Biologics currently under clinical trial for the treatment of SLE.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5895",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",subtitle:"Multidisciplinary Approach",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Chondrichthyes are a group of cartilaginous fish, where we have sharks, rays, and chimeras as members. This group plays an important role in aquatic ecology, as they act as predators throughout the food chain (e.g., sharks). However, many populations of Chondrichthyes are threatened by several factors (increased direct fishing, high mortality rate as accompanying fauna, marine pollution, habitat destruction, etc.). These declines are evident in many parts of the world and have come to the attention of scientists, conservation organizations, the media, and the general public. Fisheries legislation regulating international fisheries markets has been amended to provide greater protection for this group along with other species of fish. However, little is known about these species, which reinforces the importance of studies in order to have a better understanding of the elasmobranch stocks, as well as to identify the influences of the anthropic action of fishing. In response to knowledge on the low sustainability of cartilaginous fish fisheries on a global scale, FAO has developed an international plan of action for the management and conservation of these fish, with the aim of developing and implementing national plans of action to ensure management and conservation of these stocks, having as main recommendation the collection of information about the Chondrichthyes, especially the sharks. Even so, this group is little known in terms of biodiversity, ecology, behavior, and a host of other characteristics relevant to this taxon, which is very worrying. Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach attempts to portray to the readers up-to-date information on Chondrichthyes to promote an overview of the current taxon, serving as an indispensable source of access to more accurate and detailed information on shark rays and chimeras.",isbn:"978-953-51-3712-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3711-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-3991-1",doi:"10.5772/65879",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b1860c7ca50c0cf7b5442fe1539fa3a0",bookSignature:"Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues Filho and João Bráullio de Luna Sales",publishedDate:"December 20th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5895.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7956,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:61,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 20th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104512/images/6598_n.jpg",biography:"He graduated in Biology from the Federal University of Para, Bragança Campus, and acquired his master’s and PhD degrees in Environmental Biology from the same university. He is currently a professor at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Capanema Campus; a researcher at the Coastal Ecosystem Institute (IECOS) at the Federal University of Pará (UFPa); and co-supervisor of Postgraduate Program in Environmental Biology at the Federal University of Pará, Campus of Bragança. He is also a reviewer of numerous national and international scientific journals. His research interests include animal genetics: phylogeny, phylogeography, and genetics of population in marine species.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Federal University of Para",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"196120",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Bráullio De Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196120/images/6599_n.jpg",biography:"He graduated in Biology from the Federal University of Para Campus of Bragança, with master’s degree in Marine Biology and PhD degree in Biological Resources from the same institution. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Federal University of Pará of Marajó-Brevis Campus. He is also an associate supervisor of Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Biology at the Federal University of Para, Campus of Bragança, and a reviewer of numerous international journals. His research mainly focuses on animal genetics with emphasis on phylogeny, biogeography, and population genetics, principally in marine and freshwater species.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Para",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"348",title:"Ichthyology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-marine-biology-ichthyology"}],chapters:[{id:"57710",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Elasmobranchs as a Fishery Resource",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71355",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-elasmobranchs-as-a-fishery-resource",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues Filho and João Bráullio de Luna\nSales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57710",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57710",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"}],corrections:null},{id:"56254",title:"A Tale on the Demersal and Bottom Dwelling Chondrichthyes in the South of Sicily through 20 Years of Scientific Survey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69333",slug:"a-tale-on-the-demersal-and-bottom-dwelling-chondrichthyes-in-the-south-of-sicily-through-20-years-of",totalDownloads:1071,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present work, an overview of the demersal (sharks‐chimaera) and bottom dwelling (batoids) of experimental survey international bottom trawl survey in the mediterranean (MEDITS) data, from 1994 to 2013, is provided. The analysed data refer to a wide area located off the southern coast of Sicily, namely south of Sicily (according to the general fisheries commission for the mediterranean (GFCM) classification, Geographical Sub‐Area 16). A checklist of the recorded Chondrichthyes was integrated by density index, D.I. (N/Km2) and average individual weight (as the ratio between biomass index, D.I. (N/Km2) and D.I.). Results suggest that most of the Chondrichthyes in South of Sicily are in a steady state, although in the last few years, they seemed to recover. The spatial distribution of sharks‐chimaera in the geographical sub‐area (GSA) 16 is mainly concentrated in the southern and north‐western zones. Nevertheless, possible management actions to promote the recovering of these very important ecological and threatened species are discussed.",signatures:"Michele Luca Geraci, Sergio Ragonese, Giacomo Norrito, Danilo\nScannella, Fabio Falsone and Sergio Vitale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56254",authors:[{id:"200559",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Vitale",slug:"sergio-vitale",fullName:"Sergio Vitale"}],corrections:null},{id:"55833",title:"Fisheries Bycatch of Chondrichthyes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69334",slug:"fisheries-bycatch-of-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about global chondrichthyes bycatch, including how the combination of biological characteristics of these species and the impact of different fishing methods reflect their vulnerability to bycatch. Specifically, it summarizes the present status of elasmobranchs and chimaeras bycatch worldwide. Following this, it illustrates the main ecological consequences behind such incidental captures. Hence, it provides a description of how chondrichthyes bycatch occurs across broad fishing gear categories. Moreover, it outlines potential mitigation options available to reduce bycatch. As such, the main technical measures tested and applied in different fishing practices are listed. In addition, an overview about which are the current management measures implemented at international level to ensure long-term conservation of cartilaginous fish is reported. Then, two case studies summarize how chondrichthyes bycatch occurred in some of the most exploited fishing areas. Finally, the chapter ends with relevant considerations about potential for new research needed to monitor and reduce chondrichthyes bycatch.",signatures:"Sara Bonanomi, Jure Brčić’, Alessandro Colombelli, Emilio Notti,\nJacopo Pulcinella and Antonello Sala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55833",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55833",authors:[{id:"205154",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Bonanomi",slug:"sara-bonanomi",fullName:"Sara Bonanomi"},{id:"205505",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Colombelli",slug:"alessandro-colombelli",fullName:"Alessandro Colombelli"},{id:"205506",title:"Dr.",name:"Jure",surname:"Brčić",slug:"jure-brcic",fullName:"Jure Brčić"},{id:"205507",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacopo",surname:"Pulcinella",slug:"jacopo-pulcinella",fullName:"Jacopo Pulcinella"},{id:"205508",title:"MSc.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Notti",slug:"emilio-notti",fullName:"Emilio Notti"},{id:"205509",title:"MSc.",name:"Antonello",surname:"Sala",slug:"antonello-sala",fullName:"Antonello Sala"}],corrections:null},{id:"56579",title:"The Importance of Academic Research in the Field of Shark-Human Interactions: A Three-Pronged Approach to a Better Understanding of Shark Encounters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69409",slug:"the-importance-of-academic-research-in-the-field-of-shark-human-interactions-a-three-pronged-approac",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"One of the least understood areas of shark research is the interaction between animals and humans, from factors influencing face‐to‐face encounters to the causes of incidents and behavior patterns. Although some of these questions can be addressed through studies outside of the water, most interaction‐related questions have to be tested by direct observation of the sharks. The main goal of our research is to better understand sharks, and what influences them the most when they are in the vicinity of a human being. Our improved understanding of this animal substantiates the notion that sharks are no different from other animal species and do not reflect the still too often presented media monster. Understanding the true nature of this animal transforms this wrongfully described creature into the rather shy and intelligent animal that it truly is.",signatures:"Erich Ritter and Raid Amin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56579",authors:[{id:"204555",title:"Dr.",name:"Erich",surname:"Ritter",slug:"erich-ritter",fullName:"Erich Ritter"},{id:"205410",title:"Prof.",name:"Raid",surname:"Amin",slug:"raid-amin",fullName:"Raid Amin"}],corrections:null},{id:"55984",title:"Deep-Water Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69471",slug:"deep-water-sharks-rays-and-chimaeras-of-brazil",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The deep-water fishery in Brazil is currently in expansion due to depletion of most neritic economic species. This increasing deep-water effort brings concern on the bycatch impact, its specific composition, the need for capture’s evaluation and development of bycatch reduction devices. The impact is particularly aggressive on deep-water elasmobranchs, which have an extreme ecological k-strategy due to their reproductive constraints (lower fecundity and late first maturity age). Scientific deep-water surveys and intensive research programs (REVIZEE) along the past decade indicate that Brazilian elasmobranch diversity is higher than previously imagined. However, the deep-water fishery threatens this poorly known community of sharks and rays on the Brazilian continental slope as they become bycatch of a fast-growing and uncontrolled fishery. The recent study case of the monkfish (Lophius gastrophysus) fishery dynamics, well presented and discussed by the Brazilian scientific community, provided evidence of the need of bycatch-specific monitoring programs and fast-response fishery regulations. The present work discusses the Brazilian deep-water elasmobranch bycatch problem under the light of its biological diversity and completely unknown population status. Suggestions and management considerations are presented in order to coordinate and manage the establishment and growth of this deep-water fishery in Brazil.",signatures:"Getulio Rincon, Rodrigo Cordeiro Mazzoleni, Ana Rita Onodera\nPalmeira and Rosangela Lessa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55984",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55984",authors:[{id:"205621",title:"Dr.",name:"Getulio",surname:"Rincon",slug:"getulio-rincon",fullName:"Getulio Rincon"},{id:"206465",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Mazzoleni",slug:"rodrigo-mazzoleni",fullName:"Rodrigo Mazzoleni"},{id:"206466",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",surname:"Palmeira",slug:"ana-rita-palmeira",fullName:"Ana Rita Palmeira"},{id:"206467",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",surname:"Lessa",slug:"rosangela-lessa",fullName:"Rosangela Lessa"}],corrections:null},{id:"56228",title:"A Review of the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Chondrichthyes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70028",slug:"a-review-of-the-mitogenomic-phylogeny-of-the-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The phylogenetic analysis of the Chondrichthyes has been the subject of intense debate over the past two decades. The principal relationships within the group based on the analysis of morphological traits are inconsistent with the available molecular topologies, and the phylogeny of these animals is highly controversial, at all levels, ranging from superorders to families and even the genera within families. With the recent development of new generation sequencing (NGS), many phylogenies are now being inferred based on the complete genome of the species. In 2015 and 2016 alone, around 21 new elasmobranch genomes were made available in GenBank. In this context, the principal objective of the present study was to infer the phylogeny of the sharks and rays based on the complete mitochondrial genomes available in the literature. A total of 73 mitogenomes of chondrichthyan species were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated rejected the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of the Neoselachii and Batoidea as sister groups of the sharks. These mitogenomic analyses provided ampler and more complete insights into the relationships between the sharks and rays, in particular, the topologies obtained by the analyses revealed a number of incongruities in certain groups of sharks and rays, and the interrelationships between them.",signatures:"Divino Bruno da Cunha, Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues‐Filho and\nJoão Bráullio de Luna Sales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56228",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56228",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"},{id:"205219",title:"Dr.",name:"Divino Bruno",surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"divino-bruno-da-cunha",fullName:"Divino Bruno Da Cunha"},{id:"205690",title:"Dr.",name:"João Bráullio De",surname:"Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5210",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c78e2a5e686279a30ed3fb640769dad",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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In the SLE-affected individuals, autoantibodies are generated against tissue antigens, including nuclear, cytoplasmic, phospholipid-associated, and cell-membrane antigens—major constituents of different cell types residing in tissues and organs of the human body [1]. The binding of autoantibodies with tissue antigens generates immune complexes, which may be deposited inside tissues and organs over time. These immune complexes elicit a cascade of immune responses that result in severe inflammation and destruction of tissue architecture, leading to multiorgan dysfunction and premature mortality [2].
SLE is a long-term multisystem autoimmune rheumatic disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and central nervous system. Clinical manifestations range from mild to severe and life-threatening diseases, which could be associated with poor outcomes, including morbidity, poor quality of life, and premature mortality. There is no cure for SLE, and the management is guided by organ system involvement, flare prevention, managing comorbidities, and reducing damage accumulation. The clinical signs and course of the pathology of SLE can be altered through lifestyle alteration, such as avoiding sunlight and diet modifications. The incidence and prevalence of SLE have increased in the last few decades, possibly due to increased awareness and the ability to diagnose milder forms of SLE [3]. Studies indicate that SLE has shown strong ethnicity and gender biases. Certain ethnic groups such as those with African and Asian ancestry are more predisposed to the development of SLE. While the incidence of SLE differs between the different ethnic groups, it is interesting to note that the incidence of SLE is higher in females than in males, across all groups of ethnicities [4, 5]. Pregnant women with SLE have an increased risk of recurrent miscarriages, fetal retardation, and stillbirths especially if they are positive for antiphospholipid antibodies. The babies born to SLE mothers are at a 3% risk of having neonatal lupus especially if they are positive for anti-RO and/or anti-LA antibodies [6].
SLE is a complex disease with poorly defined etiology. Several studies have reported a strong correlation between disease incidence and certain genetic and environmental factors. About 7% of childhood-onset SLE show Mendelian inheritance and is associated with defects in genes involved in the clearance of necrotic and/or apoptotic cell debris, pathways that protect against autoimmune response against autoantigens, and those involved in autoreactive lymphocyte generation and maintenance [7, 8, 9, 10]. Hormones are a significant underlying factor responsible for gender-biased SLE development. Specifically, estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling mediates SLE through positive regulation of CREMα transcription factor, favoring the generation of CD4+ T effector cells and double-negative T cells [11]. Several environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of SLE. However, the time duration of exposure and dosage is not well-defined [12, 13, 14]. Particulate matter in the air, including cigarette smoke, induces oxidative stress and can damage endogenous DNA, and cellular proteins are known to trigger SLE development [15, 16]. Exogenous hormone uses, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, have been positively linked with SLE onset [17]. The involvement of cardiovascular disease in patients with SLE can increase the risk of mortality [18]. Renal failure and sepsis are the significant causes of mortality in patients with SLE [19]. Furthermore, autoimmune vascular injury increases the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases in SLE patients [20].
Over the past two decades, the understanding of SLE pathogenesis and treatment has improved. Significant progress has been made in uncovering the molecular events that trigger SLE pathogenesis and exploring novel treatment options, including newly approved biologics. In this chapter, we discuss the advances in the pathogenesis of SLE and emerging treatment options.
Since SLE is an autoimmune disease affecting multiple tissues and organs, the outcome of the disease is mostly unpredictable [21, 22]. The optimum management of SLE is preventing further tissue or organ damage, preventing flares, improving the quality of patients’ life, and ultimately extending the lifespan of SLE patients. However, currently available therapy is mainly focused on treating symptoms, including flares. Antimalarials, glucocorticoids, and other immunosuppressive drugs are among the current treatments [23].
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) belongs to the group of antimalarials. Among the oldest drugs used in SLE, chloroquine, and HCQ were introduced between 1953 and 1955 and these drugs are four aminoquinolines that are widely used to manage SLE [22, 24]. Antimalarial drugs are well-absorbed orally, and the half-life of hydroxychloroquine is around 40 or 50 days [25]. Although the mechanisms of action of antimalarial drugs in attenuating inflammation and clinical signs of SLE remain unclear, recent studies suggest a possible action on the lysosomes of the immune cells. Specifically, antimalarials increase the lysosomal vesicle pH, suppressing the antigen presentation and synthesis of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines [26]. One of the most beneficial effects of increasing lysosomal pH in antigen-presenting cells by antimalarials is the selective suppression of presentation of autoantigens by decreasing the binding of autoantigenic peptides to class II MHC molecules without affecting the responses against foreign antigens [26].
Similarly, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine also inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in immune cells leading to reduced immune activation [27]. In addition, chloroquine treatment inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-18, in a lysosome-independent manner [28, 29]. Hydroxychloroquine reduces the serum levels of the leukocyte activation markers, including soluble CD8 and soluble IL 2 receptors [30]. Studies suggest that antimalarial agents might work as prostaglandin antagonists and inhibit the enzyme phospholipase A2 by decreasing inflammation [22, 31]. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine reduce dermatological manifestations, significantly protecting against skin damage by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exposure to ultraviolet light. Moreover, chloroquine treatment also reduces matrix metalloproteinase activity and helps maintain extracellular matrix homeostasis in patients with SLE [32, 33].
HCQ is an inexpensive, well-studied, well-tolerated, and most valuable immunomodulator drug for SLE treatment. Several studies have been published on the efficacy of antimalarials in patients with SLE. Generally, HCQ is prescribed to all SLE patients with minimal contraindications or side effects, especially in patients with lupus nephritis, and is used to treat constitutional, musculoskeletal, and mucocutaneous involvement. Studies indicate that antimalarials reduce mortality in SLE patients of diverse ethnic groups [34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. Administration of HCQ significantly reduces the severity of SLE disease activity, which includes a reduction in active clinical involvements, serum markers, activity scores, and disease flares [39]. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) have demonstrated the benefits of HCQ in SLE, including a reduction in flares [40, 41, 42], improvement in arthralgia [41], cytokine profiles [29, 43, 44, 45], and disease severity [36, 46, 47, 48, 49]. HCQ decreases SLE disease activity, including flares during pregnancy [39, 50]. Despite the fact that HCQ is well tolerated, it has been linked to a variety of side effects, including cardiovascular, hematological, neurological, ocular, and skin concerns [39]. HCQ reduces the recurrence of congenital heart block in anti-SSA/Ro-pregnancies in SLE mothers and can be used as a secondary preventative of fetal cardiac disease [51]. Furthermore, a combination of HCQ and mepacrine has a synergistic effect in refractory
Glucocorticoids are well known for their rapid action, potent anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive effects. They are part of treatment regimens for many autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including SLE. Glucocorticoids exert their action via genomic and nongenomic pathways [53]. The genomic pathway of glucocorticoids is mediated by the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor, which binds to the glucocorticoids in the cytoplasm. After binding, the GC-cGR complex translocates inside the nucleus and binds to the glucocorticoid response elements present in the promoter of several target genes. The GC-GC complex decreases the transcription of inflammatory cytokines via the process known as transrepression and increases the transcription of anti-inflammatory genes by transactivation [53, 54]. The nongenomic pathway is mediated via the membrane glucocorticoid receptor, inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase A2, and alterations in the cell membranes leading to decreased lymphocyte proliferation and function [55]. While genomic mechanisms require 30 minutes for activation after administration of glucocorticoids, nongenomic mechanisms work within minutes after administration. Generally, activation of the genomic and nongenomic pathways depends on the dose of glucocorticoids. While low doses of glucocorticoids induce genomic pathways, very high doses induce nongenomic pathways of action. Specifically, the nongenomic pathway is activated at doses of more than 100 mg/day of glucocorticoids and it is sensitive to glucocorticoids, such as methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, which have five times more potent nongenomic effects than genomic ones [56]. Interestingly, the use of glucocorticoids in lupus dramatically improved the survival of patients [56, 57]. Glucocorticoids are considered primary therapy in achieving rapid control of active lupus. Studies indicate that pulse intravenous methylprednisolone reduces moderate to severe disease activity [58]. Oral prednisone at a dose of less than 30 mg/day initially and then tapering dose between 2.5 and 5 mg/day over a few weeks successfully treated SLE [59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. Specifically, pulses of methylprednisolone combined with other immunosuppressive drugs and HCQ were helpful in achieving rapid and prolonged lupus disease control [58, 64], resulting in the reduction of cardiovascular and global damage [58]. Glucocorticoids are the best therapeutic strategy during pregnancy in the case of lupus flares as their potent anti-inflammatory effect is not associated with teratogenicity but may increase maternal morbidity [65]. Although glucocorticoids have significantly reduced acute mortality in severe SLE, the high-dose treatment regimen for long periods has markedly increased adverse events and systemic infections, causing long-term damage. Extensive observational studies support that GC-mediated toxicity is mainly dependent on the dose and the duration of exposure [66]. It appears that doses lower than 7.5 mg/day (prednisone equivalent) may be relatively safe for long-term maintenance therapy for glucocorticoids [66, 67, 68]. In contrast, using a high dose of glucocorticoids has been associated with the development of osteonecrosis, infectious complications, and even death [69, 70, 71, 72, 73].
Azathioprine (AZA) has been one of the oldest immunosuppressants. It is used in treating conditions, such as chronic inflammatory diseases [74], organ grafts, malignancies, and rheumatologic diseases [75]. It is a heterocyclic carbon–nitrogen aromatic compound belonging to the purine family of analogs. It is the only purine analog used in treating SLE [76]. Though its mechanism of action in immunosuppression is controversial, AZA and its metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) inhibit the enzymatic conversion of inosinic acid to xanthylic acid and of adenylosuccinate to adenylic acid and are known to interfere with DNA replication and de novo synthesis of nucleotides. This inhibits the replication of T-lymphocytes, as they are deprived of salvage pathways [77]. A previous study reported that AZA could induce T-cell apoptosis by inhibiting the costimulatory signaling mechanism that results in T-cell anergy, thus mitigating the effects of autoimmune cells [78]. Azathioprine is used in SLE for the management of multiple active nonrenal manifestations and renal complications, such as lupus nephritis, and is safe for use during pregnancy. AZA alone has shown encouraging results in the treatment of SLE when combined with steroids to reduce SLE mortality and morbidity [79]. Although AZA and 6-MP have been evidenced to cross the placenta [80], several studies show that when AZA is given at a lower dose, it can effectively treat SLE without affecting the fetus or creating congenital abnormalities [81].
Mycophenolate is an antiproliferative immunosuppressant drug. As an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) that is both uncompetitive and selective, mycophenolic acid (MPA) does not incorporate into the DNA while inhibiting the guanosine nucleotide synthesis de novo pathway. It is cytostatic on lymphocytes as mycophenolic acid inhibits the critical dependency of the de novo pathway of purine synthesis, through which T- and B-lymphocytes proliferate. It is typically administered orally in the form of tablets, whether coated, delayed-release, or as a suspension, and as lyophilized or powder for injection. Similar to AZA, MPA’s mechanism of action interferes with the de novo synthesis pathway of nucleotides, with a cytostatic effect on lymphocytes. Mycophenolic acid has a mean half-life of 8–16 hours and an MPAG metabolite half-life of 13–17 hours, but its route of elimination is not understood. It was introduced as a new drug in patients with lupus nephritis and renal problems who were unresponsive to conventional immunosuppressants [82]. MPA is available as a prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolate sodium (Myfortic) that increases MPA bioavailability and lessens gastrointestinal side effects, respectively [83]. MPA treatment has been reported to lessen the SLE complications combined with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and antimalarials, when the disease was inadequately controlled with the previous non-MPA treatment regimens. Mycophenolate mofetil is most frequently used for induction or maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis and is effective in treating nonrenal symptoms as well. Typical symptoms of adverse effects include leukopenia, neutropenia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia. Mycophenolate has a potential teratogenic effect. Pregnancy case studies show that mycophenolate consumption during pregnancy causes major adverse effects including early, spontaneous, and elective terminations and abortions, fetal malformations and congenital defects, and premature and low-birth-weight newborns, [84]. As a result, female SLE patients have been prescribed AZA instead of mycophenolate when they become pregnant [85].
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an inactive prodrug that requires enzymatic activation, which occurs by the hepatic cytochrome P-450 [86]. Cytochrome P-450 hydroxylates the oxazaphosphorine ring of cyclophosphamide, thereby generating 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, which coexists with its tautomer aldophosphamide. Upon decomposition, this aldophosphamide yields phosphoramide mustard, which acts as the alkylating effector, thereby exhibiting the cytotoxicity of CP. Interestingly, immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide has been identified as effective against life-threatening autoimmune disorders, such as SLE. SLE is characterized by B-cell hyperactivation and subsequent autoantibody production, often accompanied by T-cell abnormalities [87]. Under these conditions, cyclophosphamide has been beneficial as it effectively suppresses B-cell activity and antibody production [86]. Clinical studies in murine and human models showed that cyclophosphamide was more effective than prednisone in stabilizing renal function when given orally or intravenously. Standardization of medication revealed that long-term courses of cyclophosphamide alone or in combination with high doses of corticosteroids had a lower probability of doubling serum creatinine and renal function preservation [86]. A 6-month treatment regimen with cyclophosphamide significantly improved renal function and complement activity. Over the last years, IV cyclophosphamide is one of the standards of care for induction of remission therapy that is used in severe lupus nephritis due to its ability to slow the progression to end-stage renal failure and it has been shown to be also effective for the treatment of severe nonrenal symptoms, such as vasculitis and myocarditis. While cyclophosphamide is beneficial, it should be noted that its administration is associated with significant adverse effects, including nausea and vomiting [88]. Cyclophosphamide, like other cytotoxic medicines, has teratogenic side effects. Among the most acute toxicities of CP are cytopenias, infections, gonadal failure, and malignancies [86]. Some infections, including herpes zoster, are more common than others in these patients; hence regular vaccinations are recommended. While the overall standardized incidence ratio of cancer is higher in SLE patients, administration of CP has been shown to increase the incidence of cancers, particularly those of the urinary tract, bone marrow, and skin, prompting the use of combination therapy to prevent these side effects [89]. A recent randomized clinical trial in Chinese SLE patients comparing cyclophosphamide and tacrolimus has shown that tacrolimus has a marginally higher rate of complete response and faster recovery of kidney function [90]. In contrast to this, another trial showed that combination therapy of cyclophosphamide with rituximab followed by belimumab not only lowered the maturation of transitional to naive B cells during B-cell reconstitution but also improved the negative selection of autoreactive B cells, thereby proving beneficial over the conventional cyclophosphamide and belimumab combination [91]. When cyclophosphamide is contraindicated due to a previous severe reaction or malignancy, or there is a concern for drug toxicity, mycophenolate mofetil or rituximab or belimumab is recognized as an alternative immunosuppressive agent to cyclophosphamide for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
The use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) voclosporin is an effective therapy against lupus nephritis, a common and serious consequence of SLE. CNIs bind to and inhibit calcineurin, a calcium-dependent phosphatase, preventing T-cell activation, and T-cell-mediated immune response leading to attenuation in the inflammatory process in lupus nephritis [92]. Voclosporin has a modified functional side chain and was found to have a fourfold increase in potency by inducing structural changes in calcineurin. The modification increased the effectiveness of this drug and improved the clearance of metabolites from the system. Thus, voclosporin was effective against lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell antigen presentation, and cytokine production [92]. According to the results of phase II clinical trial, females treated with voclosporin exhibited a 25% reduction in urine protein creatinine ratio after 8 weeks of treatment, as well as better complement activity after 24 weeks of treatment [93]. Interestingly, by the end of 24 and 48 weeks, the majority of patients had achieved remission, indicating that voclosporin was well tolerated in SLE patients. Another randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial called AURA-LV, found that both low-dose and high-dose voclosporin administration promoted complete remission much more than the placebo group in a heterogeneous population [94, 95, 96]. Moreover, these patients had reduced anti-dsDNA antibody levels by 48 weeks, indicating the effectiveness of the medication. However, the study reported that patients receiving voclosporin experienced at least one adverse effect. Infection was the most common, under low-dose and high-dose administration, with a mortality of 5% [94]. Common adverse effects of the people who died in the low dose administration group include acute respiratory distress syndrome, infection, and thrombosis. Infection and pulmonary embolism were both common adverse outcomes in the high-dose administration deaths, showing that this medicine could have safety concerns [94]. Furthermore, the AURORA1 clinical trial in lupus nephritis patients found that adding low-dose voclosporin to a regimen of MMF given with low-dose corticosteroids significantly improved the therapeutic effects, with stable kidney function and no increase in the incidence of adverse effects [97].
Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor studied for its effects against SLE [98]. Tacrolimus has been recognized for its immunosuppressive effects and has found extensive use as a post-transplant drug. Mechanistically, tacrolimus binds to FK-binding proteins in the cytoplasm, forming a complex associated with the calcium-dependent calcineurin/calmodulin complexes to inhibit calcium-dependent signal transduction lymphocytes and resultant cytokine production [98]. The initial report on tacrolimus’ efficacy against SLE came from a patient study in which cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine treatment was shown to be ineffective. Tacrolimus treatment reduced creatinine levels and eliminated digital vasculitis and gangrene in these patients [99]. Furthermore, tacrolimus had a significant impact on treatment-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus [100]. Another study in mice with spontaneous lupus nephritis found that tacrolimus reduced proteinuria slowed nephropathy progression and increased the lifespan of the lupus mice. Moreover, tacrolimus reduced the elevation in anti-ds DNA antibodies seen in SLE patients [101, 102]. A previous patient study showed that patients administered with tacrolimus for a year had a significant decrease in the SLEDAI (SLE Disease Activity Index) compared to nontreated patients [103]. Moreover, patients exhibited decreased anti-dsDNA antibodies and increased C3 concentration, indicating improved complement activity. While these patients developed minor adverse effects, such as tremors and headaches upon tacrolimus administration, the effects subsided gradually, indicating the medication’s effectiveness and safety [103]. In addition to its efficacy in SLE patients without renal involvement, tacrolimus was effective in pediatric SLE patients with lupus nephritis who had persistent disease activity despite conventional immunosuppressive therapy [104]. Subsequently, multiple studies showed the effectiveness of tacrolimus in SLE patients through its improvements in renal function and targeted immunosuppression [98], thereby proving it as an effective therapeutic agent that functions against SLE through multiple mechanisms. In a meta-analysis of several randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, and cohort studies, it was found that tacrolimus in combination with glucocorticoids resulted in higher total remission rates, lower proteinuria levels, and a lower SLE activity index than cyclophosphamide, indicating that tacrolimus is a safe and effective therapy against SLE [105]. Another trial indicated that tacrolimus is as effective as and non-inferior to mycophenolate mofetil in reaching a complete renal response rate, demonstrating its value as a lupus nephritis induction therapy [106]. Combination therapy has demonstrated encouraging results in the treatment of patients with refractory lupus nephritis, with the potential to improve disease control and prevent lupus nephritis flares. Both mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus combination have synergistic efficacy and favorable adverse event profile; therefore, they can be utilized to treat refractory lupus nephritis.
During the past decade, a new class of therapeutics called biologics has been introduced, and their use led to successful treatment outcomes for lupus and several other inflammatory diseases. Biologics are proteins capable of binding to specific receptors present in immune cells and modulating the functions of immune cells. Overall, biologics are now being developed against several types of immune cells to modulate the functions of the immune system to treat the disease (Figure 1). Belimumab, a biologic that targets B cells, has been approved for the treatment of SLE. A number of biologics are now being studied in clinical trials (Table 1).
Mechanism of action of belimumab and rituximab. Belimumab competitively inhibits BAFF binding to the BAFF receptor required for B-cell survival and maturation. Similarly, rituximab inhibits CD-20 on the surface of B cells, which inhibits B-cell maturation into plasma cells.
Drugs | Type | Target cell/molecule | Mode of action | Clinical trial | Side effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obinutuzumab | Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody | CD20 on B-cell | Binding to CD20 on B-cell which causes complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity | Phase III | Neutropenia, Anemia, Pyrexia, Musculoskeletal disorders, Cough, Infusion reactions, Thrombocytopenia, Hepatitis B virus reactivation | |
Daratumumab | Humanized anti-CD38 mAb | CD38 marker on plasmablasts | Binds to CD38 and causes apoptosis by triggering ADCC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity | Phase II | Infusion-related reactions (IRRs), face swelling, skin rashes | |
Ustekinumab | Human monoclonal antibody against p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 | p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 | Prevent these molecules from binding to their receptors | Phase II discontinued during phase III | Dizziness, joint pain, headaches, sore throat | [21] |
Obexelimab | Humanized Fc-engineered anti-CD19 mAb | CD19 on B-cell | Co-engages BCR and FcγRIIb on B-cell and inhibits B-cell activation | Phase II | Not known | |
Lulizumab | Humanized PEGylated anti-CD28 dAb (Domain antibody) | CD28 on T-cell | Binds to CD28 receptor and inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production | Phase II | Not known | |
VIB7734 | Anti-1LT7 Monoclonal antibody | Plasmacytoid dendritic cells | Deplete pDCs through ADCC | Phase II | Not known | |
BIIB059 | Humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody | BDCA2 (blood dendritic cell antigen 2) receptor pf pDCs | Causes rapid BDCA2 internalization and impedes IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells which leads to IFNGS (Type I interferon gene signature) expression in blood | Phase II | Risk of infection because of diminished pDC-mediated antiviral response | [21] |
Telitacicept | Recombinant TACI-Fc (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor) fusion protein | BLyS (B-lymphocyte stimulator) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) | Binds and neutralizes the activity of BLyS and APRIL, thereby, inhibiting the development and survival of mature B cells and plasma cells | Phase II | Upper respiratory tract infection, reactions at the injection site | [21] |
Biologics currently under clinical trial for the treatment of SLE.
Anifrolumab, a type I interferon receptor antagonist, was recently approved in 2021 for the treatment of SLE in patients with moderate to severe symptoms [107]. Previous studies have indicated that type I IFN plays a key role in the pathophysiology of SLE and increased type I IFN signaling causes increased disease activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that type I interferon plays a key role in the pathophysiology of SLE and increased type I interferon signaling results in increased disease activity [108, 109]. The efficacy and safety data were obtained from the two TULIP phase III trials, and the MUSE phase II trial led to the approval of Anifrolumab [108, 110, 111, 112, 113]. These trials were randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trials involving patients with moderate to severe SLE, who were under standard therapy with glucocorticoids, antimalarials, or immunosuppressants. In these trials, SLE patients treated with Anifrolumab experienced an overall reduction in disease activity in almost all organs, especially in skin and joints, and achieved a considerable reduction in the requirement of corticosteroids [107]. Further data suggest that Anifrolumab prevents organ damage occurring due to SLE or by chronic medications, including steroids, and thus, it improves the quality of life of SLE patients. The major adverse effects of Anifrolumab usage are mostly respiratory tract associated, including nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, and upper respiratory tract infections [107, 108, 110, 111, 112].
Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a membrane receptor present on the surface of B-lineage cells, as a transmembrane protein excluding plasma cells and pro-B cells [114, 115, 116]. The interaction between CD20 and RTX results in the inaccessibility of CD20 for its ligand, leading to the inhibition of distinct cell survival pathways and B-cell maturation signals. Furthermore, the binding of rituximab with this membrane receptor results in the induction of both antibody and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, which causes the reduction of CD20+ cells [116]. The FDA initially approved RTX for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; it has also provided promising results in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Based on recent studies, RTX may have a beneficial role in inflammatory diseases [117]. In 2002, RTX was used to treat SLE; RTX was used in combination with steroids and cyclophosphamide; five out of six patients developed significant improvement in response to this treatment [118, 119]. RTX showed significant beneficial results in phase I and phase II clinical trials; another retrospective clinical trial performed on 45 patients showed the beneficial effects of RTX [120]. Phase II and phase III trials, known as the EXPLORER trial, were conducted based on the positive outcomes of RTX treatment in SLE. The main aim of this trial was an extensive analysis of RTX efficacy in nonrenal SLE. This trial comprised 257 patients who were kept on a stable dose of one immune-suppressive drug were included in this study; these participants were treated by following a standard care of treatment, along with either two intravenous RTX 1 g doses (one at 14 days following the start of the trial and the other at 6 months) or placebo. The use of methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and corticosteroids was allowed for continuation under the supervision of treating medical specialists. The primary endpoint of this study was to achieve and maintain a robust clinical response or a partial clinical response by the 52nd week. The secondary endpoint was to assess the clinical response of patients at 52 weeks, along with the improvement in quality of life. The steroid-sparing benefit of RTX was also evaluated as a secondary endpoint. No difference between the primary and secondary endpoints was observed in the RTX and placebo groups for this EXPLORER trial. Another trial, known as LUNAR, was conducted in SLE patients to investigate the efficacy of RTX in lupus nephritis [121]. It was a double-blind RCT with 144 participants, and the amount of RTX dosage and other standards of care treatments were similar to the EXPLORER trial. There was no significant difference between the RTX and placebo cohorts’ primary and secondary endpoints [121]. Although the endpoints of phase II and phase III RCTs for rituximab failed, this does not necessarily mean that the drug failed; trial design can be considered as a possible potential reason for this failure. RTX has some adverse effects. RTX use is contraindicated in advanced heart failure (New York Heart Association Class IV) [122]. Since RTX is an immunosuppressant, infection is a significant concern with rituximab treatment. Several studies have shown that repeated use of RTX can be associated with decreased immunoglobulin levels. Patients who already have low immunoglobulins or are already taking other immunosuppressant medication have a higher rate of infection while taking RTX treatment [123].
Belimumab (BEL) is a monoclonal antibody that targets BAFF [124] and is referred to as a B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS); these factors are secreted by myeloid-lineage cells. The binding of BAFF with BAFF-R (receptor present on B naïve cells) leads to the activation of specific signaling, promoting survival and differentiation of the naïve B cells [125]. BEL binds with these soluble stimulatory factors, resulting in the inhibition of BLyS binding with BAFFR [124, 126]. BEL was first approved for adult SLE in 2011, with remarkable success in adult SLE treatment. A study performed on mice models has demonstrated the importance of BAFF in SLE progression, where deletion of the Baff gene prevented SLE progression in diseased mice [127]. Neutralizing BAFF with specific immunogenic approaches in mice has shown a significant reduction in disease progression [128, 129]. Patients suffering from SLE have shown a higher level of BAFF than healthy controls, and the level of BAFF was found to be increased in the correlation with SLE progression [130, 131, 132]. Efficacy of BEL against SLE was initially studied in a large double-blind phase III RCTs [133, 134]. In this study, 10 mg/kg intravenous BEL was given in addition to the background standard of care therapy with a 2-week interval between the first three doses and then every 4 weeks. SLE patients who had active CNS involvement or lupus nephritis were excluded. Participants were kept on stable doses of corticosteroids, antimalarials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunosuppressive drugs for 30 days before this trial. The primary endpoint was the SLE responder index-4 at week 52. This accounted for ≥4-point depletion in the SLE disease activity index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score. The significant difference between the patient and placebo arm of the trial study has given promising results for BEL use against SLE. Consistently, BEL effectively improved SLE in all the trials compared to placebo. BEL has also shown steroid-sparing effects in these patients [135, 136]. Moreover, in the ongoing international observational clinical studies, BEL is being used as a part of the treatment routine in more than 700 patients and has shown remarkable beneficial effects [137, 138, 139]. Despite being a remarkable drug against SLE, and being an immunosuppressor drug, BEL also has some contraindications along with minor side effects. Major infections have been observed in the patients treated with belimumab. Appropriate precautions and medical advice should be taken by the patient suffering from chronic infection before the BEL treatment [124]. In patients with refractory LN, studies showed that adding belimumab to a therapy regimen that included rituximab/CYC was safe and effective [140]. Moreover, BEL, despite being a safe drug, not all the patients treated with BEL show significant improvement in their disease. This suggests the involvement of other vital pathways playing a role in SLE development which challenges the generalized use of BEL against SLE.
SLE is a complex and devastating disease. Without a possible cure in sight, patients with SLE rely on treatment based on symptoms to improve their quality of life. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of clinical trials with novel biologics that give hope to further improvements in the therapy of SLE. However, a knowledge gap exists in the current understanding of the molecular basis of SLE. Understanding the basis of susceptibility to SLE could open avenues to treat the disease at an early stage before it progresses to severe systemic disease. Primary research is needed to uncover the cause of the disease and, specifically, the reason for the development of autoantibodies, immune system dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. The determinants of disease severity are unknown, challenging current treatment regimens. The existing treatments for SLE usually include immunosuppression, which predisposes patients to infection, the primary cause of premature mortality in SLE patients. From the therapy point of view, it is essential to identify the underlying genetic and epigenetic profiles, immune mechanisms, and the severity of the disease to deliver personalized therapy.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Almost all the parts of this plant, that are, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. It discusses the production of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which includes plantation and harvesting; extraction of banana pseudo-stem fiber; retting; and degumming of the fiber. It also deals with the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem fiber, such as morphological, physical and mechanical, durability, degradability, thermal, chemical, and antibacterial properties. 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Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"70658",title:"Factors Affecting Yield of Crops",slug:"factors-affecting-yield-of-crops",totalDownloads:4150,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"A good understanding of dynamics involved in food production is critical for the improvement of food security. It has been demonstrated that an increase in crop yields significantly reduces poverty. Yield, the mass of harvest crop product in a specific area, is influenced by several factors. These factors are grouped in three basic categories known as technological (agricultural practices, managerial decision, etc.), biological (diseases, insects, pests, weeds) and environmental (climatic condition, soil fertility, topography, water quality, etc.). These factors account for yield differences from one region to another worldwide. The current chapter will discuss each of these three basic factors as well as providing some recommendations for overcoming them. In addition, it will provide the importance of climate-smart agriculture in the increase of crop yields while facilitating the achievement of crop production in safe environment. This goes in line with the second goal of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of United Nations in transforming our world formulated as end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.",book:{id:"8153",slug:"agronomy-climate-change-food-security",title:"Agronomy",fullTitle:"Agronomy - Climate Change & Food Security"},signatures:"Tandzi Ngoune Liliane and Mutengwa Shelton Charles",authors:[{id:"313819",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliane",middleName:null,surname:"Tandzi",slug:"liliane-tandzi",fullName:"Liliane Tandzi"},{id:"314316",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles Shelton",middleName:null,surname:"Mutengwa",slug:"charles-shelton-mutengwa",fullName:"Charles Shelton Mutengwa"}]},{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2813,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. 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Variations in maturation time, and difficulty in managing abiotic and biotic stresses during pre- and postharvest are common consequences of uneven germination and seedling emergence. Minimizing this negative impact of dormancy in a seed lot is the major concern of all seed production companies. Generally, mature seeds show some considerable dormancy during which embryo growth is halted momentarily because one or more internal and external stimuli for growth resumption is/are absent. If the inhibition of seed germination is solely due to insufficient or complete absence of external signals, then the seed is in a state of quiescence. Otherwise, if linked to internal factors, then the seed is in a state of dormancy. Induction, maintenance, and release of dormancy are therefore related to Seed-dependent factors such as morphology, hormones, state of embryo maturity at seed dispersal and chemical inhibitors. This chapter focuses on species-dependent methods currently used to break dormancy, reduce germination time and improve emergence and seedling establishment.",book:{id:"11322",title:"Seed Biology Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11322.jpg"},signatures:"Tabi Kingsley Mbi, Ntsomboh Godswill Ntsefong and Tatah Eugene Lenzemo"},{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83012",title:"Cotton Based Cellulose Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application",slug:"cotton-based-cellulose-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-application",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106473",abstract:"Nanocellulose is a renewable natural biomaterial which has risen to prominence due to its biodegradability and physiochemical properties making it a promising candidate to replace non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. Due to its profound qualities, nanocellulose extracted from cotton fibers have tremendous application potential and have been intensively studied particularly in the generation of nanofillers and as reinforcement components in polymer matrixes. Deposition of inorganic nanoparticles on cotton fabric result in antimicrobial textiles with multifunctional use particularly in manufacture of PPE and as filtration devices against environmental pollutants and pathogens. This chapter compiles three main sections. The first section gives an overview of the extent of work done in the creation and application potential of cotton-based nanocomposites. The second section describes the in situ and ex situ methods of nanoparticle deposition and self assembly on cotton fabrics to generate multifunctional cotton-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial potential while the final section describes the incorporation of cotton nanofibers in polymer matrices, their reinforcing properties, as well as surface modification to assist their incorporation. Finally in the conclusion, a summary of the up-to-date challenges and progresses is presented postulating the undiscovered arenas and future undertakings of this venture.",book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob"},{id:"82476",title:"Joint Action of Herbicides on Weeds and Their Risk Assessment on Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.)",slug:"joint-action-of-herbicides-on-weeds-and-their-risk-assessment-on-earthworm-eisenia-fetida-l",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105462",abstract:"Frequent and intensive use of similar modes of action herbicides increases selection pressure resulting in nature adapt and a number of herbicide-resistant weeds. The most effective methods to prevent and delay herbicide-resistant weeds are herbicide tank mixture and adjuvant mixed herbicides. This chapter intends to explain the advantages of herbicide tank mixture and adjuvant mixed herbicides. In addition, the models of estimated herbicide mixture interaction response have been explained. Although herbicide mixtures have benefits, they may present risks leading to soil pollution and affecting soil fauna such as earthworms. Therefore, we discussed the negative effect of mixture herbicides on Eisenia fetida. On the other hand, various models to calculate mixture herbicide toxicity on earthworms will be present in this chapter.",book:{id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim, Elham Samadi Kalkhoran and Te-Ming Paul Tseng"},{id:"82937",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-1",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105944",abstract:"Stress in plants refers to external conditions, which drastically affect the growth, development, or productivity of plants. Stress triggers a wide range of plant responses, such as altered gene expression, cellular metabolism, changes in growth rates, and crop yields. Some abiotic stresses, such as low or high temperature, deficient water, and ultraviolet radiation, make plant growth and development unfavorable, leading to a fall in crop yield worldwide. The following writeup incorporated the abiotic stress factors related to the growth and development of plants, such as temperature, drought, heat, cold, and many more. Abiotic stress factors are the nonliving factors influencing the metabolism, growth, and development of the plant tissues at that particular time when such abiotic stress affects them. As a result of such abiotic stresses, the plants have generated many stress tolerance factors. Various stress-responsive genes are thus being formulated in response to the abiotic stresses, so the plants can survive even in such extreme conditions as well. Henceforth, it can be concluded that the abiotic stress factors imposed on the plants adversely impact their growth and developmental procedures, and at the same time, they also produce some stress tolerance factors to minimize the damage.",book:{id:"11330",title:"Plant Response Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11330.jpg"},signatures:"Shubham Dey and Ayan Raichaudhuri"},{id:"82943",title:"Laboratory Diagnosis of Candidiasis",slug:"laboratory-diagnosis-of-candidiasis",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106359",abstract:"The burden of Candidiasis continues to increase and so does the Candida species. Although Candida species are closely similar phenotypically, they differ from each other in terms of epidemiology, genetic characteristics, antifungal susceptibility and virulence profile. Therefore, reliable and accurate laboratory methods for identification of Candida species can determine the Candidiasis burden and enable the administration of the most appropriate antifungal drug therapy to reduce fungal mortality rates. Conventional and biochemical methods are often used in identification of Candida species. However, these techniques are specific and sensitive enough in detecting the non albicans candida (NAC) species. Molecular techniques have improved the laboratory diagnosis and management of Candidiasis due to improved sensitivity and specificity threshold. This chapter provides an overview of different laboratory methods for diagnosis of Candidiasis.",book:{id:"11608",title:"Candida and Candidiasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11608.jpg"},signatures:"Benson Musinguzi, Obondo J. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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