\r\n\tIt has been established that energy/nutrient depletion, calcium flux injury, or oxidative stress disrupt endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and even induce accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, an adaptive mechanism of coordinated signaling pathways, defined unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated to return the endoplasmic reticulum to its healthy functioning state. The aging causes a decrease of the protective adaptive response of the UPR and an increase of the pro-apoptotic pathway together with endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural injury. Controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress response, maintaining the appropriate endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure and homeostasis, and retaining mitochondria interplay are crucial aspects for cellular health.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book presents a comprehensive overview of endoplasmic reticulum, including, but not limited to, endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural anatomy, MAMs, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and their implication in health and diseases. Additionally, identifying perturbations in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response could lead to early detection of age-related disease and may help develop therapeutic approaches.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-228-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-227-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-229-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",keywords:"Metabolism, Aging, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Microscopy, Metabolic Stress, Ultrastructural Anatomy, Cellular Stress, Contactology, Mitochondria, Cellular Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Response",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Human anatomy researcher involved in crucial topics on morphology, anatomy, and molecular medicine - working on innovative approaches to aging-related pathopsychological processes at the University of Brescia.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",middleName:null,surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238047/images/system/238047.jpg",biography:'Dr. Gaia Favero is a prominent scientist in the field of life sciences. She is currently engaged as a researcher for the Scientific-Disciplinary Sector BIO/16 Human Anatomy at the Anatomy and Pathophysiology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia (Italy).\r\nDr. Favero focuses on aging-related morphological dysfunctions as the prelude to various pathophysiological processes in her research programs. The central hypothesis is that natural antioxidants and, in particular, melatonin may act as molecular "switches" that modulate cells and tissues by suppressing, at various levels, oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling cascades. These research approaches represent powerful tools for developing innovative preventive strategies and identifying novel prognostic biomarkers for several diseases. The above-reported research activity determined more than 120 scientific publications and an h-index of 25.',institutionString:"University of Brescia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Brescia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"43375",title:"Product Sound Design: Intentional and Consequential Sounds",doi:"10.5772/55274",slug:"product-sound-design-intentional-and-consequential-sounds",body:'
1. Introduction
In our daily life we are immersed in sounds that are generated by products. If one were to ask someone to name sounds produced by products, often sounds are mentioned that alarm or inform us (e.g., microwave oven beeps, telephone rings etc.). These are the sounds of which we are consciously aware. However, many sounds subconsciously play an important role in our interaction with a product. One hears if the battery of a toothbrush runs out of power; one hears the power of a vacuum cleaner and one hears if the bag is full; etc. Although these are all functional aspects, sound also plays a role in our aesthetic, quality, and emotional experience of products. For example, one hears if the sound of a car door evokes a sense of quality. Car manufacturers have acoustical engineers to make sure that a slammed door will evoke this sense of quality. Sound quality and its relation to perception have been studied to some extent (e.g., Blauert & Jekosch, 1997; Bodden, 2000; Lyon, 2003). Often, these methodologies cover only one aspect of the design or evaluative process. Here we present a systematic approach to the inclusion of sound in the design process and its use as an essential aspect of controlling the quality of design and as a means of educating designers (and students) about the constituent parts of a product.
In this chapter, we will distinguish between sounds that are generated by the operating of the product itself and sounds that we intentionally add to a product. In the field of product sounds the first category has been named consequential sounds and the second category has been named intentional sounds (Van Egmond, 2007). This distinction is essential - both categories of sounds will require different design methods and the use of knowledge of different disciplines is needed. Intentional sounds are mostly composed which may be experienced as musical sounds. One could state that the use of intentional sounds as feedback of alarm sounds is in fact creating a small musical composition (i.e., musical motives). Therefore, these sounds can also be used to convey brand values of companies.
Consequential product sounds are experienced as “noisy”. It is very difficult for users, for designers, and for acoustical engineers to verbally express how they experience a sound. Several problems exist. In general, users lack the vocabulary to express themselves to explain what is wrong or right with a sound. They normally will say the product makes a unpleasant sound or noise. Designers also lack the vocabulary to express design concepts that may also be used in the design of a sound. The acoustical engineers have a very technical vocabulary from the disciplines of physics and sometimes psychoacoustics, which does not communicate very well to designers and to users. In addition, to understand the aesthetic and emotional experience of product sounds knowledge from the field of psychology (auditory perception, cognition, and emotion theories) is needed. As stated before, product sounds are loud and noisy. This inherent property makes it difficult to describe the sound in a structural manner. The reason for this is, of course, that noise by itself is random and lacks structure. However, product sounds do not produce completely random noise due to the resonance and engine/boiler properties of products (of course, there are many sources that are responsible for the generation of sound in domestic appliances). It is the aim of this product sound course of Industrial design Engineering(IDE), Delft University of Technology (DUT) to try to relate descriptive aspects from the physical, perceptual, and experiential domain to each other in order to improve the sound of domestic appliances.
1.1. The perception of sound
The top-down processing (involving knowledge stored in memory or mental representations) will result in the attribution of meaning (e.g., recognition, identification), relating sound to certain events, evoking (cognitive) emotions. It is important to note that the sensorial experience of a sound can be — often — directly related to the spectral and temporal features of a sound, whereas this is more difficult for top-down aspects (except for very well-structured sounds like speech and music). As described above, one of the aspects that is well known is the irritation that sounds evoke. The irritation can often be contributed to the sensorial processing of the sounds. It can be argued that top-down aspects, like the attribution of meaning, can positively influence the experience whether a sound is irritating or not.
In courses, students hear the sound of an epilator. This sound evokes a rattling and rough experience. If the students are asked to tell the source of the sound most students say this sound stems from a hedge-trimmer or some other power tool. If they are told that it is an epilator and they listen to the sound for a second time, the look on their face is completely different and reveals a sense of unpleasantness. Thus, the experience of a sound changes if the meaning is known. One of the perceptual aspects that cause this is the rattling of the product caused by the construction, the gears, and the engine. This aspect can be captured by the measure of roughness. This attribute can be related to the structural properties of the sound in spectral and temporal domains and is one of the determinants in the perception of sensory pleasantness.
2. Products
A product is the result of a design process that starts with a design problem, involves ideation phases, and ultimately leads to a market introduction. In the context of product sound design, mainly domestic appliances are considered. The appliances have moving parts that can move linear or radial and are joined together in such a way to fulfills its functional aspect. and in particular the sound of the product. The product sound is influenced by many physical parameters such as: material, size, form, stiffness, load, energy etc.
2.1. Technology
Energy facilities are dependent on the place of use. For instance a product with a combustion engine is not used in houses or factory halls, because the pollution of the environment and sound intensity. Electricity is the most convenient energy type which is available in the form of batteries and power outlet. All other types of energy such as, hydro-electric power, fuel cells, human power, solar energy and atomic energy are not considered because the main power source is electricity. Electricity is easy to convert into another type of energy such as: thermo energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy, etc., but every conversion means an energy loss.
Product sounds manifest themselves in mainly three sources airborne sound, liquid sound and structure-borne sound. In a product we are dealing mainly with structure-borne sound sources that find their way to the outside environment by radiation. Transfer paths take care of the propagation of the sound from the source to the environment of the product. Structure-borne sound demonstrates itself in solids, in constructions that are built up from plates, beams, shells and shafts. The material properties determine the propagation speed, which is constant for certain waves and forms. The propagation speed depends on elasticity, specific gravity and contraction, which is different for solid materials. However, steel and aluminium have the same propagation speed because the division of the elasticity by the density is the same (E/ρ).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tMedium\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tProlongation speed in m/s\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Air
\n\t\t\t
340
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Water
\n\t\t\t
1500
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Steel, Aluminium
\n\t\t\t
5200
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Iron
\n\t\t\t
5200
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Brass
\n\t\t\t
3700
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Glass (window)
\n\t\t\t
6800
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Wood (parallel) ρ=0.5 kg/dm3\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4000
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Lucite (Plexiglas)
\n\t\t\t
2650
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Polystyrene
\n\t\t\t
2300
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Rubber (soft)
\n\t\t\t
50
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 1.
Propagation speed for a number of materials, liquid, and air (Verheij, 1992).
The size of a product is determined by the required function and power needed to fulfil the function. For instance, a toaster: the electricity is converted into heating power for toasting the bread. The size of a toaster depends on the efficiency of the reflection and isolation of the power. The heating element is a sound source. An additional sound source is the relief mechanism.
The bending stiffness is the elasticity (E) multiplied by the moment of inertia (I) which is dependent on the cross-section type and the dimensions. For instance an electric milk shaker has a bar with a certain mass on the end. If the bar turns around then it is bending under the gyroscopic force. Better bending stiffness could be achieved if a hollow profile is used. This is because the mass is further away from the centre of gravity. The bending energy is dependent on the stiffness but has a lower bending stiffness means a higher bending energy. This bending energy is transformed into sound.
A load is needed to fulfil the required mechanical function for a right performance of the appliance at a certain speed. The power required for the function fulfilling is the load a torque (T), that is necessary for processing times the speed (ω). The needed power out, Pout= ω x T. The power input multiplied by the efficiency of energy transforming ηet and mechanical transmission ηmt is, Pout = Pin x ηet x ηmt.. The choice of type of power and mechanical drive is really important for the overall efficiency ηeff. If the efficiency of the permanent magnetic motor is 50% and the mechanical drive 80% for each transmission in a three-step drive, then the efficiency is only 25.6%. The conclusion could be that the best drive is the one without the mechanical transmission, so the energy transforming is only responsible for the efficiency. The biggest advantage of a direct drive is less parts, which reduce enormously an amount of sound sources. The efficiency of a product depends on the energy losses which are transformed through friction into heat, and the movements of masses in sound or noise.
Moving product parts are necessary to fulfil the function of domestic appliances which have six degrees of freedom in a three dimensional space, three degrees are transversal and the other three are rotational. The complete drive of a domestic appliance consists of an electric motor with a mechanical transmission that will be built up with machined parts to adjust the revolutions per minute that is needed with a certain torque. The best drive is without any moving parts, the direct drive. For example, a gear shaft has only one degree of freedom, namely rotation around its own axis. All the other degrees of freedom will be restricted to zero by the construction. For this purpose, fixed, detachable, and combination joints are available. A certain clearance is needed to realize their relative movements. A minimum and a maximum clearance can be determined depending on the tolerances of two parts, as well as small expansions due to temperature increases. Tolerances are the result of the chosen manufacturing process, which is determined by material, shape, size and volume of production. The clearance in the joints of the parts has a certain freedom of movement of the masses. This costs an amount of moving energy which will be transformed in a product sound.
2.2. Product domains
The product has relationships with three domains: Design, Embodiment and Production (see figure 1). The domains have a relationship which three conditions: environment, designer, and manufacture. The relationship between the domains are the activities: Creating, Designing and Making.
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Product relationship with the domains production, embodiment, and design.
Each domain is associated with different levels see table 2. The domain design associates the user, observer and owner level. The domain product points out the physical, sensory and social experiences (after derivation of design from the consumer’s point of view (Heufler, 2004). The two other domains have also pointed out the levels, the levels are for embodiment: practical, aesthetically, and status symbol. The levels are for production: parts making and assembly, availability, and benefit. The eye catcher is ‘benefit’ at the domain production, because without any profit, no other activity shall be undertaken which results in the production of products. Investments are made in production and design. Finally the activities should be profitable in a given period.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tDesign\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tProduct\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tEmbodiment\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tProduction\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
User level
\n\t\t\t
Physical experience
\n\t\t\t
Practical
\n\t\t\t
Parts making & Assembly
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Observer level
\n\t\t\t
Sensory experience
\n\t\t\t
Aesthetically
\n\t\t\t
Availability
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Owner level
\n\t\t\t
Social experience
\n\t\t\t
Status symbol
\n\t\t\t
Benefit
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 2.
Domains with their levels.
The relationship between design and production is the activity creating, or availability of production facilities. The availability is necessary to create the production under the constraints of the part design, manufacturing process and material. The designer must have good knowledge of: manufacturing and assembly, material, and aesthetics to create a successful product sound design.
The relationship between design and embodiment is the activity of designing, which is mostly carried out by a designer. Note that, designing is not engineering but creative problem solving, which always results in an embodiment. Engineering is a structured way of solving problems which lead to technical solutions that result in, objects, or systems.
The relationship between embodiment and production is the activity of making, the realization of a product with machinery or manually with a set of tools. Making gives satisfaction to a designer that a product can be realized. This experience is increasing the personality and identity of designer. The conditions form the relationship of the product with the domains of design, production and embodiment. Manufacturers make it possible to realize products by means of production This condition is an important connection in the product realization process. The designer is the condition to realize the product from a design. However, there are differences in the quality of the product design. This is caused by the personality and identity of a designer. The environment is the condition that an embodiment can be manifested as a product. The product should be manufactured from raw material to parts which will be assembled as a whole. This may be a component, a sub-assembly or a product. Two kinds of tolerances occurred, which are known as dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances, in manufacturing of parts and in the assembly of parts into a whole. Every manufacturing process has its own tolerances that depends on material, type of process, stiffness, geometry etc. For steel and aluminium the ratio E/ρ is almost equal, so also sound prolongation speed. Elastic modulus is always influencing the stiffness coefficient EI with I as moment of inertia, which results in dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances. However, the manufacturing process speed and force have influence on the size of tolerance, but not on geometric (form). The power of the manufacturing process is transformed is force and speed, which the temperature of the work will rise higher. The height of temperature is dependent on the power needed for the process and processed material. It results in temperature elongation, which influenced the tolerances after cooling of the work to the temperature of the environment.
The designers make the manufacturing process choices which depends on material, shape, size and volume of production, which results in certain dimensional and geometric accuracy. After assembling two parts, the clearance will manifest as a result of the separate accuracy of these parts. For instance for plastics it is harder to reach the accuracy, because the temperature elongation is much higher than that of steel. For instance a folding plastic garden chair should be able to fold up, which is made possible by hinge points which are required if the parts have to move freely. The chair does not have a power source to conduct, but has a force to hold. Here, large tolerances are acceptable while the comfort is not being affected. With plastic, these tolerances are achievable despite the poor accuracy of the manufacturing processes. Shape of a part is to be achieved by cutting, extrusion, forging, moulding, casting, stamping, forming etc. However, not every material is applicable for every manufacturing process. But the size always has limitations resulting from the starting material, for example wood is limited by the age of the tree. The volume of production can range from single pieces to mass; this requires constantly changing of the manufacturing processes and thus different clearance requirements are possible. At mass production, the tolerances are under control; otherwise the failure rate is too high. Zero defects is possible with mass production. However, before this is achieved, the entire production system must be calibrated.
The manufacture makes the parts between the upper and lower limits of the tolerance. The clearance between two assembled parts will be between maximum and minimum size of the individual components. A minimum clearance is preferred because the excitation has than the smallest movement, and the smallest influence on the components, resulting in a lower sound pressure. Of course it is unique to reach this situation by means of a manufacturing system. Most clearances are reached between averages of the tolerances. Every domestic appliances produce sound. The production of these sounds is a consequence of their operating and construction. Therefore, these sounds are called consequential sounds. These sounds should be analysed in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain to relate subjective findings to the engineered parts of the product.
If a domestic appliance is switched on then the power will conduct through the construction of parts to fulfil the working principle. Efficiency of the function is never hundred percent the losses are raised by friction of moving parts and vibration of parts, by mechanical excitation of the construction.
2.3. Consequential product sound model
The consequential product sound model are shown in figure 2, with four main aspects: sources, transmission of sound in the product, radiation, and transmission to receiver.
Figure 2.
Model for product sound.
The sources of sound are defined as: airborne sound, liquid borne sound and structure borne sound. Gaver (1993) mentioned the events as sound sources, the interaction of material at a location in an environment with a certain impact caused by the power. The power sources could be from outside the product as electricity, water, gas and air. For example electricity is mostly used in domestic appliances or consumer goods such as: coffee maker, dish washer, extractor fan, convection oven, electric drill, shaver, grinder, hairdryer etc. Examples for water could be the tap in the kitchen, water sprinkler for the garden, sprinkler installation as fire protection etc. Gas and air also have good examples in the home such as: stove in the kitchen, airbrushes for decoration etc.
The energy can also be stored in a battery, gas bottle, container or human. This energy can be delivered to the product at the desired moment for a limited time. For example, the water tank (container) of a toilet is used for flushing the toilet bowl after use of the toilet and it is then filled again. The water contains the amount of potential energy that is needed to flush the toilet.
In table 3 (next page) the sound sources with primary excited medium are defined. Type of excitation should be always an activity such as: mechanical, aero dynamical, hydro dynamical etc. The examples are experienced in daily life in a household and a manufacturing plant. Özcan has six product sound categories defined; these are not based on sources but on the experience of the sources. There is always energy stored in the sources or fed from outside the product by the power outlet.
Radiation is the excitation of airborne sound by surfaces and other parts of a product. In water such as: mobility for boats, water bikes, wind surfboard, etc. the radiation of sound is also important. Transmission of sound takes place by means of the transfer of the primary excited medium such as construction, air and liquid. In a product multiple propagation paths may occur depending on the product layout. Construction sound transmission are carried out by the components of the product, but air and liquid sound transmission is carried out by air and liquid -filled cavities or by the mediums air and liquid.
The receiver always experiences the product sound in an environment, but the sound propagates from the product by air. However, the sources are experienced after the transmission in the product and the radiation to the environment. Cooking on a gas stove is nice example because you experience the amount of gas flows that simultaneous burns. Besides you also experience the gas flow as high or low at a certain distance. The gas supply with small pressure and combustion have an interaction with the environment.
Two approaches are possible to create the desired product sound. The first approach may reduce noise, e.g., projector, air conditioning, air hammer etc. The second approach is a product sound design (powerful experience, intensive experience) to be designed; e.g., electric shaver, toothbrush, electric power tool.
Before the desired product sound can be designed, the product must be measured against the sound of an existing product. From a product design, a prototype can be built which can also be measured. Measuring the individual contributions of the parts and components are notified through disassembling (deconstruction) a product, removing part after part.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t Sources\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPrimary excited medium\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tType of excitation\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tExamples\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Air borne sound
\n\t\t\t
Air or another gas
\n\t\t\t
Mechanical
\n\t\t\t
Compressor Refrigerator
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Aero dynamical
\n\t\t\t
Fan Turbulent flow
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Combustion
\n\t\t\t
Exhaust gasses in the exhaust pipe Autogenous welding Gas burner
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Liquid borne sound
\n\t\t\t
Liquid
\n\t\t\t
Mechanical
\n\t\t\t
Plunger pump Gear pump
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Hydro dynamical
\n\t\t\t
Turbulence in flow Cavitation
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Structure borne sound
\n\t\t\t
Construction
\n\t\t\t
Mechanical
\n\t\t\t
Inertia: unbalanced
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Aero dynamical
\n\t\t\t
Collide: hammering, rolling, stamping, sawing Turbulence gas flow Air spray
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Hydro dynamical
\n\t\t\t
Releasing of whirls Air jet on surface Water heating
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Electro mechanical
\n\t\t\t
Pole attraction Magnetostriction in transformer
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 3.
Defining the sound sources.
3. Intentional product sounds
Intentional sounds are ‘intentionally’ implemented and are typically produced by means of a loudspeaker or piezo element. They are mostly digital and somewhat musical sounds often used in user interfaces. Intentional sounds can be found in, e.g., domestic appliances (e.g., alarm clocks, mobile phone button beeps, microwave oven finish bells, operating system welcome tunes), automotive (e.g., low fuel warning, unfastened seatbelt alert), public transport (e.g., beeps at check-in points), and healthcare (e.g., heart-rate monitoring). These synthesized or recorded sounds are typically created using music software. The function of intentional sounds is often to alarm or to provide feedback to users.
This section first provides an elaboration on different functions and types of intentional sounds. Then, an overview will be given on commonly used techniques for implementation. A suggested design process for these sounds can be found later in this chapter.
3.1. Functions of intentional sound
Added sounds are regularly used to communicate abstract meanings or to provide information about the result of a process or activity (feedback). For example, when pressing membrane buttons on a microwave oven, the buttons themselves do not make sound. However, a ‘beep’ sound produced by a built-in piezo element will confirm the user’s choice, after which the microwave’s platform starts to rotate and produce its typical cyclic sound. This illustrates how as augmentation, intentional sounds are not inherently coupled to either a user’s action or a product’s functionality (see: consequential sounds). Yet, listeners learn to attribute meaning to added sounds, as they are generally designed to convey certain messages. For example, Edworthy et al. (1995) investigated the potential effects of changes in acoustic parameters (e.g., pitch, rhythm) on associated meanings (e.g., controlled, dangerous, steady). This attribution process is highly context-dependent. Consider how the perceived urgency of identical warning sounds may be different depending on whether it indicates a low battery warning of a mobile phone, or a problem with a heart rate monitoring system. See Hoggan et al. (2009) for an example on contextual differences in mapping audio parameters to informing signals by user interfaces (i.e., confirmations, errors, progress updates, warnings). Furthermore, product sounds are always part of a larger auditory environment. For example, an intensive care unit consists of a wide range of monitoring equipment. Lacking a standard for their alarm sounds, nurses potentially mistake a ‘code red’ alarm of one machine for a ‘mild’ alarm of another machine (Freudenthal et al., 2005, Sanderson et al. 2009). Therefore, it is essential to design intentional sounds based on the interactions users (should) have with the product in a given context, and based on how people perceive these sounds.
One can differentiate between discrete and continuous feedback. The button tones of a microwave oven serve as confirmation of a completed action. They give discrete feedback, as they only sound once after a key has been pressed. This is different from continuous monitoring of a process, such as the series of beeps emitted by parking assistants in modern cars. Here, the time between consecutive beeps is inversely related to the distance to the car behind. Therefore, this is also an example of dynamic feedback. On the other hand, the microwave button tones always sound the same, regardless of how the user pushes them. Thus, this type of feedback can be called static. The decisions between discrete vs. continuous and dynamic vs. static feedback have consequences on the implementation of the corresponding sounds, as will be shown later.
3.2. Classes of intentional sound
One can discern between four main classes of intentional sounds: earcons, auditory icons, sonification, and continuous sonic interaction. The examples given so far mainly consisted of beep-like sounds. They are part of a larger class of discrete musical sounds which are called earcons. As discussed before, the abstract mapping of earcons must be learned, as there is no semantic link between the sounds and the data they represent. Differentiation is commonly found in terms of pitch, rhythm, timbre, spatial location, duration, and tempo (Hoggan et al. 2009). A second class of intentional sounds are auditory icons. Contrary to earcons, these are natural, everyday sounds, which are described in terms of their sources (e.g., the air flow sound of a fan to represent the state of a steam vent). Due to their semantic link to the things they represent, auditory icons are supposedly easier to learn and remember than earcons (Hearst et al. 1997). A third class of intentional sound is sonification, which concerns continuous data display. An ongoing awareness of a total system can be created, by including both alarming sounds and reassuring sounds for ‘normal’ states. Barrass argues that sonification can be used for monitoring an entire system, whereas earcons and auditory icons are better suited for diagnosis of subsystems (Hearst et al. 1997). Finally, a fourth class of intentional sounds has emerged. Rather than focusing on system states, continuous sonic interaction aims at sonifying expressiveness in human-product-interaction. A study by Rocchesso et al. (2009) illustrates how dynamic, continuous sound can influence the way we interact with a range of experimental kitchen appliances.
3.3. Implementation of intentional sounds
Intentional product sounds are typically generated with music software. The type of implementation depends on the classes of intentional sounds. Two main approaches can be discerned: recording and parametric synthesis. In the recording approach, (parts of a) product or environment are recorded, which can be done outdoors with a field recorder, or in an acoustically-treated recording room. The absence of room reverb in the latter condition facilitates editing at a later time. Recordings can be manipulated (e.g., equalization, compression), sliced, and layered to create a more complex sound. The main advantage of using recordings is the ease with which a realistic sound can be obtained. This approach lends itself well to creating auditory icons. However, recordings are not as flexibly manipulated as sounds created with parametric synthesis.
Parametric sound synthesis concerns the creation of sound starting from nothing. This implies that every sound feature deemed important should be included in a model. With such a model, the sound can then be manipulated according to its corresponding parameters. Typical techniques include additive, subtractive, wavetable, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and granular synthesis (examples on these techniques can be found in Farnell, 2010). Here, the use of elementary waveforms (i.e., sine, saw tooth, triangle) and/or noise is the common starting point. Parameters usually relate to an acoustical description of the sound (e.g., saw tooth wave and filter cutoff frequencies). Another technique that has gained increased attention over the years is physical modelling. This technique commonly employs mass-spring, dampener, and resonator models that mimic the working principles and construction of, e.g., musical instruments. Consequentially, parameters relate to ‘natural’ features, such as plucking force, string length, and material thickness. Rocchesso et al. (2009) argue that for continuous sonic interaction “the main sound design problem is not that of finding which sound is appropriate for a given gesture. Instead, the main problem is that of finding a sensible fitting of the interaction primitives with the dynamical properties of some sound models, in terms of specific perceptual effects.” Parametric synthesis offers great flexibility, but at the cost of an increased effort to generate realistic, appropriate sounds.
The product sound designer should decide whether the sound will be presented static or dynamic. In the case of static sounds, one may choose to save them as samples to a dedicated piece of memory. The samples can then be played back on-demand. This is often the case with auditory icons and earcons. However, for sonification and continuous sonic interaction, both dynamic by definition, the synthesis model itself will have to be implemented in the chipset of the product. The sound will then be generated and manipulated in real-time, depending on the input of sensors. Note: the implementation of a synthesis model is not always feasible for complex sounds that require CPU processor-intensive models.
Finally, a sound that has been created digitally requires at least a digital-to-analogue convertor, and a loudspeaker or piezo element to be heard. For optimal acoustic efficiency, the resonance frequency of the cavity in which the loudspeaker or piezo element is mounted may require tuning to the frequency content of the envisioned sound.
4. Product sound design process
Aforementioned intentional and consequential sounds can be designed in order to facilitate a certain product experience. The main aim of the sound design process is to facilitate an auditory experience by using product sounds that are complimentary or supportive to the main product experience. For example, the warning signal of a microwave oven could be designed to be ‘inviting’ or a shaver could be designed to sound ‘sporty’. In both examples, the desired auditory experience can only be achieved by forcing changes into the constructive elements of the main product, as sound is a natural consequence of objects/materials in action.
The design of the consequential and intentional sounds undergoes an iterative process (similar to the method suggested by Roozenburg and Eekels, 2003) that runs parallel to the main design process so that communication between different design teams is kept at its highest level of knowledge-exchange. Thus, a product sound design process incorporates four stages (see Figure 3):
sound analysis within product usage context;
conceptualization of ideas with sounding sketches;
embodiment of the concept with working and sounding prototypes;
detailing of the product for manufacturing with sounds fine-tuned to their purpose.
In light of the four-stage sound design process, it is often the case that sound design process starts with the main design brief, in which special attention may have been paid specifically to sound. However, usually the main design concept suggested in the brief can be taken as the basis for sound design.
Figure 3.
Methods for product sound design -related activities (adapted from: Özcan & van Egmond (2008))
4.1. Stage 1: Sound analysis
The sound analyses stage starts by first determining when and how the product emits sound and how the sound is incorporated into the human-product interaction. Therefore, observational research with high-definition audio-visual recordings is necessary to place the sound in context with the user in an environment natural to human-product interactions. In such observations, the following issues should be considered or paid attention to:
acoustic effect of environment on the sound,
other environmental/product-related sounds that could mask the sound in question,
interaction of the product with the user and environment,
facial expressions of users for detecting unpleasant or unwanted sounds,
stages of product use and occurrence of sound in any given stage,
duration of the product use and exposure to sound,
impact of sound on product usability.
After tackling these issues and making a map of auditory experience within context, dry recordings of the product sound in a studio environment can be taken. Both dry and environmental sound recordings can be further analysed in terms of acoustic content of the sounds (e.g., Spectrograms, Bark scales) and their basic relevance to psychoacoustics. Subsequently, a comparison can be graphically made between a product sound occurring in a natural environment and the actual sound of the product without any environmental effects.
The acoustical analysis of sounds is also used to pinpoint acoustic regions that can cause sensory discomfort and locate the region or part where the problems with sound occur. Thus, the sound analyses stage continues by analysing the effect of the assembly parts of the product on the product sound. This is carried out by disassembly of the product in a by step-by-step fashion and recording at each stage of disassembly until the last sound-producing component is left. Again, acoustical and psychoacoustic analyses are required for each recorded sound. This is a crucial stage in product sound design that aims at determining which existing component of the product is problematic and can be replaced.
As exemplified above, the sound analysis stage is based on many iterative processes that involve observations and analyses into human-product interaction within context, the acoustical content of the sound, and physical construction of the product. Such analyses lead to understanding the conceptual and functional role of sound in human-product interaction.
4.2. Stage 2: Conceptualization
Once the conceptual and functional problems with product sounds are identified during the sound analysis phase, designers can proceed with conceptualizing the to-be-designed new product sounds. The conceptualizing should incorporate the desired product experience (as defined in the product brief) as a reference but focus on the sound-specific relevance to the desired experience. For example, if a shaver is being designed to be sporty, the sound does not necessarily have to refer to this concept directly. Semantic associations (i.e., sub-concepts) of sporty (e.g., powerful, dynamic, energetic) applied on the shaver sound would be also satisfactory as a contribution to the overall product experience.
Therefore, at this stage, it is important first to define the semantic associations of the desired product experience in order to determine what underlying concept could be taken further for sound design. Such conceptual analysis can be made with the help of a couple of methods (Özcan & Sonneveld, 2010). Mindmapping, bodily explorations, and acting out are complimentary methods that help to deconstruct the meaning of a desired experience. With bodily explorations, designers try to put themselves in a, e.g., sporty mood and determine situations when one feels sporty (e.g., jogging, playing tennis). They internally observe what happens in their body if they are sporty and further check their emotional state to determine how pleasant, aroused, or powerful they feel. With acting out, designers physically act out, e.g., sporty by moving their bodily parts, vocalizing sounds accordingly, and interacting with other objects. This method is important to determine the physical and temporal properties of the desired experience. Once such explorations into meaning deconstruction are complete, designers can summarize their experiences with the help of a mind map (a.k.a. knowledge map). The purpose of the mindmap is to systematically unravel the meaning of a desired experience, which is an abstract term, and relate it to physical properties of objects/interactions/sounds, which are concrete entities. Furthermore, mindmaps often help designers to determine metaphors which may be useful for the application of the concept. As a result, a concept supporting the desired product experience can be taken further for sound sketching.
Once a concept is selected, a next step is to audiolize this concept with sound sketching. The ultimate goal of sound sketching is to find auditory links that may underlie the selected concept (and the desired experience, directly or indirectly). Sound sketching can be done via tinkering with objects, vocalizations of sounds, and/or using a sound sketching tool (e.g., PSST! Product Sound Sketching Tool). With tinkering, designers are encouraged to find objects that can express the desired auditory expression when in interaction with other objects. It is important here how designers tackle the objects, with what actions and movements. Tinkering is all about creating sounds with ordinary daily objects. With vocalization, designers can vocally imitate the sound with auditory expressions of the desired experience. For example, having learnt during the prior bodily/physical explorations that a sporty sound should be energetic, dynamic, determined, etc., designers can vocalize an engine sound with such auditory expressions. Finally, if designers have access, they can sketch sounds with a specially designed interactive tool such as PSST! (Jansen, Özcan, & van Egmond, 2011). PSST! allows designers to create digital sounds with previously recorded samples by manipulating the timbre, sound intensity, and pitch. PSST! is more suitable for consequential sounds.
The conceptualization phase is complete once the desired auditory expression has been determined. The sound sketches can be further used as a guide for the prototyping of the product with the desired auditory expression.
4.3. Stage 3: Embodiment
In the design and construction of the products, the embodiment phase is the first moment when designers encounter sounds emitting from the newly designed product. The embodiment phase for sound design concerns the physical product parts that need to be altered/replaced in order to create the desired auditory experience. Therefore, the problematic parts encountered in the analysis stage will be tackled at the embodiment stage. One activity that is essential to this stage is the prototyping. Designers need to partially prototype the product in order to observe the occurring sound and verify its fit with the desired auditory features and experience.
Similar to the sound analyses stage, each occurring sound needs to be acoustically analysed. The same methods of sound recording and analysis such as used in the analyse phase can be adopted here. However, the observations and conclusions should be tackled around the desired auditory experience.
Tools and methods used for the embodiment design of sounds depend on the type of sound. Intentional sound design and application require more digital techniques to construct the sound and consequential sound design and application would require more analogue techniques to construct the product, hence the sound.
4.3.1. Intentional sounds
Intentional sounds are by nature music-like sounds, thus they can be created from scratch with the help of a musical instrument or a computer with proper sound editing tools (e.g., Garage band, Audacity). Timbre, temporal structure, and length are some factors that need to be considered when designing intentional sounds. The intentional sounds are already described in chapter 3.
4.3.2. Consequential sounds
For example, if a food chopper is producing an unwanted fluctuating sound and it has been found that the mill that turns the blade was found vertically tilted due to bad assembly; then, a better construction that stabilizes the mill could be proposed. In another example, the working principles of a coffee machine could be altered by… in order to create the feeling of efficiency and comfort. Furthermore, once the main assembly of the product is finished and a rough sound can be produced, it is possible that old-fashioned techniques of noise closures and dampening could be employed before the casing is designed and assembled.
The embodiment design phase is complete once the guidelines for the final prototype are achieved. It should be kept in mind that the product sound occurring at the prototyping stage may be different to the sound of the final product. Thus, the embodiment sound design phase consists of iterative stages of creating sounding models, (dis)assembling, and testing with the aim of achieving the desired experience with the final product. The tests involved here range from acoustical measurement and analysis of the sound via a computer to see whether the product sound fits the technical requirements, or cognitive evaluation of sound with potential users to ensure that the occurring sound semantically fits the desired experience. Moreover, with the sounding models, desired interaction with the product can be enabled and observed. This could be done with the help of potential users acting out towards the product and the design team, enabling the interaction with the wizard-of-Oz techniques.
4.4. Stage 4: Detailing
In the detailing phase, fine tuning of the product sound takes place. At this stage, the final prototype is built and the product to-be-produced takes its final shape. A more realistic sound is expected as an outcome. More extensive user research takes place with semantic differentials and observational studies. Collected data should yield more accurate results and conclusions regarding the desired experience and interaction. It is possible that the occurring sound still needs further adjustments. At the detailing stage, there will be room for further noise closure and dampening activities that roughly concern the outer shell of the product. At the end of detailing, the product should be ready for manufacturing.
5. Product sound designer
Sound design activities exemplified above are multi-disciplinary by nature and relate to three indispensable disciplines: acoustics, engineering, and psychology. Each of these disciplines contributes equally to the sound design process and a sound designer needs to have insights into each of them. Figure 4 demonstrates how knowledge from these disciplines feeds the sound design process. In the following paragraphs we will explain the individual contribution of these different fields of expertise and create the profile of a sound designer.
Figure 4.
Main disciplines contributing to product sound design activity (adapted from: Özcan & van Egmond (2008)).
5.1. Acoustics
Acoustics is the science that tackles sound phenomena. The field of acoustics is concerned with basic physical principles related to sound propagation and mathematical and physical models of sound measurement. Therefore, the topics of interest for the field of acoustics are the medium in and through which sound travels, reflecting and vibrating surfaces, speed of sound, and other physical characteristics of sound such as sound pressure, wavelength and frequency.
Sound is a result of the energy release caused by objects in action. Although the physical quality of the sound is determined by the sound source and action, acoustics does not necessarily investigate the source per se. The physical properties of the source (e.g., the interacting materials, weight, size, and geometry of the objects) are of interest for acousticians. Furthermore, sound propagates over time because it is the result of time-dependent dynamic events. That is, the physical character (i.e., spectral-temporal composition) of a sound changes over time depending on the type of actions and sound sources. For example, a piano produces a harmonically and temporally structured sound. A lady epilator produces a noisy sound because it contains multiple sound-producing events, each creating different harmonic partials and occurring at different time frames, causing temporal irregularity.
It is essential to understand the acoustic nature of the sound event when designing product sounds. Acoustic analysis of the sound can be first done during the problem analysis phase and can recursively occur until the problem has been defined. The field of acoustics provides tools and methods to analyse and simulate sound. Basic terms used for sound characteristics comprise of ‘frequency’ (variation rate in the air pressure), ‘decibels’ (sound intensity), and ‘amplitude’ (sound pressure). A spectrogram visualizes the frequency content of a sound and the intensity variations in time. Furthermore, a sound wave represents the temporal tendency of sound propagation and the sound pressure over time. It is possible to visually analyse the spectral-temporal composition of a sound event and precisely pinpoint the acoustical consequences of certain events. Moreover, various sound modelling techniques have been developed in the field of acoustics. Simulating sounding objects that are perceptually convincing has been possible thanks to the available computer technology (Cook, 2002; Pedersini, Sarti, & Tubara, 2000; Petrausch, Escolano, & Rabenstein, 2005; Rocchesso, Bresin, & Fernstrom, 2003). Furthermore, sound simulation can also be necessary to test upfront the perceptual effects of the desired sound.
5.2. Engineering
Engineering is the discipline through which abstract scientific knowledge takes on an applied nature. For the design of product sounds, three main branches of engineering provide knowledge: mechanical engineering, electric-electronics engineering, and material engineering. These relevant fields deal with sound indirectly and rather focus on manipulative (i.e., constructible) aspects of products. Various product parts, mechanisms, lay-out, materials, interactions, and working principles can all be engineered depending on the design requirements of the product and its sound.
In product engineering, functionality of the product should be the main focus. Thus, suggested alterations for the improvement of the product sound can only be carried out if the functionality of the product or product parts are kept intact. Engineers should have satisfactory knowledge on physics and mathematics, and they are able to calculate the energy release as sound or as vibration. Furthermore, the discipline of engineering provides various tools and methods to embody conceptual ideas and solutions to problems. Engineers and designers are well-supported on modelling, testing, and prototyping (Cross, 2000; Hubka & Eder, 1988; Roozenburg & Eekels, 1995). Similar tools and methods could be used for implementing product sounds as well.
5.3. Psychology
Sound design is not limited to finding technical solutions for a problem. The aforementioned disciplines deal with the physical aspect of sound and the object causing the sound (i.e., product). However, product sounds, just like other environmental sounds, have psychological correlates which may be on a semantic level or an emotional level (von Bismarck, 1974; Kendall & Carterette, 1995; van Egmond, 2004).
Listeners main reaction to any sound is to interpret it with their vocabulary of previous events. Such interpretations often refer to the source of the sound and the action causing the sound, such as a hairdryer blowing air Marcell, Borella, Greene, Kerr, & Rogers, 2000). Listeners are able to follow the changes in the spectral-temporal structure of the sound and perceive it as auditory events or sometimes as auditory objects (Kubovy & van Valkenburg, 2004; Yost, 1990). In the absence of image, just by hearing listeners can describe the material, size, and shape of the sound (Hermes, 1998; Lakatos, McAdams, & Causse, 1997).
For product sounds the conceptual network consists of associations on different levels (Özcan van Egmond, 2012). Source and action descriptions occur the most, followed by locations in which products are used the most (e.g., bathroom, kitchen), basic emotions (e.g., pleasant-unpleasant), psychoacoustical judgments (e.g., sharp, loud, rough). In addition, source properties can also be identified (e.g., interacting materials or sizes of the products). Furthermore, product sound descriptions could also refer to rather abstract concepts such as hygiene (for the sound of washing machine), wake-up call (for the sound of the alarm clock), and danger (for a warning buzzer).
These conceptual associations of sound indicate that a fit of the sound to the product or with the environment in which the sound occurs is judged. Therefore, a design team cannot overlook the cognitive and emotional consequences of the sound. In various stages of design, user input needs to be carefully considered. Therefore, questionnaires that are aimed at measuring the psychological and cognitive effect of sound could be used.
5.4. Hybrid disciplines: Psycho-acoustics and musicology
Above we discussed the major disciplines contributing to sound design. However, some hybrid disciplines also contribute such as psycho-acoustics and musicology. The field of psychoaoustics deals with the basic psychological reactions to the acoustic event. Sharpness (high frequency content), roughness (fluctuation speed of the frequency and amplitude modulation), loudness (sound intensity), and tonalness (amount of noise in a sound) are the main parameters used to observe the psycho-acoustical reaction of listeners. Although these parameters are supposed to be subjective, a general conclusion has been made in the past regarding the threshold and limits of human sensation to sounds. Therefore, psycho-acoustical algorithms have been presented to measure the above-mentioned perceived characters of sound (Zwicker & Fastl, 1990). These algorithms are used to measure the sounds perceptual quality and predict listeners tolerance to sounds. Thus, they are predictive of sensory pleasantness or unpleasantness.
Designers can design alarm-like synthesized sounds if they have knowledge and practical experience in the field of musicology, as composing music that requires knowledge on theories about musical structures and compositions and tools to create harmonic and rhythmic sounds.
5.5. Responsibilities of a product designer
A product sound designer should have knowledge and skills on three major disciplines (engineering, acoustics, and psycho-acoustics) and also on hybrid disciplines such as musicology and psycho-acoustics (see Figure 5).
A product sound designer is primarily an engineer that is able to manipulate the product lay-out and is skilful in applying physical and mathematical knowledge in order to analyse and to model the product lay-out while considering the consequences in terms of sound.
Figure 5.
Professional domains of a sound designer (adapted from: Özcan & van Egmond (2008)).
However, interpreting the physics of sound per se should also be one of the major roles of such an engineer. Skills in acoustic analyses and ability to simulate sound are necessary. Furthermore, a sound designer should be able to link the structural properties of a sound to its acoustical composition. In addition, musical knowledge on how to compose synthesized sounds is required in the case of the intentional sounds.
Furthermore, the psychological correlates of the product sound should also be considered when an engineer is tackling the physical aspects of sound and the product as a sound source. Ultimately, the product sound designer has the last word when judging whether the sound fits the desired experience and the interaction within the context of use. Knowledge on psycho-acoustical analyses is required to predict the first user reactions only to sound. Later, semantic analyses need to be conducted with potential users to make sure the sound design is complete and appropriate to the product.
6. Product sound design course
Product Sound Design is an elective course of the Master of Industrial Design Engineering Education at Delft University of Technology. In product sound design we distinguish two main types of sounds: Intentional sounds and Consequential sounds. The two types of sounds are addressed to the second half year - in the first quarter intentional sound and in the second quarter consequential sound. The students involved are working in project teams of two or three students. The elective consists of a project with few lectures to support the project. The final results should be presented to all course members and stakeholders in a colloquium. The presentation takes approximately 25 minutes with 5 to 10 minutes for questions and discussion. The project is graded on the deliverables: presentation, and report. For the projects, domestic appliances are chosen such as: kids alarm, public public transport card check in and check out, electrical toothbrush, choppers in different versions, shavers, etc..
6.1 Intentional sound project
The intentional sound project approaches the design of these sounds from an interaction perspective. These sounds are synthesized or recorded and are often more musical or speech-like. Therefore, the sounds are created by use of music software. The function of sounds is often to alarm or to provide feedback to users. The project focuses on perception and re-design of these sounds from n interaction point of view . It is essential that these sounds are designed on the bases on the interactions, otherwise improper sounds will result.
6.2 Consequential sound project
The consequential sound project focuses on the sounds radiated by domestic appliances, and are a consequence of their operating and construction. The students will analyse the sounds in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain and try to relate these findings to the engineering parts of the product. A product should be disassembled and sound recordings will be made of different parts in order to obtain insight in the contribution of these different parts to the sound. The findings resulting from the analyses in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain are used to redesign new parts or different working principles.
6.3 The study goals
The study goals provide a basis for the self-development of a designer in the field of product sound design. The goals are:
To be able to implement their findings from the analyses in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain into an adapted product design,
To learn how sound is produced in products and experienced by people,
To learn basic principles of signal analysis (related to sound),
To learn the effect of tolerances on the performance of the appliances and its sound production,
To learn the relationship between product quality and sound quality.
The students get 6 ects (European credit transfer system) for this elective course. This means that they have to invest 168 study hours to come to new ideas and realize them in an adapted or innovative product sound design. The valuable results of three years since the elective started were used to develop further on the elective product sound design.
First of all, because the education method of this elective was very successful it will be upheld. The students are working in project teams because of the complexity of the topic. The frontal lectures are limited to project planning and organization, and to an introduction into the basics of product sound design. Sound recording is explained as among which: use of software, lab set-up, and how to record. Most recordings will be carried out in the Audio Lab, but if the project requires recordings can be made at a specific location (e.g. public transport card project). The coaching of the teams is on the initiative of the students which stimulates them in their search for creative and innovative solutions. At specific moments during the project, teams have to explain the project progress. During these moments coaches discuss the progress and results and give advice to go into a certain direction when necessary The results of a project are presented in a colloquium and a written report.
Figure 6.
Laboratory setup and Barks analysis for the maximum and minimum load on the toothbrush. The load will be applied by hanging bolts on the toothbrush.
6.4. The case: Toothbrush
We use a student project of a toothbrush as an example. The team measured the sound under load, shown in the lab setup in figure 6. This laboratory setup is easily adaptable to record the sound of the toothbrush under different loads. A sound level meter is used to obtain the loudness level in decibels. The recordings will be analysed to get insight into the sound effects at different power loads. The brush force for brushing teeth effectively lies between a maximum of 2N and minimum of 0.5 N in normal use.
The maximum load applied to the toothbrush is determined by the operation of the toothbrush at the boundary of the function in this case. The minimum load of the toothbrush is determined by its own weight. Figure 6 shows the graph of 2N and 0.5N loads - the influence of load on the toothbrush can be observed on the Bark scale. A peak is observed at 20 Barks for a load of 0.5N. It moves to a lower frequency domain of 15 Barks when the maximum load is reached.
The disassembly of the toothbrush is carried out in order to analyse the recordings of the parts contributing to the sound. In figure 7 the inside organization of the toothbrush is shown.
Disassembling of the toothbrush from complete product (situation black) to only the electromotor (situation brown) the recordings in barks in figure 8. The different graphs of disassembling the product are given in different colours. With a decrease of number of parts (disassemble step after step), the sound will gradually cut down.
The main axel (situation blue) is the main cause in the irritating rattling noise. When removed (situation green), there is a big decrease in the peak around 20 barks and a lowering of 6dB in volume. In the last stage of disassembly (situation brown), only the motor is active, that results in a sound of 45 dB. Gearing parts are assembled on the motor; this will increase the resistance that contributes to a louder sound, especially in the lower-frequency domain.
Figure 7.
Inside image of the toothbrush.
Figure 8.
Barks analysis on the complete disassembly of the toothbrush.
Figure 9.
Sketches of the redesign - in this case the working principle is changed.
In final stage, hand sketching is used to express the solution by means of the working principle. Sketching is a handy tool for the designer to visualize the working principle, product ideas, and parts quickly on paper. The sketches show how parts may be produced and assembled. However, implementing it in a product is often not feasible, therefore the intended sound cannot be measured. The toothbrush changes are based on sketching because making a prototype with rapid prototyping could bring you far away from the final solution because the replacement material has never the same sound property. In figure 9 sketches of a redesign are shown.
7. Discussion and conclusion
The two types of product sound need their own design process. Consequential sounds are the result of the product layout. However, the component choice, shape, material and manufacturing are the main parameters that determine the consequential sound. For a new innovative product, sound recordings of different components will be made and mastered into a future product sound (Van Egmond, 2008). In this situation, the product sound will rely on the experience of the product sound designer . In future, this experience should be replaced by a theoretical framework based on research on the following parameters: material, accuracy of parts, the tolerance of parts, how the parts are connected, power transport, size, geometric, speed, and assembly tolerances.
Although consequential sounds are restricted in degrees of freedom by the design and embodiment of the product, the design of intentional sounds has an unlimited number of degrees of freedom due to the fact that they can be designed from scratch. This is one of the reasons that many feedback and alarm signals are badly designed, because no limiting constraints are imposed. If one considers the design of intentional sounds as a form of interaction design, the interaction can impose the constraints on the design of the sounds. Consequently, the sounds will “fit” their function better. Knowledge from interaction design, psychoacoustics, audio engineering and music perception will form the theoretical basis of the design of these sounds.
It can be concluded that Product Sound Design should be a discipline within the domain design. Especially, the physical and psychological aspects should be mapped onto each other. The product sound designer has to learn from a variety of disciplines, from design to engineering and from acoustics to music perception. The course in product sound design is a good basis for further self-development of young designers. It enables opportunities for students under supervision of their lecturers to develop a systematic approach for product sound design. Hopefully, this will lead to more knowledge and appreciation of the way sound contributes to the overall product experience.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/43375.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/43375.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43375",totalDownloads:3561,totalViews:1611,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:30,totalAltmetricsMentions:2,impactScore:11,impactScorePercentile:98,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"April 12th 2012",dateReviewed:"November 27th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 13th 2013",dateFinished:"February 26th 2013",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/43375",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/43375",book:{id:"3116",slug:"advances-in-industrial-design-engineering"},signatures:"Lau Langeveld, René van Egmond, Reinier Jansen and Elif Özcan",authors:[{id:"39586",title:"MSc.",name:"Lau",middleName:null,surname:"Langeveld",fullName:"Lau Langeveld",slug:"lau-langeveld",email:"lau.langeveld@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"156849",title:"MSc.",name:"Reinier",middleName:null,surname:"Jansen",fullName:"Reinier Jansen",slug:"reinier-jansen",email:"r.j.jansen@tudelft.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"156854",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Van Egmond",fullName:"Rene Van Egmond",slug:"rene-van-egmond",email:"r.vanegmond@tudelft.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",email:"e.ozcan@tudelft.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156855/images/6243_n.jpg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. The perception of sound",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. Products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.1. Technology ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.2. Product domains",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.3. Consequential product sound model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Intentional product sounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1. Functions of intentional sound",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2. Classes of intentional sound",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3. Implementation of intentional sounds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Product sound design process",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.1. Stage 1: Sound analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2. Stage 2: Conceptualization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.3. Stage 3: Embodiment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.3.1. Intentional sounds",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"4.3.2. Consequential sounds",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.4. Stage 4: Detailing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"5. Product sound designer",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.1. Acoustics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.2. Engineering",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"5.3. Psychology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"5.4. Hybrid disciplines: Psycho-acoustics and musicology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"5.5. Responsibilities of a product designer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"6. Product sound design course",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"6.1 Intentional sound project",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"6.2 Consequential sound project",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"6.3 The study goals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"6.4. The case: Toothbrush",level:"2"},{id:"sec_29",title:"7. Discussion and conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'BlauertJJekoschU1997Sound-quality evaluation- a multi-layered problem, Acustica/acta acustica 83 (1997) same issue.'},{id:"B2",body:'CookP. R2002Real sound synthesis for interactive applications. Natick, MA: Peters.'},{id:"B3",body:'CrossN2000Engineering design methods: Strategies for product design (third edition). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.'},{id:"B4",body:'EdworthyJHellierEHardsR1995The semantic associations of acoustic parameters commonly used in the design of auditory information and warning signals. Ergonomics 38(11), 23412361'},{id:"B6",body:'FarnellA2010Designing Sound, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'FreudenthalAMellesMPijlVBouwmanAStappersP. J2005A Contextual Vision on Alarms in the Intensive Care Unit. Human Factors in Design Safety, and Management, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Shaker Publishing.'},{id:"B8",body:'GaverW. W1993What in the world do we hear? An ecological approach to auditory source perception. Ecological Psychology, 5(1), 129\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'HearstM. AAlbersM. CBarrassSBrewsterSMynattE. D1997Dissonance on audio interfaces." IEEE Expert-Intelligent Systems & Their Applications 12(5), 1016'},{id:"B10",body:'HermesD. J1998Auditory material perception (Annual Progress Report 33IPO.'},{id:"B11",body:'HeuflerG2004Design basics, from Ideas to Products,Niggli Verlag AG, Sulgen, Zürich'},{id:"B12",body:'HogganERaisamoRBrewsterS. A2009Mapping information to audio and tactile icons. Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, ACM: 327334'},{id:"B13",body:'HubkaVand EderW. E1988Theory of technical systems: A total concept theory for engineering design. Berlin: Springer.'},{id:"B14",body:'JansenR. JÖzcanEVan EgmondR2010PSST! Product Sound Sketching Tool. AES: Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 59(6), 396-403.'},{id:"B15",body:'KendallR. ACarteretteE. C1993Verbal attributes of simultaneous wind instrument timbres: I. von Bismarck’s adjectives. Music Perception, 10(4), 445- 468.'},{id:"B16",body:'KubovyMVan ValkenburgD2001Auditory and visual objects. Cognition, 80(1-2):97-126.'},{id:"B17",body:'MarcellM. EBorellaDGreeneMKerrERogersS2000Confrontation naming of environmental sounds. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(6), 830-864.'},{id:"B18",body:'ÖzcanEVan EgmondR2008Product Sound Design: An Inter-Disciplinary Approach?, Design Research Society Biennial Conference (DRS2008), Sheffield, UK.'},{id:"B19",body:'ÖzcanEVan EgmondR2012Basic semantics of product sounds. The International Journal of Design, in press for August, 2012.'},{id:"B20",body:'ÖzcanESonneveldM2009Embodied explorations of sound and touch in conceptual designing. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Design & Semantics of Form and Movement: Taiwan: DeSForm.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'PedersiniFSartiATubaraS2000Object-based sound synthesis for virtual environments- Using musical acoustics. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 17(6), 37-51.'},{id:"B22",body:'PetrauschSEscolanoJRabensteinR2005A General Approach to Block-based Physical Modelling with Mixed Modelling Strategies for Digital Sound Synthesis. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Pennsylvania, USA.'},{id:"B23",body:'RocchessoDBresinRFernstromM2003Sounding objects. IEEE Multimedia, 10(2), 42-52.'},{id:"B24",body:'RocchessoDPolottiPDelle Monache, S. (2009Designing Continuous Sonic Interaction." International Journal of Design 331325'},{id:"B25",body:'RoozenburgN. F. MEekelsJ1995Product Design, Fundamentals and Methods, Wiley, Chichester, UK.'},{id:"B26",body:'RothbartH. A1964Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA'},{id:"B27",body:'SandersonP. MLiuDJenkinsS. A2009Auditory displays in anesthesiology." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 22(6): 788795'},{id:"B28",body:'VerheijJ. W1992Basics Soundless Engineering, (Lecture book), Faculty Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands.'},{id:"B29",body:'Von BismarckG1974Timbre of steady sounds: A factorial investigation of its verbal attributes. Acustica,\n\t\t\t\t\t30146159'},{id:"B30",body:'YostW. A1991Auditory Image Perception and Analysis- the Basis for Hearing. Hearing Research, 56(1-2), 8-18.'},{id:"B31",body:'ZwickerEFastlH1990Psychoacoustics: Facts and models. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Lau Langeveld",address:null,affiliation:'
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"René van Egmond",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3116",type:"book",title:"Advances in Industrial Design Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Industrial Design Engineering",slug:"advances-in-industrial-design-engineering",publishedDate:"March 13th 2013",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3116.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1016-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6319-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"797"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"43353",type:"chapter",title:"A Bi-Directional Method for Bionic Design with Examples",slug:"a-bi-directional-method-for-bionic-design-with-examples",totalDownloads:3193,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carlos A. M. Versos and Denis A. Coelho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"57380",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Versos",fullName:"Carlos Versos",slug:"carlos-versos"}]},{id:"43362",type:"chapter",title:"Design Thinking in Conceptual Design Processes: A Comparison Between Industrial and Engineering Design Students",slug:"design-thinking-in-conceptual-design-processes-a-comparison-between-industrial-and-engineering-desig",totalDownloads:3484,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hao Jiang and Ching-Chiuan Yen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38998",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Hao Jiang",slug:"hao-jiang"},{id:"154802",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ching-Chiuan",middleName:null,surname:"Yen",fullName:"Ching-Chiuan Yen",slug:"ching-chiuan-yen"}]},{id:"43375",type:"chapter",title:"Product Sound Design: Intentional and Consequential Sounds",slug:"product-sound-design-intentional-and-consequential-sounds",totalDownloads:3561,totalCrossrefCites:22,signatures:"Lau Langeveld, René van Egmond, Reinier Jansen and Elif Özcan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39586",title:"MSc.",name:"Lau",middleName:null,surname:"Langeveld",fullName:"Lau Langeveld",slug:"lau-langeveld"},{id:"156849",title:"MSc.",name:"Reinier",middleName:null,surname:"Jansen",fullName:"Reinier Jansen",slug:"reinier-jansen"},{id:"156854",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Van Egmond",fullName:"Rene Van Egmond",slug:"rene-van-egmond"},{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan"}]},{id:"43585",type:"chapter",title:"TRIZ: Design Problem Solving with Systematic Innovation",slug:"triz-design-problem-solving-with-systematic-innovation",totalDownloads:4578,totalCrossrefCites:12,signatures:"Helena V. G. Navas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"153832",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:"V. G.",surname:"Navas",fullName:"Helena Navas",slug:"helena-navas"}]},{id:"43577",type:"chapter",title:"The Design of Product Instructions",slug:"the-design-of-product-instructions",totalDownloads:2883,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Dian Li, Tom Cassidy and David Bromilow",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39208",title:"Prof.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",fullName:"Tom Cassidy",slug:"tom-cassidy"}]},{id:"43556",type:"chapter",title:"Measuring Design Simplicity",slug:"measuring-design-simplicity",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos A.M. Duarte",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"154479",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"A. M.",surname:"Duarte",fullName:"Carlos Duarte",slug:"carlos-duarte"}]},{id:"43555",type:"chapter",title:"Sustainable Product Innovation: The Importance of the Front- End Stage in the Innovation Process",slug:"sustainable-product-innovation-the-importance-of-the-front-end-stage-in-the-innovation-process",totalDownloads:4513,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Kristel Dewulf",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"154290",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Kristel",middleName:null,surname:"Dewulf",fullName:"Kristel Dewulf",slug:"kristel-dewulf"}]},{id:"43553",type:"chapter",title:"Toy Design Methods: A Sustainability Perspective",slug:"toy-design-methods-a-sustainability-perspective",totalDownloads:2789,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Denis A. Coelho and Sónia A. Fernandes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"154342",title:"MSc.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Sónia Fernandes",slug:"sonia-fernandes"}]},{id:"43544",type:"chapter",title:"Design for Automotive Panels Supported by an Expert System",slug:"design-for-automotive-panels-supported-by-an-expert-system",totalDownloads:4324,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chun-Fong You, Chin-Ren Jeng and Kun-Yu Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51514",title:"Prof.",name:"Chun-Fong",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Chun-Fong You",slug:"chun-fong-you"}]},{id:"43542",type:"chapter",title:"Early Stages of Industrial Design Careers",slug:"early-stages-of-industrial-design-careers",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Inalda A. L. L. M. Rodrigues and Denis A. Coelho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"154341",title:"MSc.",name:"Inalda",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Inalda Rodrigues",slug:"inalda-rodrigues"}]},{id:"43458",type:"chapter",title:"Visual and Material Culture in the Context of Industrial Design: The Contemporary Nigerian Experience",slug:"visual-and-material-culture-in-the-context-of-industrial-design-the-contemporary-nigerian-experience",totalDownloads:4298,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"I.B. Kashim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39941",title:"Dr.",name:"Isah Bolaji",middleName:null,surname:"Kashim",fullName:"Isah Bolaji Kashim",slug:"isah-bolaji-kashim"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"323",title:"Industrial Design",subtitle:"New Frontiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6712ef0cc1fdf610d17e8aa70170f773",slug:"industrial-design-new-frontiers",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22844",title:"Technology as a Determinant of Object Shape",slug:"technology-as-a-determinant-of-object-shape",signatures:"Denis A. Coelho and Filipe A. A. Corda",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"57374",title:"MSc.",name:"Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Corda",fullName:"Filipe Corda",slug:"filipe-corda"}]},{id:"22845",title:"Knowledge-Based Engineering Supporting Die Face Design of Automotive Panels",slug:"knowledge-based-engineering-supporting-die-face-design-of-automotive-panels",signatures:"Chun-Fong You, Yu-Hsuan Yang and Da-Kun Wang",authors:[{id:"51514",title:"Prof.",name:"Chun-Fong",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Chun-Fong You",slug:"chun-fong-you"},{id:"139860",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Hsuan Yang",fullName:"Yu Hsuan Yang",slug:"yu-hsuan-yang"},{id:"139861",title:"Prof.",name:"Da",middleName:null,surname:"Kun Wang",fullName:"Da Kun Wang",slug:"da-kun-wang"}]},{id:"22846",title:"Product Instructions in the Digital Age",slug:"product-instructions-in-the-digital-age",signatures:"Dian Li, Tom Cassidy and David Bromilow",authors:[{id:"39208",title:"Prof.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",fullName:"Tom Cassidy",slug:"tom-cassidy"},{id:"45949",title:"Ms.",name:"Dian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Dian Li",slug:"dian-li"},{id:"92214",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Bromilow",fullName:"David Bromilow",slug:"david-bromilow"}]},{id:"22847",title:"Culturally Inspired Design: Product Personalities to Capture Cultural Aspects",slug:"culturally-inspired-design-product-personalities-to-capture-cultural-aspects",signatures:"Denis A. Coelho, Ana S. C. Silva and Carla S. M. Simão",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"57375",title:"MSc",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Simão",fullName:"Carla Simão",slug:"carla-simao"},{id:"57376",title:"MSc",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Ana Silva",slug:"ana-silva"}]},{id:"22848",title:"Culturally Inspired Design Education: A Nigerian Case Study",slug:"culturally-inspired-design-education-a-nigerian-case-study",signatures:"Isah B. Kashim, Sunday R. Ogunduyile and Oluwafemi S. Adelabu",authors:[{id:"39941",title:"Dr.",name:"Isah Bolaji",middleName:null,surname:"Kashim",fullName:"Isah Bolaji Kashim",slug:"isah-bolaji-kashim"},{id:"40031",title:"Mr",name:"Oluwafemi Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Adelabu",fullName:"Oluwafemi Samuel Adelabu",slug:"oluwafemi-samuel-adelabu"},{id:"56663",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunday Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Ogunduyile",fullName:"Sunday Robert Ogunduyile",slug:"sunday-robert-ogunduyile"}]},{id:"22849",title:"Biologically Inspired Design: Methods and Validation",slug:"biologically-inspired-design-methods-and-validation",signatures:"Carlos A. M. Versos and Denis A. Coelho",authors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho"},{id:"57380",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Versos",fullName:"Carlos Versos",slug:"carlos-versos"}]},{id:"22850",title:"Product Design with Embodiment Design as a New Perspective",slug:"product-design-with-embodiment-design-as-a-new-perspective",signatures:"Lau Langeveld",authors:[{id:"39586",title:"MSc.",name:"Lau",middleName:null,surname:"Langeveld",fullName:"Lau Langeveld",slug:"lau-langeveld"}]},{id:"22851",title:"Designing Disruptive Innovative Systems, Products and Services: RTD Process",slug:"designing-disruptive-innovative-systems-products-and-services-rtd-process",signatures:"Caroline Hummels and Joep Frens",authors:[{id:"48290",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Hummels",fullName:"Caroline Hummels",slug:"caroline-hummels"},{id:"61124",title:"Dr.",name:"Joep",middleName:null,surname:"Frens",fullName:"Joep Frens",slug:"joep-frens"}]},{id:"22852",title:"TRIZ-Based Design of Rapid 3D Modelling Techniques with Formative Manufacturing Processes",slug:"triz-based-design-of-rapid-3d-modelling-techniques-with-formative-manufacturing-processes",signatures:"César Cárdenas, Yuliana Rivera, Ricardo Sosa and Oscar Olvera",authors:[{id:"49317",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas",fullName:"Cesar Cardenas",slug:"cesar-cardenas"},{id:"123085",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sosa",fullName:"Ricardo Sosa",slug:"ricardo-sosa"},{id:"123087",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuliana",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera",fullName:"Yuliana Rivera",slug:"yuliana-rivera"},{id:"123088",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Olvera",fullName:"Oscar Olvera",slug:"oscar-olvera"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"323",title:"Industrial Design",subtitle:"New Frontiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6712ef0cc1fdf610d17e8aa70170f773",slug:"industrial-design-new-frontiers",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1802",title:"Manufacturing System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4db5cd5587e7ab1fe6e34507c103ee13",slug:"manufacturing-system",bookSignature:"Faieza Abdul Aziz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109136",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Faieza",surname:"Abdul Aziz",slug:"faieza-abdul-aziz",fullName:"Faieza Abdul Aziz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1991",title:"Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2151ad71a0cc7423ed852ab93d8c70f8",slug:"infrastructure-design-signalling-and-security-in-railway",bookSignature:"Xavier Perpinya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1991.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111217",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",surname:"Perpiñà",slug:"xavier-perpina",fullName:"Xavier Perpiñà"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3116",title:"Advances in Industrial Design Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cb2d954a2f9ea36c3d0f915a7fcd8ad",slug:"advances-in-industrial-design-engineering",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9174",title:"Product Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3510bacbbf4d365e97510bf962652de1",slug:"product-design",bookSignature:"Cătălin Alexandru, Codruta Jaliu and Mihai Comşit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2767",title:"Prof.",name:"Catalin",surname:"Alexandru",slug:"catalin-alexandru",fullName:"Catalin Alexandru"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"323",title:"Industrial Design",subtitle:"New Frontiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6712ef0cc1fdf610d17e8aa70170f773",slug:"industrial-design-new-frontiers",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3116",title:"Advances in Industrial Design Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cb2d954a2f9ea36c3d0f915a7fcd8ad",slug:"advances-in-industrial-design-engineering",bookSignature:"Denis A. Coelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38427",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Coelho",slug:"denis-coelho",fullName:"Denis Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78409",title:"Evaluation of Landslide Susceptibility of Şavşat District of Artvin Province (Turkey) Using Machine Learning Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99864",slug:"evaluation-of-landslide-susceptibility-of-av-at-district-of-artvin-province-turkey-using-machine-lea",body:'
1. Introduction
Natural disasters cause displacement of people, injuries, loss of life, and damage to infrastructure facilities and cultural heritage, which can directly give rise to extreme economic losses. According to the data from Emergencies Database (EM-DAT), managed by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), 11,755 people died worldwide due to 396 natural disasters that occurred in 2019; 94.9 million people were affected by these disasters and an economic loss of 103 billion dollars was suffered [1]. On the contrary, according to the report prepared by the AON company, which provides insurance and reinsurance brokerage and risk management consultancy services, the damage caused by natural disasters in 2020 is estimated to be 268 billion dollars [2]. In the AON report prepared in 2020, the value of total economic losses caused by natural disasters in the 2010–2019 period was calculated as 2.98 trillion dollars. In the same report, the economic losses in question were reported to be 1.1 trillion dollars higher than that in the 2000–2009 period [3].
Landslide is generally defined as the downward movement and displacement of the material forming a slope with the effect of gravity [4]. Rabby and Li [5] stated in their study that landslides are a very common phenomenon and account for 9% of disasters in the world. Landslides, especially those caused by rainfall, are the most damaging natural disasters in mountainous and rugged regions, resulting in loss of life, damage to property, and economic loss [6]. Landslide susceptibility maps are one of the important data needed to identify landslide-hazardous areas and to reduce losses due to landslides [7, 8]. Many different approaches and models have been implemented in the production of landslide susceptibility maps. Merghadi et al. [9] and Tang et al. [10] classified the modeling approaches into four categories: the heuristic, physically based, statistical, and machine learning (ML) models. Heuristic and physically based models (also known as deterministic models) have their own characteristics and disadvantages. Heuristic models are highly subjective and rely on experts’ opinions and experience on assigning weightage to landslide-conditioning factors [11, 12, 13, 14]. In this approach, differences in expert opinions or insufficient information about the study area may cause inconsistent results [15]. Physically based or deterministic models use laws of mechanics to analyze slope stability. The advantages of these models are that they do not require long-term landslide inventory data and are more useful in areas where landslide inventories are missing [15]. However, deterministic models are suitable for small areas where landslide types are simple and ground conditions are fairly uniform [14], but they require detailed geotechnical and hydrogeological data on these areas [13]. To overcome the disadvantages of the above two approaches and to produce reliable landslide susceptibility maps, statistics-based models have been developed [14]. Statistics-based models evaluate the correlation between past landslides and the conditioning factors that had an impact on their occurrence [16] and they need landslide inventory data for this [17].
In recent years, machine learning (ML) techniques such as support vector machine [18, 19], decision tree [20, 21], generalized linear model [22, 23], logistic model tree [13, 16], artificial neural networks [6, 24, 25], and Naïve Bayes [26, 27, 28] have been widely applied for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM). Sahin [29] and Merghadi et al. [9] stated that tree-based ensemble algorithms provide better prediction performance for LSM compared to any single model. In addition, Sahin [30] stated that ensemble learning techniques, such as random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), are efficient and robust for creating landslide susceptibility maps and that these algorithms would be preferred more frequently in the future for their robustness.
The most common natural disasters in Turkey are landslides and floods. Artvin is one of the provinces in Turkey that experiences the most frequent natural disasters. Landslides occur almost every year in the province of Artvin, especially due to meteorological conditions (extreme rainfall) and anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural activities, excessive irrigation, and road excavations. Şavşat is one of the districts of Artvin where landslides are most common. Şavşat, a Cittaslow city, stands out with its historical and natural beauties and has a high tourism potential. For this reason, it is very important to evaluate the landslide susceptibility to reduce the landslide-associated damages in the district. The aim of this study is to produce landslide susceptibility maps of Şavşat district of Artvin Province using RF, GBM, and XGBoost ML models and to evaluate the performances of the models. Eleven factors commonly used in LSM studies were used in the study. The produced landslide susceptibility maps were validated using the validation dataset.
2. Study area and data used
Şavşat, like other districts of Artvin, is a district with a rugged terrain. Şavşat, spreading on a 1272.27 km2 land, is located between 41°05′11″ and 41°30′56″ north latitudes and 42°04′30″ and 42°35′47″ east longitudes (Figure 1). In the study area, the altitude varies between 590 and 3005 m with the average altitude being 1789.14 m. The average slope of the study area is 21.17°, whereas the maximum slope is 72.53°. The slope is over 20° in ~55% of the study area.
Figure 1.
Study area.
According to the data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), the total population of Şavşat district in 2020 is 17,024. Of this population, 6,123 live in the town and 10,901 live in villages [31]. There is a transitional climate between the Black Sea climate and the continental climate in the district. While semi-humid climatic conditions are observed in the low valley floors, cold humid climatic conditions are observed in the higher elevations. In addition, winters are very long in places with high altitudes. According to the data (November 2012–March 2021) from the General Directorate of Meteorology, sum of monthly average rainfall in the study area is 715.60 mm. The monthly average rainfall is minimum in February with 27.8 mm and maximum in May with 111.03 mm. In the study area, the monthly average temperature was maximum at 32.8°C in August and minimum at −7.4°C in December [32].
Şavşat is located in the eastern part of the Eastern Pontides and the southern part of Transcaucasia. In the study area, intrusive, volcanic, and volcano-sedimentary facies have developed due to the magmatic activities that took place in the Dogger, Late Cretaceous, and Eocene ages. In the north and northwest part of the region, units representing the same stratigraphic unity surfaces in a range extending from the Liassic to the Early-Middle Eocene. In the southern part, units representing two separate stratigraphic units are surfaced. The sequence in the west of the southern section is characterized by units of Early-Middle Jurassic and Late Cretaceous age, and the sequence in the east of the southern section is characterized by units of Late Cretaceous and Middle Eocene age. Tertiary units surfacing in the eastern and southeastern parts of the region are considered as common units [33]. According to the earthquake zone map of Turkey, Şavşat district is located in the third degree earthquake zone. However, the most common natural disaster in the district is landslide [34]. The landslides occurring in the study area are mostly of complex type. Landslides are observed in larger areas with respect to Quaternary alluvium and slope debris [33].
2.1 Landslide inventory map
To reliably predict future landslides, reliable landslide inventory maps containing information about past landslides are needed [16]. As stated by Parise [35], landslide inventory maps represent the spatial distribution of landslides and provide information about the location, typology, and activity status of landslides. In this study, the landslide inventory map produced by Artvin Provincial Directorate of Disaster and Emergency was used. The landslide inventory map contains 85 landslide polygons. The area of the smallest landslide polygon in the study area is 0.01 ha (99.34 m2), and the area of the largest landslide polygon is 325.97 ha. The average area of the landslide polygons is 34.75 ha. Landslides cover ~3% of the study area. The lengths of the landslides in the region vary between 13 and 3100 m and their widths vary between 10 and 2780 m. According to their activities, 28 of these landslides are active, 32 are stalled, and 25 are inactive landslides. According to Varnes [4] classification of mass movements, 6 of the landslides were classified as slide, 2 as lateral spread, 20 as flow, and the remaining 57 as complex.
2.2 Landslide-conditioning factors
Evaluation of landslide susceptibility in a region depends on determining the factors that are effective in the formation of landslides in that region and on collecting spatial data related to these factors [36]. Yi et al. [8] stated that there is no widely accepted procedure for the selection of factors used in LSM. Yanar et al. [37], on the contrary, stated that the main limitation in determining the factors to be used to create landslide susceptibility maps is the availability of data. In this study, 11 factors including altitude, aspect, curvature, distance to drainage network, distance to faults, distance to roads, land cover (CORINE 2018), lithology, slope, slope length, and topographic wetness index (TWI) were used based on the availability of data, geo-environmental conditions of the study area, and literature survey. Spatial data on these factors are collected from different sources (Table 1). Landslide-conditioning factor maps were generated using ESRI ArcGIS 10.5 and SAGA GIS 7.9.0 software and were converted into raster format with 30 m spatial resolution.
Original data
Factors
Data type
Scale
Data provider
Landslide inventory
Landslide locations
Polygon
1/25,000
Artvin Provincial Directorate of Disaster and Emergency
Geological map
Lithology
Polygon
1/100,000
General Directorate of Mining Research and Exploration (GDMRE)
Distance to fault lines
Polyline
1/100,000
Topographical map
Altitude
GRID
1/25,000
General Directorate of Mapping
Slope
GRID
1/25,000
Slope length
GRID
1/25,000
Aspect
GRID
1/25,000
Curvature
GRID
1/25,000
TWI
GRID
1/25,000
Distance to drainage network
GRID
1/25,000
Road network
Distance to roads
Polyline
1/25,000
Basarsoft Information Technologies Inc.
CORINE 2018
Land cover
Polygon
1/100,000
European Union Copernicus Land Monitoring Service
Table 1.
Data and data sources.
2.2.1 Altitude
Altitude is associated with various geomorphological and meteorological factors such as weathering, weather conditions, wind effect, and precipitation, which are effective in the formation of landslides [6]. For this reason, it has been used in almost all LSM studies. The digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area was created using 10-m-interval contours on the topographic maps and it was converted to raster format with 30-m spatial resolution. The altitude map of the study area was generated from this DEM. The altitude in the study area varies between 590 and 3005 m. DEM was reclassified into 10 classes at 240 m intervals (Figure 2a).
Figure 2.
The landslide conditioning factor maps: a) altitude b) aspect c) curvature d) distance to drainage network.
2.2.2 Aspect
Aspect has an important role in landslide formation as it affects factors such as exposure to sunlight and the intensity of solar radiation, wind, rainfall and, soil moisture [38, 39]. For this reason, aspect is widely used in LSM studies [6, 26, 36, 40]. The aspect map used in this study was produced from DEM and divided into nine classes (flat, north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest) (Figure 2b).
2.2.3 Curvature
Curvature, which is widely used in geomorphometric analysis, is one of the basic terrain parameters and reflects the shape of the land surface [23, 41]. In curvature map, positive curvature values indicate that the surface is convex, negative curvature indicates that the surface is concave, and zero indicates that the surface is flat [42]. In this study, curvature map was derived from DEM using ArcGIS 10.5 software and divided into three subclasses, i.e., concave, flat, and convex (Figure 2c).
2.2.4 Distance to drainage network
The distance to the drainage networks is one of the important conditioning factors used in landslide susceptibility studies, since the pore water pressure that causes the formation of landslides increases in areas close to the drainage networks [23]. Drainage networks in the study area were generated from DEM using functions in ArcHydro toolbox in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The distance to the drainage networks was calculated using the Euclidean distance tool in ArcGIS 10.5. The maximum distance to the drainage networks in the study area has been calculated as 1830.98 m. The distance to the drainage networks is reclassified into 10 subclasses with equal intervals of 180 m (Figure 2d).
2.2.5 Distance to faults
Areas close to faults are highly susceptible to landslides as the strength decreases due to tectonic fractures [28]. Ba et al. [43] stated that landslides tend to occur around faults due to fractures in the rock mass. For this reason, the distance to the faults is taken into account in the landslide susceptibility analysis [14, 40, 44]. In this study, the distance to the faults was obtained using the Euclidean distance tool of ArcGIS 10.5 software. The maximum distance to the faults in the study area has been calculated as 13,016.61 m. The distance to the faults was classified into 10 subclasses with 1200 m intervals and used in the landslide susceptibility analysis (Figure 3a).
Figure 3.
The landslide conditioning factor maps: a) distance to faults b) distance to roads c) land cover d) slope.
2.2.6 Distance to roads
Road construction, which is considered to be one of the most important anthropogenic factors, destabilizes the slopes, so the probability of landslides along a road increases [43]. Roads built on slopes in areas with rough topography cause loss of toe support, change in topography, increase in tension behind the slope, and development of tension cracks [45, 46]. For this reason, distance to the road has been considered as one of the important conditioning factors in many studies [14, 17, 47]. The road network in the study area was supplied in digital format from Başarsoft Information Technologies Inc., which collects road data for the production of navigation maps in Turkey. Distance to roads was calculated using the Euclidean distance tool in ArcGIS 10.5 and reclassified into 10 subclasses at 450 m intervals (Figure 3b).
2.2.7 Land cover
Land cover maps, in general, represent what physical classes or materials (e.g., forest, pasture, field, lake, and wetland) the Earth’s surface is spatially covered with. Land use or land cover maps are usually used in LSM studies for taking into consideration the effects of anthropogenic activities on rugged slopes on landslide formation [5]. In this study, CORINE 2018 land cover (CLC 2018) data provided by Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, one of the European Union’s Earth Observation Programme services, were used. According to this dataset, the study area includes 14 different land cover classes (Figure 3c).
2.2.8 Slope
The slope angle, one of the most important factors governing the stability of slopes, is closely related to the shear forces acting on the slopes. As the angle of inclination increases, the shear stress in the materials forming the slope generally increases [48]. For this reason, slope angle has been used in all LSM studies, as is the case for the lithology parameter [18, 40, 49, 50, 51]. The slope in the study area varies between 0° and 72.53°. In this study, the slope was divided into 10 classes with 5° spacing, and a slope map of the study area was produced (Figure 3d).
2.2.9 Slope length
Slope length is one of the important topographic factors that affect the formation of landslides [6]. Kavzoglu et al. [18] defines the slope length as “the distance along a slope subject to uninterrupted over land flow.” Slope length affects hydrological processes and soil loss, especially in mountainous areas [23]. This factor is closely related to the formation of landslides, because the potential for the materials forming the slopes to be carried downhill also increases with the increase of the slope length [52]. In this study, slope length was produced from DEM using SAGA GIS software and it was reclassified into 10 classes using the natural break classification method (Figure 4a).
Figure 4.
The landslide conditioning factor maps: a) slope length b) TWI.
2.2.10 Topographic wetness index (TWI)
TWI is an index generally used to characterize the spatial distribution of soil moisture [53] and is considered as an important factor contributing to the occurrence of landslides. Yanar et al. [37] stated that TWI indicates the locations and size of the water-saturated regions. For this reason, TWI has been used in many landslide susceptibility studies [26, 54, 55]. The following equation is used to calculate TWI:
TWI=lnAstanβE1
In the Eq. (1), As is the specific basin area and β is the slope in degrees. TWI index in the study area, varying between 1.002 and 24.160, was produced using SAGA GIS software. TWI index values were divided into 10 subclasses using the natural break classification method and used in sensitivity analysis (Figure 4b).
2.2.11 Lithology
Kavzoglu et al. [18] stated that lithology is one of the main factors that have a direct impact on the formation of landslides, as lithological and structural variations lead to changes in the strength and permeability of rocks and soils. For this reason, lithology has been one of the most important conditioning factors used in all landslide susceptibility evaluation studies. In this study, 1/100,000 scaled digital geological map obtained from General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (GDMRE) was used to produce the lithological map of the study area. The geological map of the study area includes 16 lithological units (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Lithological map of the study area.
3. Methodology
3.1 Random forest
First proposed by Breiman [56], RF is an ensemble learning method that creates multiple decision trees from the training dataset and combines the results of the decision trees to improve the predictive ability of the model [57]. According to Arabameri et al. [44] and Merghadi et al. [9], one of the most important advantages of RF is that it avoids the risk of overfitting, which is a common problem in other decision tree models. In the study conducted by Sahin [29], it is stated that requiring less hyperparameter tuning, compared to gradient boosting algorithms, was RF’s main advantage. To create a classification model in RF, two parameters must be defined: ntree parameter, which refers to the number of decision trees generated by RF, and mtry parameter, which refers to the number of factors or variables used in each node of the decision tree. In this study, “rf” method of the “caret” package [58] was used in R 3.6.3 to apply the RF model. In the study, the ntree parameter was set to 100 and the mtry parameter to 8, and a 10-fold cross validation approach was used to reduce the variability of the model results.
3.2 Gradient boosting machine (GBM)
GBM [59] is a ML technique that combines multiple different models through boosting and regression trees to increase prediction precision [60]. The main feature of GBM is that it combines multiple weak learners to improve their performances. GBM, an ensemble learning method, combines multiple decision trees to create a more powerful model that can be used for classification or regression. In GBM, unlike RF, each tree tries to correct the error of the previous tree [61]. For this purpose, the residual errors calculated as a result of the prediction of the previous tree are minimized and the next tree is obtained, and these processes continue until the prediction results are stable or until the maximum number of trees is reached. In practice, the number of trees is chosen to be 100 or greater. There are four parameters that must be set by the user during the execution of the GBM, namely number of trees (n.trees), shrinkage, number of levels of trees (interaction.depth), and the minimum number of observations in trees’ terminal nodes (n.minobsinnode). For low-variance and accurate predictions, the learning rate is chosen so that it converges to the optimum value with small steps in the right direction. The number of levels of trees is chosen between 8 and 32. In this study, GBM was performed using the “gbm” method in R 3.6.3.
3.3 Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)
XGBoost, developed by Chen and Guestrin [62], is based on the gradient boosting approach. XGBoost is based on the efficient and effective implementation of the gradient boosting algorithm. For this purpose, it interprets the approximate greedy algorithm with the Newton–Rapson method. XGBoost uses several classification and regression trees and integrates them using gradient boosting [63]. It produces fast and accurate solutions with univocal regression trees, weighed quantile approach, and sparsity aware split finding. It is trained very quickly, and since it is suitable for parallel learning technique, XGBoost increases the overall accuracy (performance) of the model by avoiding the overfitting problem during the training process [64]. XGBoost uses two additional techniques called shrinkage and column (feature) subsampling to avoid overfitting [62]. Wang et al. [61] noted that the computational speed and accuracy of XGBoost has been significantly improved compared to GBM. In this study, the XGBoost model is implemented in R 3.6.3 using the “xgbTree” method of the “caret” package.
3.4 Preparation of training and validation dataset
“Landslide (or positive)” and “non-landslide (or negative)” samples are needed in the study area during the training and validation of the models used to create landslide susceptibility maps. The ratio of 70:30 has been commonly used in the literature to produce training and validation datasets [6, 8, 65, 66]. In particular, 70% of the landslide inventory data is used for training the models and the remaining 30% is used for the validation of the models. Huang and Zhao [67], on the contrary, stressed that the number of positive and negative samples in the training and validation datasets should be equal, i.e., having a ratio of 1:1. For this reason, as many negative samples as the number of positive samples are selected in the study area. In this study, 85 landslide polygons on the inventory map were converted to 30 m × 30 m resolution raster format and 32,777 landslide pixels were obtained. A value of “1” was assigned to positive or landslide pixels in the study area. Then, 32,777 non-landslide pixels were randomly selected in the study area in the R program and the value of “0” was assigned to these pixels. Randomly selected 70% of the landslide and non-landslide pixels (45,888 pixels in total) were used for training the models and the remaining 30% (19,666 pixels) were used for the validation of the models.
3.5 Multicollinearity analysis for landslide-conditioning factors
One of the important steps of LSM is to control the multicollinearity between landslide-conditioning factors [8]. Multicollinearity is an important analysis used to determine the conditional independence between the factors during the selection of the conditioning factors to be used in susceptibility models, and thus, to prevent the models from producing erroneous predictions [9, 68]. Commonly used indicators for multicollinearity analysis are tolerance (TOL) and variance inflation factor (VIF). A TOL value less than 0.1 or a VIF value greater than 10 indicates multicollinearity [8, 16, 44]. TOL and VIF values calculated using the training dataset for this study are shown in Table 2. The results show that there is no multicollinearity among the landslide-conditioning factors used in the study. Therefore, all selected factors were used to produce landslide susceptibility map of the study area.
Landslide conditioning factors
Statistics
TOL
VIF
Altitude
0.4713
2.1217
Aspect
0.9770
1.0235
Curvature
0.7879
1.2692
Distance to drainage network
0.7916
1.2633
Distance to faults
0.7786
1.2844
Distance to roads
0.5552
1.8011
Land cover
0.7206
1.3877
Lithology
0.8763
1.1412
Slope
0.5373
1.8610
Slope length
0.7345
1.3615
Topographic Wetness Index
0.4595
2.1761
Table 2.
Multicollinearity analysis of landslide-conditioning factors.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Landslide susceptibility mapping
In this study, RF, GBM, and XGBoost models were successfully applied and landslide susceptibility index (LSI) maps were produced via R 3.6.3 using the training data set for each model. Then, landslide susceptibility maps were obtained by reclassifying the LSI maps into five classes: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, using the natural breaks (Jenks) classification method in ArcGIS 10.5 software (Figure 6).
Figure 6.
Landslide susceptibility maps produced using a) GBM b) RF c) XGBoost.
The spatial distributions (in percentages) of the susceptibility classes for each model are given in Figure 7. It has been determined that the study area is highly or very highly susceptible to landslides by 27.27%, 11.13%, and 16.89% according to the GBM, RF, and XGBoost models, respectively (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Percentage distributions of susceptibility classes.
The significance degrees of the landslide-conditioning factors used in the study are presented in Figure 8. It has been observed in all models that the lithology is the most important parameter. After lithology, the most important or most effective parameters in the study area were determined to be altitude, distance to faults, slope, and land cover parameters. Slope length and curvature were the least significant parameters in all models (Figure 8). The findings related to the parameters found to be effective in terms of landslide are explained in the following sections.
Figure 8.
Importance of landslide-conditioning factors for a) GBM b) RF c) XGBoost.
When Table 3 is examined, ~76% of the landslides in the study area can be seen to have occurred at altitudes between 1070 and 2030 m. In respect of altitude, 1070–1310, 1310–1550, 1550–1790, and 1790–2030 m altitude classes were found to be susceptible to landslides (Table 3). The main reason why these altitude classes are susceptible to landslides is that more than 90% of the village settlements in the study area are located between these altitudes. Uncontrolled excavations and uncontrolled agricultural activities in villages are the most important factors that trigger landslides. In the study by Erener et al. [34], conducted in Şavşat district and covering a more limited (small) region compared to this study, the altitude class between 1500 and 2000 m was found to be susceptible to landslides.
Factor
Subclasses
Pixels in domain
Pixels with landslide
Percentage of landslides (%)
Percentage of domain (%)
FR
Altitude (m)
590–830
16659
0
0.00
1.34
0.0000
830–1070
65715
928
2.83
5.28
0.5363
1070–1310
129711
3488
10.64
10.42
1.0212
1310–1550
202140
5893
17.98
16.24
1.1071
1550–1790
242416
7455
22.74
19.48
1.1679
1790–2030
188846
8231
25.11
15.17
1.6552
2030–2270
140243
1174
3.58
11.27
0.3179
2270–2510
120268
2402
7.33
9.66
0.7585
2510–2750
121891
1687
5.15
9.79
0.5256
2750–3005
16840
1519
4.63
1.35
3.4255
Slope (degree)
0–5
86650
3307
10.09
6.96
1.4493
5–10
156262
10914
33.30
12.55
2.6524
10–15
160085
8205
25.03
12.86
1.9464
15–20
160639
4554
13.89
12.91
1.0766
20–25
174982
2652
8.09
14.06
0.5756
25–30
194812
1656
5.05
15.65
0.3228
30–35
176843
1069
3.26
14.21
0.2296
35–40
96265
302
0.92
7.73
0.1191
40–45
28481
98
0.30
2.29
0.1307
45–72.53
9710
20
0.06
0.78
0.0782
Aspect
Flat
4416
49
0.15
0.35
0.4214
North
148077
6845
20.88
11.90
1.7555
Northeast
151999
5873
17.92
12.21
1.4673
East
148757
3387
10.33
11.95
0.8647
Southeast
161166
2816
8.59
12.95
0.6635
South
162974
2667
8.14
13.09
0.6215
Southwest
161749
2269
6.92
12.99
0.5327
West
155008
3680
11.23
12.45
0.9016
Northwest
150583
5191
15.84
12.10
1.3091
CORINE 2018
112
861
45
0.14
0.07
1.9848
131
333
0
0.00
0.03
0.0000
211
927
275
0.84
0.07
11.2657
222
408
0
0.00
0.03
0.0000
242
133175
7439
22.70
10.70
2.1213
243
130192
10747
32.79
10.46
3.1348
311
46639
241
0.74
3.75
0.1962
312
340177
3839
11.71
27.33
0.4286
313
96234
82
0.25
7.73
0.0324
321
278125
6054
18.47
22.34
0.8266
324
149283
2678
8.17
11.99
0.6812
331
1380
0
0.00
0.11
0.0000
332
4746
181
0.55
0.38
1.4483
333
62249
1196
3.65
5.00
0.7296
Distance to faults (m)
0–1200
353573
10042
30.64
28.41
1.0786
1200–2400
311578
8822
26.92
25.03
1.0752
2400–3600
198557
5463
16.67
15.95
1.0448
3600–4800
132651
2932
8.95
10.66
0.8394
4800–6000
91279
3955
12.07
7.33
1.6454
6000–7200
62754
1563
4.77
5.04
0.9459
7200–8400
43119
0
0.00
3.46
0.0000
8400–9600
25977
0
0.00
2.09
0.0000
9600–10800
14205
0
0.00
1.14
0.0000
10800–13016.61
11036
0
0.00
0.89
0.0000
Lithology
Lake
915
0
0.00
0.07
0.0000
e-10-s
625072
7853
23.96
50.22
0.4771
e-18-s
64071
1795
5.48
5.15
1.0639
e-V2
15193
6
0.02
1.22
0.0150
Jbmclm
524
0
0.00
0.04
0.0000
k2–10-s
19698
77
0.23
1.58
0.1484
k2–2-k
256
0
0.00
0.02
0.0000
k2-pn-8-s
29136
1800
5.49
2.34
2.3461
k2-V16-V15-V13
189788
942
2.87
15.25
0.1885
plQ-V13-V2
163657
6297
19.21
13.15
1.4612
plQ2-V17-V16
41251
1883
5.74
3.31
1.7335
pn-19-s
10873
383
1.17
0.87
1.3377
Q-21-k
6144
16
0.05
0.49
0.0989
Q-23-k
23921
4063
12.40
1.92
6.4502
Q2–21-k
434
0
0.00
0.03
0.0000
Q2–23-k
50601
7359
22.45
4.07
5.5229
Q2m-20-ks
3195
303
0.92
0.26
3.6014
Table 3.
Spatial relationship between landslide-conditioning factors and landslides.
When the study area is examined in terms of slope, it is seen that 0°–5°, 5°–10°, 10°–15°, and 15°–20° slope classes are more susceptible to landslides (Table 3). In these slope classes, 82.31% of the landslides occurred in the study area. The fact that complex mass movements (creeping and spreading) in the study area are generally seen in areas with low slope degrees (approximately in the range of 7°–12°) have provided these results in terms of slope.
When Table 3 is examined, it is seen that ~55% of the landslides in the study area occur on slopes with north, northeast, and northwest aspects. When the frequency ratios in Table 3 are examined, it is clearly seen that the slopes with these aspects have the highest frequency ratio value, and therefore, they are more susceptible to landslides. In the study conducted by Akıncı and Zeybek [69], in the Ardanuç district, which is adjacent to the Şavşat district and has similar topographical and geomorphological characteristics with the study area, the slopes with north, northwest, and northeast aspects were determined to be more susceptible to landslides.
Within the first 3600 m margin of the faults, 74% of the landslides occurred in the study area (Table 3). In the study area, the landslide susceptibility tends to decrease with distance from the faults. Although the region most susceptible to landslides in terms of distance to faults is 4800–6000 m, it is seen that distance classes of 0–1200, 1200–2400, and 2400–3600 m are also susceptible to landslides (Table 3). Althuwaynee et al. [70] stated that the probability of landslide decreases as the distance to the faults increases. Also in the LSM study conducted by Akinci et al. [40] in the area covering Arhavi, Hopa, and Kemalpaşa districts of Artvin Province, the areas within the first 2000 m distance to the faults were determined to be more susceptible to landslides.
Considering the CORINE 2018 land cover data, it was determined that ~56% of the landslides in the study area occurred in agricultural areas (Table 3). Non-irrigated arable lands (CORINE land cover code 211), agricultural areas within natural vegetation (243), mixed agricultural areas (242), discontinuous urban structure (112), and bare rocks (332) were determined as landslide sensitive areas. The scattered settlements in the villages cause uncontrolled excavations, which in turn triggers landslides. In the landslide susceptibility study conducted by Erener et al. [34] in Şavşat district, it was reported that landslide activity increased in areas where the original vegetation was removed or changed. In the same study, it was determined that farming areas, irrigated or dry, were more susceptible to landslides. Researchers attributed this to the deforestation in agricultural areas.
4.2 Validation and comparison of landslide susceptibility models
Thi Ngo et al. [7] stated that it is important to identify landslide-prone areas with high accuracy and to use an appropriate metric for the performance evaluation to produce a reliable landslide susceptibility map. The performances of the models used in the production of landslide susceptibility maps are mostly evaluated using the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve [28, 38, 45, 60, 71, 72, 73]. Therefore, in this study, the receiver-operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) approach was applied to evaluate and measure the performances of ML models. The ROC curve is a graph showing the true positive rate (TPR or sensitivity) on the vertical axis and the false positive rate (FPR or 1-specificity) on the horizontal axis. In the ROC curve, the most important indicator used to evaluate the accuracy or performance of the susceptibility model is the AUC. AUC takes values between 0.5 and 1 [71]. An AUC value close to 1.0 indicates high performance of the model and close to 0.5 indicates low performance of the model. On the contrary, Chen et al. [74] and Wang et al. [17] stated that the AUC value can be classified in five classes: poor (0.5–0.6), moderate (0.6–0.7), good (0.7–0.8), very good (0.8–0.9), and excellent (0.9–1.0).
In the study, success rate and prediction rate curves were created using training and validation data sets, respectively. The success rate curve is used to understand how well the models used to produce landslide susceptibility maps to classify existing landslide areas [74]. In this study, the AUC values of the success rate curves for the GBM, RF, and XGBoost models were calculated as 91.6%, 98.4%, and 98.6%, respectively (Figure 9a). Since the success rate curve is produced using the training data set, it is not an appropriate indicator to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the models [21, 42]. The prediction rate curve should be used to evaluate the prediction capabilities of the models [75]. The prediction rate curve shows how well the models predict unknown or probable future landslides [5]. The AUC values of the prediction rate curves produced for the GBM, RF, and XGBoost models were calculated as 91.4%, 97.9% and 98.1%, respectively (Figure 9b). AUC value being close to 1.0 in three models show, according to the classification made by Chen et al. [74] and Wang et al. [17], that their performances, i.e., their prediction capacities, are excellent.
Figure 9.
a) Success rate b) prediction rate curves for ML models.
5. Conclusions
In this study, RF, GBM, and XGBoost algorithms were used for landslide susceptibility mapping of Şavşat district of Artvin Province. The performances of these models were evaluated using success rate and prediction rate curves. According to the AUC values, the models used in the study showed excellent performance. However, the XGBoost model outperformed the other two models in landslide susceptibility mapping of the study area. Therefore, it was concluded that the susceptibility map produced by the XGBoost model can help decision makers and planners in reducing the risks caused by landslides in the region and in land use planning. In this study, 11 factors—altitude, aspect, curvature, distance to drainage network, distance to faults, distance to roads, land cover, lithology, slope, slope length, and TWI—were used based on the availability of the data, geo-environmental conditions of the study area, and literature survey. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the main factor governing the landslides in the study area in all three models is lithology. The artificial factors that trigger landslides across the province of Artvin, as in Şavşat district, are uncontrolled excavation works (usually road widening), uncontrolled explosive excavations, and uncontrolled agricultural land irrigation. In this respect, providing basic disaster awareness trainings to citizens residing in areas susceptible to landslides in the study area and trainings on the causes, effects, and consequences of landslides will be beneficial in terms of risk reduction. Similarly, taking into account landslide susceptibility maps in selecting dwelling zones in rural areas and in determining the routes through which infrastructure facilities such as drinking water, natural gas, electricity, and sewerage will pass, will be effective in reducing the risks associated with landslides in the study area.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"landslide susceptibility mapping, machine learning, RF, GBM, XGBoost, Şavşat",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78409.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78409.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78409",totalDownloads:192,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 10th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 10th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 2nd 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 2nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The aim of this study is to produce landslide susceptibility maps of Şavşat district of Artvin Province using machine learning (ML) models and to compare the predictive performances of the models used. Tree-based ensemble learning models, including random forest (RF), gradient boosting machines (GBM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were used in the study. A landslide inventory map consisting of 85 landslide polygons was used in the study. The inventory map comprises 32,777 landslide pixels at 30 m resolution. Randomly selected 70% of the landslide pixels were used for training the models and the remaining 30% were used for the validation of the models. In susceptibility analysis, altitude, aspect, curvature, distance to drainage network, distance to faults, distance to roads, land cover, lithology, slope, slope length, and topographic wetness index parameters were used. The validation of the models was conducted using success and prediction rate curves. The validation results showed that the success rates for the GBM, RF, and XGBoost models were 91.6%, 98.4%, and 98.6%, respectively, whereas the prediction rate were 91.4%, 97.9%, and 98.1%, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that landslide susceptibility map produced with XGBoost model can help decision makers in reducing landslide-associated damages in the study area.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78409",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78409",signatures:"Halil Akinci, Mustafa Zeybek and Sedat Dogan",book:{id:"10950",type:"book",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Landslides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yuanzhi Zhang and Dr. Qiuming Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-024-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-023-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-025-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Study area and data used",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Landslide inventory map",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Landslide-conditioning factors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Altitude",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 Aspect",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.2.3 Curvature",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.2.4 Distance to drainage network",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.5 Distance to faults",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.2.6 Distance to roads",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.2.7 Land cover",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.2.8 Slope",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.2.9 Slope length",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"2.2.10 Topographic wetness index (TWI)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.2.11 Lithology",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16",title:"3. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"3.1 Random forest",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"3.2 Gradient boosting machine (GBM)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"3.3 Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"3.4 Preparation of training and validation dataset",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"3.5 Multicollinearity analysis for landslide-conditioning factors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"4.1 Landslide susceptibility mapping",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"4.2 Validation and comparison of landslide susceptibility models",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'CRED. Natural Disasters 2019. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). Brussels: CRED; 2020. Available from: https://emdat.be/sites/default/files/adsr_2019.pdf (Accessed: February 2, 2021)'},{id:"B2",body:'AON. Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2020 Annual Report. AON; Chicago, Illinois. Available from: https://www.aon.com/global-weather-catastrophe-natural-disasters-costs-climate-change-2020-annual-report/index.html (Accessed: February 18, 2021)'},{id:"B3",body:'AON. Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2019 Annual Report. AON; Chicago, Illinois. http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20200122-if-natcat2020.pdf (Accessed: February 13, 2021)'},{id:"B4",body:'Varnes DJ. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ, editors. Landslides, Analysis and Control, Special Report 176: Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1978. p. 11-33'},{id:"B5",body:'Rabby YW, Li Y. Landslide susceptibility mapping using integrated methods: A case study in the Chittagong hilly areas, Bangladesh. Geosciences. 2020;10:483. DOI:10.3390/geosciences10120483'},{id:"B6",body:'Youssef AM, Pourghasemi HR. Landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning algorithms and comparison of their performance at Abha Basin, Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Geoscience Frontiers. 2021;12:639-655. DOI:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.05.010'},{id:"B7",body:'Thi Ngo PT, Panahi M, Khosravi K, Ghorbanzadeh O, Kariminejad N, Cerda A, Lee S. Evaluation of deep learning algorithms for national scale landslide susceptibility mapping of Iran. Geoscience Frontiers. 2021;12:505-519. DOI:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.06.013'},{id:"B8",body:'Yi Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Jia H, Zhang J. Landslide susceptibility mapping using multiscale sampling strategy and convolutional neural network: A case study in Jiuzhaigou region. Catena. 2020;195:104851. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2020.104851'},{id:"B9",body:'Merghadi A, Yunus AP, Dou J, Whiteley J, Pham BT, Bui DT, Avtar R, Abderrahmane B. Machine learning methods for landslide susceptibility studies: A comparative overview of algorithm performance. Earth-Science Reviews. 2020;207:103225. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103225'},{id:"B10",body:'Tang Y, Feng F, Guo Z, Feng W, Li Z, Wang J, Sun Q, Ma H, Li Y. Integrating principal component analysis with statistically-based models for analysis of causal factors and landslide susceptibility mapping: A comparative study from the loess plateau area in Shanxi (China). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;277:124159. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124159'},{id:"B11",body:'Trigila A, Iadanza C, Esposito C, Scarascia-Mugnozza G. Comparison of logistic regression and random forests techniques for shallow landslide susceptibility assessment in Giampilieri (NE Sicily, Italy). Geomorphology. 2015;249:119-136. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.001'},{id:"B12",body:'Youssef AM, Pourghasemi HR, Pourtaghi ZS, Al-Katheeri MM. Landslide susceptibility mapping using random forest, boosted regression tree, classification and regression tree, and general linear models and comparison of their performance at Wadi Tayyah Basin, Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Landslides. 2016;13(5):839-856. DOI:10.1007/s10346-015-0614-1'},{id:"B13",body:'Pham BT, Shirzadi A, Tien Bui D, Prakash I, Dholakia MB. A hybrid machine learning ensemble approach based on a radial basis function neural network and rotation forest for landslide susceptibility modeling: A case study in the Himalayan area, India. International Journal of Sediment Research. 2018;33(2):157-170. DOI:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.008'},{id:"B14",body:'Wu Y, Ke Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Zhao H, Hong H. Application of alternating decision tree with AdaBoost and bagging ensembles for landslide susceptibility mapping. Catena. 2020;187:104396. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2019.104396'},{id:"B15",body:'Luo W, Liu CC. Innovative landslide susceptibility mapping supported by geomorphon and geographical detector methods. Landslides. 2018;15:465-474. DOI:10.1007/s10346-017-0893-9'},{id:"B16",body:'Chen W, Xie X, Peng J, Wang J, Duan Z, Hong H. GIS-based landslide susceptibility modelling: A comparative assessment of kernel logistic regression, Naïve-Bayes tree, and alternating decision tree models. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 2017;8(2):950-973. DOI:10.1080/19475705.2017.1289250'},{id:"B17",body:'Wang G, Chen X, Chen W. Spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility based on GIS and discriminant functions. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(3):144. DOI:10.3390/ijgi9030144'},{id:"B18",body:'Kavzoglu T, Sahin EK, Colkesen I. Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis, support vector machines, and logistic regression. Landslides. 2014;11(3):425-439. DOI:10.1007/s10346-013-0391-7'},{id:"B19",body:'Kumar D, Thakur M, Dubey CS, Shukla DP. Landslide susceptibility mapping & prediction using support vector machine for Mandakini River basin, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Geomorphology. 2017;295:115-125. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.06.013'},{id:"B20",body:'Bui DT, Pradhan B, Lofman O, Revhaug I. Landslide susceptibility assessment in Vietnam using support vector machines, decision tree, and Naïve Bayes models. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2012;2012:974638. DOI:10.1155/2012/974638'},{id:"B21",body:'Pradhan B. A comparative study on the predictive ability of the decision tree, support vector machine and neuro-fuzzy models in landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS. Computers and Geosciences. 2013;51:350-365. DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.08.023'},{id:"B22",body:'Goetz JN, Brenning A, Petschko H, Leopold P. Evaluating machine learning and statistical prediction techniques for landslide susceptibility modeling. Computers and Geosciences. 2015;81:1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2015.04.007'},{id:"B23",body:'Pourghasemi HR, Rahmati O. Prediction of the landslide susceptibility: Which algorithm, which precision? Catena. 2018;162:177-192. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2017.11.022'},{id:"B24",body:'Aditian A, Kubota T, Shinohara Y. Comparison of GIS-based landslide susceptibility models using frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network in a tertiary region of Ambon, Indonesia. Geomorphology. 2018;318:101-111. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.006'},{id:"B25",body:'Sevgen E, Kocaman S, Nefeslioglu HA, Gokceoglu C. A novel performance assessment approach using photogrammetric techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping with logistic regression, ANN and random forest. Sensors. 2019;19(18):3940. DOI:10.3390/s19183940'},{id:"B26",body:'Pourghasemi HR, Gayen A, Park S, Lee C-W, Lee S. Assessment of landslide-prone areas and their zonation using logistic regression, LogitBoost, and NaïveBayes machine-learning algorithms. Sustainability. 2018;10:3697. DOI:10.3390/su10103697'},{id:"B27",body:'He Q, Shahabi H, Shirzadi A, Li S, Chen W, Wang N, Chai H, Bian H, Ma J, Chen Y, Wang X, Chapi K, Bin Ahmad B. Landslide spatial modelling using novel bivariate statistical based Naïve Bayes, RBF classifier, and RBF network machine learning algorithms. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;663:1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.329'},{id:"B28",body:'Hu Q, Zhou Y, Wang S, Wang F. Machine learning and fractal theory models for landslide susceptibility mapping: Case study from the Jinsha River basin. Geomorphology. 2020;351:106975. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106975'},{id:"B29",body:'Sahin EK. Assessing the predictive capability of ensemble tree methods for landslide susceptibility mapping using XGBoost, gradient boosting machine, and random forest. SN Applied Sciences. 2020;2:1308. DOI:10.1007/s42452-020-3060-1'},{id:"B30",body:'Sahin EK. Comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms for landslide susceptibility mapping. Geocarto International. DOI:10.1080/10106049.2020.1831623'},{id:"B31",body:'TURKSTAT. Address based population registration system results. Population of Municipalities, Villages and Quarters. Turkish Statistical Institute. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr (Accessed: Mach 2, 2021)'},{id:"B32",body:'GDM. Meteorological Data Information Sales and Presentation System. General Directorate of Meteorology. Available from: https://mevbis.mgm.gov.tr/mevbis/ui/index.html (Accessed: April 14, 2021)'},{id:"B33",body:'Keskin I. 1:100,000 Scale Geological Map of Turkey, No:178 Artvin-E48 and F48 Map Sheet. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Geological Research Department, Ankara, Turkey, 2013 (in Turkish)'},{id:"B34",body:'Erener A, Mutlu A, Düzgün HS. A comparative study for landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), logistic regression (LR) and association rule mining (ARM). Engineering Geology. 2016;203:45-55. DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.09.007'},{id:"B35",body:'Parise M. Landslide mapping techniques and their use in the assessment of the landslide hazard. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial and Planetary Science. 2001;26(9):697-703. DOI:10.1016/S1464-1917(01)00069-1'},{id:"B36",body:'Bera S, Guru B, Ramesh V. Evaluation of landslide susceptibility models: A comparative study on the part of Western Ghat region, India. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. 2019;13:39-52. DOI:10.1016/j.rsase.2018.10.010'},{id:"B37",body:'Yanar T, Kocaman S, Gokceoglu C. Use of Mamdani fuzzy algorithm for multi-hazard susceptibility assessment in a developing urban settlement (Mamak, Ankara, Turkey). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(2):114; DOI:10.3390/ijgi9020114'},{id:"B38",body:'Yan F, Zhang Q, Ye S, Ren B. A novel hybrid approach for landslide susceptibility mapping integrating analytical hierarchy process and normalized frequency ratio methods with the cloud model. Geomorphology. 2019;327:170-187. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.10.024'},{id:"B39",body:'Bahrami S, Rahimzadeh B, Khaleghi S. Analyzing the effects of tectonic and lithology on the occurrence of landslide along Zagros ophiolitic suture: A case study of Sarv-Abad, Kurdistan, Iran. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2020; 79:1619-1637. DOI:10.1007/s10064-019-01639-3'},{id:"B40",body:'Akinci H, Kilicoglu C, Dogan S. Random forest-based landslide susceptibility mapping in coastal regions of Artvin, Turkey. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(9):553. DOI:10.3390/ijgi9090553'},{id:"B41",body:'Soma AS, Kubota T, Mizuno H. Optimization of causative factors using logistic regression and artificial neural network models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Ujung Loe watershed, South Sulawesi Indonesia. Journal of Mountain Science. 2019; 16(2):383-401. DOI:10.1007/s11629-018-4884-7'},{id:"B42",body:'Pourghasemi HR, Mohammady M, Pradhan B. Landslide susceptibility mapping using index of entropy and conditional probability models in GIS: Safarood Basin, Iran. Catena. 2012;97:71-84. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2012.05.005'},{id:"B43",body:'Ba Q, Chen Y, Deng S, Wu Q, Yang J, Zhang J. An improved information value model based on gray clustering for landslide susceptibility mapping. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2017;6(1):18. DOI:10.3390/ijgi6010018'},{id:"B44",body:'Arabameri A, Saha S, Roy J, Chen W, Blaschke T, Bui DT. Landslide susceptibility evaluation and management using different machine learning methods in the Gallicash River watershed, Iran. Remote Sensing. 2020;12(3):475. DOI:10.3390/rs12030475'},{id:"B45",body:'Youssef AM, Al-Kathery M, Pradhan B. Landslide susceptibility mapping at Al-hasher area, Jizan (Saudi Arabia) using GIS-based frequency ratio and index of entropy models. Geosciences Journal. 2015;19(1):113-134. DOI:10.1007/s12303-014-0032-8'},{id:"B46",body:'Ding Q, Chen W, Hong H. Application of frequency ratio, weights of evidence and evidential belief function models in landslide susceptibility mapping. Geocarto International. 2017;32(6):619-639. DOI:10.1080/10106049.2016.1165294'},{id:"B47",body:'Demir G. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for a part of the north Anatolian fault zone between Reşadiye and Koyulhisar (Turkey). Catena. 2019;183:104211. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2019.104211'},{id:"B48",body:'Lee S, Choi J. Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and the weight-of-evidence model. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 2004;18(8):789-814. DOI:10.1080/13658810410001702003'},{id:"B49",body:'Akgun A. A comparison of landslide susceptibility maps produced by logistic regression, multi-criteria decision, and likelihood ratio methods: A case study at İzmir, Turkey. Landslides. 2012;9(1):93-106. DOI:10.1007/s10346-011-0283-7'},{id:"B50",body:'Colkesen I, Sahin EK, Kavzoglu T. Susceptibility mapping of shallow landslides using kernel-based Gaussian process, support vector machines and logistic regression. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 2016;118:53-64. DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.02.019'},{id:"B51",body:'Chen W, Zhang S, Li R, Shahabi H. Performance evaluation of the GIS-based data mining techniques of best-first decision tree, random forest, and naïve Bayes tree for landslide susceptibility modeling. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;644:1006-1018. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.389'},{id:"B52",body:'Gómez H, Kavzoglu T. Assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility using artificial neural networks in Jabonosa River basin, Venezuela. Engineering Geology. 2005; 78(1-2):11-27. DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.10.004'},{id:"B53",body:'Catani F, Lagomarsino D, Segoni S, Tofani V. Landslide susceptibility estimation by random forests technique: Sensitivity and scaling issues. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2013;13(11):2815-2831. DOI:10.5194/nhess-13-2815-2013'},{id:"B54",body:'Akgun A, Erkan O. Landslide susceptibility mapping by geographical information system-based multivariate statistical and deterministic models: in an artificial reservoir area at northern Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geoscience. 2016;9:165. DOI:10.1007/s12517-015-2142-7'},{id:"B55",body:'Huang F, Cao Z, Guo J, Jiang SH, Li S, Guo Z. Comparisons of heuristic, general statistical and machine learning models for landslide susceptibility prediction and mapping. Catena. 2020;191:104580. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2020.104580'},{id:"B56",body:'Breiman L. Random forests. Machine Learning. 2001;45:5-32'},{id:"B57",body:'Sun D, Wen H, Wang D, Xu J. A random forest model of landslide susceptibility mapping based on hyperparameter optimization using Bayes algorithm. Geomorphology. 2020;362:107201. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107201'},{id:"B58",body:'Kuhn M. Building predictive models in R using the caret package. Journal of Statistical Software. 2008; 28(5):1-26'},{id:"B59",body:'Friedman JH. Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. The Annals of Statistics. 2001;29(5):1189-1232'},{id:"B60",body:'Pourghasemi HR, Sadhasivam N, Amiri M, Eskandari S, Santosh M. Landslide susceptibility assessment and mapping using state-of-the art machine learning techniques. Natural Hazards. 2021; DOI:10.1007/s11069-021-04732-7'},{id:"B61",body:'Wang Z, Liu Q, Liu Y. Mapping landslide susceptibility using machine learning algorithms and GIS: A case study in Shexian County, Anhui Province, China. Symmetry. 2020;12:1954. DOI:10.3390/sym12121954'},{id:"B62",body:'Chen T, Guestrin C. XGBoost. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining—KDD’16; New York: ACM Press; 2016. p. 785-794'},{id:"B63",body:'Can R, Kocaman S, Gokceoglu C. A comprehensive assessment of XGBoost algorithm for landslide susceptibility mapping in the upper basin of Ataturk dam, Turkey. Applied Sciences. 2021;11:4993. DOI:10.3390/app11114993'},{id:"B64",body:'Üstüner M, Abdikan S, Bilgin G, Balik Şanli F. Crop classification using light gradient boosting machines. Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS. 2020;1(2):97-105 (in Turkish)'},{id:"B65",body:'Achour Y, Pourghasemi HR. How do machine learning techniques help in increasing accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps? Geoscience Frontiers. 2020;11(3): 871-883. DOI:10.1016/j.gsf.2019.10.001'},{id:"B66",body:'Zhang Yx, Lan Hx, Li Lp, Wu Ym, Chen Jh, Tian Nm. Optimizing the frequency ratio method for landslide susceptibility assessment: A case study of the Caiyuan Basin in the southeast mountainous area of China. Journal of Mountain Science. 2020;17(2):340-357. DOI:10.1007/s11629-019-5702-6'},{id:"B67",body:'Huang Y, Zhao L. Review on landslide susceptibility mapping using support vector machines. Catena. 2018;165:520-529. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2018.03.003'},{id:"B68",body:'Tsangaratos P, Ilia I. Comparison of a logistic regression and Naïve Bayes classifier in landslide susceptibility assessments: The influence of models complexity and training dataset size. Catena. 2016;145:164-179. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2016.06.004'},{id:"B69",body:'Akinci H, Zeybek M. Comparing classical statistic and machine learning models in landslide susceptibility mapping in Ardanuc (Artvin), Turkey. Natural Hazards. 2021; DOI:10.1007/s11069-021-04743-4'},{id:"B70",body:'Althuwaynee OF, Pradhan B, Lee S. Application of an evidential belief function model in landslide susceptibility mapping. Computers and Geosciences. 2012;44:120-135. DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.03.003'},{id:"B71",body:'Akgun A, Sezer EA, Nefeslioglu HA, Gokceoglu C, Pradhan B. An easy-to-use MATLAB program (MamLand) for the assessment of landslide susceptibility using a Mamdani fuzzy algorithm. Computers and Geosciences. 2012; 38:23-34. DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.012'},{id:"B72",body:'Chen W, Li W, Hou E, Zhao Z, Deng N, Bai H, Wang D. Landslide susceptibility mapping based on GIS and information value model for the Chencang District of Baoji, China. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2014;7(11):4499-4511. DOI:10.1007/s12517-014-1369-z'},{id:"B73",body:'Zhao Y, Wang R, Jiang Y, Liu H, Wei Z. GIS-based logistic regression for rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility mapping under different grid sizes in Yueqing, Southeastern China. Engineering Geology. 2019; 259: 105147. DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105147'},{id:"B74",body:'Chen W, Sun Z, Zhao X, Lei X, Shirzadi A, Shahabi H. Performance evaluation and comparison of bivariate statistical-based artificial intelligence algorithms for spatial prediction of landslides. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9:696. DOI:10.3390/ijgi9120696'},{id:"B75",body:'Chung CJF, Fabbri AG. Validation of spatial prediction models for landslide hazard mapping. Natural Hazards. 2003;30(3):451-472. DOI:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000007172.62651.2b'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Halil Akinci",address:"halil.akinci@artvin.edu.tr",affiliation:'
Department of Geomatics Engineering, Artvin Çoruh University, Turkey
Department of Geomatics Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10950",type:"book",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Landslides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yuanzhi Zhang and Dr. Qiuming Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-024-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-023-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-025-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"205831",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Navio",email:"jnavio@coit.es",fullName:"Julio Navio",slug:"julio-navio",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"55215",title:"Self-Organizing Maps to Analyze Value Creation in Mergers and Acquisitions in the Telecommunications Sector",slug:"self-organizing-maps-to-analyze-value-creation-in-mergers-and-acquisitions-in-the-telecommunications",abstract:"A great effort has been made in recent years to refine the study methods that emerged in the 1990s to assess long-term abnormal returns in the stock markets as a way to evaluate the value creation or destruction of merger and acquisition (M&A) in the sector of telecommunications. It is regularly addressed in generic merger and acquisition studies, with a short-term time horizon or just with a qualitative focus. In this work, we use a visual data-mining tool, Self-Organizing-Maps (SOM), to analyze mergers and acquisitions in telecommunications sector. The relationship among variables influencing the M&A was only observed due to the capabilities of the visual neural map method that allow to relate variables, which is not possible with other classical methods. In this work, the relationship obtained with the SOM linking M&A language, M&A cross-border, and size of the acquiring company is an important result.",signatures:"Julio Navío, Jose M. Martinez-Martinez, Alberto Urueña, Juan J.\nGarcés and Emilio Soria",authors:[{id:"202765",title:"M.D.",name:"Juan J.",surname:"Garces",fullName:"Juan J. Garces",slug:"juan-j.-garces",email:"jjgarcesiniesta@gmail.com"},{id:"205821",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Mª",surname:"Martinez-Martinez",fullName:"Jose Mª Martinez-Martinez",slug:"jose-ma-martinez-martinez",email:"josemmm@idal.uv.es"},{id:"205822",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Urueña",fullName:"Alberto Urueña",slug:"alberto-uruena",email:"alberto.uruena@upm.es"},{id:"205824",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Soria",fullName:"Emilio Soria",slug:"emilio-soria",email:"emilio.soria@uv.es"},{id:"205831",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",surname:"Navio",fullName:"Julio Navio",slug:"julio-navio",email:"jnavio@coit.es"}],book:{id:"5954",title:"Emerging Issues in Economics and Development",slug:"emerging-issues-in-economics-and-development",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"107299",title:"Dr.",name:"Musa Jega",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"musa-jega-ibrahim",fullName:"Musa Jega Ibrahim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107299/images/system/107299.jpg",biography:"Dr. Musa Jega Ibrahim is currently a Lead Economist at the Islamic Development Bank Group in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He started his career in 1992 as a Lecturer in Economics at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, the same university where he studied and obtained BSc and MSc degrees in Economics. Between 2001 and 2007, Dr. Ibrahim was on fellowship study in the United Kingdom, during which he obtained another master’s degree in Economics (University of Edinburgh) and a doctorate degree (University of Strathclyde). He also served as a tutor (Associate Lecturer) and Research Fellow at the University of Strathclyde. He has published professional articles and contributed to book chapters on his main research interests: macroeconomics, economic growth, and sustainable development.",institutionString:"Islamic Development Bank",institution:{name:"Islamic Development Bank",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",surname:"Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://images.app.goo.gl/7NdTsPjGLEU1RDBC6",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"201288",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Taguchi",slug:"hiroyuki-taguchi",fullName:"Hiroyuki Taguchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Saitama University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",biography:"Dr. Verter has been a dedicated and passionate lecturer and researcher at Mendel University in Brno for over seven years of experience and expertise in international economics, development economics, agricultural economics, and data analysis. He received his first (BSc socioeconomic and environmental development), second (MSc socioeconomic and environmental development),) and third (Ph.D. business management and economics) degree from the same university. Also, as a Managing Editor of one of the Mendel University journals, he promote, review, and ensure the readability and quality of the papers published. Additionally, he has won and participated in both internal and international projects. Dr. Verter has published over 30 peer-reviewed articles in several journals using econometric and statistical approaches as an accomplished researcher.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"202638",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcak",surname:"Polat",slug:"burcak-polat",fullName:"Burcak Polat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202765",title:"M.D.",name:"Juan J.",surname:"Garces",slug:"juan-j.-garces",fullName:"Juan J. Garces",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Valencia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"205821",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Mª",surname:"Martinez-Martinez",slug:"jose-ma-martinez-martinez",fullName:"Jose Mª Martinez-Martinez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"205822",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Urueña",slug:"alberto-uruena",fullName:"Alberto Urueña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"205824",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Soria",slug:"emilio-soria",fullName:"Emilio Soria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"N-F-0-T2"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11872",title:"Peripheral Arterial Disease - The Challenges of Revascularization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80be3d16e4c8f89f3501ed408729f695",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ana Terezinha Guillaumon, Dr. Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira and Dr. Martin Geiger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11872.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12104",title:"Viral Outbreaks - Global Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60828f26feed5832a47a13caac706c08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12104.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12108",title:"Clinical Trials - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79472fc7310e9655a881c6d2ad7128b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xianli Lv",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12108.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11733",title:"Injury and Sports Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e2fdeca45129f6d5ba446f502c5a6373",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Thomas Wojda and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11733.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415286",title:"M.D.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Wojda",slug:"thomas-wojda",fullName:"Thomas Wojda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11831",title:"Novel Topics in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, and Nephrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"738f177168051e90f566ddc7c23b0862",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hulya Çiçek, Dr. Mustafa Yıldırım, Dr. Necat Yilmaz and Dr. Mehmet Solakhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11831.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"466717",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",surname:"Çiçek",slug:"hulya-cicek",fullName:"Hulya Çiçek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:405},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"828",title:"Reliability Engineering",slug:"reliability-engineering",parent:{id:"123",title:"System Engineering",slug:"system-engineering"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:143,numberOfWosCitations:56,numberOfCrossrefCitations:71,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"828",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10384",title:"Practical Applications in Reliability Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"377d3c041a06cfcfc99bd906fdbbbf46",slug:"practical-applications-in-reliability-engineering",bookSignature:"Muhammad Zubair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"320007",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Zubair",slug:"muhammad-zubair",fullName:"Muhammad Zubair"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7687",title:"Reliability and Maintenance",subtitle:"An Overview of Cases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14790fdcb395faea44e1351e45cb20a5",slug:"reliability-and-maintenance-an-overview-of-cases",bookSignature:"Leo Kounis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7687.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111582",title:"Dr.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kounis",slug:"leo-kounis",fullName:"Leo Kounis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9373",title:"Engineering Failure Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9ba52779a6412cacf546d387eb932f3",slug:"engineering-failure-analysis",bookSignature:"Kary Thanapalan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219186",title:"Dr.",name:"Kary",middleName:null,surname:"Thanapalan",slug:"kary-thanapalan",fullName:"Kary Thanapalan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6197",title:"System of System Failures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ff73e8bf2376a39046fe3b26e18da0e",slug:"system-of-system-failures",bookSignature:"Takafumi Nakamura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6197.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206988",title:"Dr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",slug:"takafumi-nakamura",fullName:"Takafumi Nakamura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5720",title:"Failure Analysis and Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f79dd2c5b85e97fc2d94924ff4931bb1",slug:"failure-analysis-and-prevention",bookSignature:"Aidy Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13626",title:"Prof.",name:"Aidy",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"aidy-ali",fullName:"Aidy Ali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6024",title:"System Reliability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cf0113f60979705f5b0b0ea0bac3028",slug:"system-reliability",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6024.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5317",title:"Concise Reliability for Engineers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd29c0cfec89eb0c272c374e903b3da",slug:"concise-reliability-for-engineers",bookSignature:"Jaroslav Mencik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5317.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"142710",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Menčík",slug:"jaroslav-mencik",fullName:"Jaroslav Menčík"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57936",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71926",title:"Power System Reliability: Mathematical Models and Applications",slug:"power-system-reliability-mathematical-models-and-applications",totalDownloads:2765,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"This chapter deals with power systems reliability including technical, economical, and decisional aspects. Knowing that almost 90% of failures occur in the distribution systems, great interest was dedicated to this part of the system, and the first work was oriented to reliability indices defined as objectives to attempt and as performance measures in the electricity market. Some works deal with the managers’ behavior, and the customers reactions are modeled using economic criteria in uncertain future and inspired from game theory. When studying components, degradation models were introduced and combined with the effects of socks to study the reliability changing during system operation. In some works, the correlation between maintenance policies and reliability aspects was highlighted. In a recent work, considering the importance of new technologies integration and renewable energy insertion to power systems, it was revealed that reliability aspects and energy sustainability are two fundamental issues of progress in a given society.",book:{id:"6024",slug:"system-reliability",title:"System Reliability",fullTitle:"System Reliability"},signatures:"Rabah Medjoudj, Hassiba Bediaf and Djamil Aissani",authors:[{id:"182165",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabah",middleName:null,surname:"Medjoudj",slug:"rabah-medjoudj",fullName:"Rabah Medjoudj"},{id:"182167",title:"Prof.",name:"Djamil",middleName:null,surname:"Aissani",slug:"djamil-aissani",fullName:"Djamil Aissani"},{id:"208149",title:"Ms.",name:"Hassiba",middleName:null,surname:"Bediaf",slug:"hassiba-bediaf",fullName:"Hassiba Bediaf"}]},{id:"56062",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69721",title:"A Decision Support System for Planning and Operation of Maintenance and Customer Services in Electric Power Distribution Systems",slug:"a-decision-support-system-for-planning-and-operation-of-maintenance-and-customer-services-in-electri",totalDownloads:1679,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter aims to present the design and development of a decision support system (DSS) for the analysis, simulation, planning, and operation of maintenance and customer services in electric power distribution system (EPDS). The main objective of the DSS is to improve the decision‐making processes through visualization tools and simulation of real cases in the EPDS, in order to allow better planning in the short, medium, and long term. Therefore, the DSS helps managers and decision‐makers to reduce maintenance and operational costs, to improve system reliability, and to analyze new scenarios and conditions for system expansion planning. First, we introduce the key challenges faced by the decision‐makers in the planning and operation of maintenance and customer services in EPDS. Next, we discuss the benefits and the requirements for the DSS design and development, including use cases modeling and the software architecture. Afterwards, we present the capabilities of the DSS and discuss important decisions made during the implementation phases. We conclude the chapter with a discussion about the obtained results, pointing out the possible enhancements of the DSS, future extensions, and new use cases that may be addressed.",book:{id:"6024",slug:"system-reliability",title:"System Reliability",fullTitle:"System Reliability"},signatures:"Carlos Henrique Barriquello, Vinícius Jacques Garcia, Magdiel\nSchmitz, Daniel Pinheiro Bernardon and Júlio Schenato Fonini",authors:[{id:"180154",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"P",surname:"Bernardon",slug:"daniel-bernardon",fullName:"Daniel Bernardon"},{id:"180657",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinicius Jacques",middleName:"Jacques",surname:"Garcia",slug:"vinicius-jacques-garcia",fullName:"Vinicius Jacques Garcia"},{id:"203699",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Barriquello",slug:"carlos-barriquello",fullName:"Carlos Barriquello"},{id:"206560",title:"Mr.",name:"Magdiel",middleName:null,surname:"Schmitz",slug:"magdiel-schmitz",fullName:"Magdiel Schmitz"},{id:"206562",title:"BSc.",name:"Júlio",middleName:null,surname:"Schenato Fonini",slug:"julio-schenato-fonini",fullName:"Júlio Schenato Fonini"}]},{id:"66913",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85571",title:"Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems",slug:"reliability-evaluation-of-power-systems",totalDownloads:1974,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Reliability evaluation of electric power systems is an essential and vital issue in the planning, designing, and operation of power systems. An electric power system consists of a set of components interconnected with each other in some purposeful and meaningful manner. The object of a reliability evaluation is to derive suitable measures, criteria, and indices of reliable and dependable performance based on component outage data and configuration. For evaluating generated reliability, the components of interest are the generating units and system configuration, which refer to the specific unit(s) operated to serve the present or future load. The indices used to measure the generated reliability are probabilistic estimates of the ability of a particular generation configuration to supply the load demand. These indices are better understood as an assessment of system-wide generation adequacy and not as absolute measures of system reliability. The indices are sensitive to basic factors like unit size and unit availability and are most useful when comparing the relative reliability of different generation configurations. The system is deemed to operate successfully if there is enough generation capacity (adequate reserve) to satisfy the peak load (maximum demand). Firstly, generation model and load model are convolved (mutually combined) to yield the risk of supply shortages in the system. Secondly, probabilistic estimates of shortage risk are used as indices of bulk power system reliability evaluation for the considered configuration.",book:{id:"7687",slug:"reliability-and-maintenance-an-overview-of-cases",title:"Reliability and Maintenance",fullTitle:"Reliability and Maintenance - An Overview of Cases"},signatures:"Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan",authors:[{id:"274935",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Al-Shaalan",slug:"abdullah-al-shaalan",fullName:"Abdullah Al-Shaalan"}]},{id:"55938",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69286",title:"Imperfect Maintenance Models, from Theory to Practice",slug:"imperfect-maintenance-models-from-theory-to-practice",totalDownloads:2095,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The role of maintenance in the industrial environment changed a lot in recent years, and today, it is a key function for long-term profitability in an organization. Many contributions were recently written by researchers on this topic. A lot of models were proposed to optimize maintenance activities while ensuring availability and high-quality requirements. In addition to the well-known classification of maintenance activities—preventive and corrective—in the last decades, a new classification emerged in the literature regarding the degree of system restoration after maintenance actions. Among them, the imperfect maintenance is one of the most studied maintenance types: it is defined as an action after which the system lies in a state somewhere between an “as good as new” state and its pre-maintenance condition “as bad as old.” Most of the industrial companies usually operate with imperfect maintenance actions, even if the awareness in actual industrial context is limited. On the practical definition side, in particular, there are some real situations of imperfect maintenance: three main specific cases were identified, both from literature analysis and from experience. Considering these three implementations of imperfect maintenance actions and the main models proposed in the literature, we illustrate how to identify the most suitable model for each real case.",book:{id:"6024",slug:"system-reliability",title:"System Reliability",fullTitle:"System Reliability"},signatures:"Filippo De Carlo and Maria Antonietta Arleo",authors:[{id:"161657",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"De Carlo",slug:"filippo-de-carlo",fullName:"Filippo De Carlo"},{id:"171361",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Antonietta",middleName:null,surname:"Arleo",slug:"maria-antonietta-arleo",fullName:"Maria Antonietta Arleo"}]},{id:"69584",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89729",title:"Strengths and Limitations of Traditional Theoretical Approaches to FRP Laminate Design against Failure",slug:"strengths-and-limitations-of-traditional-theoretical-approaches-to-frp-laminate-design-against-failu",totalDownloads:965,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The strength of Fiber Reinforced Plastic laminated structures is strongly dependent on the stacking sequence of the laminate, and consequently the fiber orientations of the individual laminae (also referred to as layers or plies). Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) is a theoretical tool providing the strain and stress distribution in a laminate based on its stacking sequence and material properties. On the other hand, first ply, and consequent ply failure can be approximated with interactive failure criteria, such as the Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu. Technological advances often require material alternatives to metallic structures, and FRPs constitute optimum solutions to such selections. However, these structures are no longer just plain laminates with unidirectional fibers in their laminae, they include geometric discontinuities allowing ease of assembly. Such discontinuities become stress concentration regions, which require extra attention upon design against failure. This chapter discusses the extent to which the traditional analysis of FRP failure, using CLT and interactive failure criteria is adequate in structures with discontinuities, and suggests extra analysis steps to be considered when designing against failure in the area of the discontinuity.",book:{id:"9373",slug:"engineering-failure-analysis",title:"Engineering Failure Analysis",fullTitle:"Engineering Failure Analysis"},signatures:"Roselita Fragoudakis",authors:[{id:"220155",title:"Dr.",name:"Roselita",middleName:null,surname:"Fragoudakis",slug:"roselita-fragoudakis",fullName:"Roselita Fragoudakis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50094",title:"Reliability of Systems",slug:"reliability-of-systems",totalDownloads:3360,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Many objects consist of more components. The mutual arrangement of the individual elements influences the resultant reliability. The formulae are shown for the resultant reliability of series arrangement, as well as for parallel and combined arrangement. The possibility of reliability increasing by means of redundancy is explained, and also the principle of optimal allocation of reliabilities to individual elements. Everything is illustrated on examples.",book:{id:"5317",slug:"concise-reliability-for-engineers",title:"Concise Reliability for Engineers",fullTitle:"Concise Reliability for Engineers"},signatures:"Jaroslav Menčík",authors:[{id:"142710",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Menčík",slug:"jaroslav-mencik",fullName:"Jaroslav Menčík"}]},{id:"50095",title:"Time to Failure of Deteriorating Objects",slug:"time-to-failure-of-deteriorating-objects",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter explains the prediction of the time to failure in the following cases: fatigue of metallic components under cyclic loading or in the presence of cracks, static fatigue, wear and creep, variable loading (damage accumulation). Prediction of the time to failure based on monitoring of the changing response. Probabilistic aspects of the lifetime prediction. The determination of the time to failure is illustrated on examples.",book:{id:"5317",slug:"concise-reliability-for-engineers",title:"Concise Reliability for Engineers",fullTitle:"Concise Reliability for Engineers"},signatures:"Jaroslav Menčík",authors:[{id:"142710",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Menčík",slug:"jaroslav-mencik",fullName:"Jaroslav Menčík"}]},{id:"66913",title:"Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems",slug:"reliability-evaluation-of-power-systems",totalDownloads:1974,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Reliability evaluation of electric power systems is an essential and vital issue in the planning, designing, and operation of power systems. An electric power system consists of a set of components interconnected with each other in some purposeful and meaningful manner. The object of a reliability evaluation is to derive suitable measures, criteria, and indices of reliable and dependable performance based on component outage data and configuration. For evaluating generated reliability, the components of interest are the generating units and system configuration, which refer to the specific unit(s) operated to serve the present or future load. The indices used to measure the generated reliability are probabilistic estimates of the ability of a particular generation configuration to supply the load demand. These indices are better understood as an assessment of system-wide generation adequacy and not as absolute measures of system reliability. The indices are sensitive to basic factors like unit size and unit availability and are most useful when comparing the relative reliability of different generation configurations. The system is deemed to operate successfully if there is enough generation capacity (adequate reserve) to satisfy the peak load (maximum demand). Firstly, generation model and load model are convolved (mutually combined) to yield the risk of supply shortages in the system. Secondly, probabilistic estimates of shortage risk are used as indices of bulk power system reliability evaluation for the considered configuration.",book:{id:"7687",slug:"reliability-and-maintenance-an-overview-of-cases",title:"Reliability and Maintenance",fullTitle:"Reliability and Maintenance - An Overview of Cases"},signatures:"Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan",authors:[{id:"274935",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Al-Shaalan",slug:"abdullah-al-shaalan",fullName:"Abdullah Al-Shaalan"}]},{id:"58172",title:"X-Ray Techniques",slug:"x-ray-techniques",totalDownloads:2408,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter reviewed existing X-ray techniques that can be used for the analysis of materials, inclusive of those used as engineering and structural components. These techniques are X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analytical techniques provide qualitative and quantitative information on the composition and structure of materials with precision. XRD gives information on the crystalline forms and amorphous content of materials, which could be quite useful in failure analysis if the type of failure brings about morphological changes in the material under investigation. PIXE and XRF provide information on the types of elements present in a sample material and their concentrations. PIXE is however preferable to XRF due to its higher sensitivity to trace elements and lower atomic number elements as well as its faster analysis. XRF and XRD are more commonly used than PIXE which is a powerful, high-tech method that is relatively new in the field of chemical research. In this chapter, the theory and principles of these analytical techniques are explained, and diagrams showing the components of spectrometers and diffractometers are provided with descriptions of how they function.",book:{id:"5720",slug:"failure-analysis-and-prevention",title:"Failure Analysis and Prevention",fullTitle:"Failure Analysis and Prevention"},signatures:"Clementina Dilim Igwebike-Ossi",authors:[{id:"219931",title:"Dr.",name:"Clementina",middleName:null,surname:"Igwebike-Ossi",slug:"clementina-igwebike-ossi",fullName:"Clementina Igwebike-Ossi"}]},{id:"57936",title:"Power System Reliability: Mathematical Models and Applications",slug:"power-system-reliability-mathematical-models-and-applications",totalDownloads:2765,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"This chapter deals with power systems reliability including technical, economical, and decisional aspects. Knowing that almost 90% of failures occur in the distribution systems, great interest was dedicated to this part of the system, and the first work was oriented to reliability indices defined as objectives to attempt and as performance measures in the electricity market. Some works deal with the managers’ behavior, and the customers reactions are modeled using economic criteria in uncertain future and inspired from game theory. When studying components, degradation models were introduced and combined with the effects of socks to study the reliability changing during system operation. In some works, the correlation between maintenance policies and reliability aspects was highlighted. In a recent work, considering the importance of new technologies integration and renewable energy insertion to power systems, it was revealed that reliability aspects and energy sustainability are two fundamental issues of progress in a given society.",book:{id:"6024",slug:"system-reliability",title:"System Reliability",fullTitle:"System Reliability"},signatures:"Rabah Medjoudj, Hassiba Bediaf and Djamil Aissani",authors:[{id:"182165",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabah",middleName:null,surname:"Medjoudj",slug:"rabah-medjoudj",fullName:"Rabah Medjoudj"},{id:"182167",title:"Prof.",name:"Djamil",middleName:null,surname:"Aissani",slug:"djamil-aissani",fullName:"Djamil Aissani"},{id:"208149",title:"Ms.",name:"Hassiba",middleName:null,surname:"Bediaf",slug:"hassiba-bediaf",fullName:"Hassiba Bediaf"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"828",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79866",title:"Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101582",signatures:"Yosra Ahmed Soltan and Amlan Kumar Patra",slug:"ruminal-microbiome-manipulation-to-improve-fermentation-efficiency-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78998",title:"Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100142",signatures:"Mardiati Zain, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat, Heni Suryani and Novirman Jamarun",slug:"effect-of-various-feed-additives-on-the-methane-emissions-from-beef-cattle-based-on-an-ammoniated-pa",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79696",title:"How to Build Food Safety Resilience in Commercial Restaurants?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101481",signatures:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas and Elke Stedefeldt",slug:"how-to-build-food-safety-resilience-in-commercial-restaurants",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79604",title:"Perspective Chapter: Food System Resilience - Towards a Joint Understanding and Implications for Policy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99899",signatures:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Emma Termeer, Deborah Bakker, Hubert Fonteijn and Herman Brouwer",slug:"perspective-chapter-food-system-resilience-towards-a-joint-understanding-and-implications-for-policy",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Emeje",slug:"martins-emeje",fullName:"Martins Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 9th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfPublishedBooks:8,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/205831",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"205831"},fullPath:"/profiles/205831",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()