More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"172",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Power Quality Harmonics Analysis and Real Measurements Data",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:"Harmonics Analysis and Real Measurements Data",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, the increasing use of power electronics equipment origins important distortions. The perfect AC power systems are a pure sinusoidal wave, both voltage and current, but the ever-increasing existence of non-linear loads modify the characteristics of voltage and current from the ideal sinusoidal wave. This deviation from the ideal wave is reflected by the harmonics and, although its effects vary depending on the type of load, it affects the efficiency of an electrical system and can cause considerable damage to the systems and infrastructures. Ensuring optimal power quality after a good design and devices means productivity, efficiency, competitiveness and profitability. Nevertheless, nobody can assure the optimal power quality when there is a good design if the correct testing and working process from the obtained data is not properly assured at every instant; this entails processing the real data correctly. In this book the reader will be introduced to the harmonics analysis from the real measurement data and to the study of different industrial environments and electronic devices.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-335-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4395-6",doi:"10.5772/699",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"power-quality-harmonics-analysis-and-real-measurements-data",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"f35bec1bed8ccb6a099567bbf197b48c",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",publishedDate:"November 23rd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/172.jpg",numberOfDownloads:53072,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 11th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 13th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"964",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregorio",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/964/images/1793_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gregorio Romero Rey (Spain, 1974) received his Industrial Technical Engineering degree from the ICAI in 1996 and his Mechanical Engineering degree from the UNED in 2000. After the analysis of mathematical systems corresponding to multi-domain models, he was awarded his PhD Degree by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in 2005, the university in which he works as Associated Professor. Since 1997, he has worked mainly on simulation models and the virtual reality area, developing his research activity in the Research Group in Railway Technology and Advanced Simulation (CITEF) collaborating on European and National Projects, apart from works with private companies. He has been involved in different technical committees and has received two prizes associated with his research and education activity. At present he is the manager of an electrical simulator designed for a Spanish company and has published more than 70 technical papers in different international journals, books and conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"121611",title:"Prof.",name:"Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"luisa-martinez",fullName:"Luisa Martinez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121611/images/1795_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luisa Martinez Muneta received her Mechanical Engineer degree from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in 1990. She got her PhD Degree in 1997 working on variational geometry. Since 1990 she started to work as Associate Professor at UPM. She usually works in the field of computer graphics, simulation and virtual reality, developing her research activity in the Research Group in Railway Technology and Advanced Simulation (CITEF) from 1997. During this time she has been involved in different industrial projects and pilot activities promoted by the European Commission and other Spanish institutions, and has received some prizes associated with her activity. She has published 4 books and over 60 technical papers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"769",title:"Power Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"24104",title:"Electric Power Systems Harmonics - Identification and Measurements",doi:"10.5772/16412",slug:"electric-power-systems-harmonics-identification-and-measurements",totalDownloads:6597,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Soliman Abdelhady Soliman and Ahmad Mohammad Alkandari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24104",authors:[{id:"24995",title:"Prof.",name:"Soliman",surname:"Soliman",slug:"soliman-soliman",fullName:"Soliman Soliman"},{id:"36804",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Alkandari",slug:"ahmad-alkandari",fullName:"Ahmad Alkandari"}],corrections:null},{id:"24105",title:"On the Reliability of Real Measurement Data for Assessing Power Quality Disturbances",doi:"10.5772/16402",slug:"on-the-reliability-of-real-measurement-data-for-assessing-power-quality-disturbances",totalDownloads:2275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre Brandao Nassif",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24105",authors:[{id:"24966",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Nassif",slug:"alexandre-nassif",fullName:"Alexandre Nassif"}],corrections:null},{id:"24106",title:"Voltage Harmonics Measuring Issues in Medium Voltage Systems",doi:"10.5772/16411",slug:"voltage-harmonics-measuring-issues-in-medium-voltage-systems",totalDownloads:4930,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Jarosław Łuszcz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24106",authors:[{id:"24994",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslaw",surname:"Luszcz",slug:"jaroslaw-luszcz",fullName:"Jaroslaw Luszcz"}],corrections:null},{id:"24107",title:"Study of LCC Resonant Transistor DC / DC Converter with Capacitive Output Filter",doi:"10.5772/24132",slug:"study-of-lcc-resonant-transistor-dc-dc-converter-with-capacitive-output-filter",totalDownloads:6551,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Nikolay Bankov, Aleksandar Vuchev and Georgi Terziyski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24107",authors:[{id:"50904",title:"MSc",name:"Georgi",surname:"Terziyski",slug:"georgi-terziyski",fullName:"Georgi Terziyski"},{id:"55669",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Bankov",slug:"nikolay-bankov",fullName:"Nikolay Bankov"},{id:"55682",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Vuchev",slug:"aleksandar-vuchev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vuchev"}],corrections:null},{id:"24108",title:"Thermal Analysis of Power Semiconductor Converters",doi:"10.5772/16407",slug:"thermal-analysis-of-power-semiconductor-converters",totalDownloads:3442,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adrian Plesca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24108",authors:[{id:"24983",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Plesca",slug:"adrian-plesca",fullName:"Adrian Plesca"}],corrections:null},{id:"24109",title:"Improve Power Quality with High Power UPQC",doi:"10.5772/16397",slug:"improve-power-quality-with-high-power-upqc",totalDownloads:3377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Qing Fu, Guilong Ma and Shuhua Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24109",authors:[{id:"24947",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",surname:"Fu",slug:"qing-fu",fullName:"Qing Fu"},{id:"33132",title:"MSc.",name:"Guilong",surname:"Ma",slug:"guilong-ma",fullName:"Guilong Ma"},{id:"33133",title:"MSc.",name:"Shu Hua",surname:"Chen",slug:"shu-hua-chen",fullName:"Shu Hua Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"24110",title:"Characterization of Harmonic Resonances in the Presence of the Steinmetz Circuit in Power Systems",doi:"10.5772/17988",slug:"characterization-of-harmonic-resonances-in-the-presence-of-the-steinmetz-circuit-in-power-systems",totalDownloads:3753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Luis Sainz, Eduardo Caro and Sara Riera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24110",authors:[{id:"30046",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Sainz",slug:"sainz",fullName:"Sainz"},{id:"34597",title:"Mr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Caro",slug:"eduardo-caro",fullName:"Eduardo Caro"},{id:"34598",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sara",surname:"Riera",slug:"sara-riera",fullName:"Sara Riera"}],corrections:null},{id:"24111",title:"Stochastic Analysis of the Effect of Using Harmonic Generators in Power Systems",doi:"10.5772/17623",slug:"stochastic-analysis-of-the-effect-of-using-harmonic-generators-in-power-systems",totalDownloads:3166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mohsen Abbas Pour Seyyedi and Amir Hossein Jahanikia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24111",authors:[{id:"28913",title:"MSc",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Abbaspour",slug:"mohsen-abbaspour",fullName:"Mohsen Abbaspour"}],corrections:null},{id:"24112",title:"Harmonics Effect in Industrial and University Environments",doi:"10.5772/16395",slug:"harmonics-effect-in-industrial-and-university-environments",totalDownloads:5062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"M.H. Shwehdi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24112",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24112",authors:[{id:"24941",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed H.",surname:"Shwehdi",slug:"mohamed-h.-shwehdi",fullName:"Mohamed H. Shwehdi"}],corrections:null},{id:"24113",title:"Power Quality Problems Generated by Line Frequency Coreless Induction Furnaces",doi:"10.5772/16542",slug:"power-quality-problems-generated-by-line-frequency-coreless-induction-furnaces",totalDownloads:5753,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Angela Iagăr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24113",authors:[{id:"25506",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Iagar",slug:"angela-iagar",fullName:"Angela Iagar"}],corrections:null},{id:"24114",title:"Harmonic Distortion in Renewable Energy Systems: Capacitive Couplings",doi:"10.5772/17677",slug:"harmonic-distortion-in-renewable-energy-systems-capacitive-couplings",totalDownloads:8166,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Miguel García-Gracia, Nabil El Halabi, Adrián Alonso and M.Paz Comech",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24114",authors:[{id:"8383",title:"PhD.",name:"María Paz",surname:"Comech",slug:"maria-paz-comech",fullName:"María Paz Comech"},{id:"22742",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"García-Gracia",slug:"miguel-garcia-gracia",fullName:"Miguel García-Gracia"},{id:"29096",title:"Prof.",name:"Nabil",surname:"El Halabi",slug:"nabil-el-halabi",fullName:"Nabil El Halabi"},{id:"43762",title:"MSc",name:"Adrián",surname:"Alonso Herranz",slug:"adrian-alonso-herranz",fullName:"Adrián Alonso Herranz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"919",title:"Electrical Generation and Distribution Systems and Power Quality Disturbances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe78caf22b46bb1996cf7be89f98ddf7",slug:"electrical-generation-and-distribution-systems-and-power-quality-disturbances",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/919.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"964",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3734",title:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3734.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"964",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1073",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",subtitle:"Principles and Engineering Explorations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"539623d2f9a1dca563421e451940e4e1",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-principles-and-engineering-explorations",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3177",title:"Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a5f2db2003e1dfb3beb19541b2faf87",slug:"wind-power",bookSignature:"S M Muyeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3177.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3660",title:"Nuclear Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"nuclear-power",bookSignature:"Pavel Tsvetkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10023",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"pavel-tsvetkov",fullName:"Pavel Tsvetkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3724",title:"Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9383c05ece5ed76feff7645f261830ba",slug:"distributed-generation",bookSignature:"D N Gaonkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112984",title:"Dr.",name:"Dattatraya",surname:"Gaonkar",slug:"dattatraya-gaonkar",fullName:"Dattatraya Gaonkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"62",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"power-quality",bookSignature:"Andreas Eberhard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/62.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18782",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Eberhard",slug:"andreas-eberhard",fullName:"Andreas Eberhard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5413",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",subtitle:"A Look at Trends in the Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d81a819e53a5ff35501b9876d5f6b1ab",slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",bookSignature:"Sergey Skipidarov and Mikhail Nikitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16374",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Nikitin",slug:"mikhail-nikitin",fullName:"Mikhail Nikitin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3076",title:"Advances in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd7c5d70cbc111f7a84a512c2189d48",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66300",slug:"corrigendum-to-recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-pro",title:"Corrigendum to: Recovery Intervention to Promote Social Connectedness through Social Recreational Programs for Persons with Dementia: A Critical Analysis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66300.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66300",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66300",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66300",chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"219759",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Winnie Sun",slug:"winnie-sun",email:"winnie.sun@uoit.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ontario Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"284558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelby-Lynne",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Shelby-Lynne Clarke",slug:"shelby-lynne-clarke",email:"shelbylynne.clarke@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaan",middleName:null,surname:"Madahey",fullName:"Hanaan Madahey",slug:"hanaan-madahey",email:"hanaan.madahey@uoit.net",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ping Zou",slug:"ping-zou",email:"pingz@nipissingu.ca",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"219759",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Winnie Sun",slug:"winnie-sun",email:"winnie.sun@uoit.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ontario Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"284558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelby-Lynne",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Shelby-Lynne Clarke",slug:"shelby-lynne-clarke",email:"shelbylynne.clarke@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaan",middleName:null,surname:"Madahey",fullName:"Hanaan Madahey",slug:"hanaan-madahey",email:"hanaan.madahey@uoit.net",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ping Zou",slug:"ping-zou",email:"pingz@nipissingu.ca",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8291",leadTitle:null,title:"Technological Innovation in the Olive Oil Production Chain",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Technological innovation has undergone unprecedented development; this evolution can offer extraordinary opportunities for product qualification, which today has not been adequately exploited due to a lack of vision. It took a disaster such as "mad cow" disease to accelerate the traceability plan; today, 36% of the analyzed agri-food companies, thanks to digital solutions, achieved a reduction in the times and costs connected with harvest processes, data management, and transmission. Digital solutions permit interventions aimed at food safety along the food chain, thus avoiding financial damage. But they can also be used to combat counterfeiting to protect the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) systems for greater information for the consumer.',isbn:"978-1-83962-236-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-645-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-237-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78420",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"technological-innovation-in-the-olive-oil-production-chain",numberOfPages:78,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6604d6cd5f4995f6ab303e82ddd5fcd9",bookSignature:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8291.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2338,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 28th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 18th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 17th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"93139",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Muzzalupo",slug:"innocenzo-muzzalupo",fullName:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93139/images/system/93139.png",biography:"Doctor Innocenzo Muzzalupo has received degree in “Biology” from the University of Calabria in 1993 and received his Ph.D. degree (1997) in “Chemistry” from the University of “La Sapienza” Rome. Currently, he is working as a member of Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit in Italy. After receiving his Ph.D. degree, he was appointed as post-doctoral researcher (1999) in “Food Science” at the University of Calabria. Between 1999 and 2008 he had a contract as professor of “Botany” at the University of Calabria. Following eight years of extensive research on olive characterization and on olive oil quality. His research areas include olive germplasm characterization, olive genes characterization, and analytical methods for olive oil traceability, olive oil quality. He has authored numerous research articles (orcid id 0000-0002-0264-1392).",institutionString:"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Agricultural Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"374",title:"Plant Engineering",slug:"plant-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"67386",title:"Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification",slug:"introductory-chapter-technological-innovation-as-tool-for-products-qualification",totalDownloads:263,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"93139",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocenzo",surname:"Muzzalupo",slug:"innocenzo-muzzalupo",fullName:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo"}]},{id:"64271",title:"Emerging Extraction Technologies in Olive Oil Production",slug:"emerging-extraction-technologies-in-olive-oil-production",totalDownloads:676,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"64315",title:"Does the Introduction of Ultrasound in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Extraction Process Improve the Income of the Olive Millers? The First Technology for the Simultaneous Increment of Yield and Quality of the Product",slug:"does-the-introduction-of-ultrasound-in-extra-virgin-olive-oil-extraction-process-improve-the-income-",totalDownloads:585,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"199763",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Clodoveo",slug:"maria-clodoveo",fullName:"Maria Clodoveo"}]},{id:"66915",title:"Antioxidants in Olive Oil",slug:"antioxidants-in-olive-oil",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139477",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",surname:"Basuny",slug:"amany-basuny",fullName:"Amany Basuny"}]},{id:"66111",title:"Regulation of Immune and Nonimmune Mast Cell Activation by Phenols from Olive Oil",slug:"regulation-of-immune-and-nonimmune-mast-cell-activation-by-phenols-from-olive-oil",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"262694",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Penissi",slug:"alicia-penissi",fullName:"Alicia Penissi"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3424",title:"Food Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26d230385a4b7a517b44d60bf75e83de",slug:"food-industry",bookSignature:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3424.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93139",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocenzo",surname:"Muzzalupo",slug:"innocenzo-muzzalupo",fullName:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2986",title:"Olive Germplasm",subtitle:"The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e38f87edf2aa3a482b19c336008b89ea",slug:"olive-germplasm-the-olive-cultivation-table-olive-and-olive-oil-industry-in-italy",bookSignature:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2986.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93139",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocenzo",surname:"Muzzalupo",slug:"innocenzo-muzzalupo",fullName:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"3577",title:"Olive Germplasm",subtitle:"Italian Catalogue of Olive Varieties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc6525c8fb7f4191b5f6ea035a7893e5",slug:"olive-germplasm-italian-catalogue-of-olive-varieties",bookSignature:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3577.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"93139",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocenzo",surname:"Muzzalupo",slug:"innocenzo-muzzalupo",fullName:"Innocenzo Muzzalupo"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"5772",title:"Plant Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4eae6c6ccd98efec6d8a1a4b6003d0a2",slug:"plant-engineering",bookSignature:"Snježana Jurić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161262",title:"Dr.",name:"Snježana",surname:"Jurić",slug:"snjezana-juric",fullName:"Snježana Jurić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59404",title:"Imaging Evaluation of Liver Tumors in Pediatric Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73855",slug:"imaging-evaluation-of-liver-tumors-in-pediatric-patients",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Liver tumors constitute 1–4% of all solid tumors in children, of which 40% are benign. They mainly include hemangioma, liver hamartoma, and liver cell adenoma. Malignant tumors mainly include hepatoblastoma (HB), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), malignant liver mesothelioma, and rhabdomyosarcoma [1]. For most hepatic malignancies, hepatectomy or liver transplantation is optimal for cure. Resectability can be limited by multifocality, bilobar involvement, vascular thrombus or vascular invasion, extension to hepatic hilum, and distant metastasis [2]. If the tumor cannot be resected at initial imaging evaluation, the child is usually first treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation, and then re-imaged. For this reason, proper imaging evaluation of the liver is necessary which will shorten the surgical waiting duration and increase the success of the resection. In the cases where liver resection has high morbidity and high incidence, liver transplantation is recommended.
\n
Imaging plays crucial roles in the management of pediatric patients with suspected liver tumors. MR imaging is recommended for children than computed tomography (CT) because of less radiation [3, 4]. However, CT could clearly show the liver anatomy and be helpful in staging, which is widely used in preoperative evaluation in the pediatric patients [3, 5]. Moreover, if the CT or MR imaging indicates a malignant mass, CT of the chest should be performed to assess the presence of lung metastasis [6].
\n
In our experience, three-dimensional imaging can significantly improve the resection rate of pediatric tumors and increase the safety of the surgery [7]. In our center, we prefer CT scans for preoperative evaluation of pediatric liver tumors. However, it is very important to avoid non-contrast and multiphase images, and use low-dose CT scan in pediatric patients. CT phase of portal venous are very useful for evaluation of primary malignant liver tumors in children.
\n
\n
\n
2. Common malignant liver tumors in pediatric patients
\n
\n
2.1. Hepatoblastoma (HB)
\n
HB comprises 1% of all pediatric malignancies. HB most often occurs in infants and young children between 6 months and 4 years old. The median age of occurrence is 18 months. After 5 years of age, it becomes rare but histologically more aggressive in children over 8 years old. It occurs equally in males and females [8]. Based on radiological imaging, preoperative staging system (Pretreatment Extent of Disease or PRETEXT) which define extent of liver parenchyma involvement is an important guideline for treatment selection [9]. The new international surgical guidelines, which are being developed for the upcoming Pediatric Hepatic International Tumor Trial, will recommend primary surgical resection at diagnosis for PRETEXT I and II tumors of which the radiographic margin on the middle hepatic vein is wide [10].
\n
As staging and treatment are mainly dependent on imaging, high-quality radiographic imaging has come to be of vital importance. For imaging assessment, both contrast-enhanced CT and MRI are recommended. Non-contrast CT typically shows a relatively well-defined, heterogeneous mass, slightly hypodense compared with liver tissue, with or without calcifications. On contrast-enhanced CT (Figure 1), the tumor reveals a heterogeneous enhancement, which may be hyperdense relative to liver parenchyma in the early arterial postcontrast phase and usually appears iso- or hypodense on delayed images (11). Invasion of the portal vein and its subsequent thrombosis must be evaluated in all suspected cases of hepatoblastoma. The tumor thrombus can even spread along IVC and encroach in the lumen of right atrium. Metastasis may be seen in lymph nodes and lung parenchyma; it is rare in the brain and bones [11]. Twenty percent of HBs present with metastasis and most of them are in the lungs; therefore CT chest is necessary for staging.
\n
Figure 1.
CT and three-dimensional reconstructed liver of PRETEXT II hepatoblastoma resectable at diagnosis (white arrow).
\n
\n
\n
2.2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
\n
The incidence of HCC in children was 0.5–1.0 cases per million children [12]. Different from HB, the median age of occurrence in children with HCC is 10 to 11.2 years [3]. The male to female ratio is 2:1 in young children, but it increases with age. Unlike adults, in whom HCC usually accompanies underlying liver disease, only 20–35% of children with HCC children have underlying liver disease [13]. HCC in children is now considered a distinct tumor family consisting of adult type HCC and variants, fibrolamellar HCC, and transitional liver cell tumor [14]. HCC is usually multifocal and may present with a variable number and distribution of tumor nodules. Recognizing HCC lesions smaller than 1.0 cm is still difficult.
\n
In fibrolamellar HCCs, tumor cells are circumscribed by bundles of acellular collagen. This form is seen more frequently in adolescents than in adults and has better prognosis. HCCs are highly variable and show non-characteristic features on CT imaging: the tumors may be homogeneous or heterogeneous, solitary or multifocal, well- or ill-defined. On unenhanced CT images, HCCs typically appear isodense or slightly hypodense relative to liver parenchyma. On enhanced CT, they show early arterial contrast enhancement and rapid washout. HCCs are often inconspicuous on delayed scans. HCC sometimes invades the vasculature in the liver, and even the inferior vena cava may be seen [11]. The diagnosis of underlying cirrhosis may help during differential diagnosis, but it is rare in children. Three-dimensional CT image (Figure 2) analysis techniques are now available to estimate tumor volume and provide detailed information regarding the intrahepatic anatomy that resembles the actual intraoperative findings [15]. CT volumetry may permit calculation of resected tumor volume and anticipated size of the remnant liver in planning resection [16]. Plain CT of the chest should be performed to rule out the lung metastases. As for HB, tumor staging is an important consideration in determining the plan of treatment and prognosis. The PRETEXT staging system is recommended because it is currently the only staging system that allows surgical planning [9]. HCC is relatively chemoresistant. Complete resection or liver transplantation of localized tumor is the best option. In the SIOPEL-1 report, the overall resection rate was 36% and the 5 y OS and EFS was 28 and 17% respectively [13]. For liver transplantation, patient survival was 63% at 5 years and 58% at 10 years in a study of orthotopic liver transplantation in 41 HCC children <18 years. Recurrence was the primary cause of death in 86% [17]. The outcomes of liver transplantation in HCC are not as good as that for HB.
\n
Figure 2.
CT of hepatocellular carcinoma in pediatric patient.
\n
\n
\n
2.3. Pediatric hepatic sarcomas
\n
Pediatric hepatic sarcomas include undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES), biliary rhabdomyosarcoma, and angiosarcoma [5]. UES is a rare malignant neoplasm, and its the incidence is higher than the other two types of sarcoma. UES was recently shown to share genetic features with mesenchymal harmatoma. Diagnosis of UES is usually between 6 and 10 years but some studies report presentation in young teenagers [18]. The tumor appears on ultrasound as a hetero-echoic mass, and a hypodense multicystic lesion on CT scan or MRI (Figure 3), usually exceeding 10 cm in size, with a predominance for involving the right hepatic lobe [19].
\n
Figure 3.
CT and three-dimensional reconstructed liver of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Value of CT scan in guiding the surgical treatment
\n
The objective of surgery is to achieve complete resection of the tumor, both macro- and microscopically, which is paramount for cure of malignant liver cancers. The liver resection strategy is based on pre-operative understanding of liver segmentation, vascular occlusion techniques, and experience in performing different types of hepatectomy, including extensive resection (left and right trisegmentectomies). Although abdominal CT should only be considered if MR imaging is not available or contraindicated, there are some limitations of MRI in some hospitals at developing countries. In our experience, MRI is the best available technique for diagnosing liver tumors, but its value is less clear in preoperatively evaluating the resectability of liver tumors especially in pediatric patients. The development and rapid clinical acceptance of single-detector helical CT during the last decade and, more recently, the introduction of multidetector CT (MDCT) have resulted in significant improvements in the study of the liver. MDCT makes it possible to precisely image the vascular anatomy, including the anomalous branches, feeding arteries, or drainage veins. Moreover, each image phase could be independently and simultaneously extracted or combined. In addition to technical advances, such as shorter scanning times, multiplanar imaging, and improved ability to perform multiphasic contrast-enhanced studies, newer and better intravenous contrast media and advances in post-acquisition data processing techniques have renewed researchers’ enthusiasm for using hepatic CT scanning [11].
\n
Furthermore, the software program for volumetry provides a proposed remnant liver volume and an optimal cut line of the liver. Various preoperative simulations can thus be considered. This volumetric analysis positively contributes to the safety of the procedure by assisting in the selection of the optimal operations. Preoperative evaluation of the relationship between the tumor and surrounding vasculature was simulated to perform liver resection with 3D software (Figure 4).
\n
Figure 4.
Three-dimensional reconstructed liver indicating total liver volume, liver tumor volume, and intraoperative navigation system.
\n
\n
\n
4. 3D simulation software and Hisense Computer Assisted Surgery System (Hisense CAS)
\n
With the development of three-dimensional simulation software, it is possible to achieve virtual hepatectomy, which can assist the surgeons planning the operation. The development of three-dimensional simulation software makes it possible to achieve virtual hepatectomy, which can assist surgeons to plan the operation, especially the complicated one. The history of 3D simulation software as it relates to hepatectomy can be divided into three stages: [1] successful 3D rendering of liver structures due to the introduction of multidetector row CT in the 1990s [20, 2] virtual hepatectomy depending on the reconstruction of the liver using 3D simulation software since 2000 [21, 3] the clinical practice and popularization of virtual hepatectomy using software packages since 2005, such as operation planning and operative navigation [22]. In some developed countries, such as Japan, virtual hepatectomy has routinely been performed in adult patients undergoing anatomic liver resection. It helps surgeons to plan the operative approach precisely, accurately position the lesion range, and be familiar with the operative route. Hisense Computer Assisted Surgery System (Hisense CAS) is a 3D simulation software package specifically developed for pediatric patients. It can provide precise and exquisite 3D visualization of pediatric liver structures using DICOM data from conventional CT. Considering that children have more refined anatomical structures, the accuracy of Hisense CAS was improved. Hepatectomy can be simulated on a personal computer, and the results can be shared with anyone in the cooperative team. Hisense CAS allows a surgeon to instantaneously manipulate the liver simulation in the operating room using a gesture-controlled display (Figure 4).
\n
CT imaging can be performed using a 64-row-MDCT Scanner (Sensation64; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with the following parameters: kVp 120, mAs 100, slice collimation 0.625 mm, feed/rotation 12 mm, and rotation time 0.5 s. Patients received 2.0 ml/kg of an iodinated contrast agent (Ultravist; Bayer HealthCare LLC, Germany) to delineate the hepatic vasculature, which was administered intravenously using an automated injector system (CT 9000; Liebel-Flarsheim, Cincinnati, OH) at a rate of 2.0 ml/s. Automated bolus tracking with bolus detection on the level of the ascending aorta assured accurate timing of the arterial phase. For display of the portal and hepatic venous anatomy, third and fourth CT image sets were acquired at 10 and 40 s after the arterial imaging [23].
\n
Four steps are required for transferring the CT DICOM file into 3D digital liver using Hisense CAS: [1] upload the primary CT DICOM data into the Hisense CAS; [2] auto or semi-automatically reconstruct the liver structures (liver parenchyma, portal vein, hepatic veins, and tumors) in a 3D context by extraction of neighboring voxels with a similar CT density, and automatically calculate the total liver volume and tumor volume; [3] virtual liver resection using the software (automatically calculating the remnant liver volume); and [4] assessment of the optimal surgical procedures based on the virtual hepatectomy. The surgical team could communicate and discuss the surgical liver anatomy with radiologists or pediatricians based on 3D reconstruction, such as the tumor locations, the appearance of the vessel branches, or approach of liver resection. Various virtual surgical strategies could be explored in the Hisense CAS. Finally, the surgical team could develop the optimal plan of operation [7].
\n
\n
\n
5. Dong’s digital liver classification
\n
With the development of medical imaging, 3D reconstruction technology, the innovation of liver surgery and the proposal of precision hepatectomy, the intrahepatic vascular anatomy of the liver and liver segmentectomy based on that vascular anatomy have become well developed. With the analysis of 3D digital liver, we proposed a new type of liver classification system: Dong’s digital liver classification system. Professor Dong Qian of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University analyzed the anatomy of thousands of digital human livers from newborns to the elderly to build a new system of liver classification based on intrahepatic vascular anatomy [24].
\n
1260 cases of normal human liver were rendered into 3D digital livers using their DICOM files. Based on the anatomical variation of the portal branches supplying liver segments, we built our Dong’s digital liver classification system.
\n
We divided the digital liver into four groups based on the type of segmentation and the variations in portal vein anatomy. Type A livers are similar to Couinaud or Cho’s segmentation, containing eight segments (Figure 5). Type B livers have nine segments because there are three subdivisions of right-anterior portal vein (Figure 6). The defining characteristic of Type C is the variation in the right-posterior portal vein, which is arcuate-shaped (Figure 7). Type C-a livers have arcuate-shaped right-posterior portal veins and right-anterior portal veins like those in Type A livers. Type C-b livers have arcuate-shaped right-posterior portal veins and right-anterior portal veins like those in Type B livers. Type D livers have anomalous portal vein variations, which require three-dimensional simulation and individualized liver resection plan (Figure 8).
\n
Figure 5.
Right-anterior and right-posterior part of liver anatomy indicating Type A segmentation of Dong’s digital liver classification system, similar to Couinaud or Cho’s segmentation.
\n
Figure 6.
Right-anterior part of liver anatomy indicating Type B segmentation of Dong’s digital liver classification system.
\n
Figure 7.
Type C livers have arcuate-shaped right-posterior portal veins.
\n
Figure 8.
Rare variation of portal vein which is classified into Type D segmentation.
\n
Type A: Similar to Couinaud [25] or Cho’s segmentation [26], containing eight segments (Figure 5).
\n
Segment I (3–6 P1 branches): Caudate lobe. There are 3–6 small branches (P1) originating from the back of right and left portal vein, surrounded by 5–8 tiny short hepatic veins.
\n
Segments II and III: The left portal vein divides into the third-grade portal vein (P2 and P3) and perfuses the upper and lower outer sides of the left liver, which contains segments II and III.
\n
Segment IV: Portal veins divided from the left portal vein perfuse the inner part of the left liver.
\n
Segments V and VIII: The right portal vein divides into the right anterior and posterior branches, and then the anterior trunk further divides into several branches. (Figure 5).
\n
Segments VI and VII: The right posterior portal vein further divides into right anterior (P6) and posterior branches (P7). The anterior branches perfuse segment VI, the lower outer area of the right liver.
\n
Type B: Nine segments due to three subdivisions of right-anterior portal vein (Figure 6).
\n
Type C: The right posterior portal vein does not divide into main branches as in Type A or B livers, whose portal veins separate into 5–11 branches from an arcuate trunk. During precise hepatectomy, it is difficult to resect only segments VI or VII as in Type A and Type B. The prevalence of Type C livers is not high, but it makes a considerable difference in precise surgery. Cases in which the right posterior portal vein is arcuate type and the right anterior portal vein separates into only P8 and P5 are defined as Type C-a (Figure 7). When the right posterior portal vein is arcuate type and the right anterior portal vein separate to P5, P8, and P9, we define it as Type C-b.
\n
Type D: This is a catchall category, appearing in about 12.43% of all livers. It includes all variations that cannot be classified into any of the previous three types (Figure 8).
\n
\n
\n
6. Measurement of liver volume from neonates to the elderly
\n
Total liver volume, the basic unit of liver function, is an important factor to evaluate the resectability of liver cancer. There have been many studies of the total liver volume and necessary remnant liver volume in adult patients but only a few reports regarding liver volume in children. Because measured total liver volume has been proposed as the golden standard of liver volume for preoperative surgical plan, we tried to summarize the average total liver volume of Chinese patients of different ages, from neonates to the elderly.
\n
Upper abdominal CT films from 1456 children (enhanced CT 837, plain CT 619) aged 1 day to 100 years were selected. None had any history of liver disease, and CT had been performed for other clinical purposes. The patients were divided into 26 groups by age (Table 1).
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Age
\n
N
\n
Liver volume (cm³)
\n
\n\n\n
\n
<1 Month
\n
28
\n
140.0339 ± 50.0707
\n
\n
\n
1–3 Months
\n
26
\n
191.1462 ± 38.9132
\n
\n
\n
4–6 Months
\n
31
\n
261.5065 ± 70.9437
\n
\n
\n
7–9 Months
\n
22
\n
273.1917 ± 50.0732
\n
\n
\n
10–12 Months
\n
33
\n
305.4692 ± 36.3323
\n
\n
\n
1–2 Years
\n
56
\n
374.3617 ± 65.8447
\n
\n
\n
2–3 Years
\n
66
\n
440.8111 ± 71.4779
\n
\n
\n
3–4 Years
\n
58
\n
500.0037 ± 103.2837
\n
\n
\n
4–5 Years
\n
49
\n
549.4533 ± 84.6325
\n
\n
\n
5–6 Years
\n
33
\n
639.4677 ± 126.7067
\n
\n
\n
6–7 Years
\n
44
\n
722.0357 ± 140.8796
\n
\n
\n
7–8 Years
\n
44
\n
824.6372 ± 137.9766
\n
\n
\n
8–9 Years
\n
32
\n
844.4633 ± 93.6353
\n
\n
\n
9–10 Years
\n
37
\n
935.8571 ± 189.1018
\n
\n
\n
10–11 Years
\n
29
\n
985.0464 ± 121.0802
\n
\n
\n
11–12 Years
\n
27
\n
1048.9250 ± 167.5279
\n
\n
\n
12–13 Years
\n
29
\n
1118.4593 ± 155.2817
\n
\n
\n
13–14 Years
\n
22
\n
1125.0250 ± 147.9899
\n
\n
\n
14–18 Years
\n
30
\n
1323.8862 ± 226.3454
\n
\n
\n
18–30 Years
\n
42
\n
1361.8682 ± 205.3783
\n
\n
\n
30–40 Years
\n
74
\n
1381.1037 ± 300.3834
\n
\n
\n
40–50 Years
\n
139
\n
1423.7647 ± 216.9305
\n
\n
\n
50–60 Years
\n
197
\n
1343.2768 ± 246.6878
\n
\n
\n
60–70 Years
\n
181
\n
1284.4183 ± 190.7129
\n
\n
\n
70–80 Years
\n
106
\n
1263.1282 ± 170.2464
\n
\n
\n
80–100 Years
\n
21
\n
1089.3429 ± 199.0259
\n
\n
\n
Total
\n
1456
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Standard liver volume range (X ± S, cm3).
\n
\n
\n
7. Human Digital Liver Database
\n
The Human Digital Liver Database (HDLD) was established by the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Hisense Company, aiming to collect digital liver from neonates, children, adults, and the elderly, from normal livers, livers with cancer, and simulated livers resected using Hisense CAS. The link of the HDLD is http://www.hdldb.net, which now is only available in Chinese (the English version is being translated now). The HDLD will show the digital liver in image and video form. All visitors could study the updated clinical cases at any angle of reconstructed 3D digital liver, including the vascular system, anatomical differences in the liver, and the correlation between vascular and liver tumors. The HDLD will also provide the intra-operation video comparing to the preoperative surgical plan, to help doctors and medical students better understand the anatomy and surgical procedure of pediatric liver resection, especially for patients with giant liver tumors (Figure 9).
\n
Figure 9.
The Human Digital Liver Database.
\n
\n
7.1. Normal children and adult digital liver database
\n
Vascular anatomical variation and total liver volume are two of the more important factors that surgeons consider when making surgical plans. We have collected thousands of CT scan data from across the nation. We would like to establish a digital liver database showing the reconstructed digital liver and separate these digital livers into different groups according to the anatomical variations in liver vasculature and liver volume (Figure 9). The Dong’s Digital Liver Classification was established based on our collection of digital livers. We believe that a normal digital liver database may serve as an important reference for surgeons all around world.
\n
\n
\n
7.2. Liver tumor database and simulated liver surgery
\n
The liver tumor database shows the reconstructed digital liver image and simulated liver resection according to the surgeon’s preoperative plan, and the intraoperative video of clinical cases, aiming to share the experience gained by staff at our center freely around the world. With the help of Hisense CAS, the successful surgical resection of liver tumors in pediatric patients has improved in our center. With the 3D simulation, we have found that we can clearly understand the anatomical variation in intrahepatic vasculature, the correlation of vasculature with liver tumors, and calculate the remnant liver volume of the simulated liver easily. In the database, we would like to show some difficult cases, such as those with very large liver tumors and those with vascular variation.
\n
\n
\n
\n
8. Clinical application of Hisense CAS for diagnosis and surgical plans in children with large liver tumors
\n
An 11-month-old male infant was referred with abdominal distension and loss of appetite for the past 2 months [27]. Upon examination, a firm, non-tender mass with a smooth surface was evident arising from the right lobe of the liver, which filled the abdominal cavity. Serum ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, and Alb were normal. Both serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were within normal ranges. Ultrasound (US) revealed a well-defined, multicystic mass involving the liver. Enhanced CT images similarly showed a giant cystic mass with minimally enhanced septation and peripheral solid components (Figure 10).
\n
Figure 10.
Preoperative enhanced CT scan.
\n
The DICOM data obtained from the CT images were uploaded to 3D simulation software, the Hisense Computer Assisted Surgery System (Hisense, China) to simulate the liver. The relationship between HMH and the intrahepatic vasculature was revealed in a 3D context (Figure 11). The right hepatic vein (RHV), the middle hepatic vein (MHV), and the left hepatic vein (LHV) were confluent with a common trunk. The hepatic veins (HVs), the portal veins (PVs), and the inferior vena cava (IVC) were displaced, with no obvious infiltration or encasement. The volume of both the functional liver and the HMH was automatically calculated. The positional relationship between the vessels and HMH could be confirmed from any angle instantaneously in the computer. Various virtual hepatectomies were performed to predict the risk and the difficulty of the actual hepatectomy. Finally, an optimal surgical plan was developed using 3D simulation software to safeguard RHV. The enucleation of HMH for the case was performed after adequate preoperative preparation.
\n
Figure 11.
Comparison of 3D simulation and intraoperative liver anatomy.
\n
After laparotomy, the fluid was aspirated using a 20 G needle from the cystic components of HMH to reduce its volume, thereby facilitating surgical resection. The resection line at the rim of HMH, which was indicated by virtual hepatectomy was made using the electrotome. The hepatic portal occlusion was used to reduce the risk of bleeding. The hepatic parenchyma was dissected using the CUSA system. The intrahepatic vessels were dissected to be safeguarded or else ligated and divided, a matter that had been assessed by the virtual hepatectomy. After 20 min, the HMH was removed with surrounding rim of normal liver tissue. The right hepatic vein was successfully safeguarded. The remnant liver volume was about 210 ml, which approximately equaled the automatically calculated remnant liver volume (230.1 ml). There was no anatomical discrepancy between the operation and the 3D simulation. The convalescence was uneventful. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mesenchymal hamartoma (Figure 12).
\n
Figure 12.
Resected HMH tumor and pathology.
\n
In summary, three-dimensional (3D) imaging could significantly improve the resection rate of pediatric tumors and increase the safety of the surgery. Dong’s digital liver classification system and human digital liver classification system will be useful for surgeons all around the world.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"three-dimensional imaging, liver tumor, digital liver classification, total liver volume, Human Digital Liver Database",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/59404.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/59404.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59404",totalDownloads:483,totalViews:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 3rd 2017",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 2nd 2018",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Imaging plays crucial roles in the management of pediatric patients with suspected liver malignant tumors. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging could significantly improve the resection rate of pediatric tumors and increase the safety of the surgery. With the development of medical imaging, 3D reconstruction technology, the innovation of liver surgery and the proposal of precise hepatectomy, the intrahepatic vascular anatomy of the liver and liver segmentectomy based on that vascular anatomy have become well developed. With the analysis of 3D digital liver, we proposed a new type of liver classification system: Dong’s digital liver classification system. And we measured the normal total liver volume from neonate to aging making a reference for surgeons all around the world. And the Human Digital Liver Database was established by the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Hisense Company, aiming to collect digital liver from neonates, children, adults, and the elderly, from normal livers, livers with cancer, and simulated livers resected using Hisense CAS. Then we showed one case report of patient with giant liver tumor. With the application of Hisense CAS and our data, we successfully removed the tumor. We believe that the new techniques in imaging will help surgeons to accomplish better operations.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/59404",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/59404",book:{slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management"},signatures:"Chengzhan Zhu, Bingzi Dong and Qian Dong",authors:[{id:"232280",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Qian Dong",slug:"qian-dong",email:"13608968352@163.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"232298",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Chengzhan Zhu",slug:"chengzhan-zhu",email:"zhu_405@163.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"232299",title:"Dr.",name:"Bingzi",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Bingzi Dong",slug:"bingzi-dong",email:"13687656332@163.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Common malignant liver tumors in pediatric patients",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Hepatoblastoma (HB)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Pediatric hepatic sarcomas",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Value of CT scan in guiding the surgical treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. 3D simulation software and Hisense Computer Assisted Surgery System (Hisense CAS)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Dong’s digital liver classification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Measurement of liver volume from neonates to the elderly",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Human Digital Liver Database",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1. Normal children and adult digital liver database",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"7.2. Liver tumor database and simulated liver surgery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"8. Clinical application of Hisense CAS for diagnosis and surgical plans in children with large liver tumors",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Stocker JT. Hepatic tumors in children. Clinics in Liver Disease. 2001;5(1):259-281 viii-ix\n'},{id:"B2",body:'LaBerge JM. Liver tumors. In: O’Neill JA Jr, Grosfeld JL, Fonkalsrud EW, et al., editors. Principles of Pediatric Surgery. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2003\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Yikilmaz A, George M, Lee EY. Pediatric hepatobiliary neoplasms: An overview and update. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2017;55(4):741-766\n'},{id:"B4",body:'De Ugarte DA, Atkinson J. Liver tumors. In: Grosfeld JL, O’Neill JA Jr, Fonkalsrud AG, Coran AG, editors. Pediatric Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2006. pp. 502-505\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Aronson DC, Meyers RL. Malignant tumors of the liver in children. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 2016;25(5):265-275\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Roebuck DJ. Assessment of malignant liver tumors in children. Cancer Imaging. 2009;9 Spec No A:S98-S103\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhang G, Zhou XJ, Zhu CZ, Dong Q, Su L. Usefulness of three-dimensional(3D) simulation software in hepatectomy for pediatric hepatoblastoma. Surgical Oncology. 2016;25(3):236-243\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Czauderna P, Haeberle B, Hiyama E, Rangaswami A, Krailo M, Maibach R, et al. Novel global rare tumor database yields new prognostic factors in hepatoblastoma and becomes a research model. European Journal of Cancer. 2016;52:92-101\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Brown J, Perilongo G, Shafford E, Keeling J, Pritchard J, Brock P, et al. Pretreatment prognostic factors for children with hepatoblastoma-- results from the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) study SIOPEL 1. European Journal of Cancer. 2000;36(11):1418-1425\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Czauderna P, Otte JB, Aronson DC, Gauthier F, Mackinlay G, Roebuck D, et al. Guidelines for surgical treatment of hepatoblastoma in the modern era--recommendations from the Childhood Liver Tumour Strategy Group of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOPEL). European Journal of Cancer. 2005;41(7):1031-1036\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Dong Q, Chen J. CT scan of pediatric liver tumors. In: Subburaj K, editor. CT Scanning Techniques and Applications. Intech; 2011\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Darbari A, Sabin KM, Shapiro CN, Schwarz KB. Epidemiology of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. children. Hepatology. 2003;38(3):560-566\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Czauderna P, Mackinlay G, Perilongo G, Brown J, Shafford E, Aronson D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: Results of the first prospective study of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20(12):2798-2804\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Agarwala S. Primary malignant liver tumors in children. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;79(6):793-800\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Su L, Dong Q, Zhang H, Zhou X, Chen Y, Hao X, et al. Clinical application of a three-dimensional imaging technique in infants and young children with complex liver tumors. Pediatric Surgery International. 2016;32(4):387-395\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Shoup M, Gonen M, D’Angelica M, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP, Schwartz LH, et al. Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2003;7(3):325-330\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Austin MT, Leys CM, Feurer ID, Lovvorn HN 3rd, O’Neill JA Jr, Pinson CW, et al. Liver transplantation for childhood hepatic malignancy: A review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2006;41(1):182-186\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Plant AS, Busuttil RW, Rana A, Nelson SD, Auerbach M, Federman NC. A single-institution retrospective cases series of childhood undifferentiated embryonal liver sarcoma (UELS): Success of combined therapy and the use of orthotopic liver transplant. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2013;35(6):451-455\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Cao Q, Ye Z, Chen S, Liu N, Li S, Liu F. Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of liver: A multi-institutional experience with 9 cases. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2014;7(12):8647-8656\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Hashimoto D, Dohi T, Tsuzuki M, Horiuchi T, Ohta Y, Chinzei K, et al. Development of a computer-aided surgery system: Three-dimensional graphic reconstruction for treatment of liver cancer. Surgery. 1991;109(5):589-596\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Lamade W, Glombitza G, Fischer L, Chiu P, Cardenas CE Sr, Thorn M, et al. The impact of 3-dimensional reconstructions on operation planning in liver surgery. Archives of Surgery. 2000;135(11):1256-1261\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Souzaki R, Ieiri S, Uemura M, Ohuchida K, Tomikawa M, Kinoshita Y, et al. An augmented reality navigation system for pediatric oncologic surgery based on preoperative CT and MRI images. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2013;48(12):2479-2483\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Fuchs J, Warmann SW, Szavay P, Kirschner HJ, Schafer JF, Hennemuth A, et al. Three-dimensional visualization and virtual simulation of resections in pediatric solid tumors. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2005;40(2):364-370\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Zhou X, Dong Q, Zhu C, Chen X, Wei B, Duan Y, et al. The role and significance of digital reconstruction technique in liver segments based on portal vein structure. Chinese Journal of Surgery. 2018;56(1):61-67\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Couinaud C. The anatomy of the liver. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia. 1992;63(6):693-697\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Cho A, Okazumi S, Miyazawa Y, Makino H, Miura F, Ohira G, et al. Proposal for a reclassification of liver based anatomy on portal ramifications. American Journal of Surgery. 2005;189(2):195-199\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Zhao J, Zhou XJ, Zhu CZ, Wu Y, Wei B, Zhang G, et al. 3D simulation assisted resection of giant hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma in children. Computer Assisted Surgery (Abingdon). 2017;22(1):54-59\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Chengzhan Zhu",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer Assisted Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
Pediatric Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer Assisted Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2018",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58896",title:"Diagnosis and Characterization of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"diagnosis-and-characterization-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:676,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Paula Iruzubieta, Marta González, Joaquín Cabezas, María Teresa\nArias-Loste and Javier Crespo",authors:[{id:"207063",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Javier Crespo",slug:"javier-crespo"},{id:"233880",title:"Ms.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Iruzubieta",fullName:"Paula Iruzubieta",slug:"paula-iruzubieta"}]},{id:"59291",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Zinc/ Zinc Transporters: Is there a Connection?",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-diabetes-mellitus-and-zinc-zinc-transporters-is-there-a-connection",totalDownloads:613,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kurt Grüngreiff",authors:[{id:"230829",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Grüngreiff",fullName:"Kurt Grüngreiff",slug:"kurt-grungreiff"}]},{id:"59404",title:"Imaging Evaluation of Liver Tumors in Pediatric Patients",slug:"imaging-evaluation-of-liver-tumors-in-pediatric-patients",totalDownloads:483,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chengzhan Zhu, Bingzi Dong and Qian Dong",authors:[{id:"232280",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Qian Dong",slug:"qian-dong"},{id:"232298",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Chengzhan Zhu",slug:"chengzhan-zhu"},{id:"232299",title:"Dr.",name:"Bingzi",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Bingzi Dong",slug:"bingzi-dong"}]},{id:"59292",title:"Intraoperative Ultrasound of the Liver: Actual Status and Indications",slug:"intraoperative-ultrasound-of-the-liver-actual-status-and-indications",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Adrian Bartoș, Ioana Iancu, Caius Breazu and Dana Bartoș",authors:[{id:"195128",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Bartos",fullName:"Dana Monica Bartos",slug:"dana-monica-bartos"},{id:"196237",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Bartos",fullName:"Adrian Bartos",slug:"adrian-bartos"},{id:"221651",title:"Dr.",name:"Caius",middleName:null,surname:"Breazu",fullName:"Caius Breazu",slug:"caius-breazu"},{id:"221652",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Ioana Iancu",slug:"ioana-iancu"}]},{id:"59247",title:"Hepatic Trauma",slug:"hepatic-trauma-2018",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali Ibrahim Yahya",authors:[{id:"222438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Yahya",fullName:"Ali Ibrahim Yahya",slug:"ali-ibrahim-yahya"}]},{id:"58491",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related to Aflatoxins: An Update",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-related-to-aflatoxins-an-update",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Xi-Dai Long, Yan Deng, Xiao-Ying Huang, Jin-Guang Yao, Qun-Ying\nSu, Xue-Min Wu, Juan Wang, Qun-Qing Xu, Xiao-Ying Zhu, Chao\nWang, Bing-Chen Huang and Qiang Xia",authors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",slug:"xi-dai-long"},{id:"202469",title:"Dr.",name:"Xue-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Xue-Min Wu",slug:"xue-min-wu"},{id:"202470",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Huang",slug:"xiao-ying-huang"},{id:"202471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Guang",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",fullName:"Jin-Guang Yao",slug:"jin-guang-yao"},{id:"202472",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Chao Wang",slug:"chao-wang"},{id:"202476",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Qiang Xia",slug:"qiang-xia"},{id:"235034",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",fullName:"Yan Deng",slug:"yan-deng"},{id:"235035",title:"Ms.",name:"Qun-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Qun-Ying Su",slug:"qun-ying-su"},{id:"235036",title:"Ms.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Juan Huang",slug:"juan-huang"},{id:"235037",title:"Ms.",name:"Qun-Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Qun-Qing Xu",slug:"qun-qing-xu"},{id:"235038",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiao-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Zhu",slug:"xiao-ying-zhu"},{id:"235040",title:"Dr.",name:"Bing-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Bing-Chen Huang",slug:"bing-chen-huang"}]},{id:"60016",title:"Evaluation and Surgical Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"evaluation-and-surgical-management-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:544,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adrian Bartoș, Cristian Cioltean, Caius Breazu and Dana Bartoș",authors:[{id:"195128",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Bartos",fullName:"Dana Monica Bartos",slug:"dana-monica-bartos"},{id:"196237",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Bartos",fullName:"Adrian Bartos",slug:"adrian-bartos"},{id:"221651",title:"Dr.",name:"Caius",middleName:null,surname:"Breazu",fullName:"Caius Breazu",slug:"caius-breazu"},{id:"221650",title:"Dr.",name:"Cioltean",middleName:null,surname:"Cristian",fullName:"Cioltean Cristian",slug:"cioltean-cristian"}]},{id:"58364",title:"Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure: Indications and Outcome",slug:"liver-transplantation-in-acute-liver-failure-indications-and-outcome",totalDownloads:440,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rocío González Grande and Miguel Jiménez Pérez",authors:[{id:"73568",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Pérez",fullName:"Miguel Jiménez-Pérez",slug:"miguel-jimenez-perez"},{id:"78000",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío",middleName:null,surname:"González-Grande",fullName:"Rocío González-Grande",slug:"rocio-gonzalez-grande"}]},{id:"59682",title:"Trends and the Current Status of Living Donor Liver Transplant",slug:"trends-and-the-current-status-of-living-donor-liver-transplant",totalDownloads:460,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ramesh K. Batra and David C. Mulligan",authors:[{id:"227898",title:"M.D.",name:"Ramesh",middleName:null,surname:"Batra",fullName:"Ramesh Batra",slug:"ramesh-batra"},{id:"227906",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Mulligan",fullName:"David Mulligan",slug:"david-mulligan"}]},{id:"58395",title:"Liver Gene Therapy: Employing Surgery and Radiology for Translational Research",slug:"liver-gene-therapy-employing-surgery-and-radiology-for-translational-research",totalDownloads:526,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luis Sendra, María José Herrero, Luis Martí-Bonmatí, Eva M.\nMontalvá, Rafael López-Andújar, Matteo Frasson, Eduardo García-\nGranero and Salvador F. Aliño Pellicer",authors:[{id:"10924",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Marti-Bonmati",fullName:"Luis Marti-Bonmati",slug:"luis-marti-bonmati"},{id:"66240",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Herrero",fullName:"Maria Jose Herrero",slug:"maria-jose-herrero"},{id:"119332",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvador F.",middleName:null,surname:"Aliño",fullName:"Salvador F. Aliño",slug:"salvador-f.-alino"},{id:"185111",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"López-Andújar",fullName:"Rafael López-Andújar",slug:"rafael-lopez-andujar"},{id:"232438",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Sendra",fullName:"Luis Sendra",slug:"luis-sendra"},{id:"232439",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva María",middleName:null,surname:"Montalvá",fullName:"Eva María Montalvá",slug:"eva-maria-montalva"},{id:"232440",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Frasson",fullName:"Matteo Frasson",slug:"matteo-frasson"},{id:"232441",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"García-Granero",fullName:"Eduardo García-Granero",slug:"eduardo-garcia-granero"}]},{id:"59159",title:"Neurocognitive Impairments and Depression and Their Relationship to Hepatitis C Virus Infection",slug:"neurocognitive-impairments-and-depression-and-their-relationship-to-hepatitis-c-virus-infection",totalDownloads:598,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mihaela Fadgyas Stanculete",authors:[{id:"188927",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Fadgyas Stanculete",fullName:"Mihaela Fadgyas Stanculete",slug:"mihaela-fadgyas-stanculete"}]},{id:"60290",title:"Psychosocial Aspects of Liver Transplantation and Liver Donation",slug:"psychosocial-aspects-of-liver-transplantation-and-liver-donation",totalDownloads:416,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Margörit Rita Krespi",authors:[{id:"224086",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Krespi",fullName:"M. Rita Krespi",slug:"m.-rita-krespi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"932",title:"Acute Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",slug:"acute-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26182",title:"Acute Biliary Pancreatitis",slug:"acute-biliary-pancreatitis",signatures:"Mehmet Ilhan and Halil Alıs",authors:[{id:"66078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"İlhan",fullName:"Mehmet İlhan",slug:"mehmet-ilhan"}]},{id:"26183",title:"Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Drugs",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-induced-by-drugs",signatures:"Karel Urbánek, Ilona Vinklerová, Ondřej Krystyník and Vlastimil Procházka",authors:[{id:"64832",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",middleName:null,surname:"Urbánek",fullName:"Karel Urbánek",slug:"karel-urbanek"}]},{id:"26184",title:"Obesity and Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"obesity-and-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Davor Štimac and Neven Franjić",authors:[{id:"67987",title:"Prof.",name:"Davor",middleName:null,surname:"Štimac",fullName:"Davor Štimac",slug:"davor-stimac"},{id:"69869",title:"Dr.",name:"Neven",middleName:null,surname:"Franjić",fullName:"Neven Franjić",slug:"neven-franjic"}]},{id:"26185",title:"Acute Pancreatitis During Pregnancy",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-during-pregnancy",signatures:"Tea Štimac and Davor Štimac",authors:[{id:"69839",title:"Prof.",name:"Davor",middleName:null,surname:"Štimac",fullName:"Davor Štimac",slug:"davor-stimac"},{id:"69845",title:"MSc",name:"Tea",middleName:null,surname:"Štimac",fullName:"Tea Štimac",slug:"tea-stimac"}]},{id:"26186",title:"Pancreatitis in Children",slug:"pancreatitis-in-children",signatures:"Alfredo Larrosa-Haro, Carmen A. Sánchez-Ramírez and Mariana Gómez-Nájera",authors:[{id:"71209",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Larrosa-Haro",fullName:"Alfredo Larrosa-Haro",slug:"alfredo-larrosa-haro"},{id:"71216",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen A",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Ramírez",fullName:"Carmen A Sánchez-Ramírez",slug:"carmen-a-sanchez-ramirez"},{id:"71550",title:"Dr",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Najera",fullName:"Mariana Gomez-Najera",slug:"mariana-gomez-najera"}]},{id:"26187",title:"Pancreatitis in Cystic Fibrosis and CFTR-Related Disorder",slug:"pancreatitis-in-cystic-fibrosis-and-cftr-related-disorder",signatures:"Michael J. Coffey and Chee Y. Ooi",authors:[{id:"71852",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith C. Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Ooi",fullName:"Keith C. Y. Ooi",slug:"keith-c.-y.-ooi"}]},{id:"26188",title:"Diabetes or Diabetes Drugs: A Cause for Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"diabetes-or-diabetes-drugs-a-cause-for-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Leann Olansky",authors:[{id:"63358",title:"Dr.",name:"Leann",middleName:null,surname:"Olansky",fullName:"Leann Olansky",slug:"leann-olansky"}]},{id:"26189",title:"Role of Peritoneal Macrophages on Local and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"role-of-peritoneal-macrophages-on-local-and-systemic-inflammatory-response-in-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Marcel Cerqueira Cesar Machado and Ana Maria Mendonça Coelho",authors:[{id:"63975",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Maria M",middleName:"Cerqueira Cesar",surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Ana Maria M Coelho",slug:"ana-maria-m-coelho"},{id:"115040",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Marcel Machado",slug:"marcel-machado"}]},{id:"26190",title:"Molecular Biology of Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"molecular-biology-of-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Francisco Soriano and Ester C.S. Rios",authors:[{id:"69471",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"Garcia",surname:"Soriano",fullName:"Francisco Soriano",slug:"francisco-soriano"},{id:"117418",title:"Dr.",name:"Ester",middleName:"Correia Sarmento",surname:"Rios",fullName:"Ester Rios",slug:"ester-rios"}]},{id:"26191",title:"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Status in the Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-antioxidative-status-in-the-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Andrzej Lewandowski, Krystyna Markocka-Mączka, Maciej Garbień, Dorota Diakowska and Renata Taboła",authors:[{id:"65620",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Lewandowski",fullName:"Andrzej Lewandowski",slug:"andrzej-lewandowski"},{id:"66576",title:"Prof.",name:"Krystyna",middleName:null,surname:"Markocka-Maczka",fullName:"Krystyna Markocka-Maczka",slug:"krystyna-markocka-maczka"},{id:"66577",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Diakowska",fullName:"Dorota Diakowska",slug:"dorota-diakowska"},{id:"66578",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Garbie?",fullName:"Maciej Garbie?",slug:"maciej-garbie"},{id:"71698",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Taboła",fullName:"Renata Taboła",slug:"renata-tabola"}]},{id:"26192",title:"Microcirculatory Disturbances in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"microcirculatory-disturbances-in-the-pathogenesis-of-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Dirk Uhlmann",authors:[{id:"63169",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Uhlmann",fullName:"Dirk Uhlmann",slug:"dirk-uhlmann"}]},{id:"26193",title:"Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-Related Acute Pancreatitis – Identification, Prophylaxis and Treatment",slug:"endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography-related-acute-pancreatitis-identification-prophylaxis",signatures:"Alejandro González-Ojeda, Carlos Dávalos-Cobian, Elizabeth Andalón-Dueñas, Mariana Chávez-Tostado, Arturo Espinosa-Partida and Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco",authors:[{id:"65817",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Ojeda",fullName:"Alejandro Gonzalez-Ojeda",slug:"alejandro-gonzalez-ojeda"}]},{id:"26194",title:"Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Related Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography-ercp-related-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Zoltán Döbrönte",authors:[{id:"65652",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoltan",middleName:null,surname:"Dobronte",fullName:"Zoltan Dobronte",slug:"zoltan-dobronte"}]},{id:"26195",title:"Nutrition Assessment and Therapy in Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"nutrition-assessment-and-therapy-in-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Vanessa Fuchs-Tarlovsky and Krishnan Sriram",authors:[{id:"67143",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchs-Tarlovsky",fullName:"Vanessa Fuchs-Tarlovsky",slug:"vanessa-fuchs-tarlovsky"},{id:"118763",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishnan",middleName:null,surname:"Sriram",fullName:"Krishnan Sriram",slug:"krishnan-sriram"}]},{id:"26196",title:"Changes in the Management of Treatment in Acute Pancreatitis Patients",slug:"changes-in-the-management-of-treatment-in-acute-pancreatitis-patients",signatures:"Juraj Bober, Jana Kaťuchová and Jozef Radoňak",authors:[{id:"69676",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Bober",fullName:"Juraj Bober",slug:"juraj-bober"},{id:"69682",title:"Prof.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Katuchova",fullName:"Jana Katuchova",slug:"jana-katuchova"},{id:"69689",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Radonak",fullName:"Jozef Radonak",slug:"jozef-radonak"}]},{id:"26197",title:"Hypertriglyceride Induced Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"hypertriglyceride-induced-acute-pancreatitis",signatures:"Joshua Lebenson and Thomas Oliver",authors:[{id:"63815",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Oliver",fullName:"Thomas Oliver",slug:"thomas-oliver"},{id:"64128",title:"Dr",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Lebenson",fullName:"Joshua Lebenson",slug:"joshua-lebenson"}]},{id:"26198",title:"The Role of Percutaneous Drainage in the Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis on the Basis of the Modified Atlanta Classification",slug:"the-role-of-percutaneous-drainage-in-the-treatment-of-severe-acute-pancreatitis-on-the-basis-of-the-",signatures:"Zsolt Szentkereszty, Róbert Kotán and Péter Sápy",authors:[{id:"72116",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Szentkereszty",fullName:"Zsolt Szentkereszty",slug:"zsolt-szentkereszty"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70804",title:"Biogas as a Source of Energy and Chemicals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90558",slug:"biogas-as-a-source-of-energy-and-chemicals",body:'
1. Introduction
The mankind has relied on different sources of energy during its economic development throughout the centuries. Whereas coal has been the main energy source in the nineteenth century, oil was in twentieth one. The possible scenarios for remediation of greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide released by energy production and industry are rendered to minimization of emissions and its recycling. The latter is accomplished by the production of energy sources and chemicals of practical importance from carbon dioxide.
The emission minimization consists in two approaches: replacement of the fossil fuels by renewable ones (solar, wind energies, biomass, etc.) or improvement of energy efficiency in all human activities in different ways. The distribution of energy sources for the European Union for the year 2016 is shown in Figure 1. One can see that the share of renewables is bigger than the powerful nuclear energy with a leading role in energy production. The biggest part (more than 60%) of the renewable energy sources is assigned to the biomass and waste utilization.
Figure 1.
Production of primary energy, EU-28, 2016 (% of total, based on tons of oil equivalent). Source: Eurostat (nrg_100a) and (nrg_107a) [1].
One of the ways to cope with the problem of carbon dioxide emissions is to close the carbon cycle using renewable fuels from presently grown biomass, by recycling the released carbon dioxide by the present vegetation by photosynthesis. This is the philosophy of biomass utilization as energy source. The most spread biofuels in the present period are biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, bioethanol, produced from cereals and/or lignocellulosic residues and biodiesel, produced by trans-esterification of lipids with methanol or ethanol.
In this review, we shall concentrate ourselves to the application of biogas as renewable energy source and also as a feedstock for the production of chemicals and other fuels.
2. Biogas production
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter of natural origin [2, 3, 4]. The main advantage of this process consists in the combined environmental and energy effect.
Biogas consists mainly of methane, carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptanes, as well as residual amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. Small amounts of ethane and hydrogen are possible too. Biogas is obtained by anaerobic digestion of organic waste of biologic origin. The most exploited ones are of agricultural origin (manure, poultry litter, hay, and straw) [5], from food industry, stillage from ethanol production [6], landfill gas, activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants, etc. One of the simplest and the mostly spread flow sheets for biogas production and utilization is shown in Figure 2 [7].
Figure 2.
Illustration of biogas cycle, formation, and applications. Scheme taken from [7].
The main fuel in the scheme, shown in Figure 2, is biogas, utilized for energy (thermal one and electricity) or fuel for transport. The carbon dioxide released after combustion is absorbed by the vegetation by photosynthesis, thus closing the carbon cycle. The residual sludge from the digester is rich of organic nitrogen, and therefore, it is suitable for fertilizing the soil.
In the past, biogas has been widely spread as an energy source in the households in the countries of Africa and Asia. Although quite primitive as design, the anaerobic digesters have solved the problems with autonomous energy supply for many households in India, Pakistan, Indo-China, etc.
Later, biogas became very important and essential share as energy source for the countries in Western Europe and Northern America. Besides heating, biogas is now more frequently used for the production of electricity and transport fuel in many municipalities. It is already added to the pipelines for natural gas distribution of household purposes.
A new trend in biogas production and utilization is the so-called biorefinery concept. This concept not only presumes the use of renewable biomass as energy source but also combines it with the production of chemicals, such as plastics, solvents, and synthetic fuels [8]. An example for this is the Danish Bioethanol Concept presented by Zafar [9]. It comprises the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass with biogas production of the stillage and cellulose waste. The residual cellulose waste is additionally recycled after wet-oxidation for additional conversion into biogas. A detailed review on biogas applications is published recently by Sawyerr et al. [10].
2.1 Some constructions of anaerobic digesters
The variety of anaerobic digesters for biogas production is very broad: from the very primitive pits to most sophisticated bioreactors, such as the floating drum reactor, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor [11, 12, 13], and multistage bioreactor with separated compartments [14, 15]. The choice for anaerobic digester depends on the origin of substrate, and the intermediates are converted during the consecutive steps of hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis, and final methanation. In case an accumulation of fatty acids takes place, the reactor with separated compartments is preferable. The most exploited digester for biogas production from domestic waste, activated sludge, and manure is the UASB reactor.
2.2 Substrates for biogas
The mostly used substrates for biogas production are the manure from cattle, pigs, and poultry litter. This application competes with the traditional use of manure for soil fertilization. When the amounts of manure prevail the demand for fertilization, biogas production is welcome because double problem is solved: on the one hand, the waste is destroyed and removed, and on the other hand, renewable energy is produced saving money and contributing for carbon cycle closing. That is why attention is paid to the utilization of cattle dung, lignocellulose waste, waste from food and beverage processing, activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants, and household solid waste with landfill gas use. The waste treatment is associated with energy production and reduction of the energy demand of the main enterprise.
2.2.1 Biogas from glycerol
Crude glycerol is the main residue from biodiesel production. The amount of this waste product is about 10% from the produced fuel. The poor quality of this glycerol, containing water, potassium hydroxide, and some methanol makes it non-suitable for market purposes even after purification. One alternative utilization of this residual glycerol is in its direct conversion into biogas, thus supplying the biodiesel plant with energy simultaneously. However, as a very simple and digestible substrate, glycerol yields large amounts of organic acids as intermediates, leading to strong inhibition of methanogenic bacteria [16, 17, 18]. That is why glycerol must be used as substrate for biogas production very cautiously with the addition of small amounts, thus making this process with little practical use. It is reported, however, that small additions of glycerol to other basic substrates, i.e. manure, can boost biogas production, as reported by Robra et al. [19] and Astals et al. [20].
Food industry is also a good source for biogas production.
3. Biogas applications
3.1 Biogas for heating
Traditional biogas contains approximately 60% (vol.) methane, almost 40% carbon dioxide, small amounts of ethane and hydrogen (less than 0.5% together), hydrogen sulfide and mercaptanes (some ppm), humidity, and traces of oxygen. Its net energy capacity is ca. 24 MJ/nm3 at methane content of 60% (vol.). The first and most direct use of biogas is for heating purposes for maintenance of the equipment and the farm, where the animal dung is treated. The same applies for its use for domestic purposes, besides heating, e.g., cooking and lighting, as firstly used in Asian and African countries.
Another more sophisticated use of the biogas heating capacity is its utilization as heat energy in beverage and ethanol production. There the stillage remaining after distillation is recycled for biogas production. The resulting biogas is combusted for boiler heating and for energy for operation of distillation columns. Thus, the problems with the treatment of the residual stillage are solved by conversion into biogas, thus mitigating the problems with energy supply and spending. Calculations show that in some cases, stillage utilization as biogas can cover almost the whole energy demand for heating the distillation process. Besides these straightforward applications, biogas is also injected into the grid for natural gas supply for domestic use [21, 22]. For this purpose, a preliminary scrubbing of the carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds is necessary.
3.2 Biogas for electricity
Biogas is suitable for generation of electric power in combination with heat recovery. Usually the gas is combusted in engines with internal combustion coupled to turbine. The released heat (being around 60% of the utilized energy) is used for heating purposes for maintenance of the anaerobic digester or for household needs. This method is widely applied for the treatment of activated sludge, a residue from municipal wastewater treatment plants [23, 24].
Electricity production by gas turbines can be applied by biogas as a fuel, thus replacing the natural gas for small-scale applications (or power within 25–100 kW).
3.3 Biogas for transport
The use of biogas as a fuel for civil transport and road vehicles instead of natural gas is already spread in Western Europe and the United States [25]. There are many vehicles in Sweden operating on biogas in the urban public transport [26].
3.4 Biogas in fuel cells
Another very attractive application of biogas for electricity production is its use in fuel cells. The specialized cells for these purposes are described briefly by O’Hayre et al. [27]. Prior to biogas feed, carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds must be removed by scrubbing to avoid corrosion and catalyst poisoning and to rise the gas energy capacity. A sketch of such a fuel cell is shown in Figure 3, cf. [28].
Figure 3.
Principal sketch of methane-driven fuel cell, from [28].
The classic process for methane-driven fuel cells is to convert catalytically by steam reforming methane into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and to use the latter in a traditional hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell to generate electricity. The advantages of fuel cell applications with methane as a fuel compared to the traditional heat power stations consist in their higher efficiency, clean waste gases (containing almost only carbon dioxide), and higher efficiency at low loads than the gas turbine equipment [29]. Moreover, the released heat can be utilized for different purposes; the main one is to maintain the temperature regime in the fuel cell. There are many practical applications of these methods. It is already widely commercialized. A disadvantage of this method is the necessity of consequent reactions of steam reforming and carbon monoxide removal as well as the operation at high temperatures (about 750°C), being harmful for the metal parts of the equipment [30, 31]. Higher temperatures are preferred to avoid coke deposition on the catalyst [31].
There are new efforts to lower the operation temperature to 500°C in order to keep the equipment durability [32, 33]. Another improvement of the technology is to use the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen as a fuel simultaneously, thus simplifying the whole process, but applying new catalytic process.
The most attractive option is to convert methane (biogas, respectively) into electricity in one step, thus avoiding the steam reforming and carbon dioxide removal. There are some new studies showing direct catalytic oxidation of methane in the anodic space of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with direct activation of the C-H bonds in the methane molecule [28, 34, 35, 36]. A platinum catalyst was used for this purpose at low temperatures, e.g., 80°C. However, the catalyst deactivates, and the process is limited by methane diffusion in the anodic space. As a result, the power density is still low for practical use.
3.5 Biogas for chemicals
Besides as a fuel, biogas could be used as a feedstock for synthetic organic fuel production. There are studies claiming for biogas recovery as fuels applying catalytic auto-reforming. Another approach is the dry reforming consisting in converting the equimolar mixture of methane and carbon dioxide into synthesis gas (an equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen).
Afterward, this synthesis gas is converted into a mixture of light hydrocarbons by the catalytic Fischer-Tropsch process. The resulting Fischer-Tropsch process yields liquid hydrocarbon fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether). The intrinsically high-energy density of these fuels and their transportability make them highly desirable. Such synthetic fuels do not contain any sulfur. In addition, methanol (arguably the “simplest” synthetic carbonaceous fuel) is a candidate both as a hydrogen source for a fuel cell vehicle and indeed as a transport fuel, and dimethyl ether is viewed as a “superclean” diesel fuel [36]. It is well known that methanol is a starting material in chemical industry. It is a liquid at room temperature and has much easier storage and transport capabilities than alternatives such as methane and hydrogen. Methanol is used as solvent, gasoline additive, and a chemical feedstock for production of biodiesel and other chemicals of high value. Therefore, the wide application of methanol motivates its large-scale production, which is ever increasing.
However, presently, the dominant technology of methanol is a two-step catalytic process, which is too expensive. A large number of industrial-scale chemical manufacturing processes are currently operated worldwide on the basis of strongly endothermic chemical reactions. The steam reforming of hydrocarbons to yield syngas and hydrogen is a classic example:
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2ΔH298K0=+206.3kJ/molE1
The above, highly endothermic reaction is used worldwide for the high-volume production of “merchant hydrogen” in the gas, food, and fertilizer industries, i.e., other portions of energy have to be spent with the consequent air pollution by carbon dioxide.
At present, a relevant technology for methanol production resides in the transformation of CO2 and CH4 to molecules having industrial added values. Among such technologies, a great attention is focused on the production of synthesis gas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2) that constitutes a versatile building block for subsequent production of methanol or chemical intermediates in petrochemical industries. Methanol is still produced on a world scale from synthesis gas, which is combination of varying amounts of H2, CO, and CO2 (at 200–300°C, 50–100 bar), which is itself product of steam reforming of methane (SRM; at ca. 800°C over Ni-based catalyst), followed by further conversion processes such as Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. This two-step process incurs high energy and capital demands. Additionally, this process gives many other light and heavy weight co-products along with the methanol product. Therefore, additional energy and cost in the conventional methanol plants are directed to the separation of these coproducts from methanol prior to the final deposition of product.
The direct synthesis of methanol from syngas requires a H2/CO ratio of about 2 [37, 38]. Since the syngas produced by dry reforming of methane (DRM) is too poor of H2 (H2/CO ≤ 1) to be fed to a FT synthesis unit, the bi-reforming of methane (BRM), combining DRM with steam reforming of methane (SRM) (H2/CO = 3) and the utilization of the most important two greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 with water, may yield a syngas with ratio close to 2, the so-called “metgas”:
3CH4+CO2+H2O⇔4CO+8H2E2
To date, only one plant with the combination of steam and dry reforming has been recently demonstrated by the Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Cooperation. No other industrial technology for DRM has been developed because the selection and design of suitable reforming catalyst remain an important challenge. Ni-based catalysts are the most attractive candidates for large-scale industrial applications due to their high activity in DRM and SRM [39, 40, 41, 42, 43], low cost, and wide availability compared to noble metals. However, they are sensitive to deactivation caused by the metal particles sintering and carbon formation at high reaction temperature of reforming processes. Development of selective and coke-resistance modified Ni-based reforming catalysts is a key challenge for successful application of bi-reforming for methanol production. Modifying Ni catalysts with suitable promoters and supported on reducible metal oxide carriers will give the opportunity to develop active and stable catalysts for bi-reforming of methane.
A “super-dry” CH4 reforming reaction for enhanced CO production from CH4 and CO2 was developed [44]. Ni/MgAl2O4 was used as a CH4 reforming catalyst, Fe2O3/MgAl2O4 was used as a solid oxygen carrier, and CaO/Al2O3 was used as a CO2 sorbent. The isothermal coupling of these three different processes resulted in a higher CO production than conventional dry reforming by avoiding back reactions with water. Equation (3) shows the global reaction of this two-step process, in which CO and H2O are inherently separated because of the two-step process configuration:
It is important to note that despite the apparently higher endothermic effect of the super-dry reforming process than conventional DRM (Eq. 1), the required heat input per mole CO2 converted is much lower (110 kJ/mol CO2 compared to 247 kJ/mol CO2). Finally, given the availability of a renewable source of H2, applications are possible where CO and H2 can be combined in different ratios for the formation of chemicals or fuels [45, 46]. Indeed, an efficient and separate production of high purity CO and H2 would further establish the role of syngas as a versatile and flexible platform mixture.
All these methods and techniques are applicable when biogas is available. Some other applications are described briefly below.
3.5.1 Biogas as a feedstock for value-added chemicals
First of all, biogas must be purified for sulfur compounds prior to its use [47]. Afterward, methane and carbon dioxide have to be separated by membrane processes using gas-liquid systems [48] or swing pressure adsorption [49]. Once methane and carbon dioxide are separated, each of them has its own route for further application. Besides the already mentioned applications as a fuel for transport and energy purposes, dry reforming and steam reforming to obtain synthesis gas, the purified methane can be converted into light hydrocarbons, e.g., ethane and ethylene by advanced methods, like the so-called VYJ process [50, 51, 52, 53]. By this method, methane is converted in one step into ethylene by catalytic or electrocatalytic reaction [54, 55, 56].
High yields up to 88% in total are attained [50]. The rest of nonreacted methane is trapped in molecular sieves and recycled to the reactor [50, 53, 54]. In this way, the use of methane reaches 97% with an ethylene yield of 85% [50].
As ethylene is a basic feedstock for the mostly spread polymerizations and many value-added chemicals, it is clear that this way of biogas utilization is quite promising one.
4. Methodologies for energy demand evaluation in biogas production
The usual criteria for the feasibility of an anaerobic digestion technology are the type of digester, the operation temperature, the necessary retention time of the substrate in the reactor, the substrate acidity (the initial pH value), and the presence of certain chemicals in the inlet slurry.
However, the most important one is energy demand for the biogas formation and the energy potential of the produced biogas.
There are two typical temperature ranges for biogas production: mesophilic one (at 30–35°C) and thermophilic one (at 55–60°C). Different genera of methanogenic microorganisms are capable to accomplish the processes in those two cases. The advantages of the thermophilic regime are in the higher production rate and the lack of pathogens in the outlet slurry. However, the energy input for maintenance of this regime is higher than for the mesophilic one.
The question of the energy demand for any industrial process is of crucial importance for its economic reliability. The same applies to biogas production.
There are some methodologies for the estimation of the feasibility of biogas production [57, 58]. They all involve the demand of heat for temperature maintenance and electricity for mechanical operations (stirring, pumping, and transport) and comparison to the energy yield after anaerobic digestion.
Generally, the operations for a certain flowsheet are separated into production processes and support ones. The production processes in the considered case are the reception of the substrate and its storage, pre-treatment of feed (dilution, pH adjustment, acid hydrolysis, etc.), and anaerobic digestion with biogas production. The removal of the digestate and its storage and processing are also included. This set of processes is called as Level 1 [57].
Once biogas is produced, it could be used for direct heat and/or electricity production and supplied to customers or for own use (Level 2). More sophisticated operations, such as gas cleaning, upgrading (i.e., removal of carbon dioxide), and compressing the upgraded gas, are required if the gas will be distributed by the gas distribution grid or for some chemical applications.
The methodologies for energy demand evaluation consist in the inventory of all such processes and auxiliary ones with their energy demand per unit production (i.e., amount of produced biogas with certain energy potential). Then, the overall energy demand is compared to the biogas yield with its energy potential, and the percentage of the energy input to the overall yield is a measure for feasibility of the studied technology.
The structures of the energy demand for different flow sheets and the weight of different subprocesses depend on the substrate properties (particles size, chemical structure and content, moisture, and total solid content) and the amount to be treated, the digester construction and design.
Berglund and Borjesson [58] proposed a methodology based on the life-cycle perspective including the energy required for the production of the substrates (including crop growth, harvesting, transport, etc.). The energy efficiency is defined by the ratio of the energy input to the energy yield of the produced biogas. It was found that the energy input corresponds mainly to 15–40% of the energy content of the produced biogas. The subprocesses of extensive handling of raw materials may lead to considerably increase the energy input and thus to undermine the feasibility of the entire technology.
In case the gas will be used as a feedstock for other chemical applications (e.g., dry reforming and steam reforming), the operational costs of the processes at Levels 1 and 2 have to be compared to the operational costs for the chemical processes and the prices of the produced chemicals or other final products.
5. Residual carbon dioxide
The main disadvantage of biomass produced fuels is the inevitable release of CO2 in the atmosphere after combustion. Therefore, big efforts are made in the recent years for remediation of this adverse effect of greenhouse gas. The best way to cope with this problem is the natural assimilation by the vegetation by photosynthesis, but it is not sufficient due to the very large emissions from industrial sources, energy production, transport, and household. That is why many other methods are proposed and studied in the recent years.
One of them is the direct use of pure carbon dioxide as a solvent in supercritical extraction in the pharmaceutical industry. However, this application is limited and cannot be a substantial solution of the problem. There are many efforts to recycle carbon dioxide to produce different organic chemicals: formic acid, methanol, dimethyl-ether, poly-carbonates, acrylic acid, etc. [59, 60]. All of these methods are applicable for the residual carbon dioxide after separation from biogas. Therefore, not only methane but also carbon dioxide in biogas is valuable source of energy and value-added product.
6. Conclusions
The data presented here illustrate one of the very important biorefinery approaches to produce simultaneous energy and value-added chemicals from biomass, thus reducing the demand of fossil fuels and resulting in overloading of atmosphere by greenhouse gases. The same applies to the water and soil pollution, since those resulting from biomass processing are nature compatible and facilitate the formation of close energy and material cycle. One of the ways to do it is biogas production from such waste.
At the end, we can say that biogas extends its area of application leading simultaneously to protect the environment by waste treatment, natural gas, and fossil fuel saving, as well as to replace, at least partially, the oil as a feedstock for organic value-added products.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Program Eplus: Low Carbon Energy for the Transport and Households, grant agreement D01-214/2018.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"biogas, renewable energy, fuels, fuel cells, chemicals",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70804.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/70804.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70804",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70804",totalDownloads:283,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:2,dateSubmitted:"April 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"November 19th 2019",datePrePublished:"January 13th 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"The global economic development in the twentieth century has led to extensive use of fossils, such as oil, natural gas, and coal as fuels and chemical feedstocks. This extensive use of fossil fuels has led to enormous emissions of carbon dioxide as final product of combustion. The high absorption rate of infra-red rays by carbon dioxide has led to the so-called “greenhouse” effect. Nowadays, the renewable energy sources based on biomass have become very important with a trend to replace oil consumption at least partially and hence to remediate the emissions of greenhouse gases in atmosphere. Biofuels could be used as alternative raw material for chemical production. One of these biofuels is biogas released at anaerobic digestion of different natural organic waste. Another feature of biogas applications is its utilization as feedstock for the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals being now produced from oil and coal. A new approach is to use biogas as a fuel in fuel cells as a very promising option for energy production from renewable sources. The present review summarizes the applications of biogas for chemicals, starting with dry reforming and Fischer-Tropsch syntheses and as a source of energy, as heat and electricity production by co-generation and fuel cells.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70804",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70804",signatures:"Sonia Damyanova and Venko Beschkov",book:{id:"9184",title:"Biorefinery Concepts, Energy and Products",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biorefinery Concepts, Energy and Products",slug:"biorefinery-concepts-energy-and-products",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Venko Beschkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9184.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191530",title:"Prof.",name:"Venko",middleName:null,surname:"Beschkov",slug:"venko-beschkov",fullName:"Venko Beschkov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Biogas production",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Some constructions of anaerobic digesters",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Substrates for biogas",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Biogas from glycerol",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Biogas applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Biogas for heating",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Biogas for electricity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Biogas for transport",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.4 Biogas in fuel cells",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.5 Biogas for chemicals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.5.1 Biogas as a feedstock for value-added chemicals",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13",title:"4. Methodologies for energy demand evaluation in biogas production",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Residual carbon dioxide",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Eurostat (nrg_100a) and (nrg_107a) (Internet). Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1216.pdf. [Accessed: 18 June 2019]'},{id:"B2",body:'Ni JQ , Naveau H, Nyns EJ. Biogas: Exploitation of a renewable energy in Latin America. Renewable Energy. 1993;3:763-779. DOI: 10.1016/0960-1481(93)90084-T'},{id:"B3",body:'Braun R. Biogas-Methane Treatment of Organic Waste. Wien: Springer; 1982'},{id:"B4",body:'Nallathambi Gunaseelan V. Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: A review. Biomass and Bioenergy. 1997;13:83-114'},{id:"B5",body:'Zubr J. Methanogenic fermentation of fresh and ensiled plant materials. Biomass. 1986;11:159-171'},{id:"B6",body:'Cesaro A, Belgiorno V. Combined biogas and bioethanol production: Opportunities and challenges for industrial application. Energies. 2015;8:8121-8144'},{id:"B7",body:'Biogas a Renewable Fuel. 2018. Available from: http://biogas.ifas.ufl.edu/digesters.asp. [Accessed: 18 June 2019]'},{id:"B8",body:'Hou CT, Shaw JF, editors. Biocatalysis and Bioenergy. Hoboken, New Jerrsey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009. ISBN: 978-0-470-13404-7'},{id:"B9",body:'Zafar S. Danish Bioethanol Concept, Trends in Utilization of Biogas. 2009. Available from: https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/danish-bioethanol-concept/. [Accessed: 13 November 2019]'},{id:"B10",body:'Sawyerr N, Trois C, Workneh TS, Okudo V. An overview of biogas production: Fundamentals, applications and future research. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2019;9:105-115. DOI: 10.32479/ijeep.7375'},{id:"B11",body:'Lettinga G, de Man A, van der Last ARM, Wiegant W, Van Knippenberg K, Frijns J, et al. Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage and wastewater. Water Science and Technology. 1993;27:67-93'},{id:"B12",body:'Vieira SMM, Souza ME. Development of technology for the use of the UASB reactor in domestic sewage treatment. Water Science and Technology. 1986;18:109-121'},{id:"B13",body:'Schellinkhout A, Collazos CJ. Full-scale application of the UASB technology for sewage treatment. Water Science and Technology. 1992;25:159-166'},{id:"B14",body:'Grobicki A, Stuckey DC. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the anaerobic baffled reactor. Water Research. 1992;26:371-378. DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(92)90034-2'},{id:"B15",body:'Beschkov V. Biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol as multifunctional renewable fuels and raw materials. In: Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ , editors. Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels. Rijeka, Croatia: Intechopen; 2017. pp. 185-205. ISBN: 978-953-51-2892-2'},{id:"B16",body:'Kolesárová N, Hutňan M, Špalková V, Lazor M. Biodiesel by- products as potential substrates for biogas production. In: Proceedings from the 37th International Conference of SSCHE, May 24-28, 2010. Slovakia: Tatranske´ Matliare. pp. 1126-1139'},{id:"B17",body:'López JÁS, De los Ángeles Martín Santos MC, Martín AM. Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresource Technology. 2009;100:5609-5615'},{id:"B18",body:'Beschkov V, Angelov I, Petrova P. Biogas production from glycerol in a multistage anaerobic digestor. Current Topics in Biotechnology. 2012;7:61-69'},{id:"B19",body:'Robra S, Serpa da Cruz R, Oliveira AM, Almeida Neto JA, Santos JV. Generation of biogas using crude glycerin from biodiesel production as a supplement to cattle slurry. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2010;34:804-806'},{id:"B20",body:'Astals S, Nolla-Ardèvol V, Mata-Alvarez J. Anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and crude glycerol at mesophilic conditions: Biogas and digestate. Bioresource Technology. 2012;110:63-70'},{id:"B21",body:'Hoo PY, Patrizio P, Leduc S, Hashim H, Kraxner F, Tan ST, et al. Optimal biomethane injection into natural gas grid – Biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in Malaysia. Energy Procedia. 2017;105:562-569'},{id:"B22",body:'Nabin Aryal ID, Kvist T. Alternative of biogas injection into the Danish, gas grid system—A study from demand perspective. Chemical Engineering. 2018;2:43. DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering2030043'},{id:"B23",body:'Teixeira Coelho S, Stortini Gonzales Velazques SM, Stella martins O, Castro De Abreu F. Biogas from sewage treatment used to electric energy generation, by a 30 kW (ISO) microturbine. In: Proceedings of the World Bioenergy Conference & Exhibition; May 30-June 1 2006; Jönköping, Sweden. Available from: http://143.107.4.241/download/projetos/2_Erg-bior.pdf'},{id:"B24",body:'Schaller M. Biogas electricity production hits 17,272 GWh a year in Europe. Engineer Live. 2007:46-49. https://sswm.info/node/503'},{id:"B25",body:'Biogas for Road Vehicles. Technology Brief. Available from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Mar/IRENA_Biogas_for_Road_Vehicles_2017.pdf. [Accessed: 13 November 2019]'},{id:"B26",body:'Jönsson O, Persson M. Biogas as transportation fuel. FVS Fachtagung. 2003;99:99-111'},{id:"B27",body:'O’Hayre RP, Cha S-W, Colella WG, Prinz FB. Fuel Cell Fundamentals. 2nd ed. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009. pp. 384-385. ISBN: 978-0-470-25843-9'},{id:"B28",body:'Borman S. Best effort yet to make direct methane fuel cell a reality. Chemical and Engineering News. 2015;93:6'},{id:"B29",body:'Gür TM. Comprehensive review of methane conversion in solid oxide fuel cells: Prospects for efficient electricity generation from natural gas. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2016;54:1-64'},{id:"B30",body:'Lin Y, Zhan Z, Liu J, Barnett SA. Direct operation of solid oxide fuel cells with methane fuel. Solid State Ionics. 2005;176:1827-1835'},{id:"B31",body:'Qu J, Wang W, Chen Y, Deng X, Shao Z. Stable direct-methane solid oxide fuel cells with calcium-oxide-modified nickel-based anodes operating at reduced temperatures. Applied Energy. 2016;164:563-571'},{id:"B32",body:'Jenkins S. A methane fuel cell that operates at lower temperatures. Chemical Engineering. 2019. Available from: https://www.chemengonline.com/methane-fuel-cell-operates-lower-temperatures/'},{id:"B33",body:'Chen Y, deGlee B, Tang Y, Wang Z, Zhao B, Wei Y, et al. A robust fuel cell operated on nearly dry methane at 500°C enabled by synergistic thermal catalysis and electrocatalysis. Nature Energy. 2018;3:1042-1050'},{id:"B34",body:'Perry Murray E, Tsai T, Barnett SA. A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode. Nature. 1999;400:649-651'},{id:"B35",body:'Putna ES, Stubenrauch J, Vohs JM, Gorte RJ. Ceria-based anodes for the direct oxidation of methane in solid oxide fuel cells. Langmuir. 1995;11:4832-4837'},{id:"B36",body:'Centi G, Perathoner S. Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels. Catalysis Today. 2009;148:191-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.075'},{id:"B37",body:'Itkulova SS, Zakumbaeva GD, Nurmakanov YY, Mukazhanova AA, Yermaganbetova AK. Syngas production by bireforming of methane over Co-based alumina-supported catalysts. Catalysis Today. 2014;228:194-198'},{id:"B38",body:'Olah GA, Goeppert A, Czaun M, Mathew T, May RB, Prakash GKS. Single step bi-reforming and oxidative bi-reforming of methane (natural gas) with steam and carbon dioxide to metgas (CO-2H2) for methanol synthesis: Self-sufficient effective and exclusive oxygenation of methane to methanol with oxygen. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2015;137:8720-8729'},{id:"B39",body:'Cassinelli WH, Damyanova S, Parizotto NV, Zanchet D, Bueno JMC, Marques CMP. Study of the properties of supported Pd catalysts for steam and autothermal reforming of methane. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2014;475:256-2695'},{id:"B40",body:'Bawadi A, Ghani NA, Vo DV. Recent advances in dry reforming of methane over Ni-based catalysts. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017;162:170-185'},{id:"B41",body:'Damyanova S, Pawelec B, Palcheva R, Karakirova Y, Capel Sanchez MC, Tyuliev G, et al. Structure and surface properties of ceria-modified Ni-based catalysts for hydrogen production. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2018;225:340-353'},{id:"B42",body:'Van Hook JP. Methane-steam reforming. Catalysis Reviews: Science and Engineering. 1980;21:1-51'},{id:"B43",body:'Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Z, Zhou X, Wang Z, Liu CJ. Steam reforming of methane over Ni/SiO2 catalyst with enhanced coke resistance at low steam to methane ratio. Catalysis Today. 2015;256:130-136'},{id:"B44",body:'Buelens LC, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Detavernier C, Marin GB. Super-dry reforming of methane intensifies CO2 utilization via Le Chatelier’s principle. Science. 2016;354:449-452. DOI: 10.1126/science.aah7161'},{id:"B45",body:'Jiao F, Li J, Pan X, Xiao J, Li H, Ma H, et al. Selective conversion of syngas to light olefins. Science. 2016;351:1065-1068. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1835'},{id:"B46",body:'Torres Galvis HM, Bitter JH, Khare CB, Ruitenbeek M, Dugulan AI, de Jong KP. Supported iron nanoparticles as catalysts for sustainable production of lower olefins. Science. 2012;335:835-838. DOI: 10.1126/science.1215614'},{id:"B47",body:'Yentekakis IV, Goula G. Biogas management: advanced utilization for production of renewable energy and added-value chemicals. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 16 February 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2017.00007. [Accessed: 17 June 2019]'},{id:"B48",body:'Simons K, Nijmeijer K, Wessling M. Gas-liquid membrane contactors for Co2 removal. Journal of Membrane Science. 2009;340:214-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.05.035'},{id:"B49",body:'Alonso-Vicario A, Ochoa-Gómez JR, Gil-Río S, Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O, Ramírez-López CA, Torrecilla-Soria J, et al. Purification and upgrading of biogas by pressure swing adsorption on synthetic and natural zeolites. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2010;134:100-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.05.014'},{id:"B50",body:'Jiang Y, Yentekakis IV, Vayenas CG. Methane to ethylene with 85 percent yield in a gas recycle electrocatalytic reactor-separator. Science. 1994;264:1563-1566. DOI: 10.1126/science.264.5165.1563'},{id:"B51",body:'Vayenas CG, Yentekakis IV, Jiang Y. Method and apparatus for forming ethylene or ethane and ethylene from methane. PCT Patent; 1995. WO9520556 (A1) - 1995-08-03'},{id:"B52",body:'Yentekakis IV, Jiang Y, Makri M, Vayenas CG. Ethylene production from methane in a gas recycle electrocatalytic reactor separator. Ionics. 1995;1:286-291. DOI: 10.1007/BF02390209'},{id:"B53",body:'Yentekakis IV, Makri M, Jiang Y, Vayenas CG. A novel gas-recycle reactor-separator for the oxidative coupling of methane. ACS division of Petroleum Chemistry Inc. 1996;41:119-124'},{id:"B54",body:'Makri M, Jiang Y, Yentekakis IV, Vayenas CG. Oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene with 85% yield in a gas recycle electrocatalytic or catalytic reactor separator. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. 1996;101:287-395'},{id:"B55",body:'Keller GE, Bhasin MM. Synthesis of ethylene via oxidative coupling of methane. I. Determination of active catalysts. Journal of Catalysis. 1982;73:9-19. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9517(82)90075-6'},{id:"B56",body:'Ito T, Lunsford JH. Synthesis of ethylene and ethane by partial oxidation of methane over lithium-doped magnesium oxide. Nature. 1985;314:721-722. DOI: 10.1038/314721b0'},{id:"B57",body:'Lindkvist E, Johansson M, Rosenqvist J. Methodology for analysing energy demand in biogas production plants: A comparative study of two biogas plants. Energies. 2017;10(11): Article ID 1822. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/11/1822'},{id:"B58",body:'Berglund M, Börjesson P. Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2006;30:254-266'},{id:"B59",body:'Quadrelli EA, Centi G, Duplan J-L, Perathoner S. Carbon dioxide recycling: Emerging large-scale technologies with industrial potential. ChemSusChem. 2011;4:1194-1215. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100473'},{id:"B60",body:'Perathoner S, Centi G. CO2 recycling: A key strategy to introduce green energy in the chemical production chain. ChemSusChem. 2014;7:1274-1285. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300926'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Sonia Damyanova",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9184",title:"Biorefinery Concepts, Energy and Products",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biorefinery Concepts, Energy and Products",slug:"biorefinery-concepts-energy-and-products",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Venko Beschkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9184.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191530",title:"Prof.",name:"Venko",middleName:null,surname:"Beschkov",slug:"venko-beschkov",fullName:"Venko Beschkov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"215924",title:"MSc.",name:"Brita",middleName:null,surname:"Prejer",email:"brita.prejer@gmail.com",fullName:"Brita Prejer",slug:"brita-prejer",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Social Entrepreneurship in an Inclusive Business Model: A New Business Model for Sustainable Agroforestry",slug:"social-entrepreneurship-in-an-inclusive-business-model-a-new-business-model-for-sustainable-agrofore",abstract:"Business’s role in society is expanding; they are held accountable not only for their (traditional) business conduct but also for institutional development that leads to alleviation of poverty as well as institutional development. The aim of the case study is to identify critical factors for the implementation of an inclusive business model. These factors are contextualized at a regional and local level as a part of an ongoing agro-food project. The forestry company’s operations in Lao PDR, offers an understanding of challenges related to political, social and financial sourcing conditions in needs of an inclusive business model. Creating the shared values relates to creating job opportunities, embracing gender aspects and engaging in institutional development in marginalized communities. A key factor in the development is a social entrepreneur, who re-creates a new community of practice by coordinating corporate strategies with local and regional needs. This case study offers a narrative of the development of a new context bound business model that positively influences the development of a multinational enterprise, an industry, a local community and academic understanding of what might become a dominant discourse for industrial upgrade and sustainable development.",signatures:"Cecilia Mark-Herbert and Brita Prejer",authors:[{id:"121344",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Mark-Herbert",fullName:"Cecilia Mark-Herbert",slug:"cecilia-mark-herbert",email:"cecilia.mark-herbert@slu.se"},{id:"215924",title:"MSc.",name:"Brita",surname:"Prejer",fullName:"Brita Prejer",slug:"brita-prejer",email:"brita.prejer@gmail.com"}],book:{title:"Entrepreneurship",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"22626",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Dorion",slug:"eric-dorion",fullName:"Eric Dorion",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"207368",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Katarína",surname:"Moravčíková",slug:"katarina-moravcikova",fullName:"Katarína Moravčíková",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Žilina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"207431",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zuzana",surname:"Kittova",slug:"zuzana-kittova",fullName:"Zuzana Kittova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Economics Prague",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"208363",title:"Mr.",name:"Dušan",surname:"Steinhauser",slug:"dusan-steinhauser",fullName:"Dušan Steinhauser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"208526",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hussam",surname:"Musa",slug:"hussam-musa",fullName:"Hussam Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Matej Bel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"208548",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdenka",surname:"Musová",slug:"zdenka-musova",fullName:"Zdenka Musová",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Matej Bel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"208596",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",surname:"Debnárová",slug:"lenka-debnarova",fullName:"Lenka Debnárová",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"216786",title:"Mrs.",name:"Viera",surname:"Ružeková",slug:"viera-ruzekova",fullName:"Viera Ružeková",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217839",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Križanová",slug:"anna-krizanova",fullName:"Anna Križanová",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"218210",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Klieštiková",slug:"jana-kliestikova",fullName:"Jana Klieštiková",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"partnerships",title:"Partnerships",intro:"
IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
ALPSP
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\\n
\\n\\n
OASPA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\\n
\\n\\n
STM
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\\n
\\n\\n
COPE
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\\n
\\n\\n
Creative Commons
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\\n
\\n\\n
Crossref
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\\n
\\n\\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\\n
\\n\\n
CLOCKSS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\\n
\\n\\n
Counter
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DORA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\\n
\\n\\n
iThenticate
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\\n
\\n\\n
Enago
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\\n
\\n\\n
SPi Global
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\\n
\\n\\n
Amazon
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DHL
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\n
\n\n
OASPA
\n\n
\n\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\n
\n\n
STM
\n\n
\n\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\n
\n\n
COPE
\n\n
\n\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\n
\n\n
Creative Commons
\n\n
\n\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\n
\n\n
Crossref
\n\n
\n\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\n
\n\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\n\n
\n\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\n
\n\n
CLOCKSS
\n\n
\n\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\n
\n\n
Counter
\n\n
\n\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\n
\n\n
DORA
\n\n
\n\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\n
\n\n
iThenticate
\n\n
\n\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\n
\n\n
Enago
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\n\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\n
\n\n
SPi Global
\n\n
\n\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\n
\n\n
Amazon
\n\n
\n\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\n
\n\n
DHL
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118378},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10964",title:"Wearable Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0981ee7867892cc6e0a4edd65b792ac9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10964.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Dr. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"908",title:"Molecular Virology",slug:"molecular-virology",parent:{title:"Pure Microbiology",slug:"pure-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:0,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"molecular-virology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[],booksByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"molecular-virology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/215924/brita-prejer",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"215924",slug:"brita-prejer"},fullPath:"/profiles/215924/brita-prejer",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()