Statistics on SOC estimation performance of the proposed nonlinear estimators UKF, PF and NOE - Benchmark.
We are currently seeing a significant increase in global environmental pollution, with immediate repercussions on air, water and soil quality. More precisely, especially in the developed countries around the world the environmental pollution has reached scary limits. Related to this it is worth to mention the presence of a significant amount of hydrocarbons pollutants (benzene, toluene and xylene) in the emissions of the vehicles equipped with gasoline or diesel engines that are characterized by a variable toxicity depending on the chemical composition of the exhaust gases. Furthermore, these toxic substances are propagated through the air from one region of the world to another one and surrounds countries and continents becoming a global phenomenon, consisting of irreversible pollution of water, air and soil at the planetary scale.
Therefore, the need to conceive and implement new environmental conservation strategies at the global scale is required. Also, a changing in the thinking of the people about a significant reduction in energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort is crucial. In these circumstances there is a real hope that with the current technology available could stop the global destruction of the environment. Moreover, the new strategies based on electrical energy consumption assure a sustainable development of each community are critical to achieve a clean and efficient urban or rural transportation. As a viable solution to the global energy shortage and growing environmental pollution is the use of the electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. Nowadays, the electric vehicles (EVs) including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and pure battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are gaining popularity in automotive industry and will dominate soon the clean vehicle market [2]. Related, in [2] is mentioned also that by 2020, it is expected that “
They have a great potential to reduce greenhouse and other exhaust gas emissions, and require extensive research efforts and huge investments [2].
Nevertheless, amongst them the most promising power source with a great potential to be developed and to get a wide application in the future on the EVs market is the Li-Ion battery recommended by its light weight, high energy density, tiny memory effect, and relatively low self-discharge compared to its strong competitors, namely Ni-Cad and Ni-MH batteries, as is mentioned in [1, 2].
Additionally, the newest Li-Ion batteries are safer and less toxic than the same batteries in competition. Due to the diversity and the complexity of EVs field we limit our case study only to HEVs applications since we have got some research experience in modeling, control and the estimation strategies related to this field.
Therefore, one of the main objectives of this research work is to disseminate the most relevant results obtained until now in this area and to share some interesting ideas with our readers. The Li-Ion battery is a main component integrated in the battery management system (BMS) of a HEV that is responsible for “
Definitely, the selection criteria of the specific chemistry battery to be integrated in BMS structure of a HEV are the cost, the specific power and energy, cycle life, and the presence of poisonous heavy metals [2, 12]. A complete literature review on life cycle assessment (LCA) of HEVs since 1998 until 2013 has been conducted in [12]. In our research we are only focused on the technical aspects, such as battery modeling and developing the most suitable estimation techniques of battery SOC.
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, the widely-used 2RC-series cells Li-Ion battery equivalent model circuit (EMC) is introduced and the state space equations are derived. In Section 3, is proposed for design and implementation in real-time three nonlinear estimators, namely an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), Particle Filter (PF), and a nonlinear observer estimator (NOE).
The simulation results and the performance analysis of the proposed estimators are presented in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the book chapter.
In this section we introduce a generic model capable to describe accurately the dynamics of Li-Ion battery, based on the same set of first-order differential equations in a state-space representation. For simulation purpose, a specific Li-Ion battery model is considered to prove the effectiveness of the proposed SOC estimation strategies. This model can be obtained from the generic model by changing only the values of the model parameters in state-space equations. For our case study we choose the widely-used 2RC - series cells Li-Ion battery equivalent model circuit (EMC) as model-based support, well documented in [1, 8, 11].
In this subsection we introduce briefly the same terminology as in [2] to introduce the most used terms in this chapter that characterize the Li-Ion battery architecture and its performance.
A single battery cell is a complete battery with two current leads and separate compartment holding electrodes (positive (+) and negative (−)), separator, and electrolyte. A few cells are connected in series, parallel or in series - parallel combinations, either by physical attachment or by welding in between cells to form a battery module. Similar, several modules are connected to form a battery pack placed in a single compartment for thermal management. A HEV may have more than one batteries packs placed in a different location of the car.
A battery cell is fully charged when its terminal voltage reaches the maximum voltage limit value after being charged at infinitesimal current levels, for example a maximum limit voltage value of 4.2 V at room temperature (25°C). A battery terminal voltage value greater than this limit corresponds to a dangerous over-charging operating condition. Similar, a battery cell is fully discharged when its terminal voltage reaches the minimum voltage limit value after being drained at infinitesimal current levels, for example a minimum limit voltage value of 3.0 V at room temperature. A battery terminal voltage value smaller than this limit corresponds to a dangerous over-discharging operating condition. The capacity of a battery is measured in Ampere-hours (Ah) defined as the total charge that can be discharged from a fully charged battery under specified conditions. The rated Ah capacity is the nominal capacity of a fully charged new battery under the conditions predefined by the catalog specifications of the battery, e.g. the nominal condition could be defined as room temperature 25°C and battery discharging is at 1/25 C-rate. The C-rate is used to represent a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery in 1 hour, e.g. for a 6 Ah battery, 1C-rate is equal to charge or discharge the battery at a constant current value of 6 A; in the same way, 0.1C-rate is equivalent to 0.6 A, and 2C-rate for charging or discharging the battery at a constant current value of 12 A. The power density of the battery is an important criterion of battery selection that is defined as the peak power per unit volume of a battery (W/l). In the battery model dynamics, the effect of its internal resistance is significant. It is defined as the overall equivalent resistance within the battery. Also, it is worth to mention that its value varies during the charging and discharging battery cycles, and moreover may vary as the operating condition changes. The peak power according to the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC)‘s definition is given by:
where
The peak power is defined at the condition when the terminal voltage is 2/3 of its OCV. The SOC of the battery provides an important feedback about the state of health (SOH) of the battery and its safe operation. SOC is defined as battery available capacity expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity. More precisely, the SOC can be defined as the remaining capacity of a battery and it is affected by its operating conditions such as load current and temperature:
The SOC for a fully charged battery is 100% and for an empty battery is 0%, defined for a discharging cycle, when discharging battery current is positive, as:
where η is the coulombic efficiency of the charging or discharging battery cycle,
The relation (3) can be also written as a first order differential equation that further it will be used for SOC state estimation:
The SOC is a critical condition parameter for battery management system (BMS), often affected by its operating conditions such as load current and temperature; consequently, an accurate estimation of SOC is very important, since it is the key issue for the healthy and safe operation of batteries. The depth of discharge (DOD) is used to indicate the percentage of the total battery capacity that has been discharged at time t, defined as:
The SOH of the battery is defined as the ratio of the maximum charge capacity of an aged battery to the maximum charge capacity when this battery was new. Its life cycle (number of cycles) is given by the number of discharging-charging cycles that the battery can withstand at a specific DOD (normally 80%) before it fails to meet the desired performance criteria. The actual operating life of the battery is affected by the charging and discharging rates, DOD, and by the temperature. The higher the DOD is the shorter will be the cycle life. To attain a higher life cycle, a larger battery is required to be used for a lower DOD during normal operating conditions.
The Battery Management System is an integrated battery structure consisting of measurement sensors, controllers, serial communication, and computation hardware with software algorithms such as Proportion Integral Derivative (PID) and adaptive control laws, Kalman filters estimators, adaptive or sliding mode observers designed to decide the maximum charging/discharging cycles current and the duration from the estimation of SOC and SOH of the battery pack, as is shown in [11, 13, 14, 15].
A BMS as an important connector between the battery and the HEV plays a vital role in improving battery performance and optimizing vehicle operation in a safe and reliable manner, as is mentioned in [13]. Nowadays, the trend of the BMSs is a rapid growth of the EV and HEV market, thus it is essential for the automotive industry to develop a comprehensive and mature BMSs. As is stated in [13]”
The BMS hardware and software components, the safety circuitry incorporated within the battery packs play an important role to monitor, control, compute and to show continually the safety state, the SOC, SOH, as well as the longevity of the battery.
Moreover, in [13] is emphasized one of the most dangerous situations such as the ignition of a Li-Ion battery during overcharging operating conditions, due to the volatility, flammability and entropy changes. Also, after repeated over-discharging cycles, the battery cell capacity is reduced significantly, due to irreversible chemical reactions, and thus the BMS needs to monitor and control constantly the Li-Ion battery state. Whenever any abnormal conditions happen, such as self-discharge leakage current through the insulation resistance of the battery, well-known as ground insulation resistances of the negative and positive bus of BMS
Furthermore, to increase the effectiveness of BMS in [13] is proposed a new BMS with the following categories of components:
A. Hardware with the following components:
Safety circuitry; Sensor system; Data acquisition; Charge and discharge control; Communication; Thermal management.
The sensor system block integrates different sensors capable to monitor and measure battery parameters including cell voltage, battery temperature, and battery current. The new proposed BMS in [13] it seems to have a lot of improvements in terms of current safety circuitry designs that can be easily implemented, amongst them is worth to mention the addition of accurate alarms and controls to prevent overcharge, over-discharge, and overheating. Therefore, the external signals such as the current, voltage, and temperature must be measured to improve the capability of state tracking in real life applications [13]. Data acquisition (DAQ) block in conjunction with the data storage block are critical parts for the software in the BMS to analyze and build a database for system modeling and estimation algorithms development.
The charge and discharge control block is integrated in hardware architecture of the BMS to implement the charge-discharge protocol. A variable resistor may be necessary to help balance cells or perform internal resistance measurements. In [13] is mentioned also that the “
Furthermore, the recent development of smart batteries within the context of innovative electronics and artificial intelligence, more data can be collected to communicate with the user and the charger through the microchips incorporated within the battery [13]. In addition, “
B. Software with the following components:
SOC estimation and monitoring; SOH estimation and monitoring; Cell balancing; Fault Detection and Isolation; User interface.
The software compartment integrated in BMS structure is in reality such as an artificial “brain” that controls all hardware operations and examines all sensors data for making decisions and to implement in real-time linear, nonlinear and intelligent SOC, SOH estimators, and also FDI techniques. As is mention in [13], “
Roughly, for many faults scenarios to compute the magnitude of the thresholds we can use also the statistics of the residual errors for healthy system between the measured values data set and its estimated values, such as the mean
The equivalent model circuits (EMCs) are simple electric circuits consisting of voltage sources, resistors and capacitors networks, commonly-used to simulate the dynamic behavior of the Li-Ion batteries [1, 8, 11]. The role of the resistor-capacitor (RC) series networks integrated in EMCs is to improve models’ accuracy, and also to increase the structural complexity of the models [1, 8]. In this research paper we chose for Li-Ion battery model design and implementation stages an equivalent second order model RC circuit. It consists of a resistor R, two series RC cells (R1C1, R2C2), and an open-circuit voltage (OCV) source dependent of SOC, i.e. OCV (SOC), as is shown in Figure 1(a), in NI Multisim 14.1 editor. In EMC architecture, R denotes the internal ohmic resistance of the Li-Ion battery, the parallel cells (R1, C1), (R2, C2) connected in series denote the electrochemical polarization resistances and capacitances, for which T1 = R1C1, T2 = R2C2 can imitate the fast polarization time constant, and the slow polarization time constant for the voltage recovery of the Li-Ion battery respectively {14]. Also,
The second order RC equivalent model circuit (EMC) 1(a), and the insulation resistances Rn and Rp 1(b) of Li-Ion battery, represented in NI Multisim 14.1 editor (see for details [
Also “
The National Standard (NS) 18384.3-2001, stipulates several safety requirements for HEVs, especially for insulation resistance state, measurement method [16]. According to NS, the insulation state of an EV is evaluated according to the ground insulation resistance of the DC positive and negative bus,
By simple manipulations of Ohm’s, current and voltage Kirchhoff’s laws applied to the proposed Li-Ion battery’s EMC can be written the following first order differential equations that are most suitable to capture the entire dynamics of EMC in time domain:
By defining the following state variables
where
For simulation purpose, in order to validate the proposed battery model, as well as to prove the effectiveness of the SOC estimation strategies developed in Section 3, we consider as the most suitable nominal values for Li-Ion battery EMC parameters and OCV coefficients the same values that are carefully chosen for model validation in [8] as follows
Li-Ion battery ECM parameters:
The battery internal ohmic resistance (slightly different for charging and discharging cycles), R = 0.0022 [Ω] (ohms), the first RC cell polarization resistance and capacitance, R1 = 0.00077 [Ω], C1 = 14475.24 [F], and the second RC cell polarization resistance and capacitance, R2 = 0.0011 [Ω], C2 = 98246.01 [F] (Farads).
Li-Ion battery characteristics:
The value of the battery capacity, Q = 6 Ah (Amperes hours), the voltage nominal value of the battery, Vnom = 3.6 V (Volts), and the coulombic efficiency, η = 1, for charging cycle, and η = 0.85, for discharging cycle
The OCV coefficients:
K0 = 4.23, K1 = 3.86E-05, K2 = 0.24, K3 = 0.22, K4 = −0.04
The
We introduce now the following new notations:
With these notations, a discrete time state space representation of the combined EMC Li-Ion battery model is obtained::
Further, a compact discrete time of combined ECM Li-Ion battery state space representation (9) can be written in the following matrix form:
where the nonlinear function
For EMC validation purpose we compare the results of the tests using a NREL with two capacitors already integrated in an Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) MATLAB platform, developed by US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as is shown in [9, 10]. The NREL Li-Ion battery model approximates with high accuracy the Li-Ion battery model 6 Ah and nominal voltage of 3.6 V, manufactured by the company SAFT America, as is mentioned in [9, 10]. Also, for simulation purpose and comparison of the tests results, the EMC battery model is incorporated in a BMS’ HEV, and its performance is compared to those obtained by a particular Japanese Toyota Prius, selected as an input vehicle in ADVISOR MATLAB platform, under standard initial conditions and the setup shown in Figure 2.
The setup of the Japanese Toyota Prius HEV’ car in ADVISOR MATLAB platform under standard initial conditions (initial value of SOC of 70%).
Among different driving speed cycles for a large collection of cars provided by the ADVISOR US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in our case study for Toyota Prius HEV car, the speed profile is selected as an Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), as is shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
The UDDS cycle profile for Toyota Prius car speed test represented on the ADVISOR MATLAB platform.
The corresponding car speed, current profile, exhaust gases emission, and SOC curves to UDDS cycle tests in ADVISOR MATLAB platform.
Both, the driving UDDS cycle for car speed (
Also, the exhaust gases emission and SOC curves, as a result to the same UDDS cycle test on the ADVISOR MATLAB platform, are shown in the last two bottom graphs of Figure 4, accompanied by details in the next section.
The Li-Ion battery EMC and the ADVISOR SOCs, for the same initial condition, SOC = 70% and the same UDDS cycle profile input current test, are implemented in a real-time MATLAB environment, as is shown on the same graph at the top of Figure 5. The SOC simulations reveal a great accuracy between Li-Ion battery EMC and its corresponding ADVISOR NREL model represented on ADVISOR MATLAB platform, as is shown in Figure 4, thus an expected confirmation of the EMC validation results.
The SOC curves for Li-Ion battery EMC and NREL/6 Ah SAFT models in MATLAB R17a (the top graphs), and its corresponding EMC battery output terminal voltage, Vbatt (the second bottom graph).
The second graph from the bottom in the same Figure 5 depicts the EMC battery output terminal DC instantaneous voltage
The simulation results of Li-Ion battery EMC output voltage show a stabilization of the battery output voltage value at the end of UDDS cycle, i.e. after 1370 seconds.
Likewise, the Li-Ion battery OCV for a discharging cycle at 1C-rate (i.e. 6 Ah × 1/h = 6A constant input discharging current) is shown in the top of Figure 6, and its corresponding SOC during the same discharging cycle is revealed on the bottom graph of the same Figure 6 respectively.
The Li-Ion battery EMC OCV curve during a complete discharging cycle at 1C-rate (top) and the corresponding battery SOC (bottom).
In this section we propose for Li-Ion battery EMC SOC estimation three nonlinear on-board real-time estimators integrated in BMS of HEV, based on Kalman Filter (KF) technique, specifically a nonlinear Gaussian Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), a non-Gaussian nonlinear Particle Filter (PF), and a nonlinear observer estimator (NOE). The simulations results and a comprehensive performance analysis for each proposed SOC estimator are presented in the following subsections of this section.
The main aim of this subsection is to build a nonlinear UKF SOC estimator, following the same design procedure described rigorously in [5]. We are motivated by some preliminary results obtained in our research, as you can see in [6, 7]. Technically, UKF estimator is based on the principle that one set of discrete sampled points parameterizes easily the mean and the covariance of a Gaussian random variable, as is stated in [5]. Moreover, the nonlinear estimator UKF yields an equivalent performance compared to a linear extended Kalman filter (EKF), well documented in [3, 4, 8], excluding the linearization steps required by EKF. In addition, the results of UKF real-time implementation for the majority of similar applications are encouraging, and it seems that the anticipated performance of this approach is slightly superior compared to EKF [3, 4, 8]. Furthermore, the nonlinear UKF SOC estimator can be extended to the applications where the distributions of the process and measurements noises are not Gaussian [19]. Concluding, the implementation simplicity and a great estimation accuracy of the proposed UKF SOC estimator recommend it as the most suitable estimator to be used in almost all similar applications. Explicitly, the nonlinear UKF estimator is an algorithm of “
where
The simulation results of the real-time implementation of proposed UKF SOC nonlinear estimator in MATLAB R17a environment are shown in Figures 7 and 8. In Figure 7 are presented the simulation results for EMC SOC true value versus EMC SOC-UKF and ADVISOR MATLAB platform estimated values.
Li-Ion EMC SOC and output terminal battery DC voltage versus Li-Ion EMC-UKF and ADVISOR estimated values for an UDDS cycle current profile test.
Li-Ion EMC polarization DC voltages versus Li-Ion EMC-UKF estimated values for an UDDS cycle current profile test.
Also, at the bottom of Figure 7 is shown the EMC battery output terminal true value DC voltage versus EMC-UKF battery output terminal estimated DC voltage. The simulation results reveal an accurate SOC estimation values, and also a very good robustness of UKF estimator to the changes in initial SOC value (guess value, SOCinit = 20%). In Figure 8 are shown the Li-Ion EMC polarization voltages versus Li-Ion EMC -UKF estimates, and in Figure 9 is represented the robustness of EMC-UKF SOC nonlinear estimator to a gradual increase in the internal resistance by 1.5 until 2 times of its initial value. The simulation results reveal a significant decrease in Li-Ion EMC UKF SOC estimator performance to an increase in internal resistance, but still remains convergent to EMC measurements after a long transient.
The robustness of Li-Ion EMC-UKF estimator to the changes in internal battery resistance for an UDDS cycle current profile test.
In this subsection we propose a real-time PF SOC nonlinear estimator with a similar”
The process state estimates are used to predict and smooth the stochastic process, and with the innovations can be estimated the parameters of the linear or nonlinear dynamic model [19]. The basic idea of PF SOC estimator is that any probability distribution function (
Compared to nonlinear UKF SOC estimator design, the nonlinear PF SOC estimator has almost a similar approach that does not require any local linearization technique, i.e. Jacobean matrices, or any rough functional approximation. Also, the PF can adjust the number of particles to match available computational resources, so a tradeoff between accuracy of estimate and required computation. Furthermore, it is computationally compliant even with complex, non-linear, non-Gaussian models, as a tradeoff between approximate solutions to complex nonlinear dynamic model versus exact solution to approximate dynamic model [6, 19]. In the Bayesian approach to dynamic state estimation the PF estimator attempts to construct the posterior probability function (pdf) of a random state variable based on available information, including the set of received measurements. Since the pdf represents all available statistical information, it can be considered as the complete solution to the optimal estimation problem. More information useful for design and implementation in real-time of a nonlinear PF estimator can be found in the fundamental work [19]. Since we follow the same design procedure steps to build and implement in real-time a nonlinear PF estimator, as is developed in [19], we are focused only on the implementation aspects. The simulation results in real-time MATLAB R17a environment are shown in Figures 10 and 11.
EMC SOC and output terminal voltage versus EMC-PF estimated values during UDDS cycle current profile test.
Li-Ion EMC polarization voltages versus Li-Ion EMC-PF estimated values during UDDS cycle current profile test.
In Figure 10 are shown the simulation results for EMC SOC true value versus EMC SOC-PF and ADVISOR MATLAB platform estimated values. The number of filter particles is set to 1000, a very influent tuning parameter for an accurate SOC estimation performance. At the bottom of Figure 10 are shown the Li-Ion EMC battery output terminal true values of DC instantaneous voltage versus Li-Ion EMC battery output terminal DC voltage estimated by the nonlinear PF estimator. In Figure 11 are shown the Li-Ion EMC polarization DC voltages versus EMC PF estimates. In Figure 12 is shown the robustness test of Li-Ion EMC-PF SOC nonlinear estimator to a gradual increase in the internal battery resistance by same values considered for Li-Ion EMC-UKF SOC estimator.
The robustness of EMC-PF estimator to the changes in internal battery resistance for an UDDS cycle current profile test.
The simulation results reveal a good robustness and convergence of Li-Ion EMC-PF estimator, but with a lot variance in the estimated values. Overall, the simulation results reveal a fast PF estimator convergence, a good SOC filtering, an accurate SOC estimation value, and also a very good robustness of PF estimator to big changes in the initial SOC value (guess value, SOCinit = 20%), and slightly slow behavior to an increase in internal resistance of the Li-Ion battery.
In this subsection, a nonlinear observer SOC estimator (NOE) is under consideration. It is proposed to have more flexibility for a suitable choice of the best Li-Ion battery SOC estimator amongst UKF, PF, and NOE SOC estimators. We follow the same design procedure steps for its design and implementation in a real-time MATLAB R2017a simulation environment as in [1]. The estimator design is based on an important information provided by the linear structure of the matrix Eq. (9).
According to this structure all three state variables
where the matrices
This outcome improves significant the NOE SOC estimation accuracy and simplifies the structural complexity of the proposed nonlinear observer estimator. The dynamics of the nonlinear observer estimation errors can be described by the following differential equations [1]:
In [1] is proved that all three states estimation errors described by the system of Eq. (17) converge asymptotically to zero in steady-state, and the observer gain for the new simplified structure is approximated by an adaptive law:
that allows the value of
Furthermore, three main assumptions are formulated in [1] to tune the values of EMC-NOE parameters
Li-Ion EMC SOC and output terminal DC voltage versus Li-Ion EMC-NOE estimated values during UDDS cycle current profile test.
Li-Ion EMC-NOE polarization DC voltages versus Li-Ion EMC-NOE estimated values during UDDS cycle current profile test.
In Figure 13 are shown the simulation results for Li-Ion EMC SOC true value versus Li-Ion EMC SOC-NOE and ADVISOR MATLAB platform estimated values. At the bottom of Figure 13 are presented the Li-Ion EMC battery output terminal true values DC voltage versus Li-Ion EMC battery output terminal DC voltage estimated by the proposed Li-Ion EMC NOE SOC estimator. In Figure 14 are displayed the Li-Ion EMC polarization DC voltages versus Li-Ion battery EMC-NOE estimates.
In Figure 15 is depicted the robustness of Li-Ion EMC-NOE SOC estimator to an increase in internal battery Li-Ion resistance with the same values as used for the previous nonlinear estimators, EMC UKF and EMC PF respectively.
The robustness of Li-Ion EMC-NOE estimator to the changes in internal battery resistance for an UDDS cycle current profile test.
The simulation results in Figure 15 reveal slightly slow robustness to an increase in internal resistance of Li-Ion battery compared to simulation results from Figure 13, but still the convergence is reached in a long transient with much variation in the SOC estimates. Overall, the simulation results from this section reveal a fast NOE estimator convergence, a good SOC filtering, an accurate SOC estimation value, and also a very good robustness of PF estimator to big changes in the initial SOC value (the same guess value as for UKF and PF, SOCinit = 20%), compared to a gradual degrade in SOC estimation performance to an increase in internal battery resistance.
For comparison purpose, we represent on the same graph the SOC estimates of all three real-time nonlinear estimators (UKF, PF, and NOE) versus EMC SOC true value and ADVISOR MATLAB SOC estimate, as are revealed in Figures 7, 10 and 13. The simulation results in Figure 16 disclose a precious information about the convergence of all three proposed estimators to Li-Ion EMC SOC true values for the proposed Li-Ion battery EMC. Furthermore, a useful benchmark is built in terms of the statistics errors between the states estimates and the corresponding model states values, such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), defined in [6]. They are very easy to be computed in MATLAB R2017a, and the results are shown in Table 1. The MSE is a measure of how close the estimates values fit to model “true” values. The squaring is done so negative values do not cancel positive values. The smaller the MSE, the closer the fit of the estimates values is to the model “true” values. The RMSE is just the square root of the MSE [6].
EMC SOCs and output terminal voltages versus EMC, EMC-UKF, EMC-PF, and EMC-NOE estimated values during UDDS cycle current profile test.
UKF estimator | PF estimator | NOE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | MSE | RMSE | MAE | MSE | RMSE | MAE | MSE | RMSE |
0.0915 | 26.1030 | 0.1380 | 0.0572 | 4.9724 | 0.0602 | 0.0247 | 2.4584 | 0.0424 |
Statistics on SOC estimation performance of the proposed nonlinear estimators UKF, PF and NOE - Benchmark.
The main contribution of this research paper is the design and implementation in real time of a three robust nonlinear estimators, namely UKF, PF and NOE, capable to estimate with high accuracy and robustness the Li-Ion battery SOC based on a simple battery 2R EMC without disturbance uncertainties. The simulation results obtained in a real-time MATLAB simulation environment reveal that amongst all three proposed nonlinear SOC estimators the EMC NOE is a most suitable alternative to SOC UKF and PF estimators for this kind of application. The number of tuning parameters for SOC EMC NOE is much smaller than for UKF and PF estimators. The proposed SOC EMC NOE proves its effectiveness in terms of implementation simplicity, Li-Ion battery SOC estimation accuracy and robustness. Therefore, it can be considered as one of the most suitable nonlinear estimator, and a feasible alternative to UKF and PF estimators.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Coral reefs are one of the most ancient, dynamic, highly sensitive, complex, biologically diverse, highly productive ecosystems, found in the tropical coastal environment between 30° N and 30° S latitudes. Coral reefs provide an conducive environment where one-third of all marine fish species and many thousands of other species are found and offer substantial ecological and economic services to millions of people through fishery and tourism worldwide [1]. Coral reef ecosystems are degrading in rapid pace, and some facing extinction risk due to the synergistic impact of global climate change and chronic human activities including overfishing, pollution, eutrophication, sedimentation, coastal development [2, 3, 4]. Rapid decline of coral reef ecosystem health is now the most pressing challenge to the reef managers [1, 5]. Most of the tropical coral reefs are found only within a narrow range of environmental conditions, making them vulnerable to abrupt change in seawater physico-chemical parameters like temperature, and salinity [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Coral bleaching events are associated with thermal stress are acute disturbances recognized as the primary global challenge to the persistence of coral reefs, which disrupts the mutualistic relationship of corals with the thermo-sensitive endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the family
The ENSO event is one of the significant climatic events that trigger the rapid warming of the water column of the seas, altering biogeochemical processes and marine life. Thermal stresses associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are occurring with increasing frequency and severity [10]. The global SSTs have risen gradually since the 1980s, which have caused mass coral bleaching (MCB) and mortality in more than 90% of reefs since 1997–1998. Many researchers have reported four significant MCB events (i.e., 1982–1983, 1997–1998, 2010, 2015–2016) all over the world over the past four decades due to global warming-induced by the ENSO event [8, 15, 16, 17]. The 2015–2016 ENSO event emerged as the most extreme event in terms of ocean warming intensity and extent across the tropical oceans [18, 19, 20, 21], which caused one of the most severe and widespread MCB events across the Indo-Pacific [15, 20]. The MHW caused by the 2015–2016 ENSO was unprecedented over the period of two centuries resulting in ecological and economic consequences worldwide [10]. More than 75% of global coral reefs have witnessed MCB and mortality back-to-back from 2014 to 2016 [19, 20]. Corals can re-establish themselves after mass bleaching in some cases; it takes one to two decades for the ecosystem to return to the pre-bleaching state [22]. However, the increasing thermal stress left no window of recovery for corals from the previous bleaching events, leading to mass mortality [19, 20, 23]. Mass coral bleaching events can cause long-term ecological, economic, and social impacts [1, 24]. As increase in the frequency and severity of MCB could overwhelm the ability of coral reefs to recover between events. Consecutive mass coral bleaching episodes and associated coral mortalities could shift coral reefs from coral dominated state to Cyanobacteria and algae dominated state [25, 26].
The objective of this study is to examine the thermal stress that causes coral bleaching over the coral reef regions on the Eastern Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean using long-term NOAA CRW SST data. We computed the long-term climatologically mean and trend of SST for these coral reef regions and computed coral bleaching thermal indices: BT, PA, and DHW based on the SST analysis. Further, to ground-truth the accuracy of the computed coral bleaching indices, we visit at field sites for coral monitoring and analyzed the bleaching percentage.
The coral reefs are geographically located at different latitudes on the Indian coast, and are highly important ecosystem for ecosystem service and economy. The climate over Indian coral reef regions is tropical, hot, and humid. Species diversity and reef structure in Indian coral reefs vary significantly between the areas due to differences in the reef extent and environmental conditions. This study was carried out at the Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary, which lies in the Arabian Sea on the Indian coast and harbor some of the most northern reefs in the world [27]. The coral reefs in the Gulf of Kachchh is located between 22° 15’ N to 23° 40’ N Latitude and 68° 20′ E to 70° 40′ E Longitude to the north of Saurashtra Peninsula of Gujarat state (Figure 1). This region is very rich in terms of biodiversity value and supports varied coastal habitats, including coral reefs, mangroves, creeks, mudflats, islands, rocky shores, sandy beaches, etc. (Arora et al., 2018) and mostly consisting of dead coral boulders and rubbles. The coral species over the Gulf of Kachchh region belonging to the common genera of
Study area of Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary, which lies in the EAstern Arabian Sea on the Indian coast.
It extends over 170 kilometers in length (NNE–SSW) and about 75 kilometers in width (NNW–SSE), covering an area of approximately 7350 km2 with a mean depth of 30 meters. A total of 76 species of stony coral (Scleractinian) belonging to 30 genera and 12 families [28] and 12 species of soft corals are found in this region [29]. On the other hand, the Malvan Marine Sanctuary, a Marine Protected Area (MPA), is located in the Central West coast of India along the Eastern Arabian Sea, spreads over a 29.122 km2 area. The marine wildlife sanctuary harbor near shore patch coral reefs mostly dominated by massive and encrusting
The SST data analysis for the present study was obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch’s (CRW) (known as \'CoralTemp‘) high-resolution time-series data product (available from NOAA Coral Reef Watch 2019 https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov). This data set has a high spatial resolution of 5 km (0.05 × 0.05oC exactly) and a temporal resolution of one day. NOAA CRW global data product provides near real-time SST data from 1985 to the present. This datasets product uses advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data from NOAA Pathfinder SST and has been found in good agreement with
The SST variations during the warmest period from 2010 to 2020 for both regions provide information on magnitude, intensity, and duration of thermal stress. The warmest month, warmest quarter, thermal threshold, and bleaching threshold for both regions were computed from NOAA CRW datasets. Based on the maximum frequency of the warmest month recording the maximum monthly mean SST in the year, the climatologically warmest months were identified for both coral reef regions. The warmest month, warmest quarter, Thermal Threshold, and Bleaching Threshold for both regions were found to be different. The climatologically warmest month for the Gulf of Kachchh region was June, and the warmest quarter was May to July. Similarly, the climatologically warmest month for the Malvan region was May, and the warmest quarter was April to June. The Gulf of Kachchh region recorded a maximum thermal threshold of 29.35° C(±0.45° C), and the Malvan region recorded maximum threshold of 29.39° C(±0.49° C) (Figures 2 and 3). In both figures, the orange dotted line shows the thermal threshold, and the red dotted line shows the bleaching threshold for the corals become stressed when SSTs crossed thermal threshold and get bleached if the elevated SST regime is prolonged. BT and daily SST anomalies have been computed on the basis of thermal threshold (sometimes referred as climatologically mean warmest month). Once the climatologically warmest month was identified, the climatologically warmest quarters were identified comparing SST values averaged over three summer months period from a combination of the warmest month and two adjacent months (i.e., the pre and post month). SST anomalies for the warmest quarter were calculated as the absolute difference between the daily SST and the thermal threshold. The warmest quarter anomalies were plotted from 2010 to 2020 for both regions, and positive anomalies were represented in red color while negative anomalies were represented in blue color. It was found that a stark rise in the number of days recording the positive anomalies. Another thermal stress index termed as coral bleaching DHW was calculated in order to assess the accumulative thermal stress. The DHW was generated using the warmest quarter daily SST data. The DHW was also represented in color from blue to green based on their intensity and duration of thermal stress.
(Top) Sea surface temperature; (middle) sea surface temperature anomaly; (lower) degree heating weeks variations over Gulf of Kachchh region during warmest quarter (May to July) period from 2010 to 2020.
(Top) Sea surface temperature; (middle) sea surface temperature anomaly; (lower) degree heating weeks variations over Malvan region during warmest quarter (April to June) period from 2010 to 2020.
The diurnal trends of SST in the warmest quarter over a period from 2010 to 2020 provided information on the direction of changes in SST. The BT value for the Gulf of Kachchh region was observed 29.85° C (± 0.45° C) means 0.5° C above the thermal threshold value (Figure 2). Over a period from 2010 to 2020, it was observed that the SST value during the warmest quarter had crossed the BT in each year. The maximum SST 31.54° C has been recorded in the year 2015, while the minimum SST 29.97° C has been recorded in the year 2012. During the year 2020, the SST values crossed the thermal as well as BT values and persisted for more than three months. In the same year, the monitoring period was extended up to mid-August. This study also computed and showed variations of daily SST anomaly. The absolute range of positive anomaly for the Gulf of Kachchh region varied between 0.01° C to 2.2° C, and a maximum of 2.2° C was recorded in 2015. The frequency and intensity of positive anomaly have increased continuously over the region. The range of DHW was found to be 0.5° C to 14.26° C, and the maximum was recorded in the year 2020, whereas the minimum was recorded in the year 2012. The “Alert Level-2” status was recorded in 2020, while the “Alert Level-1” status was recorded in 2010. The year 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019 were recorded “Warning” status.
The diurnal trends of SST in the warmest quarter over a period from 2010 to 2020 provided information on the direction of changes in SST. The BT value for Malvan was observed 29.89° C (± 0.49° C) means 0.5° C above the thermal threshold value (Figure 3). Over a period from 2010 to 2020, it was observed that the SST value during the warmest quarter had crossed the BT in each year except two years: 2012 and 2019. Year: 2012 and 2019 have experienced significantly less SST as compared with other years. The maximum SST 31.21° C has been recorded in the year 2010. During the year 2020, the SST values crossed the BT values and persisted for three months with two intermittent breaks. This study also computed variations of daily SST anomaly. The absolute range of positive anomaly for the Malvan region varied between 0.01° C to 1.8° C, and a maximum of 1.8° C was recorded in 2010. The frequency and intensity of positive anomaly have increased continuously over the region. The range of DHW was found to be 0.2° C to 7.84° C, and the maximum was recorded in 2010, whereas the minimum was recorded in 2012. The “Alert Level-1” status was recorded in the year 2010 and 2016, while “Warning” status was recorded in the year 2015, 2017, and 2020. The DHW under “Alert Level-2” status was absent over the Malvan region. The year 2019 has shown the least coral bleaching thermal stress indices because of the long period cyclone ‘
Field observations data were collected over both locations during the period from 2010 to 2020. The recorded satellite-derived SST and field observations data indicated that corals in both regions experienced prolonged heat stress, which is the primary cause of back-to-back coral bleaching events. Field survey at Gulf of Kachchh region revealed bleaching of
Coral bleaching observed at Laku Point reef, Gulf of Kachchh region during 2016 and 2019. (a-b) Healthy and bleached
Coral bleaching observed at Malvan region from 2014 to 2019. (a-b) Bleached
Coral bleaching prevalence at Malvan Marine Sanctuary, Central West coast of India.
Correlation of duration of thermal stress (i.e., DHW) and bleaching percentage during the period from 2014 to 2019.
SST-driven impacts trigger cascading effects at the ecosystem level by reducing coral species heterogeneity, weakening the reef carbonate framework, loss of reef functionality, and negatively impacting the reef-associated biodiversity [9, 24]. This heat shock-mediated bleaching mortality of corals has emerged as the greatest threat to the existence of reefs globally as these habitats fail to recover [10, 16, 19, 35]. The present study highlights that the satellite-derived SST data may be used as a convenient tool for thermal stress-driven coral bleaching events, which will improve reef management practices in the thermal stress-impacted coral reef environment. Climate change poses a threat to the persistence of the coral reefs in tropical seas. The mass coral bleaching estimated during 2010 and 2016 was correlated with a multivariate ENSO index. The year 2010 and 2015–2016 were a strong ENSO years.
The tropical Indian Ocean is warming rapidly compared to rest of the tropical oceans [36], and warming of the Arabian Sea has increased significantly since the 1990s [37, 38]. In recent years, rapid warming event caused severe negative ecosystem impact in the Indian Ocean. For instances, 2015–2016 ENSO caused a significant decline in oil sardines fishery in South-West India [39], and phytoplankton community shift in the North-eastern Arabian Sea [40], as well as coral bleaching and mortality in Lakshadweep archipelago [41]. Understanding how the Indian Ocean suffered severe coral bleaching and mortality in 2015 following a 7.5 maximum degree heating weeks (DHWs), which caused a 60% coral cover decrease from 30% cover in 2012 to 12% in April 2016 [11]. Therefore, ENSO induced heat stress driven coral bleaching, coral mortality and ecosystem level impact of recurrent mass bleaching events require global scale quantification of the magnitude, intensity, and duration of thermal stress for each reef location for formulation of improved and timely management policies.
This study concludes that the increased thermal stress and back-to-back coral bleaching are the particular concern over Indian coral reef regions due to pressure from long-term climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study highlights that the satellite-derived SST data could serve as a useful coral reef monitoring tool along with the field data confirmation. Corals in the Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan regions show distinct regional sensitivity towards BT, SST anomalies, and DHW. NOAA CRW data proves its potential towards a long-term SST. The year 2020 was the warmest in the Gulf of Kachchh region, and 2010 was in the Malvan region during the period from 2010 to 2020, which recorded a high duration of thermal stress over the region. But the highest temperature and highest anomaly was recorded in the year 2015 over the Gulf of Kachchh region, while the Malvan region was received in 2010. In the Gulf of Kachchh region, the year 2020 was recorded high DHW compared to other years, which was under “Alert Level-2” status, and the Malvan region recorded high DHW in 2010 with “Alert Level-1” status. The year 2012 recorded minimum thermal stress over both regions. This study revealed that the high intensity and long duration thermal stress led to bleaching and mortality, which indicates the dire situation of coral reef health degradation. Therefore, the persistence of fragile coral reefs in the Gulf of Kachhh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary are in need of urgent science-informed active conservation, restoration and management intervention.
The authors are thankful to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for providing respective high-resolution SST data in the Public domain. Authors are immensely grateful to Dr. Baban Ingole for his support and encouragement for the study. We also thankful to Sambhaji Mote for his help during field observation in Malvan. The authors are thankful to the GEER Foundation, CSIR-NIO, and SAC-ISRO for supporting the field observations. The authors acknowledge the authority of Marine National Park, Jamnagar, for permitting to conduct field observations at different sites.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",totalDownloads:14819,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:"In this chapter, we explore the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for the future radio access for 5G. 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We demonstrate that the networks with NOMA outperform other multiple access schemes in terms of sum capacity, EE and SE.",book:{id:"5480",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective"},signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak"}]},{id:"77871",title:"Protection of Microgrids",slug:"protection-of-microgrids",totalDownloads:279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The concept of microgrids goes back to the early years of the electricity industry although the systems then were not formally called microgrids. Today, two types of microgrids can be seen: independent and grid connected. The protection requirement of these two types differs as the protection needs of an independent microgrid are intended for protecting components and systems within the microgrid, whereas a grid connected microgrid demands both internal and external protection. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to independent microgrids. How protection devices such as residual current circuit breakers, miniature and moulded case circuit breakers, and surge protective devices should be selected for an example microgrid is discussed while referring to the relevant standards. In the next section, the protection of a grid connected microgrid is discussed. Particularly, micro-source protection, microgrid protection, loss of mains protection and fault ride-through requirements are discussed while referring to two commonly used distributed generator connection codes. An example with simulations carried out in the IPSA simulation platform was used to explain different protection requirements and calculation procedures. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. 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Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. 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