence or equality of hazard level that is determined for each pair without quantitative estimation.
Using information analysis or ATC experts support, the range in hazard values is determined for mistakes being compared. These estimations are saved as ranked set boundary components ratio.
where \n\nEr\n\n.\ni\nmax\n\n,\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\nmax\n\n\n are mistakes with maximal \n\nC\n\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\nmax\n\n\n\n\n and minimal \n\nC\n\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\nmin\n\n\n\n\n hazard values and Kp is the compared mistakes hazard ratio coefficient.
\n
\n
3. Desired values of integral mistakes hazard coefficients z are found with coefficient Kp.\n
where n = 21 is the number of mistakes being arranged.
\n
\n
4. On the basis of paired mistakes hazard level comparison systems and with the help of cij coefficients, squared matrix \n\nC\n=\n\n\n\nc\nij\n\n\n\n\n is created:
5. With iterative priority arrangement method (PAM) [16], the values of mistakes hazards priorities Ci(k) are found.
6. Actual coefficient of mistakes hazard level ratio KA is calculated. It is compared to the empiric coefficient of the same kind Kp. If they match, then the task of z index determination is successfully solved. Otherwise coefficient correction is performed.
\n\n
The proposed method has several major advantages:
Simplification of the statements of expression procedure (no quantitative estimation of compared mistakes is required).
The method of cij selection coefficients matches quantitative empiric estimations with their real quantitative hazard ratios.
Non-transitive input data is allowed along with non-transitive output preferences.
\n\n
There is one most important and valuable step in this method application. It is the estimation of boundary mistakes hazard ratio empiric coefficient Kp. If it is possible to estimate mistakes ratio, then they should be arranged to define boundary elements of their whole set. PAM with z coefficients can be used for that purpose. In whole task this is the only part with quantitative estimation. Thus it should be paid more attention. If pair comparison systems are non-transitive or possess equality (indifference), the z values procedure calculation should be changed in a proper way [16]. This happens when certain mistakes make no difference in ATC expert opinions, thus receiving “average” ranks.
\n
For this reason formula (1) is commonly transformed into two formulas. They have summary quantitative estimations of compared alternatives (mistakes) equal to 1 or 2:
\n
\n\n\nc\nij\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n−\n\nif\n\nmistake\n\nEr\n\n,\ni\n\n\nis more hazardous thanEr\n\n.\nj\n\n:\n\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≻\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n−\n\nif\n\nvice versa\n:\n\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≺\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n0.5\n\n\n−\n\nif\n\nmistakes\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n\ni\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\npossess equal hazard\n:\n\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≈\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n;\n\nE5
\n
\n\n\nc\nij\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n−\n\nif mistake\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n\nis more hazardous\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≻\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\n−\n\nif vice versa\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≺\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n−\n\nif mistakes\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n\ni\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\npossess same hazard\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≈\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n.\n\nE6
\n
Formulas (5) and (6) show that part of summary mistakes hazard is normalized. It supposed to simplify their pair comparison and PS determination. Indeed human thinking deals better with qualitative comparative tasks rather than quantitative. However normalizing makes results rough and brings methodology error in final conclusion about real hazards (actual mistakes place in the ranked sequence).
\n
\n
\n
3. Normative approach application to find ATC preferences system on the set of typical mistakes
\n
So formula (5) is used to find individual PS (IPS) of National Aviation University and DP “Ukraeroruh” employees m = 37. All of them have significant work experience and methodical (training) practice. IPS found with the help of group decision method was ere aggregated in generalized group PS (GrPS) via averaging and summation:
where \n\n\n≻\n\ntr\n.\n\n\n−\n\n defines the preference of one mistake comparing to the other one in GrPS. All IPSs used for this purpose are received with traditional method using formula (5).
\n
Hence GrPS of type (7) is received via “traditional” method of the distribution of normative mistakes hazard sum which is equal to 1. It clearly shows their ordered set starting with the most hazardous (Er.18—Attempt to control the aircraft under condition of TCAS system operation in the “resolution advice” mode) down to the least hazardous one (Er.10—Absence of the note of control transfer to the adjacent air traffic control center in the ATC strip). Although before the conclusion about GrPS of type (7) acceptability could be made, the consistency verification of ATC experts engaged in the process should be performed.
\n
The indicator for such consistency is Kendall multiple rank correlation coefficient (RCC) \n\n\nW\n\ntr\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n2728\n\n. The low value of this indicator can be explained by several reasons: firstly, the big variety of mistakes and big variety of ATC experts engaged to the research inevitably influenced the diversity of opinions and thus influenced RCC, and secondly, no efforts to find and remove marginal opinions were made (by marginal here, we understand certain extremely specific experience rather than roughly wrong).
\n
Taking into account that low absolute value of RCC could be statistically acceptable, let us use Pearson \n\n\nχ\n2\n\n\n criterion to test the corresponding hypothesis. It is found that \n\n\nχ\n\ncalc\n.\n\n2\n\n=\n201\n,\n412\n>\n>\n\nχ\n\nα\n=\n1\n%\n,\n\nk\n=\n36\n\n2\n\n=\n58\n,\n619\n\n which allows to state that RCC indicator value is statistically acceptable. Thus opinions of ATC experts engaged to the research are consistent for (7). It means that GrPS of the type (7) can be used in flight safety management processes or during ATC training procedures.
\n
However it should be stated that the absolute value of RCC criterion \n\n\nW\n\ntr\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n2728\n\n does not satisfy criterion [17]:
\n
\n\nW\n≥\n0.7\n,\n\nE8
\n
thus type (7) GrPS is not absolutely acceptable as well.
\n
\n
\n
4. Differential approach application to the preferences system determination within the set of typical mistakes
\n
Let us consider all mentioned above taking into account proceeding [9]. It allows to dedicate current section to the development of enhanced method of mistakes hazard levels sum distribution. Its efficiency and application are also discussed.
\n
Once again let us underline that formulas (5) and (6) hold mistakes hazard levels sum equal to 1 or 2. It is normatively distributed by the expert among mistakes being compared. In other words each mistake’s contribution in aggregate hazard value is limited. It does not operate with [0, 1] or [1, 2] ranges but uses simple decision about “\n\n≻\n\n” or “\n\n≺\n\n” preference (or their equality indifference “\n\n≈\n\n”). This simplifies IPS construction but makes final estimations result rough. Such roughness is transferred further to the generalized results of mistakes hazards set arrangement.
\n
To get rid of this flaw, the partial and overall mistakes hazard is proposed to be calculated. Special absolute qualimetric scale with 100 points [13] is proposed for this purpose. Expression (1) evolution in this case is the following:
\n
\n\n\nc\nij\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n51\n≤\n\nc\nij\n\n≤\n100\n,\n\nif mistake\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n\nis more hazardous than\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≻\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n≤\n\nc\nij\n\n≤\n49\n,\n\nif vice versa\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≺\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n\n50\n\nif mistakes\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n\ni\n\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\nare\n\nequally hazardous\n:\n\nEr\n\n.\ni\n\n≈\nEr\n\n.\nj\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE9
\n
Same m = 37 professional ATCs were engaged in the second round of the survey. They fulfilled 210 paired comparisons one more time with the help of expression (9) and constructed new IPSs. IPS to GrPS generalization is once again performed with ranks averaging and summation strategy for group decisions. The formal overview of new empiric GrPS is the following:
where \n\n\n≻\n\ndif\n.\n\n\n−\n\n\ndetermines the preference of one mistake to the other.
\n
The absence of tied mistakes ranks is noticeable while comparing GrPS (7) and (10). It means that the ranking of researched mistakes is strict. The rate of two GrPS coincidences is checked with Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Its value is equal to \n\n\nR\nS\n\ntr\n.\n−\ndif\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n9727\n\n. This witnesses about overwhelming match of ATC experts’ opinions about mistakes hazards in compared GrPS (7) and (10).
\n
Finding opinions consistency in (10) with the help of RCC gives \n\n\nW\n\ndif\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n5237\n\n, that is, 1.92 times more than the initial one. It shows the efficiency of newly proposed method in general (partial mistakes inclusion).
\n
The coefficient value is statistically acceptable which is proven by hypothesis testing with Pearson \n\n\nχ\n2\n\n\n criterion. For newly calculated value, it is equal to \n\n\nχ\n\ndif\n.\n\n2\n\n=\n387\n,\n508\n>\n>\n\nχ\n\nα\n=\n1\n%\n,\n\nk\n=\n36\n\n2\n\n=\n58\n,\n619\n\n. This means that GsPS of type (10) can be considered as generally consistent.
\n
Yet again there are a big number of ATC respondents and a big number of mistakes proposed for arrangement. It influences in adverse way on the RCC absolute value. Requirement (8) is not satisfied again.
\n
With the given significance level, both of GrPS are statistically acceptable. However even in brief comparison of GrPS indexes (\n\n\nW\n\ntr\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n2728\n\n and \n\n\nW\n\ndif\n.\n\n\n=\n0\n.\n5237\n\n), it is clear that current research points on the second result to be used. It includes a negative HF influence prevention on the FS as flight safety management measures and ATC professional training.
\n
Proposed differentiating method disadvantage lies in the quantitative requirement. It forces experts to express their opinions about mistakes hazards levels in numerical values. But it is well known that people tend to operate with qualitative information. Altogether this requires only high-quality ATC experts to be engaged in the survey.
\n
\n
\n
5. Multistep method of determination and losing marginal ATC opinions concerning mistakes hazards
\n
As it was mentioned before, the marginal opinions of ATC engaged in the survey are not examples of their bad training or experience. In current research context, it’s rather a certain particular experience. Such rarity greatly influences their personal IPS, making a difference with others’ opinions. Because of that, it is very important to pay attention to their opinions separation and analysis. This is what briefly explained in proceeding [18].
\n
Let us measure single ATC influence on group estimate as
where \n\n\n\na\n¯\n\nm\n\n\n is the average estimation of experts group with \n\nm\n\n members and \n\n\n\na\n¯\n\n\nm\n+\n1\n\n\n\n is the average group estimation with m + 1 members.
\n
Let us specify acceptable influence level for single opinion b of (m + 1)th ATC expert. Basing on the proceedings [18, 19], it can be limited with 5–10% change:
This is valid for ATC opinions analysis. It can be applied both for particular mistakes and already given integral indexes of mistakes hazards set. Once again the nature of these estimates is numerical and quantitative, while people better operate with qualitative and comparative ranking meanings. Thus it is important to develop corresponding procedures and methods of ATC experts’ competence determination based on the mistakes hazards they work with.
\n
Let us apply research results and methods of image detection theory [20, 21, 22] to find experts’ competence. Risk recognition term is introduced. It is a mathematical expectation of information losses due to recognition mistakes for qualified and unqualified ATCs.
where X is the space for x signals (these are hazards scoring characteristics, assigned by the ATC experts to the mistakes), \n\ni\n=\n\n\n1\n,\nI\n\n¯\n\n\n estimation classes numbers, \n\nk\n=\n\n\n1\n,\n\nK\n\n¯\n\n\n recognition alternatives numbers \n\nδ\n\nx\n\n\n, \n\nL\n\ni\n\n\nk\n\n\n\n information losses during class assignment of estimate from class i to the class k, \n\nP\n\ni\n\n\n classes probabilities known in advance, and \n\np\n\n\nx\n/\ni\n\n\n\n classes probability densities known in advance.
\n
So it is all about distance calculation between points in the image space. Herewith the particular point belongs to certain class if it is determined with the distance to the reference point. Members that belong to the same class should form a compact cluster in the system parameters space.
\n
In observed case the following distance is used as a generalizing value:
where Lj is the generalized distance of IPS of jth ATC expert toward GrPS and rig is the rank of іth mistake in GrPS.
\n
It is important to underline that GrPS consistency here is taken as an assumption. For further convenience, normalized \n\n\nL\nj\n\n\n index value is introduced:
Applying formulas (14)–(17) to IPSs that are found with proposed differentiated method (which uses mistakes hazards sum distribution), it is possible to find the following opinions marginality criterion:
It is calculated that marginal thoughts are expressed by 10 ATC experts, which is shown in Figure 2. Removing their IPS allows to receive subgroup A with \n\n\nm\nA\n\n=\nm\n−\n\nm\n\nm\narg\n\n\n=\n27\n\nATC\n\n members with such GrPS:
\n
Figure 2.
Finding ATC marginal opinions about mistakes hazards in their professional experience.
where \n\n\n≻\n\nm\nA\n\n\n−\n\n\nshows the prevalence of one mistake hazard level over another mistake in GrPS combined with \n\n\nm\nA\n\n\n ATC expert opinions.
\n
It is found that correspondent correlation coefficient value is equal to \n\n\nW\nA\n\n=\n0\n.\n7\n\n for \n\n\nm\nA\n\n\n subgroup. It satisfies the requirements of criterion (13) and is statistically acceptable because \n\n\nχ\nA\n2\n\n=\n377\n,\n743\n>\n>\n\nχ\n\n26\n,\n\nα\n=\n1\n%\n\n2\n\n=\n45\n,\n642\n\n\n. Thus GrPS found for \n\n\nm\nA\n\n=\n27\n\n subgroup actually can be used for flight safety management measures and ATC professional training.
\n
Further filtering and analysis could be performed with the same proposed method for \n\n\nm\nB\n\n=\nm\n−\n\nm\nA\n\n=\n10\n\n ATC subgroup as is shown in Table 1. Figure 3 clearly shows the main steps of presented multistep algorithm.
Multistep method of determination and losing marginal opinions of ATC experts about mistakes hazard levels.
\n
Figure 3.
Multistep algorithm of ATCs’ group preferences determination on the set of typical mistakes.
\n
It is clear that after \n\n\nm\nA\n\n\n subgroup separation, it was impossible to find any other subgroups with internal opinions consistency. That is the reason for these 10 ATCs to be under increased attention during prevention of negative HF influence upon FS.
\n
Finally it is worth mentioning the positive influence of the procedure on the ATC experts’ personal traits. Since during the survey, they had to imagine and compare 210 pairs of mistakes with an attempt to determine their hazard levels.
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
Scientific results received and presented in this chapter explain proactive attitudes of ATCs to the mistakes hazards. Summarizing them allows to state the following:
The most comprehensive list of n = 21 typical mistakes for ATC allows to fully analyze their mistakes.
There are 37 IPSs received with the help of normative and proposed mistakes hazard analysis methods. They are generalized in GrPS afterward. Proposed method efficiency is defined by Kendall rank correlation coefficient which is 1.92 times greater than the normative method.
Multistep method of determination and losing marginal opinions of ATC experts which allows to separate subgroups with increased internal opinions consistency.
Taking initial group of m = 37 participants, there was mА = 27 subgroup separated. Their internal opinions consistency was higher. Other 10 people should be paid increased attention during prevention of negative HF influence upon FS.
Positive influence of the procedure on the ATC experts’ personal traits is determined.
\n\n
Further researches of PS determination for ATCs’ typical mistakes set should be performed in the following areas:
Classic decision-making criteria application to determine ATCs’ group preferences systems and their risk level analysis.
Kemeny median determination as optimum indicator for group opinions in regard to mistakes risk levels.
Frames and neural networks application for ATC incorrect actions analysis and modeling.
\n\n
\n\n',keywords:"flight safety, human factors, decision-making, air traffic controllers, typical mistakes, preferences system",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71609.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71609.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71609",totalDownloads:115,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 24th 2020",dateReviewed:"February 28th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 23rd 2020",dateFinished:"March 31st 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Air traffic controllers’ (ATCs) work process can be presented as uninterrupted set of decisions. These decisions occur and are implemented in both clear and stealth forms being influenced a lot. Determined and stochastic risks are especially important in this process. Human factor (HF) effect on flight safety is proven to be better considered through operators’ attitudes toward unsafe acts and conditions. This seamlessly integrates in ICAO safety paradigm. Air traffic controllers’ preferences system (PS) is discussed in regard to typical professional mistakes set. Using paired comparison, normative part of summary hazard and differentiating part of summary hazard, the preferences system of air traffic controllers is received. For the first time, mistakes pair summary hazard is determined on the unique qualimetric 100-point scale. Systems pair has high correlation level according to Spearman coefficient (R = 0.9727). Proposed Kendall rank coefficient outweighs the traditional one twice (Wtraditional = 0.2722, Wproposed = 0.55237). The significance level for all cases is equal to 1%. Multistep procedure of marginal opinions separation is implemented. It increased Kendall rank coefficient value up to Wproposed = 0.7. Survey procedure influenced positively on the ability of mistakes memorization, recognition, and avoidance during simulation training.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71609",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71609",book:{slug:"safety-and-risk-assessment-of-civil-aircraft-during-operation"},signatures:"Oleksii Reva, Andrii Nevynitsyn, Serhii Borsuk, Valerii Shulgin and Volodymyr Kamyshyn",authors:[{id:"304492",title:"Dr.",name:"Serhii",middleName:"Pavlovych",surname:"Borsuk",fullName:"Serhii Borsuk",slug:"serhii-borsuk",email:"grey1s@yandex.ua",position:null,institution:{name:"Wenzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"305993",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksii",middleName:null,surname:"Reva",fullName:"Oleksii Reva",slug:"oleksii-reva",email:"ran54@meta.ua",position:null,institution:null},{id:"318265",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrii",middleName:null,surname:"Nevynitsyn",fullName:"Andrii Nevynitsyn",slug:"andrii-nevynitsyn",email:"nevatse@ukr.net",position:null,institution:{name:"National Aviation University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"318266",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerii",middleName:null,surname:"Shulgin",fullName:"Valerii Shulgin",slug:"valerii-shulgin",email:"VAShulgin@ukr.net",position:null,institution:{name:"National Aviation University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"318267",title:"Prof.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:null,surname:"Kamyshyn",fullName:"Volodymyr Kamyshyn",slug:"volodymyr-kamyshyn",email:"kvv@ukrintei.ua",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Theoretical fundamentals of preferences system determination technology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Normative approach application to find ATC preferences system on the set of typical mistakes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Differential approach application to the preferences system determination within the set of typical mistakes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Multistep method of determination and losing marginal ATC opinions concerning mistakes hazards",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nFundamental Human Factors Concept. Human Factors Digest N0. 1. Circular. ICAO 216 AN/131. Montreal, Canada. 1989. p. 36\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nInvestigation of Human Factors in Accidents and Incidents. Human Factors Digest No. 7. ICAO Circular 240-АN/144. Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 1993. p. 66\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nICAO Circular 314. Threat and Error Management in Air Traffic Control. ICAO. 2008. p. 34\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nSafety Management Manual (SMM). Doc ICAO 9859 AN/460. 4th ed. (Advance Unedited). Montreal, Canada. 2018. p. 182\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nReva AN, Tumyshev KM, Bekmuhambetov AA. Human Factor and Flight Safety (Proactive Influence Research); Almaty. 2006. p. 242\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nReva OM, Borsuk SP, Shulgin VA, et al. “Front line” aviation operators attitude to the hazardous actions or conditions of professional activity as main actor of flight safety provision. In: MINTT-2016; 24–26 May 2016; Kherson. 2016. pp. 90-97\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nReva OM, Borsuk SP, Bala MM, Peyman MS. New approach to determination of main solution taking dominant of air traffic controller during flight level norms violation. In: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Proceedings of the AHFE 2016 International Conference on Human Factors in Transportation; July 2016. Florida, USA: Walt Disney World; 2016. pp. 137-147\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nReva OM, Borsuk SP, Shulgin VA, Nedbay SV. Ergonomic assessment of instructors’ capability to conduct personality-oriented training for air traffic control (ATC) personnel. In: Advances in Human Factors of Transportation. Proceedings of the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Human Factors in Transportation, Washington, DC, USA; July 24–28, 2019. pp. 783-793\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nReva АN, Kamyshin VV, Nevynytsyn АМ, Shulhyn VА. Differential method for establishing a comparative danger of air traffic controllers’ errors in professional activity. Science, Technology, Innovations: Scientific Magazine. 2019;3(11):70-82\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nReva ОМ, Borsuk SP, Kamyshin VV, Shulhyn VА, Parhomenko VD, Lypchansky VO. Systematic informational methodology of proactive qualimetry of human factor influence on the decision making in aeronautical systems. In: Reva OV, editor. Monograph. Kyiv: UkrINTEI; 2019. pp. 166\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nReva OM, Kamyshin VV, Nevynitsyn AM, Nasirov SS. Decision-making: system of preferences of air traffic controllers on indicators of frequency and danger of characteristic errors. In: Intellectual Systems for Decision Making and Problems of Computational Intelligence (ISDMCI’2019). Zalizny Port, 21–25 May 2019, Kherson: FOP Vyshemirsky V.S.; 2019. pp. 159-161\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nReva OM, Nevynitsyn AM, Nasirov SS, Lypchansky VO. Improving the procedure for identifying prevention systems of air traffic controllers on the spectrum of specific errors. In: ХXIV International Propulsion Engineering Congress, 2–7 September 2019, Kharkiv. 2019. pp. 89-90\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nReliability and Efficiency in Technique Handbook. Efficiency of Technical Systems. Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publisher; 1988. p. 328\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nHerasimov BM, Kamyshin VV. Organizational ergonomics: Methods and algorithms of research and design. In: Monograph. Kyiv: Information Systems; 2009. pp. 212\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nParkinson CN. Parkinson’s Law and Other Studies in Administration. Cutchogue: Buccaneer Books; 1957. pp. 117\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nBlumberg VA, Glushchenko VF. What is the best solution? In: Method of Arrangement of Priorities. Leningrad: Lenizdat Publ.; 1982. pp. 160\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nTarasov VA, Herasymov BM, Levyn YA, Korneichuk VA. Intelligent Decision Support Systems: Theory, Synthesis, Efficiency. Кyiv; 2007. pp. 336\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nReva OM, Kamyshin VV, Nevynitsyn AM, Radetska SV. Multistep procedure of decision making in regard to group preferences system for air traffic controllers. In: Technical Regulations, Metrology, Information and Transport Technologies: 14–15 October 2019, Odessa. 2019. pp. 147-152\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nBeshelev SD, Hurvich FG. Mathematic-Statistical Methods of Experts Estimate. Мoscow: Statistics; 1980. pp. 263\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nBabak VP, Kharchenko VP, Maksimov VO, et al. In: Babak VP, editor. Flight Safety. Кyiv: Techniques; 2004. p. 504\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nVasyiev VI. Recognizing Systems: Reference Book. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; 1983. p. 423\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nReva ОМ, Suvorova IM. Methods of images recognition within instructors’ proficiency estimation of their work motivation indicators priorities. In: Projects Management, System Analysis and Logistics: Scientific Magazine. Vol. 6. Кyiv: NTU; 2009. pp. 208-216\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Oleksii Reva",address:null,affiliation:'
Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information, Ukraine
Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information, Ukraine
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10224",title:"Safety and Risk Assessment of Civil Aircraft during Operation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Safety and Risk Assessment of Civil Aircraft during Operation",slug:"safety-and-risk-assessment-of-civil-aircraft-during-operation",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10224.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-793-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-792-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-055-0",editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"73633",title:"Risk Assessment of Civil Aircraft during Operation",slug:"risk-assessment-of-civil-aircraft-during-operation",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Longbiao Li",authors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Longbiao Li",slug:"longbiao-li"}]},{id:"73144",title:"Risk and Economic Analysis Methods of Commercial Aero Engines",slug:"risk-and-economic-analysis-methods-of-commercial-aero-engines",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sherkhan Aitugan and Longbiao Li",authors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Longbiao Li",slug:"longbiao-li"},{id:"318615",title:"Mr.",name:"Sherkhan",middleName:null,surname:"Aitugan",fullName:"Sherkhan Aitugan",slug:"sherkhan-aitugan"}]},{id:"73525",title:"Safety and Risk Assessment of Civil Aircraft during Operation",slug:"safety-and-risk-assessment-of-civil-aircraft-during-operation",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Asif Mostafa",authors:[{id:"317552",title:"Mr.",name:"Asif",middleName:null,surname:"Mostafa",fullName:"Asif Mostafa",slug:"asif-mostafa"}]},{id:"72483",title:"Design Approaches for Safety Increasing and Risk Decreasing for the Civil Aircraft’s Operation",slug:"design-approaches-for-safety-increasing-and-risk-decreasing-for-the-civil-aircraft-s-operation",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dmytro Tiniakov",authors:[{id:"317710",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dmytro",middleName:null,surname:"Tiniakov",fullName:"Dmytro Tiniakov",slug:"dmytro-tiniakov"}]},{id:"72416",title:"Theories and Models of Human Errors Occurrence. Simulation of Aircraft Maintenance Processes",slug:"theories-and-models-of-human-errors-occurrence-simulation-of-aircraft-maintenance-processes",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrii Pryimak, Mykhailo Orlovskyi and Yevgeny Tretyakov",authors:[{id:"317911",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pryimak",middleName:null,surname:"Andrii",fullName:"Pryimak Andrii",slug:"pryimak-andrii"},{id:"317985",title:"Dr.",name:"Orlovskyi",middleName:null,surname:"Mykhailo",fullName:"Orlovskyi Mykhailo",slug:"orlovskyi-mykhailo"},{id:"318001",title:"MSc.",name:"Tretyakov",middleName:null,surname:"Yevgeny",fullName:"Tretyakov Yevgeny",slug:"tretyakov-yevgeny"}]},{id:"71609",title:"Air Traffic Controllers’ Attitude to the Mistakes Hazards during Their Professional Experience",slug:"air-traffic-controllers-attitude-to-the-mistakes-hazards-during-their-professional-experience",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oleksii Reva, Andrii Nevynitsyn, Serhii Borsuk, Valerii Shulgin and Volodymyr Kamyshyn",authors:[{id:"304492",title:"Dr.",name:"Serhii",middleName:"Pavlovych",surname:"Borsuk",fullName:"Serhii Borsuk",slug:"serhii-borsuk"},{id:"305993",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksii",middleName:null,surname:"Reva",fullName:"Oleksii Reva",slug:"oleksii-reva"},{id:"318265",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrii",middleName:null,surname:"Nevynitsyn",fullName:"Andrii Nevynitsyn",slug:"andrii-nevynitsyn"},{id:"318266",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerii",middleName:null,surname:"Shulgin",fullName:"Valerii Shulgin",slug:"valerii-shulgin"},{id:"318267",title:"Prof.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:null,surname:"Kamyshyn",fullName:"Volodymyr Kamyshyn",slug:"volodymyr-kamyshyn"}]},{id:"72754",title:"Non-Steady First Matrix Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics",slug:"non-steady-first-matrix-cracking-of-fiber-reinforced-ceramics",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huan Wang",authors:[{id:"318545",title:"Ms.",name:"Huan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Huan Wang",slug:"huan-wang"}]},{id:"72938",title:"The Effect of Random Load on Life Prediction of High-Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites",slug:"the-effect-of-random-load-on-life-prediction-of-high-temperature-ceramic-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"En-Zhong Zhang",authors:[{id:"318614",title:"Dr.",name:"En-Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"En-Zhong Zhang",slug:"en-zhong-zhang"}]},{id:"72943",title:"Multiple Matrix Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites during Operation",slug:"multiple-matrix-cracking-of-fiber-reinforced-ceramic-matrix-composites-during-operation",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chengzheng Zhu",authors:[{id:"317640",title:"Mr.",name:"Chengzheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Chengzheng Zhu",slug:"chengzheng-zhu"}]},{id:"72665",title:"Finite Element Analysis of Fiber Pull-Out of Ceramic Matrix Composites",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-fiber-pull-out-of-ceramic-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wang Hong",authors:[{id:"322410",title:"Mr.",name:"Wang",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",fullName:"Wang Hong",slug:"wang-hong"}]},{id:"73524",title:"Modeling of Damage Evolution of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Structure",slug:"modeling-of-damage-evolution-of-fiber-reinforced-composite-structure",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Bilal Afzal",authors:[{id:"318682",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Bilal Afzal",fullName:"Muhammad Bilal Afzal",slug:"muhammad-bilal-afzal"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7404",title:"Hysteresis of Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8540fa2378dbb92e50411cfebfb853a6",slug:"hysteresis-of-composites",bookSignature:"Li Longbiao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"69860",title:"Hysteresis of Ceramic-Matrix Composites",slug:"hysteresis-of-ceramic-matrix-composites",signatures:"Li Longbiao",authors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Longbiao Li",slug:"longbiao-li"}]},{id:"64832",title:"Damping Study on MWCNT-Reinforced Al Composites",slug:"damping-study-on-mwcnt-reinforced-al-composites",signatures:"Paul Suresh Samuel Ratna Kumar and Savariar John Alexis",authors:[{id:"260718",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ratna Kumar P S",fullName:"Samuel Ratna Kumar P S",slug:"samuel-ratna-kumar-p-s"},{id:"260720",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Alexis S",fullName:"John Alexis S",slug:"john-alexis-s"}]},{id:"69861",title:"Matrix Cracking of Ceramic-Matrix Composites",slug:"matrix-cracking-of-ceramic-matrix-composites",signatures:"Li Longbiao",authors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Longbiao Li",slug:"longbiao-li"}]},{id:"68686",title:"Effect of Ceramic/Graphite Reinforcement on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Copper Metal Matrix Hybrid Composites",slug:"effect-of-ceramic-graphite-reinforcement-on-dry-sliding-wear-behavior-of-copper-metal-matrix-hybrid-",signatures:"Manvandra Kumar Singh, Mulkraj Anand, Pushkar Jha and Rakesh Kumar Gautam",authors:[{id:"284475",title:"Dr.",name:"Manvandra",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Manvandra Singh",slug:"manvandra-singh"},{id:"295308",title:"Dr.",name:"Pushkar",middleName:null,surname:"Jha",fullName:"Pushkar Jha",slug:"pushkar-jha"},{id:"295309",title:"Mr.",name:"Mulkraj",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",fullName:"Mulkraj Anand",slug:"mulkraj-anand"},{id:"295310",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Gautam",fullName:"Rakesh Kumar Gautam",slug:"rakesh-kumar-gautam"}]},{id:"67880",title:"Surface Tension and Surface Tension Assessment of Ag-Au-Cu Ternary and Sub-Binary Alloy Systems",slug:"surface-tension-and-surface-tension-assessment-of-ag-au-cu-ternary-and-sub-binary-alloy-systems",signatures:"Hüseyin Arslan and Ali Dogan",authors:[{id:"286504",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",fullName:"Hüseyin Arslan",slug:"huseyin-arslan"}]},{id:"68771",title:"Microstructure and Property Co-relation of 4% Carbon Fe-C Alloy System",slug:"microstructure-and-property-co-relation-of-4-carbon-fe-c-alloy-system",signatures:"Ranjan Kumar Behera, Sudipta Sen and Subash Chandra Mishra",authors:[{id:"289576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Behera",fullName:"Ranjan Behera",slug:"ranjan-behera"},{id:"290626",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Sudipta Sen",slug:"sudipta-sen"},{id:"290627",title:"Prof.",name:"Subash Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Subash Chandra Mishra",slug:"subash-chandra-mishra"}]},{id:"68247",title:"Field Ion Microscopy of Radiation Effects in Metallic Materials",slug:"field-ion-microscopy-of-radiation-effects-in-metallic-materials",signatures:"Vladimir Alexandrovich Ivchenko",authors:[{id:"298632",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Ivchenko",fullName:"Vladimir Ivchenko",slug:"vladimir-ivchenko"}]},{id:"65014",title:"Chitosan Formulations: Chemistry, Characteristics and Contextual Adsorption in Unambiguous Modernization of S&T",slug:"chitosan-formulations-chemistry-characteristics-and-contextual-adsorption-in-unambiguous-modernizati",signatures:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",authors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:"Sukhadeorao",surname:"Dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69234",title:"Non-Invasive Methods for Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89280",slug:"non-invasive-methods-for-early-diagnosis-of-oral-cancer",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Oral health is part of general health and is essential to people’s well-being. Good oral health implies being free from chronic orofacial pain, oral and pharyngeal cancer, soft tissue changes in the mouth, congenital disabilities, and other issues affecting the craniofacial complex [1].
Active performance of the dentist in care and prevention actions
\n
\n
\n
Population characteristics: low sociocultural level, age, and gender
\n
Training of the oral health team on oral cancer
\n
\n
\n
HPV infection
\n
Implementation of new early detection strategies, according to the population served
\n
\n
\n
Prolonged use of dental prosthesis, especially in the absence of routine monitoring and evaluation by a professional
\n
Individual and collective educational actions on healthy living habits
\n
\n
\n
Lack of information about the disease, its risk factors and protection
\n
Routine screening for early detection of cancer, especially among the most vulnerable to oral cancer
\n
\n
\n
Lack of information to the population about health services and their flow when a suspected injury is diagnosed
\n
Integration of the oral health team with smoking control programs and other actions related to oral cancer control
\n
\n
\n
Lack of training of professionals working in care
\n
Systematic information to the population on reference sites for oral cancer diagnostic examination
\n
\n
\n
Lack of specific campaigns and information about oral cancer, its risk factors and protection
\n
Fight against lifestyle, environmental, and occupational factors that may be related to oral cancer
\n
\n
\n
\n
Investigation of genetic factors associated with some specific types of cancer for the risk group
\n
\n
\n
\n
Tracking of this pathology in at-risk populations by the health team
\n
\n
\n
\n
Offering opportunities for evaluation of oral lesions (active search—through home visits or specific campaigns)
\n
\n
\n
\n
Follow-up of suspected cases, creating a reference service if necessary and establishing partnerships between universities and other organizations for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and recovery
\n
\n
\n
\n
Training of professionals working in the front line of health care
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Summary of risk factors related to oral cancer and primary and secondary prevention methods.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Method
\n
Indication
\n
Advantage
\n
Disadvantage
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Toluidine blue test
\n
Diagnosis and surgical approach to various mucosal tumors
\n
Painless, low-cost, easy application, fast result, and high sensitivity
\n
It can generate false-positive or false-negative results, being of low specificity
\n
\n
\n
Exfoliative cytology
\n
Initial assessment of incipient lesions and follow-up of areas that underwent previous surgical resection
\n
Painless, harmless, noninvasive, inexpensive
\n
It does not have the same efficacy as biopsy in the identification of the type of lesion; however it is very useful when biopsy is not possible. It can generate false-positive or false-negative results
\n
\n
\n
Fluorescence/autofluorescence
\n
Adjuvant method in oral clinical examination for detection of cellular disorders
\n
High sensitivity for cancer and dysplasia, ability to evaluate large areas of the oral mucosa at the moment of consultation, noninvasive, painless
\n
It can generate false-positive results
\n
\n
\n
Contact endoscopy
\n
A colposcope with optical magnification of up to 40 times is applied to help diagnose oral cavity lesions
\n
Painless, fast diagnosis
\n
Difficulties in relation to the device and the anatomical structures examined (lip and oral cavity) related to the contact of the lens surface, fine tremors, and slippage of the device
\n
\n
\n
In vivo microscopy
\n
Histopathological evaluation of suspected lesions at the moment of consultation
\n
High precision
\n
High cost
\n
\n
\n
Tumor biomarkers
\n
Diagnostic elucidation, tumor recurrence evaluation, or follow-up of treatment progress
\n
Early detection, noninvasive
\n
It can generate false-positive or false-negative results
\n
\n
\n
Oral inspection and palpation
\n
Identification of lesions, monitoring of oral health of the individual, screening of suspicious lesions for oral cancer
\n
Fast, painless, and low-cost
\n
It depends on the examiner’s skill and knowledge
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Noninvasive methods for diagnosis of oral cancer.
\n
Oral cancer (OC) is considered a public health problem because of its high mortality and morbidity rates. This problem also affects most people with low sociocultural level and who are alcoholics and smokers. However, there are other associated risk factors: chewing tobacco, use of a dental prosthesis, infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16, nutritional deficiency, age, gender, poor oral hygiene, excess body fat, and chewing betel nut, among others [2, 3].
\n
Data published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) regarding cancer cases in general reported in 2012 about 14.1 million new cases, 8.2 million deaths within 5 years of diagnosis, and 32.6 million people living with cancer in the world. Of these, approximately 57% of new cases, 65% of deaths, and 48% of cases diagnosed in the last 5 years are in developing countries [4]. In 2018, new data were released, indicating an increase in new cases of cancer, with 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths [5]. The significant increase of this disease is clear, indicating the need for new plans for prevention and early diagnosis.
\n
Regarding oral cancer, the highest rates have been observed in populations of Melanesia, Central-South Asia, Eastern and Western Europe, Africa, and Central America. Oral cancer is the sixth most common in the world, and most cases occur in India and Southeast Asia, according to the estimates for 2012 [6]. A change was seen in 2018 when oral cancer ranked in the 11th position among the most common cancers in the world. This type of cancer is quite common in Brazil, which has the third highest incidence in the world, behind only India and former Czechoslovakia [5].
\n
Oral cancer is a condition that negatively interferes with the general and oral health of the individual. These oral problems cause pain and infection, leading to psychological and physical distress. It is important to note that such dental conditions express social exclusion. In general, they are associated with poor education, low income, unemployment, and difficulty in accessing care services [7]. Thus oral cancer patients represent a group of people that should receive differentiated attention because, besides cancer itself, they are highly susceptible to other ills [2]. When this disease affects individuals, they may have to face consequences such as facial mutilation. Also, they may render them unable to work, with severe damage to their quality of life. The disease may sometimes be lethal, mainly because of late diagnosis.
\n
This pathology causes essential changes in the daily lives of the affected people, interfering with their body image, body functioning, and psychological, social, and family structure. The disease mostly affects the population in their working phase of life, causes indirect damage to the country. Late diagnosis is directly associated with shorter survival. However, if diagnosed early, it has a good prognosis and an average 5-year survival rate of 77.3% in stages I and II, but of 32.2% in stages III and IV [2].
\n
Morbidity and mortality rates are high, with diagnosis in advanced phases in 65–85% of the cases, reducing the likelihood of cure [2, 8, 9, 10, 11]. For most of these patients, palliative care is the only option available to achieve a better quality of life and control symptoms.
\n
Protective factors against this condition include general and specific measures. The adoption of healthy lifestyle habits, including adequate nutrition, physical exercise, and self-care, is part of the prevailing standards. In turn, specific practices include oral health care, routine inspection of the oral cavity, periodic dental evaluation, and cessation of smoking and alcoholism, and recent studies have shown the consumption green tea as a protective measure [12, 13].
\n
Although oral cancer is easily detected, its diagnosis is late in most cases. It is possible to improve diagnosis through the use of health promotion and prevention measures and improved access to health services, to promote early diagnosis [7, 14, 15]. Diagnosis is followed by curative treatment, preventing mutilating and disabling sequelae.
\n
The relevance of this disease and its early diagnosis should be considered for the possibility of curative treatment and promotion of the quality of life of patients. It is essential to know and recommend methods that act in favor of the early diagnosis of this pathology. It may mean identifying early malignant and even premalignant lesions, leading to the cure of these patients and rehabilitation to their social routine. It is equally important to act on factors that influence to late diagnosis of this pathology, through the planning of actions.
\n
\n
\n
2. Factors related to late diagnosis of oral cancer
\n
The problem of delayed diagnosis of OC is known worldwide, and each country or region has different strategies to address it. These factors are described in several studies [16, 17], showing that this is a global problem. Factors related to late diagnosis of OC concern the social determinants, health literacy, and characteristics of the health system:
Profile of the affected people concerning lifestyle habits: most people who develop OC were smokers and alcoholics and are in situations associated with other unhealthy lifestyles, such as poor diet and physical inactivity [2].
Lack of self-care in oral health: the most vulnerable populations, which are those with a low socioeconomic level, frequently have poor self-care due to their living conditions, especially in terms of oral health, besides other health problems. This problem directly interferes with their quality of life and interaction with peers. They also present a low search for health care, leading to the worsening of health problems and, in this case, late diagnosis of oral cancer [18].
Delayed perception of the lesion: due to poor self-care, most do not identify the presence of initial lesions in the oral cavity. Thus, injuries are only perceived when they cause discomfort, pain, bleeding, or other symptoms, and at that point, in most cases, the disease is already in an advanced stage [18].
Lack of information about oral cancer and its protective and risk factors: many campaigns for the dissemination of information on disease have been promoted, but specifically on oral cancer is still incipient. People asked to appear to not know about oral cancer, suspected lesions or risk, and protective factors, even patients who are undergoing treatment for this type of cancer [14, 19].
Lack of health promotion and prevention activities aimed at oral cancer: a few specific actions to promote and prevent this type of cancer are carried out. These actions are usually linked to other campaigns such as those focused on vaccination, smoking, and oral health in general [14].
Lack of training in oral cancer among oral health professionals and deficits in addressing this content in the curricula of undergraduate courses: oral health professionals are not routinely updated and trained on this content. Still, the approach during undergraduate training is deficient, producing professionals with little experience to approach patients with suspected lesions [14, 16].
Delayed search for professional assistance when the patient perceives the lesion: people usually notice the presence of the injury but do not seek a professional for confirmation. Often they refer to fear of confirming the diagnosis of the disease. This delay in seeking the diagnosis causes the lesion to continue growing, leading to late diagnosis [14].
Difficulties in accessing dental treatment: many people are unable to get adequate dental care due to the difficulty in accessing health services. In general, it is due to their vulnerable conditions or even because they do not seek health services [14].
\n\n
Regarding oral cancer prevention and health promotion activities, it is essential to highlight the urgency of designing public policies for long-term health education actions. If education is not changed, concepts and habits will not change after short campaigns. That points out to the need for permanent education programs, since the best way to combat oral cancer is prevention, early diagnosis, and the attempt to eliminate risk factors. Health education through programs aimed at valuing periodic evaluations and the importance of examining the oral cavity are the significant weapons available to reduce the high incidence of oral cancer in the community [14].
\n
The biopsy is undoubtedly the gold standard for the diagnosis of OC. However, there are several questions related to this method used in screening. It is an aggressive procedure, not readily accepted by people, especially when the lesion is asymptomatic and, even more so if it is proposed in oral health campaigns. The biopsy is limited by morbidity, once the procedure provokes another injury that may cause pain, bleeding, or other symptoms. Still, due to the resources required and the possibility of underdiagnosis, this method demands trained professionals to perform the procedure, trained pathologist, and facilities for the necessary reading of the exam. These characteristics mean a long time to receive the diagnosis, and patients experience discomfort caused by all the process [20].
\n
Although the factors related to early detection of OC have different natures, it is noteworthy that, after all, the primary responsibility lies with the health system. For that, health service and program must organize its strategies according to the characteristics of the users.
\n
Studies have been conducted to support measures aimed at solving the problem of late diagnosis, and the various approaches used to solve this problem are related to the factors abovementioned. In this text, we will address in particular the issue of noninvasive methods.
\n
\n
\n
3. Prevention of oral cancer
\n
Considering factors that interfere with the pathology diagnosis in question, the actions should be directed to them, to improve the care to the population.
\n
Prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer are critical. Equally important is the need for a differentiated look in this issue, given the characteristics of the affected population, the role of the dentist, the continuing training of oral health professionals, and the implementation of new strategies for early detection of this pathology [16, 21].
\n
Actions related to the prevention of oral cancer and early diagnosis are foreseen within concepts widely worked in public health, which are health promotion and disease prevention. Health prevention requires firstly action based on knowledge of the natural history of the disease to prevent its progress [22]. Primary prevention is defined as a set of interventions to minimize the risk of specific ailments, reducing incidence and prevalence rates in the population and focusing on keeping individuals free from diseases.
\n
Health promotion, on the other hand, is broader, as it refers to measures that act in the health disease process. Here, the intention is to modify the lifestyle and living conditions of the population, thus not working on a specific disease. Health promotion depends on the individuals, the community, and the sectors of society, health professionals, and oral health professionals [23].
\n
Preventive measures may have a collective or individual approach. The collective approach includes interventions focused on health promotion. It means educational actions, periodic examinations of the most vulnerable people to the development of oral cancer, integration of the oral health team into smoking control programs, and other actions related to control of oral cancer. Besides that is a systematic provision of information on reference sites to the population about the diagnostic examination of oral cancer. In turn, the individual approach includes early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation [17, 18].
\n
Some primary intervention and prevention measures would be ideal for reducing cancer, such as combating lifestyle, environmental, and occupational factors and investigating the genetic factors associated with some specific types of cancer [14]. Population screening is indicated as an important preventive measure. This process can favor the diagnosis of suspicious lesions, which are to be referred for differential diagnosis, making it possible to implement early intervention and increase the chance of cure [14, 24]. Studies indicate the relevance of the screening of this pathology in risk populations, such as smokers and alcoholics. And it is even more relevant given the delay in diagnosis. Although evidence from the use of the visual examination of the mouth on mortality rates is weak by OC, some authors suggest proceeding to the screening on individuals who are exposed to risk factors. For these people, it may result in an increased positive predictive factor [7].
\n
The approach to OC should involve prevention and control measures, including routine screening for early detection; offer of opportunities for evaluation of oral lesions (active search—through home visits or specific campaigns); follow-up of suspected cases, creating a referral service if necessary; and establishing partnerships between universities and other organizations for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and recovery [18].
\n
Actions with this objective can be organized as primary prevention. They include activities geared at disseminating information to the population, intending to change unhealthy lifestyle habits to healthy ones and to reduce the prevalence and incidence rates. At this level, the emphasis is placed on drinking, smoking, diet, and exposure to sun and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
\n
Secondary prevention, in turn, occurs through the identification of precancerous lesions. For correct identification, it is essential to train health-care professionals with an emphasis on assessing potentially malignant cell lesions/disorders (PMD) (DPM) [17].
\n
Below in Table 1 is a summary of the risk factors and prevention methods.
\n
\n
\n
4. Noninvasive methods for diagnosis of OC
\n
Easy-to-handle, noninvasive diagnostic methods are useful for identifying precancerous lesions. The following noninvasive methods are cited: toluidine blue testing, exfoliative cytology, autofluorescence, contact endoscopy, and in vivo microscopy. However, there is no scientific evidence that these methods are more effective than oral inspection and palpation. Thus, more extensive studies are needed to justify the widespread use of these methods in the population. However, studies have shown that these methods can be useful if used in people with risk factors and non-healing lesions, favoring a faster diagnosis [20, 25, 26].
\n
The following noninvasive diagnostic methods should be used according to the possibilities and conditions of the context.
\n
\n
4.1 Toluidine blue test
\n
Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that selectively marks acidic groups of tissue components (carboxylic radicals, sulfates, and phosphates), showing an affinity for nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic RNA, which fix the dye, becoming richly stained. The intensity of toluidine blue staining depends on the degree of involvement of the epithelial surface. In benign lesions, there is a faint coloration; in dysplasia and epithelial lesions and carcinomas, the coloration is more intense.
\n
The application maneuver consists of drying and isolating the region to be examined from salivary contamination by grasping the site with the fingers and using gauze. Employing a flexible cotton swab, 1% acetic acid (acid solution) is applied to clean the lesion surface, remove the glycoprotein barrier of cells, and promote slight dehydration of the mucosa. After 1 minute, the AT dye is applied with the other side of the cotton swab, and after 1 minute, the excess is cleaned with 1% acetic acid again and washed with plenty of water.
\n
The result is intended to highlight intensely stained areas compatible with areas of tissue degeneration. Indications: detection of epithelial dysplasias, in situ or early invasive carcinomas, delimitation of neoplastic epithelium margins, assessment of tumor recurrence after surgical or radiotherapy treatment, delimitation of areas of cancer action, screening of oral lesions in population groups exposed to risk factors for oral cancer, and in intraoperative actions for marginal control of carcinomas.
\n
It has the advantages of being painless, low-cost, and easy to apply, giving fast results, and having high sensitivity. As for disadvantages, it may generate false-positive or false-negative results and be of low and little specificity [10, 27].
\n
\n
\n
4.2 Exfoliative cytology
\n
It can be defined as the morphological and morphometric study of desquamated cells of the mucosa, mainly suprabasal cells, through optical microscopy. It consists in the examination of cells from various parts of the body to determine the cause or nature of the disease that affects them.
\n
There are reports of numerous methods for collection of these cells in the literature. Conventional exfoliative cytology and liquid-based exfoliative cytology are two of the most disseminated among them.
\n
Collecting the material in exfoliative cytology involves scraping the surface of the lesion with a spatula or brush, which is then smeared over the glass slide, and the material is fixed to the slide using 95% alcohol or 1:1 alcohol/ether solution.
\n
Exfoliation cytology in liquid media has been developed in recent years as a method that could replace the conventional exfoliative cytology proposed by Papanicolaou. Collection by this method is done using a brushing device with soft bristles arranged in a conical shape, which is then dipped in a methanol-based preservative liquid contained in a hermetically sealed tube. Such liquid has the function of preserving the cellular structure, the proteins, and principally the genetic material. The liquid undergoes a centrifugation or homogenization process, which helps to shrink some artifacts, and it is then filtered. The residual material in the filters is put in blades by contact imprinting. Debris, red blood cells, and mucus pass through the filter pores, which retain the epithelial cells to be analyzed.
\n
It has the advantages of being painless, harmless, noninvasive, and low-cost. As for disadvantages, it does not have the same efficacy as biopsy concerning identifying the type of lesion, but it is beneficial when the biopsy is not possible [20, 28, 29].
\n
\n
\n
4.3 Fluorescence/autofluorescence
\n
Optical fluorescence can be used as an aid to oral clinical examination. It allows, by autofluorescence, the detection of numerous changes in the oral cavity that could go unnoticed by the dentist or even be difficult to perceive with the visual method alone.
\n
The oral fluorescence system allows the observation of changes in dental hard tissues such as stains, dental plaque and calculus, incipient lesions, and marginal infiltrations and facilitates the differentiation between restorative materials such as composite resin and ceramic.
\n
In soft tissues, it is possible to detect potentially malignant lesions and tumoral lesions. Therefore, the optical fluorescence system allows the simple, noninvasive, and real-time diagnosis and identification of structures and alterations in the oral cavity, revealing lesions that would not be easily detected with conventional illumination.
\n
As advantages, this method is highly sensitive to cancer and dysplasia, allows the evaluation of large areas of the oral mucosa during a consultation, and is noninvasive and painless. However, it has the disadvantage of false-positive results [20].
\n
\n
\n
4.4 Contact endoscopy
\n
It is also known as contact microstomatoscopy. It consists of the contact of the endoscope lens with the mucosa, the vermilion, and or the lesion.
\n
It has the advantages of being painless and providing a fast diagnosis. However, a study by showed that the difficulties encountered about the device and the anatomical structures examined (lip and oral cavity) were related to the contact of the lens surface, fine tremors, and the sliding of the device; these difficulties varied according to topography. The quality depended on the site of the lesion, the extent of the ulceration, the volume of crusts, prior cleaning of the site, patient collaboration, the presence of more or less saliva, the mobility of the examined structure, and the support for the device [28, 30].
\n
\n
\n
4.5 In vivo microscopy
\n
High-resolution microendoscopy, optical coherence tomography, confocal reflectance microscopy, and multiphoton imaging are considered in this classification. These methods allow practitioners to see many of the same microscopic features used for histopathological evaluation at the consultation.
\n
Each technology measures different optical properties of the tissue and offers various features in parameters such as image depth, resolution, visual field, and acquisition time. Their development is at an early stage. We cite Raman spectroscopy as a promising technique for cancer diagnosis. This device is an analytical noninvasive technique that provides information about the molecular structure of the investigated sample, considering that the molecular structures of proteins and lipids differ between normal and neoplastic tissues.
\n
The advantage of these technologies is their accuracy, but the high cost of acquisition is a significant disadvantage [20, 31].
\n
\n
\n
4.6 Tumor biomarkers
\n
Tumor biomarkers are substances found in blood, urine, or other body fluids and tissues that may be in increased amounts when a particular type of cancer is present. These biomarkers are used for diagnostic elucidation through serology and histological methods. They are cellular, structural, and biochemical components that can be quantitatively measured by biochemical, immunological, and molecular methods in body fluids and tissues associated with neoplasms and possibly the organs where cancer originates.
\n
At present, no marker is used for cancer detection in the general population, only for people who are in the risk group for certain types of cancer. In this case, biomarkers can help to diagnose the disease in early stages.
\n
Research on the diagnosis of saliva using nanotechnology and molecular technologies to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is currently being expanded. Collecting saliva for this assessment is a secure, noninvasive method, which is considered advantageous.
\n
Diagnosing saliva using nanotechnology and molecular technologies to detect OSCC has become an attractive field of study. New cancer-related proteins have been reported, as well as potent biomarkers for early diagnosis, further facilitating the application of quantification in proteomics for carcinogenesis research. Identifying transcripts and pathways that change at early stages of carcinogenesis provides potentially useful information for early diagnosis and prevention strategies.
\n
At the beginning of the research on this method, the hope was that all cancers could be detected at an early stage, preventing the death of millions of people. But only a few markers can detect cancer at an early stage. The disadvantages of this method are most people have a small amount of these markers that prevents detection, the levels of these markers tend to increase when the disease progresses, some cancer patients may never have high levels of markers, and even in the presence of elevated levels, they do not always indicate cancer, as they may be related to other disorders [6, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
\n
\n
\n
4.7 Oral inspection and palpation
\n
The main areas examined for oral cancer are the face, neck, lips, nostrils, and oral cavity. Before the screening, the patient should remove all removable dental appliances and devices to leave the entire area exposed. The patient must be seated or lying down, and the dentist must look for signs of asymmetry, edema, swelling, staining, ulceration, or other abnormalities.
\n
To examine the inside of the mouth, the practitioner will use good lighting and a mirror to see clearly; he will also use a tongue depressor to immobilize the organ and look at the back of the mouth. After or during the visual examination, the dentist will palpate the head, face, around the jaw, under the chin, and the oral cavity. The aim is to detect unusual lumps or masses. Another sign of a potential problem is immobility in some regularly moving tissue.
\n
The advantages are the fast, painless, low-cost characteristics of the method, and the disadvantage is that it relies heavily on the examiner’s skills and knowledge. Conventional oral examination (COE) alone is insufficient for risk stratification. COE is generally useful for identifying lesions but not for subsequent clinical follow-up for treatment planning [20].
\n
Despite the importance of the methods described above as adjuvants in the process of diagnosis of suspected lesions, the biopsy is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis [20].
\n
All of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages and can be used in care to facilitate diagnosis. These noninvasive alternatives are not much disseminated in health services, and visual inspection under white light and palpation by a physician or dentist remain as the gold standard for screening of oral cancer. This procedure, however, has the limitation of being dependent on the examiner’s experience; this limitation underlies the development of more objective diagnostic techniques.
\n
Despite the scarcity of evidence about the abovementioned noninvasive methods as the diagnosis of a lesion front line, they can be useful in several situations. For instance, in cases where the biopsy is not a reasonable procedure, either for cost or complexity, most of these methods can make a difference.
\n
They used to be inexpensive, can be performed by less specialized professionals, are generally handled with lighter technology, and are more easily implemented in less resourceful regions and within primary health care [25, 26]. In these situations, the aim is to replace noninvasive techniques where a biopsy cannot be performed promptly. More, it can facilitate the screening of lesions in apparently healthy people, with or without risk factors for cancer, since it is a recommended noninvasive method that makes it possible to differentiate malignant to benign lesions. Despite the several possibilities of diagnostic methods, the rates still indicate that patients are diagnosed in advanced stages of cancer [25, 26, 37].
\n
These adjuvant diagnostic methods may help dentists better evaluate lesions suggestive of oral cancer before a definitive biopsy. The existing adjuvants such as toluidine blue, acetowhitening, and autofluorescence imaging are not much specific and, therefore, generally not recommended. Recently, new in vivo microscopy technologies such as high-resolution microendoscopy, optical coherence tomography, reflectance confocal microscopy, and multiphoton imaging have shown to offer promising improvements and more accurate diagnosis of these lesions and are not invasive procedures. The advantages of these technologies are that they allow the visualization of the microscopic characteristics used for histopathological evaluation at the moment of consultation, making the diagnosis faster, besides being painful or uncomfortable to patients [20].
\n
Other measures discussed are those related to the reorganization of health services, screening of risk groups, and awareness campaigns. These measures are used in many countries around the world, but the problem of late diagnosis is still a worldwide reality [38, 39].
\n
New strategies to approach the population and to identify suspicious lesions are paramount in the dissemination of information and for the increase of early diagnosed cases. The cooperation of primary health-care teams and not only of oral health professionals is essential for the fight against late diagnosis. Because other sectors of the health area often assist the population and can identify the risk, and even suspicious lesions, they also should be able to refer patients to the oral health sector. Thus, with all professionals working together in primary health care, identifying risk factors and suspicious lesions, and referring to the responsible sector, this collaborative work may bring a great positive gain for the population [14, 38].
\n
Below in a Table 2 is a summary of the methods discussed above.
\n
\n
\n
4.8 Considerations
\n
Considering the real problem of oral cancer worldwide, actions aimed at reducing the negative impact on society should be carried out with planning to achieve excellence of care to the population.
\n
Some factors lead to late diagnosis of oral cancer. Thus, such elements must be identified in each population so that health professionals can act to interfere with these factors, leading to better care for the community. Knowing population profile to be assisted is required, as much to identify factors that interfere with the diagnosis of the pathology as in the action planning.
\n
Although the biopsy is considered as the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, there are some constraints for your full application. This method is invasive and expensive, the results may take some days to be disclosed, and it requires specialized training, thus limiting its use for screening. Therefore, noninvasive methods are valuable, becoming more suitable in specific contexts.\n
Nomenclature
\n\nOC\n\n
oral cancer
\n\n\n\nHPV\n\n
human papilloma virus
\n\n\n\nIARC\n\n
International Agency for Research on Cancer
\n\n\n\nMPD\n\n
malignant cell lesions/disorders
\n\n\n\nCOE\n\n
conventional oral examination
\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n',keywords:"oral health, prevention, primary health care, secondary health care, oral cancer",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69234.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69234.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69234",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69234",totalDownloads:269,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 20th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 21st 2019",datePrePublished:"November 28th 2019",datePublished:"May 13th 2020",dateFinished:"September 25th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Oral cancer is a public health problem because of its high morbidity and mortality, and when not treated in a timely manner, it is significantly mutilating, causing damage to the physical and psychological aspects of patients and directly interfering with their quality of life. Several factors influence the early diagnosis of this pathology, including lack of self-care related to oral health, especially among people with prolonged use of dental prosthesis; delayed perception of the lesion; delayed search for professional assistance since the lesion is noticed by the patient; lack of information about oral cancer, its risk and protective factors, and oral lesions that may be suggestive of cancer; lack of health promotion and prevention activities aimed at oral cancer; and lack of training in oral cancer among oral health professionals. These factors must be tackled to promote the timely diagnosis of this pathology. The use of reliable noninvasive diagnosis methods is also important because they can be easily made available in low resource settings, increasing the coverage of people who are under risk of developing oral cancer.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69234",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69234",signatures:"Manoela Garcia Dias da Conceição, Ana Cláudia Figueiró and Vera Lucia Luiza",book:{id:"9387",title:"Oral Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral Diseases",slug:"oral-diseases",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan, Anil Sukumaran and Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9387.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-503-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-502-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-541-8",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"305759",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoela",middleName:"Garcia Dias",surname:"Da Conceição",fullName:"Manoela Da Conceição",slug:"manoela-da-conceicao",email:"manu_dias1984@yahoo.com.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"306004",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Luiza",fullName:"Vera Lucia Luiza",slug:"vera-lucia-luiza",email:"negritudesenior@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"310149",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cláudia",middleName:null,surname:"Figueró",fullName:"Ana Cláudia Figueró",slug:"ana-claudia-figuero",email:"anaclaudiafiguero@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Factors related to late diagnosis of oral cancer",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Prevention of oral cancer",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Noninvasive methods for diagnosis of OC",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Toluidine blue test",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Exfoliative cytology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Fluorescence/autofluorescence",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.4 Contact endoscopy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.5 In vivo microscopy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.6 Tumor biomarkers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.7 Oral inspection and palpation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.8 Considerations",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nWorld Health Organization. The World Oral Health Report 2003. Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. 2003\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nToscano de Brito R, França Perazzo M, Santos Peixoto T, Weege-Nonaka CF, de Melo Brito Costa EM, Granville-Garcia AF. Profile of patients and factors related to the clinical staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Revista de Salud Pública Bogota. dezembro de. 2018;20(2):221-225\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nChaturvedi P, Singh A, Chien C-Y, Warnakulasuriya S. Tobacco related oral cancer. BMJ. junho de. 2019;365:l2142\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nFerlay J. Globocan 2012: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC; 2013\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nFerlay J. Globocan 2018: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC; 2019\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nMishra R. Biomarkers of oral premalignant epithelial lesions for clinical application. Oral Oncology. 06PY - 2012 de. 2012;48(7):578-584\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nBhatt S, Isaac R, Finkel M, Evans J, Grant L, Paul B, et al. Mobile technology and cancer screening: Lessons from rural India. Journal of Global Health. 2018;8(2):020421-020421\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nCarvalho AL, Singh B, Spiro RH, Kowalski LP, Shah JP. Cancer of the oral cavity: A comparison between institutions in a developing and a developed nation. janeiro de. 2004;26(1):31-38\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nKowalski LP, Brentani MM, Coelho FRG. Bases da oncologia. São Paulo: Lemar; 2003\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nRamos GHA, de Oliveira BV, Biasi LJ, Sampaio Júnior LA. Avaliação da citologia e do teste do azul de toluidina no diagnóstico dos tumores malignos da mucosa oral. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia da Cabeça e Pescoço. 03PY - 2007 de. 2007;36(1):27-29\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nda Silva MC, Marques EB, de Melo LC, de Bernardo JMP, Leite ICG. Fatores relacionados ao atraso no diagnóstico de câncer de boca e orofaringe em Juiz de Fora/MG. Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia. 2009;55(4):329-335\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nRafieian N, Azimi S, Manifar S, Julideh H, ShirKhoda M. Is there any association between green tea consumption and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Finding from a case-control study. Archives of Oral Biology. 2019;98:280-284\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nZhou H, Wu W, Wang F, Qi H, Cheng Z. Tea consumption is associated with decreased risk of oral cancer: A comprehensive and dose-response meta-analysis based on 14 case-control studies (MOOSE compliant). Med Baltimore. dezembro de. 2018;97(51):e13611\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nAmorim NGC, Sousa AS, Alves SM. Prevenção e diagnóstico precoce do câncer bucal: Uma revisão de literatura. Revista Uningá. junho de. 2019;56(2):70-84\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nNarvai PC, Frazão P. Saúde Bucal no Brasil muito além do céu da boca. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 2008. 148 p\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nRangel EB, Lucietto DA, Stefenon L. Autopercepção de cirurgiões-dentistas sobre conhecimentos e práticas em relação ao câncer de boca. Revista Rede de Cuidados em Saúde. dezembro de. 2018;12(2):28-40\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nTorres-Pereira CC, Angelim-Dias A, Melo NS, Lemos CA Jr, de Oliveira EMF. Abordagem do câncer da boca: Uma estratégia para os níveis primário e secundário de atenção em saúde Strategies for management of oral cancer in primary and secondary healthcare services. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2012;28(supl):s30-s39\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nDias MG. Avaliação da Atenção em Saúde Bucal: contribuições para o controle do câncer de boca no município do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública; 2018\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nAl-Kaabi R, Gamboa ABO, Williams D, Marcenes W. Social inequalities in oral cancer literacy in an adult population in a multicultural deprived area of the UK. Journal of Public Health—Oxford Academic. 2016;38(3):474-482\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nYang EC, Tan MT, Schwarz RA, Richards-Kortum RR, Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N. Noninvasive diagnostic adjuncts for the evaluation of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: Current limitations and future directions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology. abril de. 2018;125(6):670-681\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nAlvarenga ML, Couto MG, de Ribeiro AO, Milagres RCM, Messora MR, Kawata LT. Avaliação do conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas quanto ao câncer bucal. RFO UPF [Internet]. 04PY - 2012 de 2012;17(1). Disponível em: http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/1413-4012/2012/v17n1/a2980.pdf\n\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nLeavell H, Clark EG. Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in His Community. MacGraw Hill: Nova York; 1965\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nSilva, da AN, Senna, de MAA, Jorge RC, da Albuquerque DMS, de Queiroz TF. Promoção da Saúde. In: Fundamentos em Saúde Bucal Coletiva. Rio de Janeiro: Medbook; 2013. pp. 1-14\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nBrasil Instituto Nacional de Câncer—INCA. A Situação do câncer no Brasil. INCA; 2006\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nWalsh T, Liu JL, Brocklehurst P, Glenny AM, Lingen M, Kerr AR, et al. Clinical assessment to screen for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12PY - 2013 de. 2013;11:CD010173-CD010173\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nSweeny L, Dean NR, Magnuson JS, Carroll WR, Clemons L, Rosenthal EL. Assessment of tissue autofluorescence and reflectance for oral cavity cancer screening. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 12PY - 2011 de. 2011;145(6):956-960\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nSharbatdaran M, Abbaszadeh H, Siadati S, Ranaee M, Hajian-Tilaki K, Rajabi-Moghaddam M. Assessment of oral cytological features in smokers and nonsmokers after application of toluidine blue. Diagnostic Cytopathology. março de. 2017;45(6):513-519\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nDias MG, Figueiró AC, Luiza VL. Prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer—A literature review. Revista Odonto Ciência. 25 de julho de. 2018;32(4):204\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nLucena EE de S, Miranda AM, Araújo FA da C, Galvão CAB, de Medeiros AMC. Método de coleta e a qualidade do esfregaço de mucosa oral. Revista de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco Maxilo Facial. junho de. 2011;11(2):55-62\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nRamos GHA, Tavares MR, Dedivitis RA, França CM, Oliveira BV, Pedruzzi PA. Endoscopia de contato (microestomatoscopia) nas lesões da boca e do lábio: Avaliação do método. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2008;35(6):355-360\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nPelc R, Masek V, Llopis-Torregrosa V, Bour P, Wu T. Spectral counterstaining in luminescence-enhanced biological Raman microscopy. Chemical Communications. julho de. 2019;55(57):8329-8332\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nJiang W-P, Wang Z, Xu L-X, Peng X, Chen F. Diagnostic model of saliva peptide finger print analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients using weak cation exchange magnetic beads. Julho de. 2015;35(3). Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613719/?tool=pubmed\n\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nGuerrero-Preston R, Soudry E, Acero J, Orera M, Moreno-López L, Macía-Colón G, et al. NID2 and HOXA9 promoter hypermethylation as biomarkers for prevention and early detection in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma tissues and saliva. Cancer Prevention Research (Phila). 07PY - 2011 de. 2011;4(7):1061-1072\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nMankapure PK, Barpande SR, Bhavthankar JD, Mandale M. Serum big endothelin-1 as a biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: An analytical study. Journal of Applied Oral Science. novembro de. 2015;23(5):491-496\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nLingen MW. Screening for oral premalignancy and cancer: What platform and which biomarkers? Cancer Prevention Research (Phila). 09PY - 2010 de. 2010;3(9):1056-1059\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nBrinkmann O, Kastratovic DA, Dimitrijevic MV, Konstantinovic VS, Jelovac DB, Antic J, et al. Oral squamous cell carcinoma detection by salivary biomarkers in a Serbian population. Oral Oncology. 02PY - 2011 de. 2011;47(1):51-55\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nMehrotra R, Gupta DK. Exciting new advances in oral cancer diagnosis: Avenues to early detection. Head and Neck Oncology. 2011;3\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nBulgareli JV, Diniz OCCF, de Faria ET, de Vazquez FL, Cortellazzi KL, Pereira AC. Prevenção e detecção do câncer bucal: planejamento participativo como estratégia para ampliação da cobertura populacional em idosos. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 12PY - 2013 de. 2013;18(12):3461-3473\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nde Scheufen RC, Almeida FCS, da Silva DP, de Araujo ME, Palmiere M, Pegoretti T, et al. Prevenção e detecção precoce do câncer de boca: Screening em populações de risco. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada. 02PY - 2012 de. 2012;11(02). Disponível em: http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/pboci/article/viewFile/1442/683\n\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Manoela Garcia Dias da Conceição",address:"manu_dias1984@yahoo.com.br",affiliation:'
Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, ENSP, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
Department of Drug Policy and Pharmaceutical Care, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, ENSP, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9387",title:"Oral Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral Diseases",slug:"oral-diseases",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan, Anil Sukumaran and Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9387.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-503-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-502-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-541-8",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"21812",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrillargues",email:"jgabrillargues@chu-clermontferrand.fr",fullName:"Jean Gabrillargues",slug:"jean-gabrillargues",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Advanced Neuroimaging with Computed Tomography Scanning",slug:"advanced-neuroimaging-with-computed-tomography-scanning",abstract:null,signatures:"Béatrice Claise, Jean Gabrillargues, Emmanuel Chabert, Laurent Sakka, Toufik Khalil, Vivien Mendes-Martins, Viorel Achim, Jérôme Costes, Thierry Gillart and Jean-Jacques Lemaire",authors:[{id:"21805",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Jacques",surname:"Lemaire",fullName:"Jean-Jacques Lemaire",slug:"jean-jacques-lemaire",email:"jjlemaire@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21806",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Claise",fullName:"Beatrice Claise",slug:"beatrice-claise",email:"bclaise@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21812",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Gabrillargues",fullName:"Jean Gabrillargues",slug:"jean-gabrillargues",email:"jgabrillargues@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21813",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Chabert",fullName:"Emmanuel Chabert",slug:"emmanuel-chabert",email:"echabert@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21814",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",surname:"Sakka",fullName:"Laurent Sakka",slug:"laurent-sakka",email:"lsakka@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21815",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",surname:"Khalil",fullName:"Toufik Khalil",slug:"toufik-khalil",email:"tkhalil@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21816",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivien",surname:"Mendes-Martins",fullName:"Vivien Mendes-Martins",slug:"vivien-mendes-martins",email:"vmendes-martins@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21817",title:"Dr.",name:"Viorel",surname:"Achim",fullName:"Viorel Achim",slug:"viorel-achim",email:"vachim@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"21818",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome",surname:"Coste",fullName:"Jerome Coste",slug:"jerome-coste",email:"jcoste@chu-clermontferrand.fr"},{id:"52256",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",surname:"Gillart",fullName:"Thierry Gillart",slug:"thierry-gillart",email:"tgillart@chu-clermontferrand.fr"}],book:{title:"Theory and Applications of CT Imaging and Analysis",slug:"theory-and-applications-of-ct-imaging-and-analysis",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"3411",title:"Prof.",name:"Noriyasu",surname:"Homma",slug:"noriyasu-homma",fullName:"Noriyasu Homma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3411/images/1650_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Noriyasu Homma received a BA, MA, and PhD in electrical and communication engineering from Tohoku University, Japan, in 1990, 1992, and 1995, respectively. \nFrom 1995 to 1998, he was a lecturer at the Tohoku University, Japan. He is currently an associate professor of the Cyberscience Center at the Tohoku University. From 2000 to 2001, he was a visiting professor at the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. His current research interests include neural networks, complex and chaotic systems, soft-computing, cognitive sciences, medical systems and brain sciences. He has published over 100 papers, and co-authored 1 book and 10 chapters in 10 research books in these fields.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"17948",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Zrimec",slug:"tatjana-zrimec",fullName:"Tatjana Zrimec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17980",title:"Dr.",name:"Aristófanes Corrêa",surname:"Silva",slug:"aristofanes-correa-silva",fullName:"Aristófanes Corrêa Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18708",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiuhua",surname:"Guo",slug:"xiuhua-guo",fullName:"Xiuhua Guo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20551",title:"MR",name:"huan",surname:"wang",slug:"huan-wang",fullName:"huan wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20565",title:"Ph Di",name:"Zhong-Wei",surname:"Jia",slug:"zhong-wei-jia",fullName:"Zhong-Wei Jia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21246",title:"Dr.",name:"Anselmo Cardoso",surname:"Paiva",slug:"anselmo-cardoso-paiva",fullName:"Anselmo Cardoso Paiva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21247",title:"PhD.",name:"Rodolfo Acatauassu",surname:"Nunes",slug:"rodolfo-acatauassu-nunes",fullName:"Rodolfo Acatauassu Nunes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21248",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Gattass",slug:"marcelo-gattass",fullName:"Marcelo Gattass",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"21872",title:"Dr.",name:"Sata",surname:"Busayarat",slug:"sata-busayarat",fullName:"Sata Busayarat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5288},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10549},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15941}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119467},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10741",title:"Synthetic Genomics - From Natural to Synthetic Genomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb1cebd0b9c4e7e87427003ff7196f57",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Miguel Fernández-Niño and Dr. Luis H. Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10741.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158295",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Fernández-Niño",slug:"miguel-fernandez-nino",fullName:"Miguel Fernández-Niño"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10794",title:"Potassium in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jie Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10801",title:"Uric Acid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d947ab87019e69ab11aa597edbacc018",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"40482",title:"Prof.",name:"Rizwan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10837",title:"Peroxisomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0014b09d4b35bb4d7f52ca0b3641cda1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Tutar and Dr. Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64617cf21bf1e47170bb2bcf31b1fc37",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10886",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a71558dd7dfd16ad140168409f887f7e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10886.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11026",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f965c2c559eb781f068e327f804c866e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11026.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:52},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9559",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0053c2ff8d9ec4cc4aab82acea46a41e",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"245",title:"Anthrobotics",slug:"anthrobotics",parent:{title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:23,numberOfWosCitations:184,numberOfCrossrefCitations:154,numberOfDimensionsCitations:290,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"anthrobotics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6106",title:"Human-Robot Interaction",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca5e5f52657369cf282d9ccb46a599f3",slug:"human-robot-interaction-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Gholamreza Anbarjafari and Sergio Escalera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206023",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",middleName:null,surname:"Anbarjafari",slug:"gholamreza-anbarjafari",fullName:"Gholamreza Anbarjafari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3624",title:"Robot Soccer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-soccer",bookSignature:"Vladan Papić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34038",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladan",middleName:null,surname:"Papić",slug:"vladan-papic",fullName:"Vladan Papić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3376",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2d4a8a52495443e514262bd26b5d35f",slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",bookSignature:"Vladimir A. Kulyukin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134137",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kulyukin",slug:"vladimir-kulyukin",fullName:"Vladimir Kulyukin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3609",title:"Mobile Robots",subtitle:"State of the Art in Land, Sea, Air, and Collaborative Missions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-robots-state-of-the-art-in-land-sea-air-and-collaborative-missions",bookSignature:"XiaoQi Chen, Y.Q. Chen and J.G. Chase",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3609.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81536",title:"PhD.",name:"XiaoQi",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xiaoqi-chen",fullName:"XiaoQi Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6111",title:"Mobile Robots",subtitle:"towards New Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75544814a08a51504dd52ee155eff99d",slug:"mobile_robots_towards_new_applications",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6111.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59",doi:"10.5772/4695",title:"Interactive Robots as Facilitators of Childrens Social Development",slug:"interactive_robots_as_facilitators_of_childrens_social_development",totalDownloads:3556,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:35,book:{slug:"mobile_robots_towards_new_applications",title:"Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Mobile Robots: towards New Applications"},signatures:"Hideki Kozima and Cocoro Nakagawa",authors:null},{id:"63",doi:"10.5772/4699",title:"An Active Contour and Kalman Filter for Underwater Target Tracking and Navigation",slug:"an_active_contour_and_kalman_filter_for_underwater_target_tracking_and_navigation",totalDownloads:3624,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"mobile_robots_towards_new_applications",title:"Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Mobile Robots: towards New Applications"},signatures:"Muhammad Asif and Mohd Rizal Arshad",authors:null},{id:"6611",doi:"10.5772/6992",title:"The State-of-Art of Underwater Vehicles - Theories and Applications",slug:"the-state-of-art-of-underwater-vehicles-theories-and-applications",totalDownloads:4653,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"mobile-robots-state-of-the-art-in-land-sea-air-and-collaborative-missions",title:"Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Mobile Robots - State of the Art in Land, Sea, Air, and Collaborative Missions"},signatures:"W.H. Wang, R.C. Engelaar, X.Q. Chen and J.G. Chase",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"6440",title:"Pen-type Sensor for Surface Texture Perception",slug:"pen-type-sensor-for-surface-texture-perception",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction"},signatures:"Xianming Ye, Byungjune Choi, Hyouk Ryeol Choi, and Sungchul Kang",authors:null},{id:"6447",title:"Quantitative Analysis of Leg Movement and EMG signal in Expert Japanese Traditional Dancer",slug:"quantitative-analysis-of-leg-movement-and-emg-signal-in-expert-japanese-traditional-dancer",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction"},signatures:"Woong Choi, Tadao Isaka, Hiroyuki Sekiguchi and Kozaburo Hachimura",authors:null},{id:"58386",title:"Review on Emotion Recognition Databases",slug:"review-on-emotion-recognition-databases",totalDownloads:1234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"human-robot-interaction-theory-and-application",title:"Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Human-Robot Interaction - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Rain Eric Haamer, Eka Rusadze, Iiris Lüsi, Tauseef Ahmed, Sergio\nEscalera and Gholamreza Anbarjafari",authors:[{id:"206023",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",middleName:null,surname:"Anbarjafari",slug:"gholamreza-anbarjafari",fullName:"Gholamreza Anbarjafari"}]},{id:"6449",title:"Toward Human Like Walking – Walking Mechanism of 3D Passive Dynamic Motion with Lateral Rolling – Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",slug:"toward-human-like-walking-walking-mechanism-of-3d-passive-dynamic-motion-with-lateral-rolling-advanc",totalDownloads:2689,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction"},signatures:"Tomoo Takeguchi, Minako Ohashi and Jaeho Kim",authors:null},{id:"9346",title:"The Real-Time and Embedded Soccer Robot Control System",slug:"the-real-time-and-embedded-soccer-robot-control-system",totalDownloads:3191,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"robot-soccer",title:"Robot Soccer",fullTitle:"Robot Soccer"},signatures:"Ce Li, Takahiro Watanabe, Zhenyu Wu, Hang Li and Yijie Huangfu",authors:null},{id:"6456",title:"Anticipative Generation and In-Situ Adaptation of Maneuvering Affordance in a Naturally Complex Scene",slug:"anticipative-generation-and-in-situ-adaptation-of-maneuvering-affordance-in-a-naturally-complex-scen",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction"},signatures:"Kohji Kamejima",authors:null},{id:"9353",title:"FIRA Mirosot Robot Soccer System Using Fuzzy Logic Algorithms",slug:"fira-mirosot-robot-soccer-system-using-fuzzy-logic-algorithms",totalDownloads:2737,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"robot-soccer",title:"Robot Soccer",fullTitle:"Robot Soccer"},signatures:"Elmer A. Maravillas and Elmer P. Dadios",authors:null},{id:"47",title:"Biped without Feet in Single Support: Stabilization of the Vertical Posture with Internal Torques",slug:"biped_without_feet_in_single_support__stabilization_of_the_vertical_posture_with_internal_torques",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobile_robots_towards_new_applications",title:"Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Mobile Robots: towards New Applications"},signatures:"Formalsky Alexander and Aoustin Yannick",authors:null},{id:"6444",title:"Making a Mobile Robot to Express its Mind by Motion Overlap",slug:"making-a-mobile-robot-to-express-its-mind-by-motion-overlap",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-human-robot-interaction",title:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction",fullTitle:"Advances in Human-Robot Interaction"},signatures:"Kazuki Kobayashi and Seiji Yamada",authors:null},{id:"6605",title:"Mobiles Robots - Past Present and Future",slug:"mobiles-robots-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:5195,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"mobile-robots-state-of-the-art-in-land-sea-air-and-collaborative-missions",title:"Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Mobile Robots - State of the Art in Land, Sea, Air, and Collaborative Missions"},signatures:"X.Q. Chen, Y.Q. Chen and J.G. Chase",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"anthrobotics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/21812/jean-gabrillargues",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"21812",slug:"jean-gabrillargues"},fullPath:"/profiles/21812/jean-gabrillargues",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()