Characteristics of electric motors for the drive of mill rollers, for wheat mill with capacity of 100 t/24 h [9]
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5785",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Teaching and Learning in Nursing",title:"Teaching and Learning in Nursing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A significant body of knowledge is the basis for a holistic, caring and scientific evidence-based nursing education in practice for professional development. Quality teaching leads to good learning and both aspects are two of the main issues of quality assurance in nursing education today. To begin with, not all nursing students have the same levels of motivation or learning abilities. It is with cognisance of providing quality care for patients that the role of the nurse educator has to be to enhance nursing students' learning using scientific evidence based teaching. Research around teaching and learning processes is an important part of the delivery of quality education, which in turn impacts on students' learning results and experiences, thereby, ensuring holistic biopsychosocial care to patients. The main aim of teaching and learning in nursing, at all levels, is to enhance the nurses' contribution to assist the individuals, families and communities in promoting and preserving health, well-being and to efficiently respond to illnesses. We hope that this book can be used as a resource to increase the body of knowledge in teaching and learning in nursing, thereby enhancing the role and contribution of health care professionals to clinical practice.",isbn:"978-953-51-3154-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3153-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4839-5",doi:"10.5772/65314",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"teaching-and-learning-in-nursing",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9bf55bd1257e7753f3719a64ef05d91e",bookSignature:"Majda Pajnkihar, Dominika Vrbnjak and Gregor Stiglic",publishedDate:"May 17th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5785.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13946,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:33,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 1st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 1st 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"195122",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Stiglic",slug:"gregor-stiglic",fullName:"Gregor Stiglic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195122/images/5556_n.jpg",biography:"Gregor Stiglic is a Vice Dean for Research, Associate Professor and Head of Research Institute at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences (UM FHS). He worked as a Visiting Researcher at Data Analysis and Biomedical Analytics (DABI) Center at Temple University and as a Visiting Assistant Professor at Shah Lab, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University. His research interests encompass application of data analytics and knowledge discovery techniques in healthcare. His work was published in multiple conference publications, peer reviewed journals and books. Dr Stiglic gave talks on his research work at renowned research institutions such as IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Stanford University, University of Manchester, University of Edinburgh and University of Tokyo. He served as an organizer at many workshops and conferences in the field of health data science.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"195120",title:"Dr.",name:"Majda",middleName:null,surname:"Pajnkihar",slug:"majda-pajnkihar",fullName:"Majda Pajnkihar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195120/images/5555_n.jpg",biography:"Majda Pajnkihar is a Dean, Associate Professor and Head of the Institute of Nursing Care at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences (UM FHS). She obtained her PhD from University of Manchester in 2003 and became the first nurse with a PhD in Slovenia. She worked on numerous national and international projects in nursing and health care. She is a visiting professor at University of Osijek, Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, Medical Faculty, Department of Nursing, Osijek and was a visiting professor at University of Ulster, Belfast. Professor Pajnkihar is currently a Chair and was one of the founding members of the international UDINE-C group, connecting different nursing schools across Europe, USA and Russia. She is also an Honorary Professor at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and a member of Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing. She received several prestigious awards for her work at the UM and a Golden badge of Nurses and Midwives Association of Slovenia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"195121",title:"Ms.",name:"Dominika",middleName:null,surname:"Vrbnjak",slug:"dominika-vrbnjak",fullName:"Dominika Vrbnjak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195121/images/4746_n.jpg",biography:"Dominika Vrbnjak is a teaching assistant at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences. She obtained a Master degree in Nursing from University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences. Currently, she is a doctoral student of Biomedical Technology at Faculty of Medicine in Maribor. During her postgraduate study, she was also a visiting PhD student of Waterford Institute of Technology in Ireland. She participates in scientific and research projects and disseminates her work in scientific papers and professional peer reviewed journals. Her research work was published in the International Journal of Nursing Studies, Journal of Nursing Management and Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences among others. During her undergraduate study, she received a Rector’s award at the University of Maribor for the best undergraduate student in a generation. She previously worked for four years as a registered nurse at General Hospital Ptuj, where she developed communication and organizational skills while leading and coordinating the nursing care.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1132",title:"Health Care",slug:"medicine-public-health-health-care"}],chapters:[{id:"54279",title:"Attitudes of Nursing Students Towards Learning Communication Skills",doi:"10.5772/67622",slug:"attitudes-of-nursing-students-towards-learning-communication-skills",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: Attitudes of nursing students towards learning nurse-patient communication skills have for long been a concern of lecturers, planners and policy-makers. The objectives of our study were to explore the attitudes of nursing students towards learning communication skills.",signatures:"Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič, Mateja Lorber, Margaret Denny, Suzanne\nDenieffe and Vida Gönc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54279",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54279",authors:[{id:"195203",title:"Dr.",name:"Klavdija",surname:"Čuček Trifkovič",slug:"klavdija-cucek-trifkovic",fullName:"Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič"},{id:"195205",title:"MSc.",name:"Vida",surname:"Gönc",slug:"vida-gonc",fullName:"Vida Gönc"},{id:"195207",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorber",surname:"Mateja",slug:"lorber-mateja",fullName:"Lorber Mateja"},{id:"200253",title:"Dr.",name:"Margaret",surname:"Denny",slug:"margaret-denny",fullName:"Margaret Denny"},{id:"204100",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"Denieffe",slug:"suzanne-denieffe",fullName:"Suzanne Denieffe"}],corrections:null},{id:"54835",title:"Experience of Problem‐Based Learning for Raising Quality of Nursing Study",doi:"10.5772/67427",slug:"experience-of-problem-based-learning-for-raising-quality-of-nursing-study",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: Problem‐based learning is a teaching method that encourages critical thinking, group interaction, and application of the theory into practice. Transition to active forms of learning, with integrating problem‐solving strategies, will help to raise the quality of education. The aim of the study is to determine students’ evaluation of problem‐based learning in the study of nursing.",signatures:"Vida Gönc, Mateja Lorber and Jasmina Nerat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54835",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54835",authors:[{id:"195205",title:"MSc.",name:"Vida",surname:"Gönc",slug:"vida-gonc",fullName:"Vida Gönc"},{id:"195207",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorber",surname:"Mateja",slug:"lorber-mateja",fullName:"Lorber Mateja"},{id:"195594",title:"BSc.",name:"Jasmina",surname:"Nerat",slug:"jasmina-nerat",fullName:"Jasmina Nerat"}],corrections:null},{id:"54889",title:"Using Content Validity for the Development of Objective Structured Clinical Examination Checklists in a Slovenian Undergraduate Nursing Program",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68454",slug:"using-content-validity-for-the-development-of-objective-structured-clinical-examination-checklists-i",totalDownloads:1139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been adopted by many universities for the assessment of healthcare competencies and as a formative teaching tool in both undergraduate and postgraduate nursing education programs. This pilot study evaluates the validity of OSCE checklists to be used in first‐year undergraduate nurse practice education.",signatures:"Nino Fijačko, Zvonka Fekonja, Margaret Denny, Brian Sharvin,\nMajda Pajnkihar and Gregor Štiglic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54889",authors:[{id:"195122",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",surname:"Stiglic",slug:"gregor-stiglic",fullName:"Gregor Stiglic"},{id:"195120",title:"Dr.",name:"Majda",surname:"Pajnkihar",slug:"majda-pajnkihar",fullName:"Majda Pajnkihar"},{id:"195588",title:"MSc.",name:"Zvonka",surname:"Fekonja",slug:"zvonka-fekonja",fullName:"Zvonka Fekonja"},{id:"195789",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nino",surname:"Fijačko",slug:"nino-fijacko",fullName:"Nino Fijačko"},{id:"195973",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sharvin",slug:"brian-sharvin",fullName:"Brian Sharvin"},{id:"195974",title:"Dr.",name:"Marget",surname:"Denny",slug:"marget-denny",fullName:"Marget Denny"}],corrections:null},{id:"55072",title:"Comparing Students’ Self-Assessment with Teachers’ Assessment of Clinical Skills Using an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)",doi:"10.5772/67956",slug:"comparing-students-self-assessment-with-teachers-assessment-of-clinical-skills-using-an-objective-st",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Evaluation of clinical skills is a demanding and complex process and is dependent on many complex factors, such as teaching and learning approaches, simulated learning, and psychometrically validated assessment tools. Therefore, it is imperative that adequate strategies and methods are employed to evaluate the success of a nursing care activity. One such strategy in the field of nursing care is the application of objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of a nursing activity. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of evaluating nursing activities in a simulated clinical environment with OSCE to determine synchronicity of the teacher and student assessment. A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which we compared the evaluation of nursing activity by the teacher and the 51 students. Summative content analysis was used to analyze open-ended questions about possible improvement of performed nursing activity. The data showed a large discrepancy (81.9%) in evaluating nursing activity between the teacher and the student. The synchronicity between the teacher and student assessment modality occurred only in 18%. Students were mostly less successful in their assessment of competence with knowledge about carrying out interventions (36.5%), preparing for interventions (24.3%), and infection control (14.4%). Clinical skills acquisition remains an essential element of a student nurse’s development, as competence in nursing skills is essential to patient safety. Simulation is viewed as an increasingly popular approach to the teaching and assessing of clinical skills. The process of evaluating nursing activity demands the usage of objective instruments that require objectivity, fairness, impartiality, and comprehension. The use of OSCE is one such method of promoting reliable and valid assessments in nursing skills.",signatures:"Zvonka Fekonja, Jasmina Nerat, Vida Gönc, Milena Pišlar, Margaret\nDenny and Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55072",authors:[{id:"195203",title:"Dr.",name:"Klavdija",surname:"Čuček Trifkovič",slug:"klavdija-cucek-trifkovic",fullName:"Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič"},{id:"195205",title:"MSc.",name:"Vida",surname:"Gönc",slug:"vida-gonc",fullName:"Vida Gönc"},{id:"200253",title:"Dr.",name:"Margaret",surname:"Denny",slug:"margaret-denny",fullName:"Margaret Denny"},{id:"195594",title:"BSc.",name:"Jasmina",surname:"Nerat",slug:"jasmina-nerat",fullName:"Jasmina Nerat"},{id:"195588",title:"MSc.",name:"Zvonka",surname:"Fekonja",slug:"zvonka-fekonja",fullName:"Zvonka Fekonja"},{id:"195595",title:"BSc.",name:"Milena",surname:"Pišlar",slug:"milena-pislar",fullName:"Milena Pišlar"}],corrections:null},{id:"54200",title:"Assessment of Clinical Nursing Competencies: Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/67362",slug:"assessment-of-clinical-nursing-competencies-literature-review",totalDownloads:3627,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: In Slovene nursing higher education, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the choice of tolls for assessment of clinical skills and competencies. This literature review aims to critically discuss identified methods of clinical nursing skills assessment and competencies currently used in nursing higher education in other countries.",signatures:"Nataša Mlinar Reljić, Mateja Lorber, Dominika Vrbnjak, Brian\nSharvin and Maja Strauss",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54200",authors:[{id:"195121",title:"Ms.",name:"Dominika",surname:"Vrbnjak",slug:"dominika-vrbnjak",fullName:"Dominika Vrbnjak"},{id:"195207",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorber",surname:"Mateja",slug:"lorber-mateja",fullName:"Lorber Mateja"},{id:"195973",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sharvin",slug:"brian-sharvin",fullName:"Brian Sharvin"},{id:"195315",title:"BSc.",name:"Maja",surname:"Strauss",slug:"maja-strauss",fullName:"Maja Strauss"},{id:"195804",title:"Ms.",name:"Nataša",surname:"Mlinar Reljić",slug:"natasa-mlinar-reljic",fullName:"Nataša Mlinar Reljić"}],corrections:null},{id:"54542",title:"Impact of Education, Working Conditions, and Interpersonal Relationships on Caregivers’ Job Satisfaction",doi:"10.5772/67957",slug:"impact-of-education-working-conditions-and-interpersonal-relationships-on-caregivers-job-satisfactio",totalDownloads:1514,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aim: To explore relationships between caregivers’ education, healthcare working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and caregivers’ general job satisfaction.",signatures:"Majda Pajnkihar, Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič, Barbara Donik, Sabina\nFijan, Vida Gönc, Barbara Kegl, Mateja Lorber, Maja Strauss,\nJadranka Stričević, Sonja Šostar Turk, Gregor Štiglic, Natalya\nNikolaevna Kamynina, Irina V. Ostrovskaya and Dominika Vrbnjak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54542",authors:[{id:"195120",title:"Dr.",name:"Majda",surname:"Pajnkihar",slug:"majda-pajnkihar",fullName:"Majda Pajnkihar"},{id:"195121",title:"Ms.",name:"Dominika",surname:"Vrbnjak",slug:"dominika-vrbnjak",fullName:"Dominika Vrbnjak"},{id:"195203",title:"Dr.",name:"Klavdija",surname:"Čuček Trifkovič",slug:"klavdija-cucek-trifkovic",fullName:"Klavdija Čuček Trifkovič"},{id:"195205",title:"MSc.",name:"Vida",surname:"Gönc",slug:"vida-gonc",fullName:"Vida Gönc"},{id:"195207",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorber",surname:"Mateja",slug:"lorber-mateja",fullName:"Lorber Mateja"},{id:"195315",title:"BSc.",name:"Maja",surname:"Strauss",slug:"maja-strauss",fullName:"Maja Strauss"},{id:"179312",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",surname:"Fijan",slug:"sabina-fijan",fullName:"Sabina Fijan"},{id:"195204",title:"MSc.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Donik",slug:"barbara-donik",fullName:"Barbara Donik"},{id:"195206",title:"MSc.",name:"Kegl",surname:"Barbara",slug:"kegl-barbara",fullName:"Kegl Barbara"},{id:"195313",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",surname:"Kamynina",slug:"natalya-kamynina",fullName:"Natalya Kamynina"},{id:"195314",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Ostrovskaya",slug:"irina-ostrovskaya",fullName:"Irina Ostrovskaya"},{id:"195316",title:"Dr.",name:"Jadranka",surname:"Stričević",slug:"jadranka-stricevic",fullName:"Jadranka Stričević"}],corrections:null},{id:"54536",title:"Transferring Psychological Therapy Education into Practice in the United Kingdom: A Complex Systems Analysis",doi:"10.5772/67958",slug:"transferring-psychological-therapy-education-into-practice-in-the-united-kingdom-a-complex-systems-a",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of an aspect of a large research study conducted on the subject of learning transfer from an education institution to a mental health service in the English National Health Service (NHS). From a population of 64 trained staff, nurses and other workers, managers and supervisors were interviewed to gain a detailed understanding of how they sought to maintain and develop the new skills and knowledge they had acquired from an education programme delivered from an approved university provider. A total of 45 interviews were conducted using 1:1 or focus group approaches as part of a larger longitudinal study using a mixed methods design. This chapter provides an overview of the qualitative element of the study. Results indicated that whilst aspects of new learning and skill were maintained, many services were subject to pressure to change from the external political, economic and social environment that influenced the delivery of services such as that provided by the one within this study. This complex interaction between the ‘external’ and ‘internal’ healthcare environment is an issue that all educators should acknowledge when developing new and innovative education programmes for nurses and other professionals.",signatures:"Ian McGonagle and Christine Jackson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54536",authors:[{id:"198289",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",surname:"McGonagle",slug:"ian-mcgonagle",fullName:"Ian McGonagle"},{id:"201811",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Jackson",slug:"christine-jackson",fullName:"Christine Jackson"}],corrections:null},{id:"55082",title:"Current Characteristics of the Hungarian Nurses’ Workforce",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68383",slug:"current-characteristics-of-the-hungarian-nurses-workforce",totalDownloads:1518,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently WHO called attention to the growing labour shortage of healthcare staff, which can reach 12.9 million by 2035. Almost all European countries struggle with a shortage of nurses. The educational structure of nurses has also changed significantly. The aim of this overview is to review the relevant scientific literature and analyse records ofrhe Hungarian nursing registry in order to predict the nursing workforce tendencies. Relevant English and Hungarian international and national scientific literature (PubMed, Science Direct, Hungarian Medical Bibliography) were identified and illustrated with reliable data (2009–2015) from the national healthcare human resource registry and from Central Statistical Office. A qualitative appraisal was undertaken to select the proper articles by our research team. For processing data, descriptive statistics was used. Although migration of healthcare personnel in Hungary is present, however the official statistics does not mirror a dramatic exodus. The level of nursing education is based on vocational training and on higher education in Hungary. The number of novice nurses is diminishing year-by-year and those nurses who are not working in the Hungarian healthcare sector are eminent. Providing new roles for nurses, e.g., Advanced Practice Registered Nurse, can be one of the solutions for the shortage.",signatures:"Jozsef Betlehem, Emese Pek, Balint Banfai and Andras Olah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55082",authors:[{id:"199171",title:"Dr.",name:"József",surname:"Betlehem",slug:"jozsef-betlehem",fullName:"József Betlehem"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1673",title:"Evidence Based Medicine",subtitle:"Closer to Patients or Scientists?",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d767dfe22c65317eab3fd9ff465cb877",slug:"evidence-based-medicine-closer-to-patients-or-scientists-",bookSignature:"Nikolaos M. 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Pyshkin and John Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5709.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6521",title:"MEMS Sensors",subtitle:"Design and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0da20f1660250a3391770069a4655cc5",slug:"mems-sensors-design-and-application",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41668",title:"Grinding Characteristics of Wheat in Industrial Mills",doi:"10.5772/53160",slug:"grinding-characteristics-of-wheat-in-industrial-mills",body:'Grinding of cereal seeds is due to the mechanical action of several forces: compression, shearing, crushing, cutting, friction and collision, to which seeds are subjected, depending on the design if the mill used for grinding (roller mill, hammer mill, stones mill or ball mill). By applying these forces, when the mechanical resistance of the particles is exceeded, their division happens in a number of smaller particles of different sizes, geometric shapes, masses and volumes.
An industrial wheat mill has several technological phases, starting with coarse grinding of seeds to fine grinding of the resulted milling products, after their sorting in fractions of different sizes. The first technological phase of grinding process, in wheat mills, is gristing or coarse grinding phase, which also consists of several technological passages.
A technological passage consists of a grinding machine (roller mill), a machine for sifting and sorting of the resulted milling fractions (plansifter compartment) and, eventually, a machine for the conditioning of semi-final product (semolina machine or bran finisher). In a technological passage, intermediate fractions are obtained, which, by a new grinding, lead to the obtaining of high-quality flour at milling passages (fine grinding).
Wheat processing requires a long and gradual transformation into flour. This process takes place after a gradual crushing schedule, from fine to finer, from machine to machine, of wheat seed, respectively of the crushed particles resulting from it. Each grinding operation is immediately followed by a sorting operation by sifting (fig.1) because during grinding, a wide variety of grinded seed particles is obtained.
Schematic diagram of a grinding passage
Before the grinding process is started, grains must undergo the cleansing process. This is followed by a conditioning process that ensures a uniform moisture content for the entire lot of grains, helping endosperm softening and cover harshening, which improves the separation process.
One of the fractions resulting from a plansifter compartment is composed of flour particles (with sizes under 160 μm), in a higher or lower percentage of the total flour that can be withdrawn in the industrial mill. To extract the full amount of flour from the wheat berries, multiple passes (passages) are required. Some passages are part of coarse grinding phase (gristing), where the milling rollers have fluted surface, while other passages are part of milling phase (fine grinding), where the milling rollers have smooth surface.
Intermediate milling products are, mainly, grists (seed particles with various sizes), semolina (large, average and small) and dunsts (harsh and smooth). They all return in the grinding process for flour extraction, but the grists are grinded by mills with fluted rollers (gristing passages), while semolina and dunsts are grinded by mills with smooth rollers (milling passages). Semolina and dunsts, as intermediate milling products, are particles of clean endosperm or with a small percentage of cohesive coat.
Particles obtained by grinding have sizes in a fairly wide range (1200-160 μm, within the mentioned fractions), average size of the particles of resulted fraction being determined by granulometric analysis using sieve classifier.
In roller mills, wheat seeds are grinded in the gristing phase by pairs of fluted rollers, thus being obtained a wide range of particles with sizes from < 200 µm to > 2000 µm, [1], consisting in coat particles (of larger sizes) and endosperm particles (of smaller sizes), to be further separated with plansifters. The milling process aims to grind the endosperm into finer particles of flour and semolina, while the coating and the seed particles must remain in large sizes to be separated by sifting, [2]. In gristing passages, milling rollers with fluted surface are used, and in milling passages, rollers with smooth surface are used. The quality of wheat milling process is influenced by the physical and mechanical properties of seeds and of the intermediate products (size distribution, seeds hardness, moisture content) and by the design and functional parameters of the roller mill (mutual arrangement of the rollers, differential speed, distance between the rollers, flutes profile, mutual position of the flutes), [3,4]. Effects of these factors are manifested in the size distribution of material particles, compositional distribution of the material, wear degree of the rollers, energy consumed for grinding, [4].
Fang, Campbell et al. (2002) showed that if the distance between rollers increases from 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm, wheat seeds breakage in the gristing phase has a lower intensity, resulting in more particles of large sizes and less particles of smaller sizes. Distance between rollers indirectly influences the specific surface and energy consumption per mass unit and directly influences the specific energy, [5]. Different flutes arrangements on the rollers lead to the obtaining of different size distributions. If the roller flutes are arranged in blade/blade position results in a relatively uniform size distribution, and back to back arrangement lead to a deep parabolic distribution, [1].
Differential speed of milling rollers has a significant effect on the grinding of semolina, flour and wheat bran. With the increase of differential speed of rollers, it also increases the amount of semolina and decreases the amount of flour and wheat bran, [6]. This is due to the difference between shearing and compression forces which are applied on the particles.
It is very important to know the size distribution of the material subjected to grinding, as well of the grist, so that appropriate adjustments can be made to roller mills, and also to choose the fabrics for the sieving frames of plansift compartments. Particles size distribution of the granular material can be determined using superposed sieve classifiers (sieve shakers), with different sizes of sieve holes. This can be assessed by various mathematical functions, from which, most used is the Rosin-Rammler function.
Experiments were performed on the material subjected to grinding (before and after grinding) and cumulative distribution curves were drawn for the sieved material, by computer aided regression analysis of the experimental data with Rosin-Rammler function. Based on the data obtained from particle size distribution were also determined other physical characteristics of the analyzed material: average particle size, grist modulus, specific surface of the granular material, surface increasement resulted from grinding within a passage (break), bulk density and specific mass.
Within this chapter are presented the flow diagrams for two wheat mills of different capacities, one of 100 tons / 24 hours and one of 220 tons / 24 hours, from which it can be estimated the movement of products within the mill.
There are also presented the experimental results obtained from the particles size distribution of the material subjected to grinding and of the resulted grist, in both technological phases, for the two mills, as well as particles size distribution of the material for various grinding machines of the analyzed mills.
Knowing of the mechanical characteristics of wheat seeds and of the grist particles, and also their size characteristics, volume and mass of the wheat seeds, is useful for estimating the energy required for crushing.
For this purpose, in this paper are presented the results of some experimental research on the behaviour of wheat seeds in uniaxial compression tests between parallel plates. There are also presented the curves of variation for the crushing force and energy absorbed until the crushing point of seeds.
The results presented and the obtained data are of real interest for the designers of roller mills, as well as for the manufacturers and users of such machines.
The technological passage consists of one or two pairs of milling rollers, both processing the same product, combined with one or more plansifter compartments for sieving.
Gristing is the technological phase aiming to fragment the wheat seed in particles of different sizes and to remove the endosperm from the coating. Particles resulted from first, second and third grinding phase vary in size, from breakages like half seeds to flour particles with very fine granulometry. As gristing is repeated, particles will get increasingly finer, the amount of white flour decreases, and seeds coating reaches the penultimate and last phase as fine dust, [7]. Thus, grist is the intermediate product obtained in the milling industry, by grinding grains by mean of roller mills with fluted surface.
Fig. 2 presents the technological diagram of gristing phase of the wheat in an industrial mill with the capacity of 220 t/24 h.
Milling unit consists of 9 double roller mills, of which the first processes, in both sections, the same material (whole seeds), two plansifters, together amounting 14 compartments, three double semolina machines and five brushes and bran finishers. The three phases of the process (gristing, milling, sorting) can be observed in fig.3 – fig.5.
Gristing phase consists of six simple mills with fluted rollers, four full and two half’s of plansifter compartments and four bran finishers which process the coatings resulted from multiple grinding operations. The seeds are processed in a mill with double rollers placed in horizontal plane, noted by B1–B2.
The first grist is processed in passage B3, and the fractions obtained here will follow different routes, to the milling passages, or to the semolina machines or bran finishers, passages B4gr and B5f being responsible for the processing of material particles with high coating content, and passage B4f processes the second refuse from gristing passage B3, with fractions having the same characteristics processed in plansifter compartments. The development of gristing phase in directly connected to the type of meal and the degree of flour extraction. Products resulted from gristing are named intermediate products and they consist of: big grist, fine grist, big semolina, middle semolina, fine semolina, big dunst, soft dunst, flour and bran, [7].
Technological diagram of gristing phase for a Bühler mill with capacity of 220 t / 24 h, [
Technological diagram for sorting of big semolina in Bühler mill, [
Particles size of these components, resulted from sieving process, is determined by the size of the sieve holes used in sieving compartments. Depending on the particles size, semolina and dunsts can be classified as: big semolina with average size of 1200-630 μm; middle semolina 630–400 μm; fine semolina 400–310 μm; big dunsts 310–245 μm; soft dunsts 245–160 μm. Semolina sorting is dome in sorting phase (fig.2. ) A clear delineation between soft dunsts and flour can not be practically achieved, and therefore, are cases when soft dunsts (dm = 220 μm) are considered to be flour (flours granulosity is given by the sieves, with mean equivalent size of the particles below 160 μm).
Particles of intermediate products can be highlited not only by their size, but also by shape, volume, specific mass, aerodynamic properties. Particles with rich coating have irregular shape in the form of foils with rolled or folded edges. Particles of clean endosperm have polyhedral shape with sharp edges and convex lateral surfaces.
Semolina is an intermediate product obtained in percentage of 25…30% in industrial wheat milling, is found as small granules and after cleaning is further milled to obtain flour or a food product known as ”kitchen semolina”. This is obtained in percentage of 2...3 % at wheat milling and it is cleaned in special semolina machines in order to remove coating particles by the combined action of sieving and airflows. Dunst is a fine semolina obtained as intermediate product from the grinding of wheat or semolina.
After gristing phase it is important to sort the milling products using a wide range of sizes for sieve holes (1000...224 μm), followed by the cleaning of semolina and dunsts, the phase of semolina opening being no longer necessary, since most coating was already removed in the gristing phase (fig.3).
The unit is fully automated, all mill equipments starting and stopping from the computer, starting with the equipments from the final technological phases (bagging, flour homogenization, sieving with plansifters, semolina cleaning, bran finishers, etc.) from the circuit of flour or intermediate products, while stopping begins with the first pair of rollers, i.e. reverse of start up.
In fig.4 and fig.5 is presented the technological flow for a wheat mill with capacity of 100 t/24 h, in grinding phases (fig.4) and in the milling (breakage) phase of semolina (fig.5), [10].
The technological flow of wheat mill is ensured by 12 processing passages, with 12 pairs of milling rollers (6 double rollers of Buhler type) from which 5 gristing passages and 7 milling passages. In addition, the technological flow is fitted with a sorting passage (separate compartment of plansifter).
Technological flow of semolina grinding phase in wheat mill, capacity of 100 t/24 h, [
Apart from the 12 technological passages, each consisting in a pair of roller mills and one plansifter compartment, the mill also has a double machine for semolina, three bran finishers and other auxiliary equipments (detachers, wheat brushes, filters and cleaning cyclones, etc.), as well as the proper elements for the pneumatic transport system from one equipment to another, according to the technological flow.
In breakage phase the technological diagram of mill contains five pairs of rolls, filled with one compartment of plane sieve, two semolina machines and three wheat bran finishers. The technological breakage phase is completed with one compartment of plane sieve without grinding machine, in which the material is sorted by fractions of different sizes as well as the other compartments of plane sieve.
The first grist, obtained from seeds processing with the pair of fluted rollers Sr.1, is processed in passage Sr.2, and from here the fractions follow various routes, to grinding passages, to semolina machines to wheat bran finishers. The sifting material from the second and the last set of gristing passage Sr.1, is send to a plansifter compartment for division in fractions (Div.1), which next reach the MG1 and MG2 semolina machines. The refuse from the last set of frames in the first passage is then sent to the M2 grinding passage.
The circulation of grist intermediate products in the technological diagram is shown in fig.4 and fig.5.
In the grinding phase (fig.5), the technological diagram of milling unit consists of seven simple roller mills, each fitted with one plansifter compartment for sorting in fractions of the grinded products and the extraction of flour from these products.
Technological flow of the semolina grinding phase in a wheat mill with 100 t/24 h, [
All roller mills of both technological phases have the length of 1000 mm and diameter of 250 mm, with fluted surface, in the gristing phase, respectively smooth surface without flutes in the grinding phase. In the gristing phase, the ratio of the tangential speeds of fluted rollers is k=2.54, and in the grinding phase, for five pairs of rollers, k=2.54, and for two pairs of rollers k=1.5.
As shown in fig.5, the products to be grinded into the grinding phase are products arriving from gristing phase (or breakage phase), inclusive from grists (Sr.1-6) or from semolina machines and bran finishers. The siftings from MG1 and MG2 semolina machines, which are semolinas with sizes below 0.8-1.0 mm, are grinded in the first technological passages M1A and M1B, while the siftings from FT1 and FT3 bran finishers go to the last two grinders M4 and M5, which processed products with higher content of bran. In diagram, the first refusal from M1A and M1B grinders is led to M3 grinder, working with half compartment of plane sieve. It is noted that to grinders which grinded smaller particles of endosperm (about 0.40 mm), after the mill rollers in technological flow are placed detached of material, due to agglomerations arising from the compression of smaller particles of endosperm in the action zone of grinding rolls.
In fig.6 is shown the arrangement of rollers to a mill with 100 t /24 h capacity, where the samples for our determinations were collected.
Arrangement of roller mills for the mill with capacity of 100 t /24 h
Plansifters are driven by electric motors of 4 kW, cos φ = 0,81 and speed of 960 rot/min.
Double machine for semolina is driven by two moto-vibrators of 400 W and speed of 960 rpm.
Characteristics of driving motors for mill rollers are given in table 1.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||||||
Sr. 1 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t\t45 | \n\t\t\t30 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.83 | \n\t\t\tM1 B | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t
Sr. 2 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t\t37 | \n\t\t\t22 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.83 | \n\t\t\tM2 | \n\t\t\t11,9 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t
Sr. 3 | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t\t32 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t975 | \n\t\t\t0.82 | \n\t\t\tM3 | \n\t\t\t10,9 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t7,5 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.76 | \n\t\t
Sr. 4 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t30 | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t970 | \n\t\t\t0.81 | \n\t\t\tM4 | \n\t\t\t10,9 | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t
Sr. 5 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t17 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t\tM5 | \n\t\t\t12 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t
M1 A | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t\tM6 | \n\t\t\t12 | \n\t\t\t17 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t960 | \n\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t
Characteristics of electric motors for the drive of mill rollers, for wheat mill with capacity of 100 t/24 h [9]
According to relevant regulations, on the technological diagram (fig.4 or fig.5) should be written the characteristics of grinding rollers: length, diameter (ex.1000x250, in mm), number of flutes and their inclination (ex.7/cm, I=8%), flute angles (ex.35/65), mutual arrangement of the flutes (ex.S/S), speed ratio (ex.k=2.5), and the characteristics of fabrics used in plansifter frames (ex.3x46 – 3 frames with 46 wires per inch or 3xX for flour frames), at semolina machines (ex.42, which represents the number of wires per inch or 1000-500, which is frame size) or at bran finishers (ex.0.5 – size of fabric hole).
Sieve frames from top of compartments are fitted with metal mesh as they separate seed brokens of relatively large sizes (which would wear quite quickly the textile fabrics), while flour frames from the lower set are fitted with frames with plastic or textile fabrics.
Lately, textile fabrics have been replaced with sieve frames with meshes of plastic fabric. According to literature, fot the technological diagram of the analyzed mill, the equivalence between the sieve number and the size of its holes, as they are specified in the diagram, is shown in table 2.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t\t36 | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t46 | \n\t\t\t48 | \n\t\t\t50 | \n\t\t\t54 | \n\t\t\t56 | \n\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\tVIII | \n\t\t\tIX | \n\t\t\tX | \n\t\t\tXI | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1170 | \n\t\t\t1050 | \n\t\t\t780 | \n\t\t\t520 | \n\t\t\t470 | \n\t\t\t390 | \n\t\t\t370 | \n\t\t\t350 | \n\t\t\t320 | \n\t\t\t310 | \n\t\t\t280 | \n\t\t\t180 | \n\t\t\t170 | \n\t\t\t150 | \n\t\t\t130 | \n\t\t
Equivalence between sieve number and hole sizes
In the grinding process is necessary to know the physico-mechanical characteristics of the material at the entry and exit from a processing machine, in this case, roller mills.
Main factors influencing the process of grain grinding are the physico-mechanical properties of seeds and of the grinding products, the constructive and functional characteristics of the grinding machines as well as the technological regime, most of those factors having a random character.
As a result of grinding it is obtained a mass of particles with various smaller sizes and different geometrical shapes (grist).
Granulometric distribution of the grinded material and of the material leaving the grinding process can be assessed by the cumulative weight (%) of material passing through the sieve holes of classifier T(x) or which are refused by its sieves R(x), calculated on base of mass weight (%) of the fractions from the sieve. (R(x)+T(x)=100). The mathematical expression of granulometric distribution in case of grinded biological materials, is based on laws of mathematical statistical method of small particles, [11-14].
There will be defined three usual types of laws of cumulative granulometric distribution.
The Rosin-Rammler distribution, for material particles with larger sizes than sieve holes, is expressed by the relation:
where: R(
The Schuhman distribution is defined by the relation:
where: R(
The logistics type distribution with two parameters is defined by the relation:
where: R(
Of these characteristics are important: the bulk density, ρv (kg/m3), of the material to be processed, the density of the material, ρ (kg/m3); the equivalent sizes of material particle at entry and exit of the grinding machine, dm (mm); angle of internal friction of particles appreciated by natural slope angle, ψ (o); angle of material friction with the surfaces working components, φ (o); material porosity, ε (%) and others.
Of particular importance is the equivalent size of seeds subjected to grinding in the first technological passage.
Assessing parameters of the grinding process are: grinding degree, grinding finesse and specific energy consumption at grinding.
Absolute value of the increase of particles outer surface in the grinding process Δ
where: pi is mass weight of fraction remaining on the sieve
where: ρ is the density of the particles.
There are presented the results of some experimental research on the physical characteristics of grinding products on the technological flow of gristing phase of wheat from a mill with capacity of 100 t / 24 h (SC Spicul Rosiori de Vede, Teleorman, Romania).
The material tested in the experiments was taken from the entry, respectively from the exit of each pair of milling rollers (from the five pairs of the phase).
The experimental data characterizing the physical properties of the grist obtained are shown in table 3. Also, in table 4 and table 5 are presented the results of size distribution analysis on mixtures of material entering and leaving the rolls placed in the technological grinding phase.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|||
M1A | \n\t\t\tE | \n\t\t\t1.74 - >1.76 | \n\t68,7 | \n\t0.61 – 0.85 | \n\t39,43 | \n
M1B | \n\tI | \n\t1.24 – 1.82 | \n\t56,4 | \n\t0.45 – 0.67 | \n\t30,19 | \n
M2 | \n\tI | \n\t>1.76 | \n61 | \n0.6 – 0.86 | \n43,97 | \n
M3 | \n\tE | \n\t>1.76 | \n72,4 | \n0.58 – 0.82 | \n38,35 | \n
M4 | \n\tE | \n\t>1.76 | \n67,5 | \n0.58 – 0.73 | \n41,96 | \n
M5 | \n\tI | \n\t>1.76 | \n64,3 | \n0.60 – 0.88 | \n46,62 | \n
M6 | \n\tE | \n\t>1.76 | \n69,5 | \n0.54 – 0.71 | \n40,17 | \n
The values of static friction coefficient and natural slope angles [15]
From table 3 it is noted that the static coefficient values, on the glossy fiberglass and metal are within the limits set in various specialized papers, while the values obtained in the experiments on cotton canvas fall in broad limits, probably due to material fractions moisture, but also because of its granularity, this phenomenon is observed, especially, to flours and relatively small particle fractions of endosperm.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||
0,00 | \n\t\t0,90 | \n\t\t0,00 | \n\t\t34,40 | \n\t\t0,00 | \n\t\t0,00 | \n\t\t0,40 | \n\t\t0,00 | \n\t\t7,70 | \n\t\t0,00 | \n\t
0,18 | \n\t\t1,00 | \n\t\t0,90 | \n\t\t16,30 | \n\t\t34,40 | \n\t\t0,13 | \n\t\t0,60 | \n\t\t0,40 | \n\t\t8,00 | \n\t\t7,70 | \n\t
0,25 | \n\t\t3,70 | \n\t\t1,90 | \n\t\t10,30 | \n\t\t50,70 | \n\t\t0,18 | \n\t\t3,90 | \n\t\t1,00 | \n\t\t23,80 | \n\t\t15,70 | \n\t
0,32 | \n\t\t33,30 | \n\t\t5,60 | \n\t\t15,80 | \n\t\t61,00 | \n\t\t0,25 | \n\t\t22,10 | \n\t\t4,90 | \n\t\t35,60 | \n\t\t39,50 | \n\t
0,50 | \n\t\t49,10 | \n\t\t38,90 | \n\t\t12,50 | \n\t\t76,80 | \n\t\t0,32 | \n\t\t48,90 | \n\t\t27,00 | \n\t\t21,90 | \n\t\t75,10 | \n\t
0,71 | \n\t\t12,00 | \n\t\t88,00 | \n\t\t10,70 | \n\t\t89,30 | \n\t\t0,40 | \n\t\t24,10 | \n\t\t75,90 | \n\t\t3,00 | \n\t\t97,00 | \n\t
dM1AI = 0,55 | \n\t\tdM1AE = 0,33 | \n\t\tdM1BI = 0,36 | \n\t\tdM1BE = 0,26 | \n\t
The ponder values (pi) of the fractions from the sieving machine classifier sieves and of the cumulative weights Ti(%) for the collected gritting, at entrance “I” and exit “E” from the mentioned rolls (only M1A, and M1B), [9]
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t|
M1A | \n\t\t0,55-0,33 | \n\t\t1,68 | \n\t\t560,0-389,5 | \n\t\t1344,9-1247,1 | \n\t\t8,13-14,72 | \n\t\t6,595 | \n\t\t58,3-68,7 | \n\t
M1B | \n\t\t0,36-0,26 | \n\t\t1,385 | \n\t\t583,5-499,0 | \n\t\t1338,7-1372,0 | \n\t\t12,34-16,72 | \n\t\t4,38 | \n\t\t56,4-63,6 | \n\t
M2 | \n\t\t0,19-0,17 | \n\t\t1,113 | \n\t\t480,5-437,5 | \n\t\t1233,3-1313,4 | \n\t\t26,04-27,55 | \n\t\t1,513 | \n\t\t61-66,7 | \n\t
M3 | \n\t\t0,35-0,45 | \n\t\t0,788 | \n\t\t363,5-308,5 | \n\t\t1252,9-1119,8 | \n\t\t13,55-11,95 | \n\t\t-1,605*\n\t\t | \n\t\t71-72,4 | \n\t
M4 | \n\t\t0,22-0,24 | \n\t\t0,940 | \n\t\t452,5-419,5 | \n\t\t1290,6-1290,6 | \n\t\t21,02-19,76 | \n\t\t-1,252*\n\t\t | \n\t\t64,9-67,5 | \n\t
M5 | \n\t\t0,22-0,24 | \n\t\t0,924 | \n\t\t430,5-419,5 | \n\t\t1205,4-1210,2 | \n\t\t22,74-20,89 | \n\t\t-1,854*\n\t\t | \n\t\t64,3-65,3 | \n\t
M6 | \n\t\t0,24-0,27 | \n\t\t0,903 | \n\t\t416,0-373,0 | \n\t\t1274,4-1224,5 | \n\t\t19,40-18,23 | \n\t\t-1,164*\n\t\t | \n\t\t67,4-69,5 | \n\t
The values of grinding degree, specific surface, surface increase and porosity
The sign * in table 3, for negative values of specific surface increases, means that at the passage through milling rollers with smooth surface, agglomeration of gritting particles occurs.
Based on the data obtained from the experiments and presented in table 6, were mapped graphics, using MS Excel version 7.0 program (fig.6), the variations of mean diameter and bulk density to technological breakage passage of milling unit.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t713.0 | \n\t\t381.5 | \n\t\t482.0 | \n\t\t346.5 | \n\t\t267.8 | \n\t\t292.0 | \n\t\t255.0 | \n\t\t257.0 | \n\t\t269.0 | \n\t\t266.0 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t1239 | \n\t\t1250 | \n\t\t1219 | \n\t\t1200 | \n\t\t1100 | \n\t\t1063 | \n\t\t1016 | \n\t\t1130 | \n\t\t1100 | \n\t\t1191 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t3.76 | \n\t\t2.13 | \n\t\t2.23 | \n\t\t1.22 | \n\t\t1.51 | \n\t\t0.90 | \n\t\t1.06 | \n\t\t0.84 | \n\t\t0.65 | \n\t\t0.63 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t1.76 | \n\t\t1.83 | \n\t\t1.67 | \n\t\t1.26 | \n\t\t1.03 | \n\t|||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t1.29 | \n\t\t2.25 | \n\t\t2.21 | \n\t\t4.10 | \n\t\t3.61 | \n\t\t6.27 | \n\t\t5.57 | \n\t\t6.32 | \n\t\t8.39 | \n\t\t8.00*\n\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t0.96 | \n\t\t1.89 | \n\t\t2.66 | \n\t\t0.75 | \n\t\t–0.39*\n\t\t | \n\t|||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t21.8 | \n\t\t37.8 | \n\t\t37.1 | \n\t\t37.5 | \n\t\t44.6 | \n\t\t39.0 | \n\t\t41.1 | \n\t\t39.2 | \n\t\t42.6 | \n\t\t44.4 | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t42.5 | \n\t\t69.5 | \n\t\t60.5 | \n\t\t71.1 | \n\t\t75.7 | \n\t\t72.5 | \n\t\t74.9 | \n\t\t77.3 | \n\t\t75.5 | \n\t\t77.7 | \n\t
Physico-mechanical characteristics of grinding products at gristing passages of wheat, from the mill with capacity of 100 t / 24 h, [10]
Correlation between individual volume of the seeds, calculated with the relation:
Variation of mean diameter and bulk density of grinding intermediate products on the grinding technological flow with grinding rollers [
Sieves used in granulometric analysis with sieve classifier and the results obtained by analysis are given in table 7, for each of the five technological passages, at the entry end exit from the respective mill rollers.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||||||||
0.00 | \n\t\t24.20 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t2.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t34.70 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t13.40 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t43.10 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t
1.00 | \n\t\t8.40 | \n\t\t24.20 | \n\t\t0.71 | \n\t\t6.00 | \n\t\t2.00 | \n\t\t11.50 | \n\t\t34.70 | \n\t\t0.71 | \n\t\t22.50 | \n\t\t13.40 | \n\t\t20.60 | \n\t\t43.10 | \n\t
1.40 | \n\t\t15.10 | \n\t\t32.60 | \n\t\t1.00 | \n\t\t19.20 | \n\t\t8.00 | \n\t\t22.20 | \n\t\t46.20 | \n\t\t1.00 | \n\t\t22.80 | \n\t\t35.90 | \n\t\t23.00 | \n\t\t63.70 | \n\t
2.00 | \n\t\t20.10 | \n\t\t47.70 | \n\t\t1.40 | \n\t\t13.90 | \n\t\t27.20 | \n\t\t11.50 | \n\t\t68.40 | \n\t\t1.40 | \n\t\t12.00 | \n\t\t58.70 | \n\t\t5.10 | \n\t\t86.70 | \n\t
2.80 | \n\t\t27.00 | \n\t\t67.80 | \n\t\t2.00 | \n\t\t29.50 | \n\t\t41.10 | \n\t\t14.90 | \n\t\t79.90 | \n\t\t2.00 | \n\t\t20.10 | \n\t\t70.70 | \n\t\t7.20 | \n\t\t91.80 | \n\t
4.00 | \n\t\t5.20 | \n\t\t94.80 | \n\t\t2.80 | \n\t\t29.40 | \n\t\t70.60 | \n\t\t5.20 | \n\t\t94.80 | \n\t\t2.80 | \n\t\t9.20 | \n\t\t90.80 | \n\t\t1.00 | \n\t\t99.00 | \n\t
d1E = 2.13 mm | \n\t\td2I = 2.23 mm | \n\t\td2E = 1.22 mm | \n\t\td3I = 1.51 mm | \n\t\td2E = 0.90 mm | \n\t||||||||
\n\t\t | ||||||||||||
0.00 | \n\t\t26.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t42.60 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t5.20 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t5.80 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t|||
0.71 | \n\t\t25.20 | \n\t\t26.00 | \n\t\t27.50 | \n\t\t42.60 | \n\t\t0.25 | \n\t\t3.90 | \n\t\t5.20 | \n\t\t3.90 | \n\t\t5.80 | \n\t|||
1.00 | \n\t\t28.30 | \n\t\t51.20 | \n\t\t20.70 | \n\t\t70.10 | \n\t\t0.32 | \n\t\t21.10 | \n\t\t9.10 | \n\t\t22.60 | \n\t\t9.70 | \n\t|||
1.40 | \n\t\t11.90 | \n\t\t79.50 | \n\t\t3.60 | \n\t\t90.80 | \n\t\t0.50 | \n\t\t28.20 | \n\t\t30.20 | \n\t\t29.70 | \n\t\t32.30 | \n\t|||
2.00 | \n\t\t7.80 | \n\t\t91.40 | \n\t\t5.00 | \n\t\t94.40 | \n\t\t0.71 | \n\t\t35.30 | \n\t\t58.40 | \n\t\t32.70 | \n\t\t62.00 | \n\t|||
2.80 | \n\t\t0.80 | \n\t\t99.20 | \n\t\t0.60 | \n\t\t99.40 | \n\t\t1.00 | \n\t\t6.30 | \n\t\t93.70 | \n\t\t5.30 | \n\t\t94.70 | \n\t|||
d4I = 1.06 mm | \n\t\td4E = 0.84 mm | \n\t\td5I = 0.65 mm | \n\t\td5E = 0.63 mm | \n\t
Values of weights (%) pi for the fractions on the shaker sieves of the sifter machine and of the cumulative percentages Ri (%) for the collected grinded products, at entry “I” and exit “E” from pairs of mentioned rollers (Sr.1…Sr.5), [10]
Based on the results obtained by granulometric analysis with the sieve classifier were tested by nonlinear regression analysis, the three laws of cumulative distribution for the refuse of the sieves R(x) (Rosin-Rammler function, Schuhman function and two parameters logistical function), for products entering the process, and for the products leaving the pairs of rollers, in the gristing phase of the grinding process. Experimental points and the curves of cumulative distribution for the refuse of the sieves (R(x)), using the three functions (eq.1, eq.2, eq.3), for some grinding products are presented in fig.8.
Correlation between volume and the mass of wheat seeds in an technological mixture (before grinding) [
The coefficient values k, a, b, n, α and β, from the cumulative distribution relations Rosin–Rammler, Schuhman and the two parameters logistical function, as well as the R2 correlation coefficient values (which verifies the distribution adequacy degree expressed through the (1), (2), (3) relations), correspondent for the nine analyzed probes (from the five roll pairs) are presented in table 8.
From the analysis and interpretation of the obtained data for the 9 probes, which come from the mill rolls with rifles (for the coarse gritting in the breaking passages) (fig.9), following conclusions were found:
For the vast analyzed material probes, from the mills flux, the best law of cumulative distribution is the Rosin-Rammler (1) with a correlation coefficient R2≥0.982, time in which the Schuhman type distribution law with a correlation coefficient R2≥0.933 (usually R2≥0.956) can be used with satisfactory results, in these cases;
For the two parameter distribution law, the R2 correlation coefficient presents close values from the ones obtained through the Rosin-Rammler function, R2≥0,963, at half the probes being very close;
The total grinding degree of the wheat breakage phase at the analyzed mill is approximately λ = 7, correspondent to a coarse gritting (crushing);
It is appreciated that, in all cases, at seeds wheat grinding in the complex roller mills, we can consider that the best law of distribution is the Rosin-Rammler (1), (R2≥0,982), but the other methods, Schuhman and two parameter logistic, also can be used with satisfactory results.
The curves described by the cumulative distribution laws (1), (2), (3) towards the experimental points R(%) for the gritting product from the five roll pairs (Sr.2…Sr.5) [
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tb | \n\t\t0.224 | \n\t\t0.114 | \n\t\t0.665 | \n\t\t0.411 | \n\t\t1.025 | \n\t\t0.701 | \n\t\t1.169 | \n\t\t2.472 | \n\t\t2.652 | \n\t
n | \n\t\t1.659 | \n\t\t2.302 | \n\t\t1.382 | \n\t\t1.747 | \n\t\t1.682 | \n\t\t2.220 | \n\t\t2.093 | \n\t\t2.852 | \n\t\t2.817 | \n\t|
R2\n\t\t | \n\t\t0,988 | \n\t\t0,987 | \n\t\t0,996 | \n\t\t0,982 | \n\t\t0,996 | \n\t\t0,996 | \n\t\t0,996 | \n\t\t0,998 | \n\t\t0,999 | \n\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tk | \n\t\t4.201 | \n\t\t3.398 | \n\t\t2.893 | \n\t\t2.966 | \n\t\t2.531 | \n\t\t2.532 | \n\t\t2.431 | \n\t\t1.025 | \n\t\t1.016 | \n\t
a | \n\t\t0.996 | \n\t\t1723 | \n\t\t0.674 | \n\t\t0.960 | \n\t\t0.495 | \n\t\t0.711 | \n\t\t0.464 | \n\t\t1.710 | \n\t\t1.639 | \n\t|
R2\n\t\t | \n\t\t0,999 | \n\t\t0,981 | \n\t\t0,985 | \n\t\t0,956 | \n\t\t0,958 | \n\t\t0,933 | \n\t\t0.940 | \n\t\t0,991 | \n\t\t0.987 | \n\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\tα | \n\t\t2.573 | \n\t\t3.701 | \n\t\t2.243 | \n\t\t2.744 | \n\t\t2.760 | \n\t\t3.397 | \n\t\t3.216 | \n\t\t4.347 | \n\t\t4.303 | \n\t
β | \n\t\t-1.245 | \n\t\t-1.666 | \n\t\t-2.053 | \n\t\t-1.981 | \n\t\t-3.345 | \n\t\t-3.380 | \n\t\t-4.056 | \n\t\t-6.739 | \n\t\t-6.878 | \n\t|
R2\n\t\t | \n\t\t0.984 | \n\t\t0,974 | \n\t\t0.972 | \n\t\t0.963 | \n\t\t0.988 | \n\t\t0.995 | \n\t\t0.994 | \n\t\t0.997 | \n\t\t0997 | \n\t
The coefficient values a, k, b, n, α and β and of the R2 correlation coefficients, for the three size distribution laws tested, for the gritted products from the „I” entry to the „E” exit between the mentioned roll pairs (Sr.1...Sr.5), [10]
In plansifter compartments, material fractions are separated and sorted, as any granular material is made of particles with sizes between a minimum and a maximum value, in the interior of the mixture the size distribution being characterised by various distribution laws.
It must be mentioned that material particles, being extracted from various areas of the seed (from exterior to interior) have different mechanical characteristics and composition. This, and the different sizes of particles gives a different behaviour of the particles during grinding.
Thus is important to study and to know the size distribution of the particles of each fraction obtained in each frame set of the six plansifter compartments.
Size of sieve holes used for the experiments and the amount of material fractions on each sieve (individual and cumulative) for the separated material are presented in table 9.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||||||||||||||||||||
0.000 | \n\t\t24.20 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t10.20 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t1.10 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t4.20 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t6.00 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t0.60 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t||||||||
1.000 | \n\t\t8.20 | \n\t\t24.20 | \n\t\t1.000 | \n\t\t21.30 | \n\t\t10.20 | \n\t\t0.180 | \n\t\t2.30 | \n\t\t1.10 | \n\t\t0.045 | \n\t\t45.10 | \n\t\t4.20 | \n\t\t0.125 | \n\t\t8.00 | \n\t\t6.00 | \n\t\t0.090 | \n\t\t1.90 | \n\t\t0.60 | \n\t||||||||
1.400 | \n\t\t15.10 | \n\t\t32.40 | \n\t\t1.400 | \n\t\t14.60 | \n\t\t31.50 | \n\t\t0.250 | \n\t\t5.00 | \n\t\t3.40 | \n\t\t0.063 | \n\t\t24.30 | \n\t\t49.30 | \n\t\t0.180 | \n\t\t12.80 | \n\t\t14.00 | \n\t\t0.125 | \n\t\t41.50 | \n\t\t2.50 | \n\t||||||||
2.000 | \n\t\t20.20 | \n\t\t47.50 | \n\t\t2.000 | \n\t\t21.60 | \n\t\t46.10 | \n\t\t0.400 | \n\t\t51.70 | \n\t\t8.40 | \n\t\t0.090 | \n\t\t18.80 | \n\t\t73.60 | \n\t\t0.250 | \n\t\t24.50 | \n\t\t26.80 | \n\t\t0.180 | \n\t\t15.00 | \n\t\t44.00 | \n\t||||||||
2.800 | \n\t\t27.10 | \n\t\t67.70 | \n\t\t2.500 | \n\t\t20.70 | \n\t\t67.70 | \n\t\t0.630 | \n\t\t28.60 | \n\t\t60.10 | \n\t\t0.125 | \n\t\t6.30 | \n\t\t92.40 | \n\t\t0.315 | \n\t\t32.40 | \n\t\t51.30 | \n\t\t0.200 | \n\t\t30.10 | \n\t\t59.00 | \n\t||||||||
4.000 | \n\t\t5.20 | \n\t\t94.80 | \n\t\t4.000 | \n\t\t11.60 | \n\t\t88.40 | \n\t\t0.710 | \n\t\t11.30 | \n\t\t88.70 | \n\t\t0.160 | \n\t\t1.30 | \n\t\t98.70 | \n\t\t0.400 | \n\t\t16.30 | \n\t\t83.70 | \n\t\t0.250 | \n\t\t10.90 | \n\t\t89.10 | \n\t||||||||
d1E = 2.13 mm | \n\t\td1Break2 = 2.27 mm | \n\t\td1DIV1’ = 0.58 mm | \n\t\td1F = 0.08 mm | \n\t\td1DIV1” = 0.31 mm | \n\t\td1M2 = 0.19 mm | \n\t||||||||||||||||||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||||||||||||||||||||
0.000 | \n\t\t34.40 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t23.50 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t5.60 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t19.10 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0,000 | \n\t\t17.70 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t\t0.000 | \n\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t0.00 | \n\t||||||||
0.710 | \n\t\t11.50 | \n\t\t34.40 | \n\t\t1.000 | \n\t\t30.10 | \n\t\t23.50 | \n\t\t0.180 | \n\t\t4.00 | \n\t\t5.60 | \n\t\t0.045 | \n\t\t34.90 | \n\t\t19.10 | \n\t\t0,090 | \n\t\t9.40 | \n\t\t17.70 | \n\t\t0.125 | \n\t\t1.60 | \n\t\t0.30 | \n\t||||||||
1.000 | \n\t\t22.20 | \n\t\t45.90 | \n\t\t1.400 | \n\t\t13.50 | \n\t\t53.60 | \n\t\t0.250 | \n\t\t7.70 | \n\t\t9.60 | \n\t\t0.063 | \n\t\t21.60 | \n\t\t54.00 | \n\t\t0,125 | \n\t\t22.30 | \n\t\t27.10 | \n\t\t0.180 | \n\t\t5.60 | \n\t\t1.90 | \n\t||||||||
1.400 | \n\t\t11.60 | \n\t\t68.10 | \n\t\t2.000 | \n\t\t17.60 | \n\t\t67.10 | \n\t\t0.400 | \n\t\t26.10 | \n\t\t17.30 | \n\t\t0.090 | \n\t\t16.10 | \n\t\t75.60 | \n\t\t0,180 | \n\t\t9.60 | \n\t\t49.40 | \n\t\t0.250 | \n\t\t19.20 | \n\t\t7.50 | \n\t||||||||
2.000 | \n\t\t15.00 | \n\t\t79.70 | \n\t\t2.500 | \n\t\t12.40 | \n\t\t84.70 | \n\t\t0.500 | \n\t\t49.20 | \n\t\t43.70 | \n\t\t0.125 | \n\t\t6.70 | \n\t\t91.70 | \n\t\t0,200 | \n\t\t25.10 | \n\t\t59.00 | \n\t\t0.315 | \n\t\t44.50 | \n\t\t26.70 | \n\t||||||||
2.800 | \n\t\t5.30 | \n\t\t94.70 | \n\t\t3.150 | \n\t\t2.90 | \n\t\t97.10 | \n\t\t0.710 | \n\t\t7.40 | \n\t\t92.60 | \n\t\t0.160 | \n\t\t1.60 | \n\t\t98.40 | \n\t\t0,250 | \n\t\t15.90 | \n\t\t84.10 | \n\t\t0.400 | \n\t\t28.80 | \n\t\t71.20 | \n\t||||||||
d2E = 1.22 mm | \n\t\td2Break3 = 1.56 mm | \n\t\td2DIV1’ = 0.52 mm | \n\t\td2F = 0.07 mm | \n\t\td2M2 = 0.17 mm | \n\t\td2DIV1” = 0.37 mm | \n\t
Values of weights pi(%) of sieved fractions and of the cumulative weights Ti (%) for products collected at the entrance, respectively exit of plansifter compartments, C1 and C2
In every fraction there is a percentage of material with sizes smaller than the size of the sieve hole, which means that sieving is incomplete, even if the number of frames is quite high. However, the average particle size of fraction C1–Break 2 is 2.27 mm, much larger than the opening of sieve holes of the package (1.05 mm). This shows that here are obtained the parts of seed with quite large sizes, which must be reintroduced in the grinding process at the passage Break 2.
At the second set of sieving frames of plansifter compartment C1, the opening of fabric holes is 470 µm (no. 40), but mean size of particles of fraction C1-DIV1’ is 0.58 mm, slightly larger than the opening of the holes. It is noticed (Table 9) that there are particles with sizes smaller than the size of holes which remain unseparated (at least 8.4%). This phenomenon is valid for all sets of sieves in the plansifter with six compartments, as can be seen from the analysis of the results presented in table 9.
Composition of fraction C1-DIV1” of plansifter compartment C1 consists of the refuse of sieve frames no. 56 (with holes opening 0.31 mm), after the sieved of the second set, consisting of particles that passes through sieve no. 40 (with holes opening 0.47 mm) was extracted flour F (mean size of particles 0.08 mm). This fraction with fraction C1-DIV1’ and with the two fractions C2-DIV1 of the second plansifter compartment are directed to the sorting-dividing compartment DIV1 (compartment C5). Mean particle sizes of fraction DIV1”, from compartment C1, are 0.31 mm (equal to the opening of sieve holes which refused them, proving that here also the sieving is incomplete).
The last components of plansifter compartments in gristing passage shave higher content of coating particles which are found in the upper layers of material on the frames, thus being recommended that they do not separate through the holes, even if their sizes are about the size of endosperm particles, to be further removed in semolina machines (sieving motion leads to the layering of mixture components by density). Flour particles have mean sizes under 0.18 mm in all plansifter compartments, while particles of last refuse from the five passages fitted with pairs of rollers have mean sizes over 0.37 mm (see Table 9). Values of coefficients b and n in the equation of relationship Rosin–Rammler cumulative distribution law (eq.1), for the material which passed through sieve holes in granulometric analysis, and the correlation coefficients R2 and χ2 have high values which show the adequacy degree of the given function with the experimental data. In all cases, for all fractions obtained during gristing phase of wheat in the studied mill, the correlation is very good, appreciated by values of coefficient R2 ≥ 0.926.
As it can be noticed from fig.10, there are fractions having most particles of sizes close to the minim value of sieve classifier holes, but there are also components with particles with sizes from the mean size to the maximum size of the sieve holes used for granulometric analysis.
However, most components show mean profile (with central inflection point) of the separation curves which demonstrates the correct choosing of sieve classifier sizes (made from a set of 30 sieves by trying to take into consideration the arrangement in geometric distribution with holes ratio of
From the analysis of coefficients b and n from Rosin–Rammler law (eq.1) it is noticed that values of coefficient b are 0.2–1.5 103 for most analyzed fractions, generally with high values, for the small size components of the particles (flour or dunsts), 1 106 – 5 107, giving the size characteristics of such particles (Table 10).
C1 | \n\t\tC1 Entrance | \n\t\t0.222 | \n\t\t1.663 | \n\t\t0.988 | \n\t\t17.039 | \n\t\tC4 | \n\t\tC4 Entrance | \n\t\t0.621 | \n\t\t1.958 | \n\t\t0.988 | \n\t\t21.914 | \n\t
C1 Break 2 | \n\t\t0.169 | \n\t\t1.964 | \n\t\t0.987 | \n\t\t18.890 | \n\t\tC4 F | \n\t\t2.06·103\n\t\t | \n\t\t5.665 | \n\t\t0.997 | \n\t\t1.144 | \n\t||
C1 DIV1” | \n\t\t37.812 | \n\t\t3.412 | \n\t\t0.993 | \n\t\t9.147 | \n\t\tC4 M4 | \n\t\t3.967 | \n0.976 | \n36.414 | \n|||
C1 DIV1’ | \n\t15.782 | \n\t6.033 | \n\t0.997 | \n\t6.245 | \n\tC4 FT2 | \n\t0.027 | \n\t4.557 | \n\t0.996 | \n\t9.071 | \n||
C1 F | \n\t2.2·103\n\t | \n\t3.051 | \n\t0.938 | \n\t142.827 | \n\tC4 Break 5 | \n\t2.590 | \n\t2.983 | \n\t0.999 | \n\t1.091 | \n||
C1 M2 | \n\t2.86·103\n\t | \n\t5.028 | \n\t0.988 | \n\t20.440 | \n\tC4 M5 | \n\t1.6·103\n\t | \n\t6.054 | \n\t0.999 | \n\t3.370 | \n
Values of coefficients b and n and correlation coefficient R2 for Rosin – Rammler granulometric distribution, for the granulometric distribution law for fractions of the two plansifter compartments
Values of exponent n indicate the uniformity or the irregularity degree of particles from the analyzed fractions.
The analysis of this exponent values for the fractions of each plansifter compartment (Table 9) shows that they have a wide range of values, even for the same type of grinding product (for example flour – F), which shows the irregularity of particles, both for a given fraction and between fractions.
Curves of granulometric distribution given by
Main stress to which seeds are subjected, while passing through mill rollers, is given by the type of rollers surface, namely smooth or fluted. Regardless the surface type, one of the main stress during grinding is compression (or crushing), especially if the mill rollers have smooth surface. To estimate the behaviour of seeds while passing through the rollers, experimental research is required on the compression stress of seeds from various wheat varieties, knowing that not all varieties have similar mechanical characteristics. Even seeds from the same variety have different behaviour, due to the irregular development stage in the ear, and also from one ear to another.
The compression of wheat seeds is performed in three different stages: the first stage is elastically deformation, characterized by the proportionality between the compression force and the deformation; the second stage is plastic deformation, characterized by large increases of seed deformation at small increases of compression force; the last stage consists in cracking or rupture, being characterized by seed crushing when reaching a certain value of compression force, [17-20].
Compression test is an objective method for determining the mechanical properties of cereal seeds and also one of the best techniques for determining the modulus of elasticity by the study of their behaviour at compression stress, using force-deformation curve, [21,22].
By performing uniaxial compression tests on wheat seeds, force-deformation curve is obtained, giving the possibility to determine hardness, apparent modulus of elasticity, crushing resistance, force and deformation and energy consumption in various specific points of the curve (i.e. rupture point) and maximum stress in the material, [21,23].
Cereal seeds have a different behaviour under the action of compression forces, depending on their moisture content, [17,20], variety, development stage, geometric sizes, individual mass, glassiness, (soft cereals and hard cereals) etc.
In fig.1 is presented a typical force-deformation curve for compressed Flamura wheat seed.
The bioyield point is the point on the force – deformation curve at which the force decreases or remains constant with increasing deformation. Force in the rupture point (rupture force) is the minimum required force for the wheat seed to break (rupture). Deformation at bioyield and rupture points is the deformation at loading direction, [24,25]. Values of force and deformation to bioyield and rupture points are directly read from force-deformation curve and recorded by machine used for compression test, [21].
Energy absorbed in bioyield and rupture points could be determined from the area under the force-deformation curve between the initial point and the bioyield and rupture point, respectively, using equation [24,25]:
where:
A typical force –deformation curve of wheat grain (type Flamura), [
Based on a standard method (ASAE 2008, [21]), for a seed placed between two parallel plates, the modulus of elasticity could be calculated with following equation, [20,21,21]:
where: E – modulus of elasticity for cereal seeds, (MPa); ku – coefficient which depends on the geometrical properties of wheat seeds (ku = 1,303 - adapted from calculus tables of Kozma and Cunningham, 1962);
Estimation of curvature radius and force-deformation curve of wheat seed, (adapted from [
According to the standard method (ASAE 2008, [21]), also presented by Mohsenin in [25,26], curvature radius of convex surface,
where:
This method was used by many researchers to determine the modulus of elasticity for different agricultural products, [27-30].
According to the standard method (ASAE 2008), values of force
To determine the variation of mechanical resistance characteristics of wheat seeds from the same variety, compression tests were performed for sets of 100 seeds of three varieties of Romanian wheat (Flamura, Glosa and Trivale – soft wheat), using Hounsfield mechanical testing machine, at a constant speed of the crushing device of 5 mm min-1, using a force cell of 1000 N. Were graphically plotted the force-deformation curves for each seed, and from each diagram were collected data about: force, deformation and energy absorbed in the bioyield point (F1, ε1, W1), respectively in the final point (rupture), (F2, ε2, W2).
The analysis of measured data showed that the seeds of Flamura variety were larger than Trivale variety, for all three main sizes, and for their volume. The same goes for seeds mass. Flamura variety seeds were more uniform as size and mass. Regarding the mechanical characteristics of wheat seeds, it was found that compression forces, for bioyield point and for final seeds crushing, were smaller for Trivale variety than Flamura. The same goes for energy absorbed to the bioyield point, respectively to crushing. Since the sizes of Trivale seeds were smaller than Flamura seeds, the deformations carried to the bioyield point, respectively to crushing, were smaller for Trivale than Flamura, but the standard deviation of the values was smaller for Flamura for deformations, showing that Flamura seeds were more regular in terms of deformations (until crushing).
In fig.13 are presented two examples of force-deformation curves for two varieties of wheat, and in fig.14 are presented the histograms of bioyield force and energy absorbed for seed crushing.
Examples of force-deformation curves for the two wheat varieties, [
On the histograms were traced the variation curves for the analyzed parameters by regression analysis of the values given by the histogram, using the normal function presented in equation (13), [23]:
where: px(%) is the percentage weight of each class interval (number of seeds with values in the considered class interval); a – class interval for each analyzed parameter; b and c are regression coefficients of the analyzed function (
Values of coefficients for the regression function (eq.13) used in statistical analysis and values of correlation coefficient R2 for data given by histograms are presented in Table 11.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t|
Length l, (mm) | \n\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t0.404 | \n\t\t6.443 | \n\t\t0.989 | \n\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t0.501 | \n\t\t6.186 | \n\t\t0.971 | \n\t
Width w, (mm) | \n\t\t0.10 | \n\t\t0.202 | \n\t\t3.429 | \n\t\t0.974 | \n\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t0.284 | \n\t\t2.994 | \n\t\t0.981 | \n\t
Thickness t, (mm) | \n\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t0.248 | \n\t\t3.058 | \n\t\t0.975 | \n\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t0.315 | \n\t\t2.664 | \n\t\t0.983 | \n\t
Mass m, (g) | \n\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t0.008 | \n\t\t0.051 | \n\t\t0.988 | \n\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t0.009 | \n\t\t0.037 | \n\t\t0.981 | \n\t
Volume V, (mm3) | \n\t\t5.00 | \n\t\t5.870 | \n\t\t35.57 | \n\t\t0.968 | \n\t\t5.00 | \n\t\t6.207 | \n\t\t26.23 | \n\t\t0.985 | \n\t
Bioyield force F1, (N) | \n\t\t20.0 | \n\t\t41.36 | \n\t\t122.64 | \n\t\t0.921 | \n\t\t20.0 | \n\t\t39.48 | \n\t\t104.70 | \n\t\t0.888 | \n\t
Bioyield energy W1, (J) | \n\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t0.024 | \n\t\t0.036 | \n\t\t0.923 | \n\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t0.017 | \n\t\t0.026 | \n\t\t0.884 | \n\t
Values of coefficients for regression equation (eq.13) and its correlation with experimental data [20]
Histograms and variation curves for the force in bioyeld point and the energy consumption in rupture point for wheat seeds [
Analysis of histograms and variation curves, as well as of data in table 11, shows that all analyzed parameters have almost normal distribution, assessed by values of correlation coefficient R2.
Using standard method (ASAE 2008, [21]) and equations (10), (11) and (12) were determined the values of modululs of elasticity for wheat seeds of Flamura, Trivale and Glosa varieties, in this paper being presented their mean values, (table 12).
Fig.15 shows the machine used for uniaxial compression tests between parallel plates of weat seeds and their position.
From the sample of 100 determinations for each variety of wheat, were selected the 50 most representative determinations, being kept the values found for force and absolute deformation of the seed.
Force-deformation curves, for each of the 50 determinations (of a variety) were processed so that each has the same origin (same starting point), and the intervals of reading (recorded) to be the same. Values for the parameter on the ordinate (forces in the mentioned points) were averaged (arithmetic average for the 50 determinations was calculated) for the same value of deformation (parameter on the abscissa), and these values were used to retrace the force-deformation curve, which respresents the curve of mean values of compression force (fig.16). Using the approximately normal distribution, were statistically estimated the limits within which the mean force-deformation curve is found, for a confidence interval of 95%. For normal distribution, the confidence interval corresponding to 95% confidence level ranges between +/- 1,96, considered standard deviations. Thus, the confidence interval of mean curve was calculated using the following equation:
where:
On the curve of mean values (fig.16), were determined the values of mechanical characteristics mentioned before (forces and deformations in the characteristic points) and it was calculated the value of modulus of elasticity using the standard method (ASAE 2008, [21]), for mean curve (for the three varieties of wheat).
Hounsfield - Mechanical testing machine used in compression test [
Knowing the forces and deformations in the points of bioyield and rupture, from the area under the force-deformation curve between the initial point and the bioyield and rupture point, respectively, using equation (1), energy absorbed in bioyield and rupture point was determined.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t|||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t||
Bioyield force Fb, (N) | \n\t\t93.2 | \n\t\t83.1 | \n\t\t98.0 | \n\t\t98.4 | \n\t\t81.1 | \n\t\t94.0 | \n\t|
Bioyield energy Wb, (J) | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t0.028 | \n\t\t0.018 | \n\t\t0.016 | \n\t|
Rupture force Fr, (N) | \n\t\t107.8 | \n\t\t90.5 | \n\t\t103.6 | \n\t\t104.2 | \n\t\t83.2 | \n\t\t94.7 | \n\t|
Rupture energy Wr, (J) | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t0.038 | \n\t\t0.018 | \n\t\t0.016 | \n\t|
Bioyield deformation | \n\t\tRelative deformation, δb\n\t\t | \n\t\t0.138 | \n\t\t0.092 | \n\t\t0.077 | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t
Absolute deformation, Db (mm) | \n\t\t0.304 | \n\t\t0.267 | \n\t\t0.260 | \n\t\t0.464 | \n\t\t0.348 | \n\t\t0.292 | \n\t|
Rupture deformation | \n\t\tRelative deformation, δr\n\t\t | \n\t\t0.099 | \n\t\t0.109 | \n\t\t0.086 | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t\t- | \n\t
Absolute deformation, Dr (mm) | \n\t\t0.419 | \n\t\t0.320 | \n\t\t0.290 | \n\t\t0.576 | \n\t\t0.400 | \n\t\t0.360 | \n\t|
Modulus of elasticity, (MPa) | \n\t\t313 | \n\t\t364 | \n\t\t486 | \n\t\t298 | \n\t\t369 | \n\t\t468 | \n\t
Values of measured and determined parameters in uniaxial compression test [20]
Analysis of data presented in table 12 showed that the values of bioyield force, respectively values of the force in the point of rupture of wheat seeds, determined from the mean curve are very close to the values of these forces obtained from the force-deformation curves for each particular seed.
Mean curves force-deformation for three wheat varieties and 95 % confidence interval, [
Analysis of curves presented in figure 15 shows that they have similar shapes for the three varieties of wheat, and also within each of them and the force-deformation curves for each individual seed analyzed from each variety of wheat.
As absolute values of the force in the bioyield point, respectively in the rupture point, they are found in between 83.1 N for Trivale variety and 98.0 N for Glosa variety regarding the bioyield force, respectively 90.5 N for Trivale and 107.8 N for Flamura (values calculated with arithmetic average of the 50 determinations). These values are very close to the values presented in literature [31], where is stated that crushing force (rupture) of wheat seeds is of approximately 100 N.
On the relative deformation of seeds, during the compression tests, for the force in the bioyield point (bioyield force), respectively rupture, data in table 12 also show relatively close values for the wheat seeds of the three varieties.
Development of technological gristing process of the wheat in a mill is very important for the entire technological flow of the mill, having a great influence on the degree of flour extraction, without excessive grinding of seed coating.
Based on material samples taken from the entrance and exit of each pair of milling rollers it can be determined, by laboratory analysis, the equivalent average sizes of the material, grinding degree in the passage, and the specific surface of material particles.
Granulometric analysis of the material to be grinded or of the grinded material at mill rollers, and of the sorted fractions in plansifter compartments show a distribution after multiple known laws, from which most used is Rosin-Rammler distribution function, with high correlation coefficient R2.
However, it is shown that there can also be used with good results the Schuhman and logistical two parameters distribution laws, the finding suggest that the type of granulometric distribution law which best describes the size of grinded biological materials depends on material nature and the place and role of roller mill used for grinding in the general technological flow. Knowledge of adequate mathematical models describing the size distribution of grinded materials is useful in all engineering activities related to the processes on the flow of complex roller mills of last generation.
Values of mechanical characteristics of wheat seeds (regardless the variety) are necessary to estimate the energy consumed for their grinding in grain mills. A great influence on the grinding energy is given by the crushing force and their relative and absolute deformation, determined by experimental research of uniaxial compression.
For some wheat varieties presented in this chapter, compression force in the rupture point, determined from force-deformation curves has values of 100-110 N, for seed moisture content of about 12%.
Crushing energy has values of 0.02-0.04 J, for each wheat seed, but it is influenced by the moisture of seeds and by seed arrangement during compression: on width ”sideways” or on thickness ”laying flat”.
Regarding the modulus of elasticity, its values are between 313-487 MPa, being greater as moisture is lower. It was found that lower moisture content resulted in higher values of modulus of elasticity and to lower values of rupture energy, which confirm that wetter seeds have greater plasticity than dry seeds, so they have higher energy consumption.
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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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