Summary of dual-band, broadband, and ultra-wideband antennas.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5814",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dental Anatomy",title:"Dental Anatomy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The book "Dental Anatomy" is one of the most important and basic areas of dentistry. This book is a collection of nine chapters divided into five sections as follows: \nCell theory of Schleiden established the framework of modern plant biotechnology [1], and Schwann’s cell theory [2] was based upon phenomenon that cell is the basic unit of living organisms.
The idea of totipotency has been originated from the concept of cell theory, which later on laid the foundation of plant biotechnology. Hernalsteens [3] further provided the evidence and forecasted the production of somatic embryos from vegetative cells.
Among the key discoveries of plant biotechnology, gene transformation in crop plants and regeneration of plants from callus are the most significant achievements. In 1980s, chimeric genes were produced, which resulted in further expansion of genetic modification technology of the plants [1]. It led to the development of new transformation vectors [2], which ultimately changed the ways of DNA delivery systems [3]. Genetic transformation of crop plant can be achieved by a number of ways like
A number of attempts were made during 1950 to provide clear understanding of the phenomenon of totipotency but it was 1954 when Muir et al. [7] demonstrated the possible aspects of culturing of single plant cell. The cell divisions obtained by him from callus of tobacco placed on a small piece of filter paper provided the basis for totipotency. Davidonis and Hamilton further confirmed the results by obtaining similar results from single cell and group of cells suspended in the agar medium. It was the extension of these experiments when Jones et al. compared with many other crops, reported that it is more difficult to obtain somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotton except Coker 312. Davidonis and Hamilton [8] first described that plant regeneration from 2-year-old callus of
Rao et al. [12] in 2009 were the first who provide the clear evidence of totipotency and its use during regeneration from callus of plants when they were able to regenerate isolated single cells into flowering plants of tobacco, cultured in microchambers, without the aid of nurse cells or conditioned media. Verdiel et al. [9] in 2007 demonstrated that stem cells in meristematic regions are pluripotent and are dependent, whereas those that are present in embryogenic regions are totipotent and hence are independent.
Improvements of many plants, such as cereals, soybean, cotton, canola, cassava, and woody tree species, are dependent on the development of somatic embryos; therefore, the formation of competent embryogenic cultures is imperative for the success of plant biotechnology. Somatic embryogenesis in cotton species has been reported to be the most difficult to regenerate [10, 11]. Regeneration in cotton has not been achieved rapidly, with the report of regeneration of
In 1984, Braybrook [14] constructed the first binary vector pBIN19, since then efforts are being made to modify binary vectors in order to amplify their efficacy and transformation effectiveness. Japonica rice was successfully transformed using
Complete sequencing of pBIN19 has been performed [19]. A modified version pBIN20 has more single restriction sites within the multiple cloning site (MCS) [20]. A newly developed types of pPZP vectors are small and are steady in
Plant expression vectors of pRT100 series with a polyA signal under CaMV 35S promoter were developed by Töpfer et al. [22]. Making single-restriction sites available in the expression cassette holding the target gene is usually a very difficult task. Hou and Guo [23] constructed a set of pART7 and pART27 plasmids to deal with this problem. A MCS is present between CaMV35S promoter and OCS polyA signal of the shuttle plasmid pART7. NofI sites (an infrequent 8 bp recognition site) are present on both sides of the expression cassette. In pART27, the coding sequence of a target gene has been cloned in its MCS. NotI is used to cut the expression cassette, which is then cloned in the Not I site of pART27, a binary vector. In pART27 vector,
Transformation methods can be divided in two main categories: (1) direct and (2) indirect transformations, which are detailed in below sections.
In these methods, plants are transformed using
In direct methods of transformation, bacterial cells are not used. The most frequently used direct methods include microprojectile bombardment or protoplast transformation. Problems with plant regeneration low transient expression of transgenes arise as a result of protoplast transformation (mostly in monocots).
The chemical substances used to disintegrate the cell walls and electrical field protoplasts lose their viability and ability to divide. In cotton, some attempts have been made to transform cells directly in the shoot apex either through the gene gun or
In 1970 and 1971, two major advances were made, which proved the beneficial role of protoplasts in the enhancement of plants: (i) somatic hybrid cells and novel hybrid plants are developed by inducing fusion of protoplasts of different species having no taxonomic relationships between them [26], and (ii) use of cultured protoplasts in regeneration of plants [27].
Geerts et al. [28] initiated the micropod culture and Schryer et al. [29] improved it [29]. In grain legumes, protoplast fusion is not well studied [30], but today, a variety of plants can be regenerated from protoplasts. Likewise, vast ranges of somatic hybrids are developed among related as well as unrelated plant species. However, functional hybrids have been developed in case of small number of plants such as Citrus
Desiccated plant tissues can uptake foreign DNA through the process of imbibition [34]. Numerous asserts and disproof can be found in literature regarding this method. During the process of desiccation, various physiological and substantial alterations take place such as bursting of the cell wall, leakiness and changes in structure of the cell membrane, quick expansion of the cell, and development of a huge water flow among the peripheral solution and the dehydrated tissue. Uptake and transitory expression, by the cereal and legume seed embryos, of the DNA plasmid bearing the
Permeability of the membrane is a key factor in this process. This was proved by an increase in uptake and expression of the DNA as a result of using 20% DMSO during the process. Successive studies have led to 70% transitory
Chilton et al. [39] introduced the idea of virulent strain of
Ti plasmid is an integrated part of the plant genome during tumor formation (transformation), suggesting that the plasmid could be used as a vector to transfer other genes. It was reported that various methods were tested to insert genes into the Ti plasmid. Transformed crown-gall tumor tissues, which were grown on hormone-free media, only formed highly aberrant shoots in culture [40]. This was related to the presence of genes controlling the expression of auxin and cytokinin synthesis. Deletion of these genes resulted in the production of transformed tissues that required media supplemented with auxin and cytokinin for continued growth and regeneration of normal shoots and plants. Nadolska-Orczyk et al. [43] showed that efficient
Basic concept of gene transformation through
Schematic overview of gene transformation through gene gun.
As
In early 1980s, direct DNA delivery methods for protoplast were developed [44], especially for the economically important cereal crops, which were not subjected to the umbrella
Limitations of
To enhance the uptake of DNA, a combination of polybrene-spermidine treatment is used to obtain non-chimeric transgenic cotton plants. Polybrene-spermidine combination treatment for plant genetic transformation has the advantage because it is less toxic than the other chemicals; furthermore, it also protects condensation effect, DNA shearing, and integration of the plasmid with host genome [35]. To deliver plasmid DNA into cotton suspension culture obtained from cotyledon-induced callus, polybrene and/or spermidine treatments were used. Researchers have also regenerated and analyzed the cotton plants containing
Microinjection technique is based on introducing DNA in the cells using injection pipette of microcapillary glass [51]. This operation requires a micromanipulator. In this case, cells are immobilized by holding glass and gentle suction. Both pipettes are filled with mineral oil.
Microinjection is mostly used for animal cells, while with plants, a cell wall causes hindrance for transformation by microinjection as it works as barrier for microglass tools. Using microinjection technique for protoplast, there is a risk of toxic compounds to be released, which may cause sudden death of the protoplast. It is also possible to remove vacuoles before microinjection but regeneration and division may be decreased [52].
Protoplast microinjection involves different methods for immobilization, in which instead of using sucking poly-L-lysine is coated to the protoplasts. One of the major advantages of the microinjection is that it not only allows the transformation of the DNA plasmid but also the whole chromosome [53]. This technique is being used for the cellular mechanism and functions of the plant cells and to study the physiology of the plastids especially for tobacco [54] (Figure 3). Major limitation of microinjection method involves the use of expensive micromanipulator and it is a time-consuming procedure. Furthermore, frequency of transformation is very low and dependent on the species, i.e., proved to be successful in tobacco [55], Petunia [53], Rape [56], and Barley [57].
Schematic overview of gene transformation through chemical [
Transformation by pollen tube pathway has got great intention in molecular breeding [58]. After pollination, a foreign DNA/plasmid is applied to the styles. To reach ovule, DNA uses the pollen tube pathway. This method of transformation was first used by Luo et al. [60] in rice [59]. In case of rice, a high frequency of transgenic plants was obtained, and this method was then applied to the other commercially important crops, such as wheat [60], soybean [61],
Schematic overview of gene transformation through pollen tube [
Direct transformation of the foreign DNA into the plant cells using liposomes was Employed in the 1980s. Liposomes are phospholipids with spherical shape, carry nucleic acid, and internally aqueous. Liposomes were put in a nutshell with the DNA fragments to get attached to the cell membranes. Thus, in this way DNA enters the cell and then to the nucleus. For the transfer of the bacterial, plant, and animal genes, lipofection has been a very competent technique. Lipofection takes place by fusion through membrane, and it has improved transformation efficiency because the genetic material used for lipofection is not naked as used in conventional techniques [64, 65]. In spite of cheap and less equipment demanding technique, liposome transformation is not so common. Major limitations in this technique are its low efficiency and being so hectic. Therefore, success story for liposome-mediated transformation have been published so far only for tobacco [66] and wheat [67].
Transformation by shoot apex method is a rapid method of transformation in cotton, and it is a genotype independent method. In this method, shoots are isolated from the plant and subjected to a virulent strain of
SAAT method is based on principle of causing thousands of wounds by ultrasound. These wounds allow the
This simple procedure in which plant at the early stages is placed upside down in the beaker containing 5% sucrose solution with
Vacuum infiltration was applied for the first time in 1993 for transformation of
Infiltration method is most suitable to plants which have smaller genome. Vacuum infiltration is excluded for plants having genome greater than
SCMT is less complicated method of plant transformation. Silicon carbide fibers are added to a suspension containing plant tissue (cell clusters, immature embryos, and/or callus) and plasmid DNA; it is mixed and then vortexed. Kaeppler et al. [73] demonstrated that DNA-coated fibers penetrate the cell wall in the presence of small holes created by collisions between the plant cells and fibers. The fibers mostly used in this procedure are single crystals of silica organic minerals like silicon carbide, elongated in shape having a length of 10–80 mm, and a diameter of 0.6 mm and show a high resistance to expandability.
The factors controlling the efficiency of SCMT are fiber size, vortexing parameters, shape of the vessels used, the plant material, and the characteristics of the plant cells, especially the thickness of the cell wall. The main advantages of this procedure are the low expenses and its usefulness for various plant materials. Disadvantages of this method are low transformation efficiency, damage to cells negatively influencing their further regeneration capability, and the necessity of obeying extraordinarily rigorous precaution protocols during laboratory work, as breathing the fibers in, especially asbestos ones, can lead to serious sicknesses [74].
Transgenic forms, cell colonies, or plants were derived from maize [75], and rice [76], from wheat [77], from tobacco [78], and from
The principles of electroporation are the same for plant cells and protoplasts. However, difference may exist in other plant tissues such as pollen, microspores, leaf fragments, embryos, callus, seeds, or buds. During electroporation, the material used can be in the form of plasmid DNA and
Protocols were established for successful electroporation in cell suspensions, e.g., in tobacco [82], rice [24], and in wheat [83]. In early 1990s, experiments were performed to obtain transgenic plants. It was reported that the best results were obtained for maize. Researchers transformed immature embryos and embryogenic callus type I, which were treated by a solution of pectolytic enzymes, and then transferred into electroporating cuvettes [66]. The electroporation efficiency was relatively high when compared with micro bombardment conducted for same species, and about 90 transgenic plants were regenerated from 1440 embryos (6.25%) and 31 plants from 55 callus clusters (54.6%).
Laursen et al. [86] obtained similar results for this species. The authors estimated that the integration of transgenes took place approximately in one per 10,000 cells. Sorokin et al. [87] reported that much lower efficiency, i.e., about three transgenic plants from 1080 immature embryos (0.28%), was observed in the case of wheat electroporation. The transformation efficiency could be increased by the post-pulse addition of ascorbic acid or another ascorbate without any negative influence on cell viability [69]. Tissues were electroporated in liquid media containing 8 mg/L benzyl adenine that showed maximal regeneration through secondary somatic embryogenesis. DaSilva et al. [88] reported that the secondary somatic embryos regenerated from electroporation were positive for
At the end of the 1980s, Songstad et al. [78] developed a method employing electrophoresis for the transformation of immature embryos, especially in monocotyledonous plants. This method was adopted as an alternative for transformation, but it is very expensive and yield poor results when compared with micro-projectile bombardment [53]. Transfected embryos were placed between the tip of two pipettes and connected to electrodes. The pipette connected to the anode was filled with agar / agarose followed by an EDTA containing electrophoresis buffer.
The pipette connected to the cathode contained agar that was mixed with DNA and an electrophoresis buffer. This pipette was in contact with the apical meristem of the embryo, whereas the second one was located near basal apical part of embryo. Electrophoresis-mediated transformation efficiency depends on various factors, such as electrical field parameters, duration of electrophoresis, contents of electrophoresis buffer, and physicochemical properties of the embryonic tissues. Voltage of 25 mV and an amperage of 0.5 mA for 15 minutes are mostly used for electrophoresis program [74]. In spite of its simplicity, electrophoresis is not considerable method in plant transformation, and the reason behind is less viability of treated embryos. Ahokas et al. [84] showed that none of the plants showed expression of transgene inserted. Griesbach et al. [85] obtained successfully transformed plants of
Plant transformation is an essential tool for incorporating new characteristics in crop plant like cotton. Cotton is recalcitrant crop hence a reproducible regeneration is not available in local cotton varieties. Among all strategies developed by different researchers, a little success in cotton (
Antenna is a device that is used to transmit and receive the information in the form of electromagnetic waves only. Antenna is generally classified according to the frequencies, low-frequency, medium-frequency, and high-frequency antenna. Firstly, low-frequency antenna was proposed by a German physicist H. Hertz, i.e., a dipole antenna; thereafter it took 20 years to practically install this antenna. Marconi preformed an experiment on half-wave dipole to transmit the information from Atlantics and received successfully at the receiver side, i.e., St. John’s Newfoundland. It was Marconi who used the theory of Prof. J.C. Bose for successful transmission of information. Later, J.C. Bose was known for his contributions on horn antennas. These transmissions of signal were limited to a 200-m distance, and after that De Forester and Felleming developed vacuum tubes; this leads to the increase in transmission distance till 600 m. This enhances the role of electrical and electronics devices for long-distance communications. Then medium-frequency antenna ranges from 300 to 3000 KHz which was designed in the late 1920s. This antenna was constructed using steel bar supported via wooden bars. Later on all lots of development gone till the 1960s for the improvement of medium-frequency antenna, and various antennas were proposed that satisfied this ranges. High-frequency antennas range from 0.003 to 40 GHz after that it is millimeter waves. High-frequency antennas are aperture antenna (pyramidal horn, circular horn, rectangular waveguide), antenna array (linear or planar arrays) and reflector antennas (parabolic reflectors with horn fed or Cassegrain feed, lens antenna, and microstrip antennas (MSAs)) which comprise of a circular, rectangular, or square conducting patch that is made of grounded substrate. This chapter is focused on the miniaturized high-frequency devices so that it can be used in compact wireless communication devices.
In view of this, high-frequency patch antennas devices are introduced, and an extensive literature survey is performed. High-frequency MSAs are the antennas in which dielectric substrates are between the radiating patch and ground plane [1] and are shown in Figure 1 along with its equivalent circuit diagram. Patch antenna at high frequency is represented as a parallel combination resistance
Configuration of microstrip antenna and its equivalent circuit diagram.
Different shapes of radiating patches.
Dual-band and multiband microstrip patch antenna can be realized with different techniques such as stacking, coplanar structures (parasitic patches), slots, notches, shorting pin, shorting wall and active devices, etc. Using these techniques several research papers were published by various researchers, and the first dual-band radiator was reported in 1984, using shorting pins in rectangular patches by Wang and Lo [6]. In this section, literature survey of dual-band and multiband is presented on the basis of techniques used to achieve dual or multiband.
Slot loaded MSAs can be achieved by etching rectangular or slot of any desired shape in the patch as shown in Figure 3. This antenna can be represented as a parallel combination of impedance due to patch (
Top view of slot loaded MSAs and its equivalent circuit diagram.
The slotted loaded MSAs proposed by various researchers are summarized here.
Daniel and Shevgoankar [7] studied rectangular microstrip patch antenna with the slot etched along with the nonradiating edge of the patch antenna for tunable dual-band operation and investigated the effects of the slot parameter on the tuneableness of the RMSA resonant frequencies. Wu [8] demonstrated compact slot loaded triangular patch antenna for wireless application and measured gain as 2.8 and 5 dBi with variations within 1.0 dBi. Vishvakarma and Vishvakarma [9] presented the theoretical analysis of inclined slot loaded rectangular patch antenna for dual-band operation. They given circuit diagram for patch antenna which is similar to Figure 3 and circuit theory concept was used to calculate reflection loss, variation of slot length and width was also discussed. Lim et al. [10] presented the modeling of dual-band aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna (ACMPA) with a symmetric crossed slots. Ansari et al. [11] also reported a triple U-shaped slot loaded patch antenna for Bluetooth and wireless local area network (WLAN) application and have explained that by introducing three U-slots in the circular disk, 16.54% of size reduction can be achieved. Lu and Liu [12] proposed a novel planar slot array antenna with high-gain operation for long-term evolution (LTE)/Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) point and measured maximum peak antenna gains and efficiencies of 13.9/14.1 dBi and 86.5/73.5% across 2.6/3.5 GHz bands, respectively, whereas Luo et al. [13] reported an open L-slot antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. Ansari et al. [14] reported single W-slot loaded and two dielectric layers microstrip patch antenna using equivalent circuit theory concept and reported the frequency ratio and 1.33 for single-layer patch antenna and 1.38 for two-layer patch antenna. Gupta et al. [15] proposed a microstrip antenna with tunable high-impedance surface with two varactor diodes. Mohammad et al. [16] proposed a U-shaped patch, T-shaped monopole path, and a pentagonal wide slot in the ground plane for multi-input multi-output (MIMO)/diversity applications. Chakraborty et al. [17] designed two different single slotted loaded on rectangular microstrip antennas with slotted ground plane for IEEE 802.11a WLAN application. Tsai [18] investigated a bow tie-shaped CPW-fed slot antenna which consists of a coaxial connector and two conducting strips for wireless communication applications.
There are different feeding techniques by which dual-band can be achieved such as coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed, coaxial fed, microstrip line-fed, etc. and is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the CPW fed in which ground plane and excited patch lies on the same plane. Figure 4(b) shows microstrip line fed of 50 Ω which is used to excite the patch and ground plane that is on either side of the dielectric substrate. Figure 4(c) shows coaxial fed in which coaxial fed feed from bottom of antenna via drilling hole till excited patch. Figure 4(d) shows proximity fed which has actually microstip line fed which lies between two dielectric substrate of height H1 and H2. Figure 4(e) it has microstrip line fed at bottom of the substrate above that ground plane at height H2 is placed above the ground plane patch is placed with height of the dielectric substrate H1. Different feeding techniques used by various researchers to achieve dual-band are briefly described below.
Different feeding techniques of MSAs. (a) CPW fed, (b) microstrip line fed, (c) coaxial fed, (d) proximity fed, and (e) aperture fed.
Liu and Chen [19] proposed a compact patch antenna CPW fed for dual-band operation and obtained that lower band and upper band of antenna can be utilized for short-range wireless application. Sung et al. [20] illustrated a microstrip line dual frequency dielectric resonator antenna printed on a single metal layer. Su et al. [21] presented a rectangular patch antenna surrounded by a ring patch for dual-band operation and observed that two operating bands produce linear polarization. Chen and Hsu [22] proposed broadband radial slot CPW-fed antennas for dual operation and observed that the bandwidth of the lower resonance frequency lies in the range of 2.4–9.7%, while that of the upper frequency ranges from 17.4 to 23.2%. Sze et al. [23] proposed a circular slot antenna fed by a coplanar wave guide with slit back patch, and they observed that broadside far-field pattern at both frequency bands. Huang et al. [24] studied dual-band monopole antenna excited by a capacitive coupling feed for WLAN application and measured 3.4% and 13% bandwidth for upper and lower resonance frequency. Yoon et al. [25] designed a planar CPW-fed slot antenna and thin substrate for dual-band operation for WLAN applications and measured peak gains 1.37 and 1.7 dBi for lower and upper frequencies, respectively. Lin et al. [26] investigated a compact CPW-fed patch antenna with two embedded slots and found average antenna gain as 1.4 and 5.1 dBi.
Singh et al. [27] published an article on aperture-coupled feeding to achieve dual-band. The antenna was designed in the IE3D simulation software, and results were compared with theoretical result via circuit theory concept. Two resonance frequencies were achieved at 4.39 and 5.55 GHz with a percentage bandwidth of 10.23 and 13.33%. Circuit concept was applied on antenna for analysis of these antenna parameters such as input impedance, reflection coefficient, VSWR, and return loss. Antenna physical parameters were also varied such as dielectric substrate thickness of two dielectric used, width and length of aperture, and dielectric constant of two dielectric used in the design for achieving dual-band characteristics.
Microstrip line fed exciting the gap coupled rectangular and parasitic patch was presented by Singh et al. [28]. Dual-band was achieved through spitted ring resonator (SRR) at ground plane and parasitic patch at 0.9 and 1.8 GHz. They proposed the circuit of design of antenna, and analysis of the antenna was presented theoretically on varying gap between parasitic and fed patch, microstrip width and length, and height of substrate. All these variation was explained in terms of change in inductance and capacitance.
Gulam Nabi Alsath et al. [29] discussed and designed two identical aperture-coupled pattern reconfigurable dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). Li et al. [30] studied a compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed using loaded capacitance terminations for 2.4/5.8 GHz wireless local area network applications. Moosazadeh and Esmati [31] presented the small planar microstrip-fed square radiator using slotted conductor backed plane for wireless local area network applications. Chen et al. [32] investigated the slot stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) and CPW feeding for dual-band/tri-band/broadband applications. Emadian and Shokouh [33] investigated CPW-fed slot antenna which consists of a coaxial connector and two conducting strips for wireless communication applications with high increased impedance bandwidth.
Singh et al. [34] designed an antenna with L-strip feed. It is a slightly complicated geometry to be fabricated because it is difficult to create an L-strip fed structure. This fed excite rectangular patch with three rectangular slots. They found that resonating frequency depends on the slot length and width, L-strip length, and width which have a vital role in achieving dual-band.
Stacking of MSAs means having two or more dielectric substrate of different or same thickness that is kept over each other or one can say the toppling of one substrate over the other. Dual-band can also be achieved by stacking as shown in Figure 5. From figure, patch is at top of the antenna that is excited through coaxial fed below the excited patch one more patch placed of height H2 (no-excited) after ground plane is there which is ground through coaxial fed. Figure 5 equivalent circuit represents combination impedance of excited patch
Side view of stacked MSAs and its equivalent circuit diagram.
Karmakar [35] proposed shorted strap tunable stacked patched PIFA and measured bandwidth of 10.8% at 1.8 GHz where shorting and stacked structure plays a vital role in achieving 10.8% bandwidth. Pioch and Laheurte [36] investigated a dual-band stacked microstrip based on a small parasitic patch inserted slightly above an EBG patch. Kim et al. [37] presented the design simulations and measured stacked meandered patch antenna for mobile communication and observed that dual-band operation is realized using via holes with 0.3-mm height. Anguera et al. [38] presented stacked microstrip patch antenna using reactive loading and a fractal shape radiating edge. Ansari et al. [39] reported the analysis of U-slot loaded patch stacked with H-shaped parasitic elements. The circuit theory concept was applied by them and presented equivalent input impedance of the designed antenna. Further, they calculated variation of U- and H-shaped slotted on antenna bandwidth. Ma and Row [40] proposed a design of single-fed antenna structure composed of two stacked patches with different polarizations and radiation patterns. Benkouda et al. [41] investigated stacked high
Parasitic MSAs can be designed as shown in Figure 6, with its equivalent circuit diagram. These types of antenna are represented as a combination of gap capacitance (
Top view of parasitic MSAs and its equivalent circuit diagram.
It has the fed patch and non-fed patch on the same plane of the dielectric substrate. Brief survey of antennas having parasitic elements is described here.
Anguera et al. [44] reported a dual frequency patch antenna based on the Sierpinski fractal geometry with two parasitic patches to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. Chen et al. [45] proposed planar antenna, an ungrounded dielectric slab with parasitic reflector for dual-frequency operation and steerable end-fire pattern characteristics. Cho et al. [46] presented a compact internal antenna with parasitic patch for mobile handset and measured the bandwidths of 140 MHz (1740–1880) for which is the within the range of Korean communication service (KPCS) band and 90 MHz (2400–2490) in the Bluetooth devices. Liu et al. [47] presented a triangular patch antenna with parasitic element over a modified ground plane and measured bandwidth greater than 20% at the 2.45 and 5 GHz bands. Peng and Ruan [48] presented microstrip-fed dual-band design patch antenna with two parasitic invert L stubs for 2.4/5-GHz wireless applications, and they found L stub plays important part in achieving dual-band.
Dual-band-notch-loaded MSA geometry is shown in Figure 7 and its equivalent circuit diagram. The figure shows rectangular patch with coaxial fed having rectangular notch at edges. Due to notches Δ
Top view of notch-loaded MSAs and its equivalent circuit diagram.
Rectangular and circular notch is etched near the edges of the MSAs as seen in the figure. Depending on the designs of notch-loaded MSAs, brief literature survey is done.
Shivnarayan and Vishvakarma [49] investigated the theoretical analysis of notch-loaded patch antenna for dual-band operation, and they observed that frequency ratio varies from 1.11 to 1.83 with length and width of the notch. Deshmukh and Kumar [50] analyzed various types of dual-band slotted antennas such as U-shape slotted, E-shaped notched, and pair slots. They found the U-shaped and pair of slots help in achieving dual-band and discussed radiation characteristics of the antenna. Mishra et al. [51] presented notch-loaded microstrip patch antenna with shorting pin using cavity model. They achieved dual-band on inserting shorting pin, and variation of notch length and width was also presented. Thomas and Sheernivasan [52] proposed a novel CPW antenna which comprises a rectangular patch and notch cut at lower edge of the patch and measured gain of 2 dBi. A compact-notched CPW-fed wide-slot antenna for WLAN and WiMax applications was proposed by Lin et al. [53]. Singh et al. [54] presented and analyzed two symmetrical notches and shorting pin-loaded patch antenna using circuit theory concept based on modal expansion cavity model. Variation of symmetrical notches’ length and width was shown using circuit theory concept, and parametric analysis of antenna design was also presented. Mishra et al. [55] analyzed L-strip-fed circular disk patch antenna using circuit theory concept and observed that when the notch is etched on the circular disk, patch dual-band behavior shifts towards resonance higher side.
Verma et al. [56] designed and fabricated equilateral triangle antenna with edge-notched at each edge of triangle. Dual-band was achieved at 9.53 and 4.81 GHz. The variation of frequency ratio for side length, substrate thickness, and dielectric constant was presented. Antenna was designed for dual-band that is applicable for the C, X, and Ka band operation.
Broadband MSAs can be defined as a bandwidth that is greater than 18% for upper and lower resonance frequencies that too band should be −10 dB down. Broadband can be achieved by different techniques such as slots and notches and different feeding techniques such as proximity, aperture, CPW fed, microstrip line, stacked, parasitic elements, etc. In 1979, the first broadband antenna by stacking rectangular patches in two- and three-layered configuration was described by Hall et al. [57]. Long and Walton [3] investigated the stacked microstrip antennas for dual-frequency operation. A brief literature survey of broadband MSAs is presented herein and described according to its feeding techniques, reactive loading, coplanar structures, etc.
Mestdagh et al. [58] presented a systematic study of aperture-coupled stacked patch antennas fed by coplanar waveguide useful at millimeter wave frequency in the 30 GHz range. They found the antenna bandwidth of 30%. Stevan et al. [59] proposed broadband patch antenna with L-shaped probe and found bandwidth of 35% with a gain of 6 dBi. They achieved 30% reduction in dimension from convention patch antenna. Yuehe [60] proposed a novel two-layer stacked wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) of rectangular shape. Zhang et al. [61] presented a dielectric resonator antenna formed by a U-shaped dielectric resonator and a conformal elliptical patch proposed for wideband communication applications. The measured impedance bandwidth S11 < −10 dB was about 72%, covering the frequency range 3.82–8.12 GHz.
Natrajan et al. [62] introduced a novel topology of a dual-stacked, U-slot loaded patch antenna and achieved VSWR bandwidth of 65% and peak gain of 9.4 dBi. Lui and Luk [63] in 2005 designed a stacked patch antenna fed by meandering probe and achieved 37% bandwidth. Ghannoun et al. [64] reported a patch antenna with two E-shaped stacked patches and found a bandwidth of 54%. Deshmukh and Kumar [65] presented a compact broadband stacked patch antenna and found 10.9% bandwidth for C-shaped stacked patch and 9.7% for H-shaped stacked patch antenna.
Wu et al. [66] presents a novel dual-broadband rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN. The impedance bandwidth for two operating bands could reach up to 10.6% for the 2.4 GHz band and 33.8% for the 5 GHz band. Deshmukh and Kumar [67] reported a broadband rectangular microstrip antenna with a pair of rectangular. Its bandwidth was further increased either by cutting multiple pairs of slots or by cutting a pair of bowtie slots. Deshmukh and Kumar [68] presented various suspended broadband and compact circular microstrip antennas using variations of U-slot, V-slot, and pair of rectangular slots cut either on the periphery or inside the patch. Fang et al. [69] described a novel microstrip slot antenna backed by a ground plane of large bandwidth and high gain. Chen et al. [70] proposed a novel microstrip line-fed wide-slot antenna. The proposed antenna has a simple symmetric structure and compact size. Mo et al. [71] presented a broadband ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) tag patch antenna with a pair of U-slots.
Aneesh et al. [72] presented a research article of S-shaped patch antenna on tough form with copper laminated on the front and back side. They applied a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLPANN) for the analysis of antenna design on varying size of notches. The ANN models with several types of algorithm were trained from which Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm takes less time. S-shaped-type structure is formed by etching two rectangular notches of equal dimension and resonating at 2.64 GHz with a bandwidth of 20.57%.
Aneesh et al. [73] designed an H-shaped rectangular structure on IE3D simulation software and achieved triple band for PCS and WiMAX applications. The design was fed via a microstrip line fed with finite ground plane. They found that measured and simulation results were in close agreement for radiating structure. They observed antenna maximum efficiency and gain at 5.2 GHz, i.e., 95.5% and 7 dBi.
Liu and Boyle [74] proposed a bandwidth enhancement of a quarter wavelength slot antenna by capacitive loading to increase its bandwidth. Tang and He [75] proposed a square microstrip patch with a pair of U and T slots which was suitable for attaching to metallic objects. Kimouche et al. [76] presented the monopole antenna with the bandwidth enhancement technique covering the band 3.1–10.6 GHz, which was approved by the federal communication commission as a commercial band for ultra-wideband communication systems, with a measured return loss bandwidth of 7.9 GHz.
In the year 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) defined ultra-wideband as those bands which have first resonance frequency at 3.1 GHz and higher resonance frequency at 10.6 GHz. After FCC defined the bandwidth of ultra-wideband, the lots of papers were published on UWB MSAs. Depending on the designs of patch antenna, a brief literature survey is described in the section.
Liu et al. [77] proposed a microstrip-fed antenna, consisting of a square slot patch with a vertical coupling strip, which only occupies a small size of 15 (L) × 15 (W) × 1.6 (H) mm3. Ghaderi and Mohajeri [78] proposed a compact wide-slot antenna with microstrip-fed monopole for UWB application. The monopole is composed of an elliptic patch connected to a trapezoid one. Ojaroudi and Ojaroudi [79] presented a novel inverted T-shaped ring slot antenna, surrounded by a C-shaped slot, which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 125% (2.71–12.06 GHz). Peng Gao et al. [80] proposed an inverted U-shaped slot on the ground plane and a radiation patch similar to the slot that is fed by a 50-Ω microstrip line. Shinde and Mishra [81] presented L-shaped thin ground plane for lower frequency band stop function and a tapered rectangular vertical slot in radiating patch for upper frequency band stop. Gong et al. [82] presented a compact ultra-wideband antenna with an L-shaped slot. They found that the proposed antenna offers 118% bandwidth when the antenna is fabricated on dielectric constant 4.4 and of dimension of 23.7 × 23.7 × 0.8 mm3. Haraz et al. [83] designed two different slot-coupled vertical microstrip-microstrip transitions for UWB multilayer microwave circuits and simulated the results using two simulation programs with two different numerical techniques.
Shameena et al. [84] designed and analyzed a compact planar UWB antenna with notch-band ON/OFF control and achieved the UWB response by a microstrip-fed staircase patch with an identical inverted ground plane. Ojaroudi et al. [85] presented a novel printed monopole antenna (PMA) for UWB applications with variable frequency band-notch characteristics. Movahedinia and Azarmanesh [86] presented novel printed monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications with variable frequency band-notch characteristics. Ojaroudi et al. [87] presented printed monopole antenna with constant gain over a wide bandwidth for ultra-wideband applications with desired notch-band characteristic. Li et al. [88] presented a compact dual-band-notched UWB antenna and showed that the designed antenna is of compact size, has a wide bandwidth covering 3.05–14.2 GHz, realizing dual-notched bands of 5.14–5.36 and 5.74–6.07 GHz. Ojaroudi et al. [89] presented a novel UWB printed monopole antenna for use in a circular cylindrical microwave imaging system. Mehranpour et al. [90] proposed a novel printed monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications with dual-band-notch function.
Fuguo Zhu et al. [91] proposed novel band-notched antennas suitable for UWB applications with coexisting wireless systems operating over 3.3–3.6, 5.15–5.35, or 5.725–5.825 GHz bands. Mandal and Das [92] presented a printed plaque monopole antenna fed by a microstrip line for UWB width with triple notch band. Natarajamani et al. [93] proposed a compact two-element diversity planar antenna for UWB application with band-notch function. Karimian et al. [94] designed two compact monopole antennas with band-notched characteristics at for ultra-wideband application. Zheng et al. [95] investigated compact optically controlled UWB antenna with reconfigurable band-notched characteristics for cognitive radio (CR) applications. Rajesh Kumar and Raghavan [96] demonstrated a compact microstrip-fed novel U-shaped fractal monopole antenna with enhanced bandwidth and band-notched characteristics for ultra-wideband applications.
Gautam et al. [97] designed UWB antenna for MIMO application. An antenna was excited with microstrip line, and resonating band was observed at 3.1–35 GHz. Within this extended bandwidth, two bands were obtained at 5.1–5.8 GHz and 6.7–7.1 GHz. The variation of antenna design was as presented single and double notches. The center notch frequency
They also calculated mean effective and diversity gain (DG) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and reflection coefficient (RC)
Measured and simulation results were compared for the reflection and transmission coefficient of the designed antenna.
Elsadek and Nashaat [98] investigated a new configuration of multiband/ultra-wideband antenna which has a V-shaped patch with unequal arms coupled electromagnetically to single-feed isosceles triangular PIFA thorough two unequal slots. Gayathri et al. [99] proposed a microstrip-fed planar ultra-wideband monopole antenna with band-notch characteristics and consist of an inverted cone as the radiating patch and a tapered ground plane which operates over an extremely wideband of 3–16 GHz. Mandal and Das [100] proposed regular hexagonal monopole antenna fed by a microstrip line for ultra-wide bandwidth. Peng Gao et al. [101] proposed an inverted U-shaped slot on the ground plane and a radiation patch similar to the slot that is fed by a 50-Ω microstrip line. Gautam et al. [102] proposed a novel CPW-fed compact inverted L-strip UWB microstrip antenna operating bandwidth of 2.6–13.04 GHz. Azim et al. [103] designed a microstrip line-fed planar antenna with dual-notched bands and prototyped for UWB communication applications. Telsang and Kakade [104] proposed a compact ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna fed by a CPW and a microstrip line. Emadian and Ahmadi-Shokouh [33] proposed a very small CPW-fed rectangular slot antenna with dual-bandnotched characteristics for super UWB applications. Patre and Singh [105] demonstrated the simulation and experimental studies on a novel compact and broadband CPW-fed flower-shaped microstrip patch antenna. Singhal et al. [106, 107] presented a compact third-iteration inner-tapered tree-shaped fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications and found that the bandwidth is enhanced by using CPW ground plane and increasing the number of iterations.
Matin et al. [108] presented an antenna consisting of a U-slotted rectangular microstrip patch stacked with another patch of a different size on a separate layer and investigated its performance. Kaur et al. [109] proposed an aperture-coupled stacked Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna with a defected ground structure for UWB and wireless local area network applications.
Ojaroudi et al. [110] proposed an inverted T-shaped strip, and by embedding a pair of T-shaped parasitic structures in the ground plane, additional resonances at the higher band are excited which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 135%. Table 1 summarizes the review of dual-band, broadband, and ultra-wideband antennas in this chapter.
Dual-band | Broadband | Ultra-wideband | |
---|---|---|---|
Bandwidth | Having two or more bands (narrow bands 5–6% bandwidth) [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] | Single-band having bandwidth is greater than 20% [3, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61] | Single-band bandwidth is greater than 109.4% [79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85] |
Antenna required | Single antenna can be used as transmission and reception | Dual antennas are required for transmission and reception | Dual antennas are required for transmission and reception |
Designs of antennas | Easier to achieve dual-band (means any one of the above techniques can be sufficient to achieve dual-band) [10, 11, 14, 17] | More than one design techniques required to achieve broadband [66, 68, 72, 73] | Two or more different techniques are required to achieve ultra-wideband [110] |
Applications | GSM, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, DCS, 2G, 3G, Bluetooth [15, 20, 21, 22, 26] | Depending on band achieved, GSM, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, DCS, 2G, 3G, Bluetooth [59, 66] | Satellite communication, DCS, Wi-Fi, WiMax [79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85] |
Summary of dual-band, broadband, and ultra-wideband antennas.
It is observed from the review of the papers that all design of patch antennas can be converted to its equivalent circuits with basic concept high-frequency designing circuits. The proper design of circuit for particular antenna can give the clear pictures of resonating frequencies and reflection coefficient. Using circuit theory of basic structures of patch antennas, the designer can propose there circuit that will be helpful in the analysis of antenna. Further comparison of dual-band [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55], broadband [3, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78], and ultra-wideband [79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110] is present in terms of application, size, bandwidth, and design. Further, it was observed that dual-band and multiband antenna is achieved through microstrip line and coaxial fed, slots, and notch structure. The ultra-wideband was achieved through coplanar structures and defected ground structures.
The authors would like to thank the Nitte Education Trust for providing the research grant no. Res/NMAMIT/03.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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