\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7715",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Pyrolysis",title:"Recent Advances in Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pyrolysis is an irreversible thermochemical treatment process of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It is basically a carbonisation process where an organic material is decomposed to produce a solid residue with high (or higher) carbon content and some volatile products. The decomposition reactions are accompanied in general with polymerisation and isomerisation reactions. The end products of pyrolysis can be controlled by optimizing pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and residence time. Pyrolysis is used heavily in the chemical industry to produce many forms of carbon and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, wood, oil shale, biomass or organic waste materials, and it is the basis of several methods for producing fuel from biomass. Pyrolysis also is the process of conversion of buried organic matter into fossil fuels.",isbn:"978-1-78984-064-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-063-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-942-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77528",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-pyrolysis",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"76f7f501be4b6e4f5d3f97e81bac2c26",bookSignature:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7715.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5458,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:53,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 1st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 21st 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"12400",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan Al- Haj",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-al-haj-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12400/images/system/12400.jpg",biography:"Dr. Al-Haj Ibrahim obtained his B.Sc. in Fuel Engineering (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) at Leeds University, UK. From 1970 until 1974 Dr. Al-Haj Ibrahim was a Research Fellow at British Coke Research Association (Leeds University, England) after which he worked at Homs Oil Refinery, Syria (1974-1975). In 1975 Dr. Al-Haj Ibrahim became a Professor at Al Baath University (Syria) where he still works. He was also a Senior Researcher at Syrian Atomic Energy Commission (2000-2003) and Director of Quality Assurance, Al-Baath University, Syria (2003-2008, 2015-2017). Furthermore, Dr. Al-Haj Ibrahim was a visiting professor at a number of universities: Technical University of Aachen, Germany; University of Pittsburgh, U.S.A. (Fulbright scholar); Alexandria University, Egypt; University of Hadhramout, Yemen; Arab University, Syria.",institutionString:"Al-Baath University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Al-Baath University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Syria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"85",title:"Organic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"70273",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pyrolysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90366",slug:"introductory-chapter-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:957,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hassan Al-Haj Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70273",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70273",authors:[{id:"12400",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan Al- Haj",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-al-haj-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"65392",title:"A Study on Pyrolysis of Lignin over Mesoporous Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83785",slug:"a-study-on-pyrolysis-of-lignin-over-mesoporous-materials",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aromatics have widespread uses across the chemical industries. Where, the monocyclic aromatics (e.g. BTX) and phenolics compounds are important basic raw materials for several industrial petrochemical processes such as synthetic polymers, detergents, biocides, resins, explosives, etc. Traditional production of these valuable chemicals has been dependent on fossil resources for more than half a century. So, it requires strategies for alternative chemical production from renewable sources especially from nonedible biomass. This chapter presents a review of the recent literature on the fast pyrolysis process for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons using mesoporous catalysts. We focus on the factors that can enhance the yield of aromatics and the lifetime of the catalyst used. Background information on catalyst deactivation during the pyrolysis process was described. The role of mesoporous catalyst’s acidity and textural and topological properties of lignin to aromatics conversion was also discussed in detail.",signatures:"Abdelrahman Mohamed Rabie and Marwa Mohamed Abouelela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65392",authors:[{id:"278240",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelrahman",surname:"Rabie",slug:"abdelrahman-rabie",fullName:"Abdelrahman Rabie"},{id:"289521",title:"MSc.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Aboelela",slug:"marwa-aboelela",fullName:"Marwa Aboelela"}],corrections:null},{id:"68186",title:"Influence of Process Parameters on Synthesis of Biochar by Pyrolysis of Biomass: An Alternative Source of Energy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88204",slug:"influence-of-process-parameters-on-synthesis-of-biochar-by-pyrolysis-of-biomass-an-alternative-sourc",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic matter derived from plants and animals are known as biomass. It has a great potential to be used as an alternate source of energy by employing thermochemical conversion techniques. Among the available techniques, pyrolysis is considered to be the most efficient technique used for the conversion of biomass-based waste into value-added solid, liquid and gaseous products through heating in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar (solid fuel) is a carbonaceous material and has multiple applications in various fields such as soil health, climate stability, water resource, energy efficiency and conservation. The yield of biochar depends on organic constituents of biomass and the pyrolytic process parameters such as temperature, time, heating rate, purging gas, particle size, catalyst, flow rate, pressure and types of pyrolysis reactors. Suitable conditions for biochar production were observed to be slow pyrolysis, low carrier gas flow rate, acid-catalysed biomass or biomass mixed with some inorganic salts, low heating rate, large particle size, high pressure, longer residence time, low temperature, feedstocks with high lignin content and pyrolysis reactors with lower bed height. Thermal conversion of biomass could be a possible sustainable alternative to provide economically viable, clean and eco-friendly solid fuel.",signatures:"Krishna Yadav and Sheeja Jagadevan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68186",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68186",authors:[{id:"278864",title:"Mr.",name:"Krishna",surname:"Yadav",slug:"krishna-yadav",fullName:"Krishna Yadav"},{id:"308500",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheeja",surname:"Jagadevan",slug:"sheeja-jagadevan",fullName:"Sheeja Jagadevan"}],corrections:null},{id:"66817",title:"Modeling and Optimization of Product Profiles in Biomass Pyrolysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85581",slug:"modeling-and-optimization-of-product-profiles-in-biomass-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biomass feed comes in many varieties, but have common chief constituents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. As the relative proportions of these constituents may vary, customization of the pyrolysis process conditions is required to produce a desired product profile. By recognizing the sources of variation, the reactor settings may be intelligently controlled, to achieve optimal operation. These considerations include biomass classification, feed rate, moisture content, particle size, and inter-particle thermal gradients (which arise during pyrolysis based on heating rate and temperature distribution). This chapter addresses the optimization of product profiles during biomass pyrolysis from a modeling perspective. Fundamental models for packed bed and fluidized bed pyrolyzers are developed, using kinetics from existing literature. The proposed optimization approach (inclusive of the kinetic and process models) can guide practical achievement of desired product profiles of the biomass pyrolysis process.",signatures:"Udaya Bhaskar Reddy Ragula, Sriram Devanathan and Sindhu Subramanian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66817",authors:[{id:"285026",title:"Dr.",name:"Udaya",surname:"Ragula",slug:"udaya-ragula",fullName:"Udaya Ragula"},{id:"285596",title:"Dr.",name:"Sriram",surname:"Devanathan",slug:"sriram-devanathan",fullName:"Sriram Devanathan"},{id:"285597",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sindhu",surname:"Subramanian",slug:"sindhu-subramanian",fullName:"Sindhu Subramanian"}],corrections:null},{id:"66047",title:"Waste Plastics Valorization by Fast Pyrolysis and in Line Catalytic Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85048",slug:"waste-plastics-valorization-by-fast-pyrolysis-and-in-line-catalytic-steam-reforming-for-hydrogen-pro",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter summarizes the most recent results obtained in the plastic waste pyrolysis-reforming strategy for hydrogen production. An original two-reactor configuration consisting of a conical spouted bed reactor for the pyrolysis step and a fluidized bed reactor for the pyrolysis volatile reforming is proposed. The fundamental aspects and challenges of this joint process are discussed in detail, and the prospects for the full-scale implementation of this valorization route are assessed. Thus, the influence the main reforming parameters (temperature, space time and steam/plastic ratio) have in the pyrolysis-reforming of HDPE on product yields and catalyst stability are reported. Moreover, the role played by plastic composition on process performance is also described by studying the influence of following polymers: high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS). The operating conditions used for the valorization of different plastics have been as follows: pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, reforming temperature of 700°C, space time of 16.7 gcatalyst min gplastic−1and steam/plastic ratio of 4.",signatures:"Itsaso Barbarias, Aitor Arregi, Maite Artetxe, Laura Santamaria, Gartzen Lopez, María Cortazar, Maider Amutio, Javier Bilbao and Martin Olazar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66047",authors:[{id:"284923",title:"Dr.",name:"Gartzen",surname:"Lopez",slug:"gartzen-lopez",fullName:"Gartzen Lopez"},{id:"284931",title:"Dr.",name:"Itsaso",surname:"Barbarias",slug:"itsaso-barbarias",fullName:"Itsaso Barbarias"},{id:"284932",title:"Dr.",name:"Aitor",surname:"Arregi",slug:"aitor-arregi",fullName:"Aitor Arregi"},{id:"284933",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite",surname:"Artetxe",slug:"maite-artetxe",fullName:"Maite Artetxe"},{id:"284934",title:"Mrs.",name:"Laura",surname:"Santamaría",slug:"laura-santamaria",fullName:"Laura Santamaría"},{id:"284935",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria",surname:"Cortazar",slug:"maria-cortazar",fullName:"Maria Cortazar"},{id:"284936",title:"Dr.",name:"Maider",surname:"Amutio",slug:"maider-amutio",fullName:"Maider Amutio"},{id:"284937",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",surname:"Bilbao",slug:"javier-bilbao",fullName:"Javier Bilbao"},{id:"284938",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"Olazar",slug:"martin-olazar",fullName:"Martin Olazar"}],corrections:null},{id:"69964",title:"Synthesis and Characterization of Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) Nanomaterials of Dunite from Sumatera",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85082",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-forsterite-mg-sub-2-sub-sio-sub-4-sub-nanomaterials-of-dunite-from",totalDownloads:703,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The topics to be discussed are about the synthesis and characterization of forsterite nanoparticles (Mg2So4) from dunite rocks originating from West Sumatra. This region is a meeting of two Indian and Australian plates that give rise to mineral dunite with unique characteristics. Forsterite synthesis was carried out using calcinations temperature variations namely 700, 800, 900, 1000 and 1100°C. Synthesis of forsterite nanoparticles used the High Energy Milling Ellipse 3D Motion (HEM-E3D) method with variations in milling time, i.e., 5, 10, 20 h. Characterization was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The synthesis results explain the forsterite concentration in dunite rock, pure forsterite at optimal calcinations temperature, forsterite nanoparticles at optimal grinding time and forsterite nanoparticle structure.",signatures:"Ratnawulan Ratnawulan and Ahmad Fauzi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69964",authors:[{id:"284391",title:"Dr.",name:"Ratnawulan",surname:"Ratnawulan",slug:"ratnawulan-ratnawulan",fullName:"Ratnawulan Ratnawulan"},{id:"294160",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Fauzi",slug:"ahmad-fauzi",fullName:"Ahmad Fauzi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6720",title:"Fractionation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e798d7509b906c1947191552285a628",slug:"fractionation",bookSignature:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12400",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan Al- Haj",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-al-haj-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7326",title:"Phosphorus",subtitle:"Recovery and Recycling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"463481a56cd0f4b649285f54a9e5008c",slug:"phosphorus-recovery-and-recycling",bookSignature:"Tao Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185487",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"tao-zhang",fullName:"Tao Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8889",title:"Solvents, Ionic Liquids and Solvent Effects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75c7231408f17b5af0ff2952627dd5fa",slug:"solvents-ionic-liquids-and-solvent-effects",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik and Magdalena Maciejewska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8346",title:"Chirality from Molecular Electronic States",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c8c9c50832625da3dc4cee759352246",slug:"chirality-from-molecular-electronic-states",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7265",title:"Organochlorine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67784ff0ecf9cb18c3667be3c84c3c",slug:"organochlorine",bookSignature:"Aurel Nuro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7265.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14427",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurel",surname:"Nuro",slug:"aurel-nuro",fullName:"Aurel Nuro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. 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Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:"alkenes-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9953",title:"Azoles",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties, Applications and 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\r\n\tCOVID-19 pandemic has caused shifts in consumer life and consumer behavior all around the world. Consumers face many situations that they have to overcome during the pandemic crises, affecting not only consumers’ current and future lives, but also companies’ business strategies and future survivals as well. Traditional consumer behavior has started to become a threat for the consumers, so their buying behavior has moved to Internet-centered online platforms with the use of technological advancements. This book aims to focus on consumer behavior during pandemic crises situations with the use of e-commerce. The technological advances and consumer expectations during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods lead to some shifts in consumer behavior and business operations as well.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book also hopes to cover crises management and handling of communication with situational factors which cause sharp transformations on both sides economically, socially, technologically, psychologically, and so on. Theoretical and practical chapters contributing to the mentioned context are highly appreciated and welcomed.
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Transition metal catalysis is ever expanding in the field of organic synthesis owing to the way to achieve higher molecular complexity by limiting the catalyst and process cost, while the potentiality and efficiency of such methodologies cannot be attained by conventional organic synthetic pathways [2]. The process of catalysis is being exploited in the manufacture of 85% of all chemical products. Apart from the design and invention of new reactions in this field, process development is also a motivating factor since it renders highly selective organic functional group transformations in attaining structurally complex organic compounds with biological and pharmaceutical importance. Transition metals being situated at the middle part of the periodic table, either in their ionic or neutral form in solution, or
Ionic liquids are the modern technological materials made up of molten organic and inorganic salts with a melting point below 100°C, and they are loosely bound; therefore, they are liquid under conventional ambient conditions, and they can be tailor-made according to the needs and demands, so they are also known as ‘Designer Solvents’ and/or ‘Solvents of the future’. The design of room temperature ionic liquids has been achieved through appropriate selection of weakly coordinating cations and anions; theoretically, as per the principles of crystallography, the lattice energy has to be brought down as low as possible, and hence, the design lies on the
In view of recycling and reusing the transition metal catalytic materials, the technology of immobilization or heterogenization was exploited, and the notable methodologies include polymer supports, macrocellular silica-based foams, magnetic Fe3O4, carbon nanotubes (CNT), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), mesoporous solids, functionalized magnetic Fe3O4, metal organic framework (MOF), monolithic ionogels, and SILP. Among them, the SILP technology is the most recent one; there are debates that the use of ILs is not cost-effective; however, the whole SILP system is reusable and recyclable and hence the cost can be abruptly reduced; the technology ranks to be green in nature since there is no escape of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Metal in the form of oxides, ions, metal complexes coordinated to the cation or anion, or as nanoparticles was supported in an IL matrix through a thin film. In the SILP system, IL is a part of the support material; accordingly, the bulk properties of IL such as solvation strength, conductivity, viscosity and density are altered. ILs with hydrophobic in nature can offer excellent surface support. ILs can also act as nanoparticles stabilizers. Even though the stabilization mechanism has not been proved, ILs seem to create an electrostatic and steric barrier between nanoparticles; a stabilization type Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) has been proposed due to their polymeric structure.
\nThe preparation of macrocellular silica is quite simple; the transition metal compounds of interest is suspended in a solution employing an ionic liquid in an volatile organic solvent. Upon stripping the volatile organic compound, the free-flowing immobilized catalytic material can be obtained where the transition metals are trapped within the SILP system. The materials thus trapped within the SILPs were found to be useful in promoting the organic functional group transformations catalyzed by transition and/or noble metals. Mainly the aryl-X activation (Mizoroki-Heck reaction) was carried out using palladium containing SILPs (in imidazolium ILs). With low palladium loading, the Heck-type coupling reaction was performed, and the reaction of iodobenzene with cylohexyl acrylate yielded the corresponding cinnamates with high turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) [8]. Palladium acetate Pd(OAc)2 supported on amorphous silica immobilized in [bmim]PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was reported to be highly efficient towards the promotion of the Heck-type coupling reaction without any additional ligands, gave the trans-cinnamates in preparative yields [9], and the TON and TOF reached 68,400 and 8000 h−1, respectively.
\nA variation for the synthesis of heterogeneous IL-based palladium-containing catalytic system was developed by Shi et al. [10], through a one pot synthesis of heterogeneous ionic liquid encapsulated on silica involving sol-gel method. These catalysts provided excellent activity for the carbonylation of aniline and nitrobenzene to synthesize diphenyl urea in (Pd or Rh)-EMImBF4/silica gel (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) or (Pd or Rh)-DMImBF4/silica gel (0.1 g, 50–60 mesh), (1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), or DMImBF4 ionic liquid (2.5 g) containing Rh complex (1 mg) or 0.11 wt%Rh 35 wt% DMImBF4/SiO2 (0.1 g, for the purpose of comparison). The selectivity, yield, and turnover number (TON) were excellent. In the same publication, the identical catalytic system was proved to be excellent for the carbonylation of aniline to synthesize carbamates and also oxime transfer between cyclohexanone oxime and acetone.
\nYokoyama et al. [11] reported that the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of iodobenzene and 4-methyl-iodobenzene with olefins using silica-supported palladium complex catalysts was fruitful in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6), exhibiting higher activities than in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) in addition to easy product isolation and catalyst recycling. Silica-supported Pd catalysts were synthesized in 1-butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with low palladium loadings (0.35 and 0.08%); fascinatingly, both samples thus synthesized proved to be effective catalytic system for Heck-type coupling reactions between bromo- and chloroarenes with ethylacrylate. They also reported that the presence of electron withdrawing groups attached to the aromatic moiety increases the conversion and selectivity towards trans-selectivity. They could recycle the catalyst but pointed out that there is some loss of activity of the catalytic material upon recycling; the hot filtration measurements proved the leaching of Palladium [12]. A multiple-layered SILP system was developed for a hydroformylation process and found to be effective in the hydroformylation reactions [13].
\nIn a variation, oxime Pd cycle was derivatized to increase its ionophilicity by a tethered imidazolium group; the resulting IL forms an imidazolium complex which is supported on high surface area Al/MCM-41, aluminosilicate (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide is tethered onto oxime Pd cycle which is then heterogenized on Al/MCM-41). This is a solid active catalyst for the Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki coupling. Results are moderate to good yields. Ionophilicity of the oxime Pd cycle can be significantly increased, limited by the need for basic conditions. Catalytic reuse showed increase in homocoupling [14].
\nA clay composite comprising of phosphinite-functionalized ionic liquid moieties was synthesized, in which palladium nanoparticles were uniformly ligated, and this system is called as clay carrying phosphinite-functionalized ionic liquid (CCPIL) moieties or systems. The preparation involves the synthesis of an epoxy functionalized clay, which is reacted with 1-methyl imidazole and chlorodiphenyl phosphine yielding the required CCPIL. The CCPIL material thus obtained was separated by simple filtration to which later palladium was complexed. This novel catalytic material combines the advantages of homogeneous IL phase, phosphorylated ligands, and a new heterogeneous clay support for Pd catalyzed C-C bond formation in green media. The catalytic material is pictorially represented as Figure 1.
\nClay carrying phosphinite-functionalized ionic liquid [
The heterogeneous catalyst was successfully exploited for the Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides in aqueous media to give biaryls in high yields. Bromide and chloride substrates too gave the biaryls but required longer reaction times. Recycling was repeated for five runs with little leaching observed where each run required the same reaction times. These catalysts were also used for solvent-free MH reaction. Further, copper-free Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction of aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides with phenylacetylene was also catalyzed by these Pd on CCPIL. Recycling was also possible with little depletion, and the added advantage is that the catalyst was air and moisture stable [15].
\nCreativity is often exploited by scientists; interestingly, iron-containing catalytic materials were developed in order to separate the catalytic material through magnetic separation techniques from the reaction mixture. In this context, few magnetically separable catalytic materials were reported in SILP, which enabled the recovery of the catalytic materials. A hybrid magnetic nanocomposite synthesis was reported with ionic nature, and the methodology was depicted as in Figure 2.
\nSILP on magnetic nanoparticles [
Magnetic Fe3O4 was functionalized with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane to obtain chloropropyl functionalized magnetic nanoparticles {MNPs (Fe3O4/Si-Pr-Cl)}. The reaction of the MNPs with triethanolamine, triethylammonium chloride made their surfaces ionic in nature. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) bonded on triethylammonium chloride (IL) was then impregnated with PdCl2 followed by reduction with NaBH4 to give reduced Pd NP supported on the magnetic NPs (Fe3O4/IL/Pd). Thus, it is a multistep synthetic procedure where palladium containing NPs were immobilized on the functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 compound. Catalytic activity was tested for the Suzuki coupling, and high yields were obtained in the reaction between bromobenzene and phenyl boronic acid to yield the corresponding biphenyl derivatives. Reactions were carried out in ethanol water solvent system. The catalyst was separated, dried, and could be reused for eight cycles with no loss of activity [16]; the methodology is depicted in Figure 3.
\nPd supported on MNPs—Suzuki coupling [
Gamma (γ) Fe2O3 MNPs immobilized with Pd-DABCO (
Pd-DABCO supported on magnetic nanoparticles, Mizoroki-Heck reaction [
Heck reactions were carried out with aryl iodobenzene to give high yields of the products in 30 min. Aryl bromide and chlorides also underwent the Heck-type coupling reactions but requiring longer reaction times of 12–24 h. The average isolated yield of 90% was retained for five consecutive runs [17]. An external magnet was used to separate the catalyst from the reaction mixture and reused at least five times without significant degradation in its catalytic activity. The pictorial representation of the catalytic preparation and the reaction is depicted in Figure 4.
\nThe issue of leaching could not be fully resolved in the SILP systems too; as a result, a convenient protocol was developed to recover the palladium catalyst magnetically. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized to impart stronger bonding to the metal. Towards this end amine functionalized ILs were synthesized. Fe3O4 was coated with silica. This was then functionalized with (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane. The ionic liquid moiety was then easily anchored onto the surface of the SiO2/Fe3O4 to obtain amine-functionalized ionic liquid-modified magnetic NPs (IL-NH2/SiO2/Fe3O4). Excellent results were achieved with this catalyst for the Suzuki coupling of various aryl iodides and bromides (Figure 5). The authors claimed that the catalyst was well dispersed in the reaction medium, magnetically recovered from reaction mixture, and reused for several times without significant loss of activity. All these advantages make the protocol to be a green and convenient process for other metal catalyzed important reactions [18].
\nPd supported on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles—Suzuki coupling [
In continuation of research on magnetite-supported palladium catalysts, the synthesis and characterization of phosphinite-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles containing imidazolium ionic liquid moiety for stabilization of palladium nanoparticles and its application as a catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions were examined.
\nFe3O4 NPs were coated with a thin layer of silica using tetraethyl orthosilicate to provide core shell Fe3O4 NP (SiO2@Fe3O4 NP). These NPs were then treated with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to afford epoxy functionalized SiO2@Fe3O4. Further reaction with 1-methyl imidazole and chlorodiphenyl phosphine gave the Im-Phos-SiO2-@Fe3O4. The catalyst was then prepared by treating with PdCl2 (Figure 6). The catalyst was characterized by various methods. The obtained compound was characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, solid UV, VSM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. Aryl bromides gave high yields in EtOH:water solvent. For aryl chlorides, the solvent was changed to DMF and, at 120°C, it gave high yields. Hot filtration test was carried out and showed that the catalyst was mostly heterogeneous. The catalyst was recyclable for at least eight times with little depletion of activity [19]. The scheme route of the catalyst is presented in Figure 6.
\nPhosphinite-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles-Suzuki coupling [
Ni2+ ion containing 1-methyl-3 (trimethyoxsilylpropyl)imidazolium chloride IL was impregnated on magnetic F3O4 NP. Heck reaction was conducted at 100°C (Figure 7). IL catalyst separated by magnet can be reused several times after washing without loss of activity. IL immobilized on magnetic particles is an excellent technology for catalytic reactions and separation technologies with substantive progress. The combination of MNPs and ILS gives a magnetic supported IL, which exhibits the dual properties of IL as well as facile separation by magnetic external field [20].
\nNi supported on magnetic nanoparticles [
A polymer-supported catalyst was prepared, which exhibited high catalytic activity. Copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium with styrene gave polymer supports to immobilize Pd(OAc)2 using a method of alcohol reduction. The Pd existed as NP of less than 6 nm in these copolymers. This copolymer-supported Pd was efficient and a reusable catalyst for the Heck reaction in aqueous media in the absence of any phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) or ligands (Figure 8). The catalyst could be reused for three cycles without depletion of yield [21].
\nPolymer-supported HIL [
Ionic liquid hybrid materials comprising of either CNT or MWCNT were developed, where the CNT or MWCNT were covalently anchored with the imidazolium-based ILs. The material thus obtained as per this methodology allows specific interactions between the IL thin film and the chemical composition of the MWCNT or CNT surfaces. Typically, the catalytic material was immobilized on the IL thin film. Lee et al. [22] have functionalized MWCNTs with ionic liquid moieties. Interestingly, the change of the ionic liquid anion modulates the solubility of the nanotubes in different solvents. This property makes the modified MWCNTs soluble in ionic liquid and created an IL-based catalytic system when Pd nanoparticles are immobilized on them.
\nPalladium-containing nanoparticles were immobilized to attain heterogeneity on the mesoporous nanoparticles, namely SBA-15 using an ionic liquid, namely 1.1.3.3-tetramethylguanidinium lactate. Very interestingly, this immobilized Pd catalyst was exploited for solvent-free Heck-type coupling reactions and showed excellent activity and reusability. No deactivation was observed even after six recycles. High yields were achieved even with very low catalyst loading 0.001% of Pd, which is remarkable. Leaching occurs during the reaction, but the Pd gets redeposited on the surface at the end of the reaction with the help of TMG (1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine) moiety, excellent stabilizer for metallic NPs [23]. Pd acetate was immobilized on amorphous silica with the aid of an IL, namely [bmim]PF6. This immobilized catalyst was highly efficient for the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of various aryl halides with cyclohexyl acrylate in dodecane as solvent. A TON of 68,400 and TOF of 8000 h−1 were achieved in the reaction of iodobenzene with cyclohexyl acrylate. The recyclability of the catalyst was lost after three cycles. Leaching studies showed loss of less than 0.24% Pd [9]. This methodology is presented in Figure 9.
\nHIL on mesoporous solids—Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
Pd(OAc)2 was immobilized on amorphous silica or alumina with the aid of an ionic liquid (Pd-SILC—Pd supported ionic liquid catalyst). The catalytic materials immobilized on N,N-diethylamino propylated (NDEAP) alumina or silica with or without bmimPF6 gave the best results for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of aryl halides with arylboronic to yield the respective biphenyls. The synthesis of the encapsulated heterogeneous ionic liquid and the reaction were represented below (Figure 10). It was found out that the immobilization with the aid of an IL, bmimPF6 was essential for inhibiting leaching of Pd(OAc)2. The catalyst gave 95% average yield in reuse studies up to five times though catalyst activity was gradually lost. High efficiency of the catalyst was exhibited by a TON of 2 million and TOF of 30,000 h−1 in the reaction of 4-bromo acetophenone and phenyl boronic acid [24].
\nSuzuki-Miyaura reaction catalyzed by immobilized Pd catalyst on reversed phase alumina [
From the structural point of view, graphene is a single layer of sp2 C atoms bonded in a hexagonal lattice. They have extremely large surface area, fast charge mobility, remarkably high mechanical strength, Young’s modulus and chemical stability; they are inexpensive and thus are excellent candidate to disperse or immobilize catalytically active species. Silylation modification technique on graphene oxide provides graphene nanocomposites with catalytic activities. To prepare the catalyst, first, a sub-stoichiometric amount of Pd(OAc)2 was reacted with an excess of 1-methyl-3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride to afford the (NHC) N-heterocyclic carbene Pd IL. This NHC-Pd was grafted on the surface of the graphene oxide (GO) in refluxing ethanol (Figure 11). The catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, Raman, XPS, TGA, and EDS measurements. The catalyst provided high yields with aryl iodide and bromides but required the addition of terabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) for chloride substrates. The catalyst could be recycled five times. The hot filtration test was conducted showing very little loss of Pd [25].
\nHIL on graphene oxide [
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been found to be excellent ligands for several aryl-X activation reactions due to the high dissociation energies of NHC-metal complexes and making them good ligands for heterogeneous systems. Polymers, silica, or NPs have been used as supports. Immobilization of Pd complexed with NHCs is a much wanted technology for the recycling of the catalyst. The immobilization was carried out by the reaction of appropriately functionalized imidazolium chlorides, triethoxysilylpropylimidazolium chloride with silica gel, or variations. The catalyst Pd(OAc)2 was then anchored on this silica-supported ionic liquid. Other catalysts were supported on polymers like polystyrene, surface-grafted polystyrene resins (Figure 12). These could be recycled for over 10 successive runs with very high TONs exceeding 50,000 and TOFs of 5200 (Figure 13). Heterogeneous silica NHC-Au (I) gave good results for the Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides [26]. Pd-NHCs were immobilized on the surface of polymer or silica-coated MNPs to generate MNP-Pd-NHC complexes. Catalysts could be easily separated by external magnets [27].
\nSilica-supported NHC Pd complex [
Silica-supported N-heterocyclic carbene-Pd-Suzuki coupling [
The Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides was catalyzed by this heterogenized ionic liquid transition metal catalysts (HIL-TMCs), and reactions were complete in 0.5 h. Bromides were equally active while substituted aryl chlorides gave lower yields and required longer reaction times mixed with some homocoupling of the aryl boronic acids as byproduct. The catalyst could be reused for six times without significant loss of activity. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) showed no leaching of Pd [28].
\nThe bird’s eye view on the immobilization technologies in IL matrix shows an amazing picture; using SILP technologies, a rich chemistry of organic functional transformations has been tremendously developed over the recent decades. From the point of view of recyclability and reusability, these novel technologies represent that the metallic species can be as much as possibly retained in the IL matrix. Though the success was achieved in many of the reported research articles, theoretically, academically and technically, many queries need to be addressed, and they are recommended as below:
The cohesive force that is operative in retaining the metallic species in IL matrix needs to be understood in detail using the principle of physical organic chemistry.
The nature of the catalytic material/s that is undergoing reaction in the IL matrix is not yet understood, and studies need to be carried out in this regard.
Not much is known about the role of IL matrix during the reaction, more answer is needed whether the IL is acting in only dissolving the reactants or alters the oxidation states of the catalytic material.
The ILs can be broadly classified as hydrophobic (phosphonium ILS—ionic liquid supported) and hydrophilic (nitrogen-based ILs), and hence, we need to identify whether the hydrophilic ILs can deactivate or slower the kinetics in the consecutive runs.
The main advantage of IL matrix is that we can carry out the reaction at elevated temperatures depending on the thermal stability of ILs but not much literature reports are known on kinetic measurements at elevated temperatures.
More exploration is needed to estimate the nature of side products and impurities in the recycle experiments, if any.
This multidisciplinary research has united many professionals and entrepreneurs to work together; though this chapter has highlighted on the transition metal catalysis, this surface coating of solid materials in thin film and using them in IL matrix does not limit to organic synthesis alone. The summary of the recent research article findings show tremendous advantages of the individual homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems reported in IL matrix. This area of research will soon end up in chemical processes for the manufacture of fine chemicals and so on with the fundamental understanding of various physicochemical properties of SILP systems with improved activity, selectivity and recyclability.
\nAn important and growing part of the textile industry is the medical and related healthcare and hygiene sectors. The extent of growth is due to constant improvement and innovations in both textile technology and medical procedures. A critical and developing part of the fabric Industry is the clinical and associated healthcare and hygiene sectors. Textile has usually been part of healthcare [1]. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable however normally they are used inside the running room theatre or at the health centre ward for the hygiene, care and protection of personnel and patients. The range of programmes variety from the easy cleansing wipe to the superior barrier fabric used for running rooms. Medical textiles constitute systems designed and executed for scientific software [2]. The range of programs is diverse, starting from an unmarried thread suture to the complicated composite systems for bone alternative and from the easy cleansing wipe to superior barrier fabric utilized in running rooms. Textile substances and products, which have been engineered to fulfil precise needs, are appropriate for any scientific and surgical software wherein a mixture of strength, flexibility and from time to time moisture and air permeability is required.
Textile materials and products that have been engineered to meet particular needs are suitable for any medical and surgical applications, where a combination of strength, flexibility and sometimes moisture and air permeability are required [3, 4].
Textile has usually been a part of healthcare. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable; however, normally they may be used inside the working room theatre or at the health facility ward for the hygiene, care and protection of workforce and patients. The quantity of packages variety from the easy cleansing wipes to the superior barrier fabric used for working rooms [5].
The medical textile fabric merchandise may be prepared into three simple categories
Patient specific: sponges, sheets, burn sheets etc.
General patient management: Under-pads, adult diapers and wipes
Procedure specific: sterilization wrap, surgical gowns, drapes, table covers, face masks, head and shoe covers.
Nontoxicity
Non-allergenic response
The ability to be sterilized
Elasticity, durability
Biocompatibility
Fast and highly absorbent
Static dissipation
Antimicrobial
Wide range of staple fibres are used for the hygiene sector and technical application (Table 1)
Bi-component fibres for thermal bonding, used in hygiene articles such as sanitary napkins, baby diapers, etc.
Special types for hydro-entangled nonwovens are not only employed in the manufacturer of wet and cosmetic wipes but also increasingly in technical applications.
Fibres made from biopolymers (PLA/Ingeo) include fibres made from renewable plant compounds
Fill fibres for beds.
Used medical application | Type of fibre used | Cloth type |
---|---|---|
Cover cloths and Surgical drapes | Polyester and polyethylene | Nonwoven or woven |
Absorbent layer Outer layer, Incontinence and diaper Cover stock | Polyester, polypropylene Wood fluff and Super-absorbents Polyethylene fibres | Nonwoven |
Protective clothing and Clothing uniforms | Cotton, polyester and polypropylene | Woven and Nonwoven |
Surgical hosiery garments products | Polyamide, polyester, cotton and elastomeric yarn | Nonwoven and Knitted |
Wipes and garments | Viscose rayon | Nonwoven |
Masks and caps etc. | Viscose rayon, polyester, viscose and glass | Nonwoven |
Pillow covers, sheets and Bedding, Blanket | Cotton, polyester and cotton | Woven and knitted |
Surgical gowns garments | Cotton, polyester, viscose rayon and polypropylene | Nonwoven and Woven |
Non-woven possesses the following properties due to which they became famous in medical field:
Various parameters can be controlled easily like porosity, weight of fabric, thickness.
Nonwovens are easy to sterilise
Various manufacturing technique options according to applications.
Economical manufacturing process.
These encompass surgeon`s gowns, caps and masks, affected person drapes and cowl cloths of all sizes. The reason for defensive healthcare clothes is to defend healthcare experts from infection from blood and different infectious fluids [6, 7]. Biological defensive clothes are described through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as follows: `Personal defensive garb may be taken into consideration suitable most effective if it does now no longer allow blood and different infectious substances to by skip thru to attain an employee`s paintings clothes, road clothes, undergarment, pores and skin, eyes, mouth or different mucous membranes below the ordinary situations of use and at some point of time the protection system may be used` According to this definition, there are fundamental necessities for a defensive fabric garment: it ought to save you infectious substances from passing thru the pores and skin and it ought to closing lengthy enough. Protective clothing inside the clinical subject ought to be affordable, breathable, comfortable, dependable, and effective [8].
Main issue in design and use of operating room fabric used to be is the protection of the patient from contamination by the environment and by healthcare workers. The principle design features for medical non-woven fabric are barrier properties, strength, sterilization stability, breathability and comfort for garment application.
Barrier performance can be partial (resistant) or total (proof) ranging from particulates and bacteria to fluids and viruses. The principal necessities for barrier fabric are that they withstand the penetration of liquids, especially blood and on the equal time be sterile, breathable, bendy and cheaper. Because of those necessities, maximum of the barrier clothes are crafted from non-woven fabric, which can be exceedingly cheaper and may be thrown away after every use, hence lowering the want for re-sterilization. In a few cases, unique breathable movies are being brought to fibres and fabric. In different cases, components are being brought without delay into polymers getting used to making the fibres. Theatre drapes are meant to shape a barrier in opposition to contamination each to and more good from the patient. Strength requirements vary with end-use application. For surgical drapes, stiffness is very critical because barrier performance may be affected by comorbidity to patient or equipment. Good abrasion resistance is necessary for the safety of barrier administration. The consumer product safety commissions (CPSC) require 3.5sec burn time on CS-191-53 for gowns, head covering and surgical mask [9, 10, 11].
Many hospitals have delivered peroxide plasma systems, inclusive of STERRAD, to their steam autoclaves and ethylene oxide chambers inside the Central Supply Room. In designing fabric for sterilization, it is far critical to apprehend the effect of sterilization tactics on material overall performance features. Steam autoclaves typically function at 132°C. Fabrics containing cellulose are not typically advocated for the plasma gadgets as those fabrics hold residual peroxide.
The consolation and breathability components are commonly taken into consideration as opposing the barrier performance. For sterilization wrap, the difficulty is that the barrier should save you dirt and micro-organisms from penetrating a sterilized bundle in the course of garage and transportation. At an equal time, it should be porous sufficient for the sterilant to penetrate the wrapped bundle and absolutely sterilize the content material of the surgical set.
For gowns, linting is not wanted because particles from gowns or drapes may complicate the wound healing process. In general, it is accepted that particles above 50μm are readily visible to the unaided eye.
Treated fabric articles can encompass clinical textiles consisting of pads, face masks, surgical gowns, ambulance blankets, stretchers, and clear out substances and diapers [12].
High overall performance fibres had been evolved which save you risky microorganism from buildup and could discover programs with inside the fields of private hygiene wherein buildup of risky microorganism may be risky to health: the fibre essentially includes a mixture of antimicrobial compounds, primarily based totally on steel salts which in the end controls microorganism and fungi. The compounds are embedded inside the matrix of fibres which renders it impervious to washing and wear [13].
Surgical gowns are worn during medical procedures, to prevent contamination by splattering of body fluids such as blood, respiratory secretions, vomit or feces during medical procedures.
Surgical gowns are made of fluid-resistant materials to reduce the transfer of body fluids (Figure 1). Isolation gowns are usually intended to protect the wearer from the transfer of micro-organisms and only small amount of body fluids [14].
Surgical gowns, healthcare and hygiene products [
They should have high level of air permeability, high filter capacity, and should be light weight and non-allergic .
Materials: consist of a very fine middle layer of extra fine glass fibres or synthetic micro fibres covered on both sides by either an acrylic bonded parallel-laid or wet-laid non-woven (Figure 2).
Surgical masks products [
These are used to cover patients or working areas around patients.
Material: loop raised warp-knitted polyester fabric laminated with PTFE films for air permeability, comfort and resistance to microbiological contaminants [15].
Surgical hosiery with graduated compression traits is used for wide variety of purposes, starting from a mild help for the limb to the remedy of venous disorders. Knee and elbow caps, which might be commonly fashioned throughout knitting on round machines and might additionally comprise elastomeric threads are worn for help and compression throughout bodily energetic sports activities or for protection.
Such as bedding garb, bed covers, incontinence merchandise are used for care and hygiene of patients. The conventional Woollen blankets had been changed with cotton leno woven blankets to lessen the threat of pass contamination and are crafted from smooth spun two-fold yarns which own suited thermal qualities. In isolation wards and in-depth care units, disposable defensive garb is worn to reduce pass contamination and are made from composite of tissue strengthened with a PET or polypropylene spunlaid web [16].
These include gauze for floors, dry dusting systems; hard surface disinfectant wipes high absorbency cloth, window cloth, electrostatic disposable dusters, cleaning mop, etc.
Figure 3 classify of three layers:
Inner pinnacle layer: fabricated from a mix of hydrophobic low-density fibre and is liquid and water permeable.
Core layer: full of wooden pulp and different absorbent fabric is especially absorbent.
Third layer encompasses multi-layer barrier, this is water vapour permeable, however persistent to liquid water.
Modern breathable disposable feminine products [
Modern incontinence product also consists of three layers.
Cover stock that is permeable and diffuses liquid laterally. Highly absorbent core and barrier polyethylene or PVC films that help patient cloths or bedding to keep dry.
Laboratory exams consist of water repellency, launder ability, burst electricity and tear electricity. The layout of barrier fabric is pushed with the aid of using the priority over HIV. Therefore, for those fabric check techniques that might help with inside the Characterisation of merchandise as blood-resistant, blood-evidence or viral evidence. These techniques were installed as ASTM 1670-95 and 1671-97.
The call for wettability approach of measuring the absorbency traits of fabric was defined with the aid of using Lichstein. This method measures each capability and absorption price concurrently at zero hydrostatic head. It is relevant to distinctive absorbents, wicking fluids and more than one ply system with the absorbent at any attitude to the fluid and below distinctive pressure [17].
Bio-purposeful substances are starting up new opportunities for the medical fabric sector. Here energetic materials are included in the fibre with the aid of using chemical change or implemented onto the fibre floor at some point of the spinning process. These components are transferred to the pores and skin with the aid of using frame moisture and frame warmth with stepped forward bioclimatic and hygienic homes such as.
Protection to the pores and skin from liquids, debris and bacteria.
Providing a powerful barrier towards germs, fungi and danger of infection.
Thermo regularity characteristic.
Ease of laundering, sterilization and anti-static behaviour
Low stage of fabric chemical compounds and dyes with excessive mechanical stability.
New fabric is evolved to face up to bacteria, mildew, stain and odour for healthcare applications. For example, anti-allergen completing retailers are used on material to offer themselves remedy to sufferers from bronchial allergies and allergic reactions as a result of dirt mites.
Active substances can also be made available to the skin as an aqueous solution by micro-encapsulation or by their insertion into water-absorbing network polymers, which are affixed to the fibre. Advanced processes also offer the potential for the development of bioactive, drug-delivering textiles and the controlled treatment of diseases.
Ideal bedding materials attribute the following
Convenient during changing and to wash
Breathable
Absorbent
Durable
Odour free
Now allergic
Hygienic
Easy to care for and store
Prevent liquid and soil spread around
Colour and pattern of the fabric (not significant for elderly)
Provide comfort support
Keep patient clean after being soiled
Smooth to the touch
Keep patient warm after being wetted
Soft to touch dry after being wetted
The application of textile in high performance and specialized fields are increasing day by day. There will be an increasing role for medical textiles in future.
Textile substances hold to serve a critical characteristic with inside the improvement of number clinical and surgical products.
The advent of recent substances, the development in manufacturing strategies and fibre properties, and the usage of greater correct and complete trying out have all had a giant impact on advancing fibres and fabric for clinical applications.
Advances in nonwovens have ended in a brand new breed of clinical textiles. Advanced composite material containing a combination of fibres and fabrics has been developed for applications where biocompatibility and strength are required.
As medical procedures continue to develop, the demand for textile material is bound to grow.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
\\n\\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\\n\\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\\n\\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
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\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
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\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
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\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
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Brewer and Brian Barton",authors:[{id:"115304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alyssa",middleName:"A",surname:"Brewer",slug:"alyssa-brewer",fullName:"Alyssa Brewer"},{id:"149246",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Barton",slug:"brian-barton",fullName:"Brian Barton"}]},{id:"35807",doi:"10.5772/39042",title:"Sequential Versus Simultaneous Processing Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia",slug:"sequential-versus-simultaneous-processing-deficits-in-developmental-dyslexia",totalDownloads:4414,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Marie Lallier and Sylviane Valdois",authors:[{id:"131402",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Lallier",slug:"marie-lallier",fullName:"Marie Lallier"},{id:"138756",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylviane",middleName:null,surname:"Valdois",slug:"sylviane-valdois",fullName:"Sylviane Valdois"}]},{id:"41588",doi:"10.5772/48495",title:"The Insular Cortex and the Amygdala: Shared Functions and Interactions",slug:"the-insular-cortex-and-the-amygdala-shared-functions-and-interactions",totalDownloads:5231,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"154657",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192588,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3597,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"63179",title:"Development Period of Prefrontal Cortex",slug:"development-period-of-prefrontal-cortex",totalDownloads:3642,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter outlines the issues associated with the development of prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents, and describes the developmental profile of executive processes across childhood. The prefrontal cortex plays an essential role in various cognitive functions and little is known about how such neural mechanisms develop during childhood yet. To better understand this issue, we focus the literature on the development of the prefrontal cortex during early childhood, the changes in structural architecture, neural activity, and cognitive abilities. The prefrontal cortex undergoes maturation during childhood with a reduction of synaptic and neuronal density, a growth of dendrites, and an increase in white matter volume. With these neuroanatomical changes, neural networks construct appropriate for complex cognitive processing. The organization of prefrontal cortical circuitry may have been critical to the occurrence of human-specific executive and social-emotional functions, and developmental pathology in these same systems underlies many psychiatric disorders; therefore, if we understand these developmental process well, we could better analyze the development of psychiatric disorders.",book:{id:"6819",slug:"prefrontal-cortex",title:"Prefrontal Cortex",fullTitle:"Prefrontal Cortex"},signatures:"Merve Cikili Uytun",authors:[{id:"163607",title:"Dr.",name:"Merve",middleName:null,surname:"Cikili",slug:"merve-cikili",fullName:"Merve Cikili"}]},{id:"41594",title:"Amygdala, Childhood Adversity and Psychiatric Disorders",slug:"amygdala-childhood-adversity-and-psychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:5957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Xiaodan Yan",authors:[{id:"144657",title:"Dr.",name:"X",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"x-yan",fullName:"X Yan"}]},{id:"58070",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2553,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"209",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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