Descriptive statistics for the analyzed variables.
Chapter 1: "Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors"\n
Chapter 2: "The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth"\n
Chapter 3: "Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated"\n
Chapter 4: "Anatomy Applied to Block Anaesthesia"\n
Chapter 5: "Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth"\n
Chapter 6: "Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials"\n
Chapter 7: "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar"\n
Chapter 8: "A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with the iTero Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method"\n
Chapter 9: "Identification of Lower Central Incisors"\n
The book is aimed toward dentists and can also be well used in education and research.',isbn:"978-1-78923-511-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-510-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-247-8",doi:"10.5772/65542",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dental-anatomy",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"445cd419d97f339f2b6514c742e6b050",bookSignature:"Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5814.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13239,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",middleName:null,surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178570/images/7646_n.jpg",biography:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç is a dentist, a teacher, a researcher and a scientist in the field of Endodontics. She was born in Zonguldak, Turkey, on February 14, 1974; she is married and has two children. She graduated in 1997 from the Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. She aquired her PhD in 2004 from the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey, and she is still an associate professor at the same department. She has published numerous articles and a book chapter in the areas of Operative Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry and Endodontics. She is a member of Turkish Endodontic Society and European Endodontic Society.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"174",title:"Dentistry",slug:"dentistry"}],chapters:[{id:"56461",title:"Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69542",slug:"permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-incisors",totalDownloads:2541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The permanent incisors are the front teeth that erupt between 6 and 8 years of age. They are eight in number, four upper and four lower, two centrals and two laterals. They have sharp biting surfaces designed for shearing and cutting of food materials into small chewable pieces. They are the teeth most visible to the others during eating, smiling and talking, and thus, they have high aesthetic value for the individuals. The unique characteristics, arch position, function, development and chronological age of each tooth will be highlighted. In addition, the different aspects with their geometric outlines, outlines and surface anatomy of these teeth will be described. A brief explanation about the pulp cavity, tooth socket and normal occlusion for each tooth will be included.",signatures:"Mohammed E. Grawish, Lamyaa M. Grawish and Hala M. Grawish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56461",authors:[{id:"82989",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Grawish",slug:"mohammed-grawish",fullName:"Mohammed Grawish"}],corrections:null},{id:"62386",title:"The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79464",slug:"the-permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-premolar-teeth",totalDownloads:2717,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The permanent premolar teeth are placed between the anterior teeth and molars. Eight premolars are found in the permanent dentition, four per arch and two in each quadrant. The main function of premolars is to assist the canines in regard to tear and pierce the food and supplement the grinding of the molars during mastication. The other functions are to support the corners of the mouth reinforce esthetics during smiling and maintain the vertical dimension. Detailed morphology of the permanent premolar teeth is narrated in a pointwise and systematic manner in this chapter.",signatures:"Işıl Çekiç Nagaş, Ferhan Eğilmez and Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62386",authors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç"}],corrections:null},{id:"57546",title:"Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71337",slug:"dental-anatomical-features-and-caries-a-relationship-to-be-investigated",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dental caries is a multifactor disease affecting a significant number of people throughout the world. However, in recent decades the widespread availability of fluoride and other preventive measures have resulted in a decline in the prevalence of caries among children and young adults. Currently, it is accepted that most carious dental lesions are restricted to specific anatomical sites. The aim of this chapter is to review the influence of dental anatomy on dental caries development while taking into account recent findings in cariology. Occlusal fissures in the first permanent molar are generally the first sites in the permanent dentition to develop caries. An increased risk of caries is also found in proximal contacting surfaces between two adjacent teeth. Moreover, a partially erupted tooth, which does not participate in mastication, is also at risk for caries since it may provide a more favorable environment for bacterial accumulation than a fully erupted tooth. Bacterial biofilm on the tooth is frequently a high risk caries environment. Understanding anatomical dental features is of great importance for guiding oral health hygiene and preventive measures. Finally, the development of dental disorders plays an important role in dental caries risk.",signatures:"Marcel Alves Avelino de Paiva, Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira\nLeite, Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias, Antônio de Pádua\nCavalcante Costa and Fábio Correia Sampaio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57546",authors:[{id:"138852",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"fabio-sampaio",fullName:"Fabio Sampaio"},{id:"213662",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabela Albuquerque",surname:"Passos Farias",slug:"isabela-albuquerque-passos-farias",fullName:"Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias"},{id:"213663",title:"Prof.",name:"Dayane Franco",surname:"Barros Mangueira Leite",slug:"dayane-franco-barros-mangueira-leite",fullName:"Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira Leite"},{id:"213664",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcel Alves",surname:"Avelino De Paiva",slug:"marcel-alves-avelino-de-paiva",fullName:"Marcel Alves Avelino De Paiva"},{id:"213666",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio De Pádua",surname:"Cavalcante Da Costa",slug:"antonio-de-padua-cavalcante-da-costa",fullName:"Antonio De Pádua Cavalcante Da Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"56119",title:"Anatomy Applied to Block Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69545",slug:"anatomy-applied-to-block-anesthesia-for-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anatomy is a basic knowledge that every clinician must have; however, its full management is not always achieved and gaps remain in daily practice. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the most relevant aspects of head and neck anatomy, specifically related to osteology and neurology for the application of regional anesthesia techniques. This chapter presents a clear and concise text, useful for both undergraduate and graduate students and for the dentist and maxillofacial surgeon. The most relevant aspects of the bone and sensory anatomy relevant for the realization of regional anesthetic techniques in the oral and maxillofacial area are reviewed, including complementary figures and tables. The anatomy related to the techniques directed to the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and to the branches of the mandibular nerve) will be approached separately.",signatures:"Alex Vargas, Paula Astorga and Tomas Rioseco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56119",authors:[{id:"199400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Vargas",slug:"alex-vargas",fullName:"Alex Vargas"},{id:"202023",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Astorga",slug:"paula-astorga",fullName:"Paula Astorga"},{id:"205059",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Rioseco",slug:"tomas-rioseco",fullName:"Tomas Rioseco"}],corrections:null},{id:"55902",title:"Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69543",slug:"treatment-considerations-for-missing-teeth",totalDownloads:961,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Specific terms are used to describe the nature of tooth agenesis. Hypodontia is most frequently used when describing the phenomenon of congenitally missing teeth. Many other terms to describe a reduction in the number of teeth appear in the literature: oligodontia, anodontia, aplasia of teeth, congenitally missing teeth, absence of teeth, agenesis of teeth and lack of teeth. The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars). The long‐term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this problem, that is space closure or opening for prosthetic replacements, implant or autotransplantation. These patients often manifest with many underlying skeletal and dental problems and a multidisciplinary approach for management of this condition is recommended. Two treatment approaches including space closure and space reopening are described in details in this chapter.",signatures:"Abdolreza Jamilian, Alireza Darnahal, Ludovica Nucci, Fabrizia\nD’Apuzzo and Letizia Perillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55902",authors:[{id:"171777",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdolreza",surname:"Jamilian",slug:"abdolreza-jamilian",fullName:"Abdolreza Jamilian"},{id:"171873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Darnahal",slug:"alireza-darnahal",fullName:"Alireza Darnahal"},{id:"173044",title:"Prof.",name:"Letizia",surname:"Perillo",slug:"letizia-perillo",fullName:"Letizia Perillo"},{id:"198961",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrizia",surname:"D'Apuzzo",slug:"fabrizia-d'apuzzo",fullName:"Fabrizia D'Apuzzo"},{id:"206137",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ludovica",surname:"Nucci",slug:"ludovica-nucci",fullName:"Ludovica Nucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"55973",title:"Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69544",slug:"anatomical-and-functional-restoration-of-the-compromised-occlusion-from-theory-to-materials",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many conditions can alter the occlusal interface, from tooth wear to tooth loss. The masticatory system is constituted by many components that can influence each other like muscles, joints, teeth and nervous system. This implies that (a) every change at occlusal level makes the other components to adapt and (b) an occlusal alteration may be the effect of an alteration occurred on muscles or joints. Keeping this in mind, traditional principles of occlusal rehabilitation are analysed, and the choice of the restorative materials is discussed.",signatures:"Nicola Mobilio and Santo Catapano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55973",authors:[{id:"179565",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Mobilio",slug:"nicola-mobilio",fullName:"Nicola Mobilio"},{id:"199397",title:"Prof.",name:"Santo",surname:"Catapano",slug:"santo-catapano",fullName:"Santo Catapano"}],corrections:null},{id:"57245",title:"Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71038",slug:"evaluation-of-the-anatomy-of-the-lower-first-premolar",totalDownloads:877,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides information about the lower first premolars. This tooth is considered to be one of the most complex teeth and the dentistry graduation students usually have difficulties in identifying it. The aim of this chapter is to present a detailed morphological study of extracted lower first premolars. One hundred lower first premolars, belonging to the collection of the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Department of Morphology of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil, were evaluated. Nine measurements were performed through direct observation without any instruments. Other 20 measurements were made by photographs and they were analyzed by the Image Tool 3.0 program. According to the results, it was concluded that most of the teeth presented the following features such as one lingual cusp; the distal occlusal pits were wider than the mesial occlusal pits; an enamel bridge linking the buccal and lingual cusps; the grooves in the lingual surface that emerged from the mesial and distal occlusal pits were absent, and where the grooves were present, they emerged from the mesial occlusal pit; one rectilinear root with no root grooves and where the root groove was present, it was observed in the mesial surface.",signatures:"Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, Suellen Tayenne Pedroso\nPinto, Marcelo Brito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos\nand Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57245",authors:[{id:"87871",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Capote"},{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"217420",title:"Mrs.",name:"Suellen",surname:"Tayenne Pedroso Pinto",slug:"suellen-tayenne-pedroso-pinto",fullName:"Suellen Tayenne Pedroso Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"57752",title:"A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with iTeroTM Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70963",slug:"a-comparative-study-of-the-validity-and-reproducibility-of-mesiodistal-tooth-size-and-dental-arch-wi",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: The introduction of intraoral scanning offers an alternative for measuring mesiodistal tooth sizes.",signatures:"Ignacio Faus-Matoses, Ana Mora, Carlos Bellot-Arcís, Jose Luis\nGandia-Franco and Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57752",authors:[{id:"150456",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",surname:"Paredes",slug:"vanessa-paredes",fullName:"Vanessa Paredes"},{id:"150458",title:"Prof.",name:"José-Luis",surname:"Gandia-Franco",slug:"jose-luis-gandia-franco",fullName:"José-Luis Gandia-Franco"},{id:"212242",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Faus",slug:"ignacio-faus",fullName:"Ignacio Faus"},{id:"212243",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bellot-Arcís",slug:"carlos-bellot-arcis",fullName:"Carlos Bellot-Arcís"},{id:"218390",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Mora",slug:"ana-mora",fullName:"Ana Mora"}],corrections:null},{id:"57378",title:"Identification of Lower Central Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71341",slug:"identification-of-lower-central-incisors",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Unlike the other teeth, the permanent lower central incisors have great symmetry between the proximal surfaces, being difficult to distinguish them. It was intended to facilitate the study of the anatomy of the lower central incisor for dentistry students, that this study searched for a better way to differentiate the third quadrant element (31) from the fourth quadrant element (41). The purpose of this chapter was to evaluate 100 permanent lower central incisors of the didactic collection of the Discipline of Anatomy of the Department of Morphology of the School of Dentistry of Araraquara - UNESP and to verify the presence of correlation between the some anatomical features. Besides, it was evaluated if there was difference between 31 and 41. It was verified that the systematic methodology used for the evaluation of the incisors in this study facilitated the identification of the teeth. There was no statistically significant difference between the measurements of 31 and 41. Distinguishing the right from the left central incisor is difficult, even for experienced practitioners. We could observe that the measurements do not facilitate the identification of teeth of different quadrants. Therefore, the anatomical features are relevant for the study of the dental anatomy in the identification of the lower central incisors.",signatures:"Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves, Bruno Luís Graciliano Silva, Marcelo\nBrito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos and Ticiana\nSidorenko de Oliveira Capote",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57378",authors:[{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"221435",title:"Mr.",name:"Bruno Luis Graciliano",surname:"Silva",slug:"bruno-luis-graciliano-silva",fullName:"Bruno Luis Graciliano Silva"},{id:"221438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-sidorenko-de-oliveira-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira Capote"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10126",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0878a332413e67a1aa0a16fabeed9046",slug:"dental-caries",bookSignature:"Efka Zabokova Bilbilova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"275097",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Efka",surname:"Zabokova Bilbilova",slug:"efka-zabokova-bilbilova",fullName:"Efka Zabokova Bilbilova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9387",title:"Oral Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76591a3bd6bedaa1c8d1f72870268e23",slug:"oral-diseases",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan, Anil Sukumaran and Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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According to data available in the National Cancer Registry, the number of pancreatic cancers in Poland in 2016 was over 3,486 (standardized ratio 5.5/100,000). In 2016, pancreatic cancer in the illness mortality structure in Poland took eighth place in men (2.1%) and eleventh in women (2.1%). Most pancreatic cancers are diagnosed in Poland after the age of 50 [1, 2].
In Poland, pancreatic cancer occurs less frequently than in most European Union countries. Pancreatic cancer is much more common in developed countries (North America, Central and Northern Europe, Australia) than in African or Indian countries. The American statistical data from 2018 provided the number of 56,770 new cases, including 29,940 in men and 26,830 in women (fourth place in the mortality structure in men and women) [3].
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cancer causing death in the world [4]. In Poland, it is the sixth most common cause of deaths for men (4.3% in the mortality structure) and five women (5.6% in the mortality structure) due to cancer. In 2016, a total of 4,908 Poles died due to pancreatic cancer (standardized ratio 6.2/100,000), and this ratio is comparable to the average of the European Union countries and other countries in the world. The 5-year survival rate in patients with pancreatic cancer in Poland is 9.0% [1, 2].
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include genetic factors, smoking, obesity, diet rich in red meat and animal fats, and chronic pancreatitis. Surgical treatment is the only method that allows complete cure of pancreatic cancer, provided there is no metastasis at the time of diagnosis, however, due to significant illness severity, only 15–20% of patients can be optimally treated surgically [5].
Due to the very low survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer (on average 3–7 months from diagnosis and 10–15% one year), it is important that the treatment of patients takes into account the achievement of the highest quality of life [6, 7]. The subjectively assessed quality of life of patients with cancer largely depends on the acceptance of cancer and coping with pain and illness. In the case of pancreatic cancer, patients, having knowledge that survival with this type of illness is very low, may have a tendency to choose destructive behaviors in coping with the illness, which may affect the quality of life they assess, increase pain, and affect the effects of treatment.
The aim of the study was to assess the level of acceptance of the illness, strategies for coping with pain, locating pain control, as well as adapting to life with cancer in patients with pancreatic cancer. The study looked for relationships between socio-economic factors (sex, age, education, professional status, income, place of residence) and treatment with chemotherapy, and results obtained in psychometric tests.
The study was conducted between 2017 and mid-2018 among 46 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in stage II-IV according to the AJCC 2017, 8th ed. The outpatients were treated with chemotherapy with gemcitabine at the Center of Oncology at Maria Sklodowska-Curie’s Institute in Warsaw. The study tool was a questionnaire with metric questions and four psychometric tests:
The Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ), designed to examine people suffering from pain.
The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), used to examine people who complain about pain.
Approval Illness Scale (AIS), measuring the level of adjustment to the illness.
Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC), measuring the level of mental adjustment to cancer.
The PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) technique was used in the study. All patients included in the study gave consented to carry it out.
The study findings were then statistically analyzed with the use of Student’s t-test for independent samples, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s r correlation (in the case of age variable). The adopted statistical significance was at p < 0.05.
The scores of the tests were correlated with socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents: sex, age, education, professional status, place of residence, net income-per-household-member, and with chemotherapy treatment in the past year.
The study involved patients aged 30–84 years (M = 60.46, SD = 12.28), including 24 (52.2%) women aged 43–84 (M = 63.71, SD = 12.08) and 22 (47.8%) men aged 30–74 (M = 56.91, SD = 11.74).
Among the studied group of patients, 16 (34.8%) have primary/vocational education, 14 (30.4%) have secondary, and 16 (34.8%) have higher education. Over half of the patients - 26 (56.5%) live in towns with a population of up to 100,000, and 20 (43.5%) live in cities with a population of over 100,000. Half of the patients have a monthly net income of up to PLN 1,500 (23 patients, 50.0%), thereby 50% patients indicated that they achieved income over PLN 1,500.00. There were 20 people (43.5%) working in the examined group, and 26 patients (56.5%) were pensioners (56.5%).
In 23 patients (50.0%) metastases were diagnosed. Among the studied group of patients, 25 (54.3%) were undergoing chemotherapy treatment, 15 (32.6%) were undergoing radiotherapy and 10 subjects (21.7%) were undergoing targeted treatment.
In the assessment of pain control in patients with pancreatic cancer S. Skevington’s BPCQ (The Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire), consisting of 13 statements, was used. In accordance with the assumptions of the BPCQ, the statements used in the questionnaire constitute a part of three factors that measure the strength of individual beliefs about controlling pain personally (internal factors), influence of physicians (other forces), or by random events [8].
In the case of patients with pancreatic cancer, the highest average score in the BPCQ questionnaire was obtained by “internal factors” (M = 16.85; SD = 5.64), and the lowest – “random events” (M = 14.85; SD = 4.11) (Table 1), which means that patients believe that these factors contribute to pain control.
Variable | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strategies | Distraction | 19.26 | 8.00 | 2 | 36 | 0.65 | 0.794 | 4.00 | −0.12 |
counseling | Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 13.35 | 9.24 | 0 | 36 | 1.01 | 0.257 | 0.02 | −0.39 |
myself | Catastrophizing | 18.39 | 7.65 | 2 | 33 | 0.64 | 0.804 | −0.09 | −0.31 |
with pain | Ignoring sensations | 14.93 | 9.36 | 0 | 36 | 0.61 | 0.844 | −0.05 | −0.65 |
Praying/Hope | 22.33 | 7.85 | 9 | 36 | 0.72 | 0.673 | 0.09 | −1.04 | |
Declaring coping | 19.83 | 8.06 | 7 | 36 | 0.91 | 0.374 | 0.20 | −0.99 | |
Increased behavioral activity | 19.67 | 8.59 | 2 | 36 | 0.63 | 0.819 | 0.14 | −0.61 | |
Adaptation | Anxiety preoccupation | 18.30 | 4.72 | 8 | 28 | 0.60 | 0.865 | 0.04 | −0.52 |
mental | Fighting spirit | 19.80 | 3.89 | 9 | 28 | 0.59 | 0.882 | 0.04 | 0.55 |
to disease | Helplessness-hopelessness | 15.87 | 4.56 | 7 | 26 | 0.66 | 0.776 | 0.11 | −0.65 |
cancerous | Positive reevaluation | 20.07 | 3.67 | 12 | 28 | 0.78 | 0.584 | −0.28 | −0.34 |
Acceptance of the disease | 23.13 | 7.84 | 8 | 38 | 0.61 | 0.857 | −0.18 | −0.84 | |
Control | Inside | 16.85 | 5.64 | 6 | thirty | 0.78 | 0.581 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
pain | The influence of doctors | 16.54 | 4.21 | 5 | 24 | 0.59 | 0.875 | −0.04 | 0.15 |
Random events | 14.85 | 4.11 | 7 | 24 | 0.58 | 0.892 | 0.03 | −0.25 |
Descriptive statistics for the analyzed variables.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; min - minimum value; max - maximum value; Z - value of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; p - statistical significance; S - skewness measure; K - measure of kurtosis.
Socio-economic variables that differentiate results in patients with pancreatic cancer are gender and net income per household member. In the case of gender, there was a statistically significant difference in the internal locus of pain control (p = 0.024). The mean value obtained in the group of women (M = 18.63) was higher than in the group of men (M = 14.91).
The level of income in the studied group of patients influenced the difference in the locus of pain control in random events (p = 0.027). The mean value of the severity of the locus of pain control in random events was higher in the group of people with higher income above PLN 1,500 (M = 16.17) than in those in the case of whom in the household the income per family member does not exceed PLN 1,500 (M = 13.52).
Other variables (age, education, place of residence, professional status and chemotherapy) did not affect the results of the pain control questionnaire.
The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire developed by A.K. Rosenstiel and F.J. Keefe (CSQ) is used to examine people who complain about pain. The questionnaire consists of 42 statements and is intended to assess the pain coping strategies that patients use, as well as to verify the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing or managing pain. The ways of dealing with pain assessed in the questionnaire reflect six cognitive and one behavioral strategy, which in turn constitute a part of three factors: cognitive coping, distracting and taking substitute actions, and catastrophizing and seeking hope [9].
In the BPCQ the highest average score for respondents suffering from pancreatic cancer was obtained by praying/hoping (M = 22.33; SD = 7.85), then declaring coping (M = 19.83; SD = 8.06) and increased behavioral activity (M = 19.67; SD = 8.59). According to patients, these factors have the greatest impact on the fight against cancer. The smallest values are visible in the case of re-evaluation of pain (M = 13.35; SD = 9.24) and ignoring sensations (M = 14.93; SD = 9.36) (Figure 1).
Results of the CSQ for patients with pancreatic cancer.
The assessment that was particularly differentiated by the socio-economic variables under study is praying/hoping. The results in this assessment are differentiated by gender, age, occupational status and the fact that patients have undergone chemotherapeutic treatment in the last year.
In the case of gender, it was noticed that the average value of the praying/hoping assessment was significantly higher in the group of women than men (p = 0.030), and the average values of this assessment were 24.71 for women and 19.73 for men respectively.
In the assessment of praying/hoping, statistically significant positive correlations were obtained in the case of the age of the respondents (r = 0.367). In addition, the age of patients positively correlated with the assessment of increased behavioral activity (r = 0.387).
The average value of the praying/hoping dimension was also higher in the group of pensioners than in the group of working patients (p = 0.044), amounting to 24.48 for pensioners and 19.75 for working people.
Patients who have not been subjected to chemotherapy in the last year also had a higher average value of praying/hoping in the BPCQ (M = 25.52) than patients who were subjected to chemotherapy (M = 19.64) (p = 0.010).
Patients’ education, place of residence and income per family member did not affect the pain coping strategies adopted by patients.
The Approval Illness Scale (AIS) consists of eight statements, based on which the results obtainable for each respondent in the level of acceptance of the illness are within the range from 8 to 40. The higher the score, the better adjustment to the illness and the lesser the sense of mental discomfort. The lower the score, the greater the severity of negative emotions associated with the illness, and thus its lower acceptance [10].
The mean score (disease acceptance level) obtained by patients suffering from pancreatic cancer in the AIS scale was 23.13 with a standard deviation of 7.84. None of the socio-economic variables studied determines differences in the level of illness acceptance between groups.
The average value of acceptance of the illness in the group of women was 22.54 and was close to the average value obtained in the group of men, which was 23.77. The average value of acceptance of the illness in the group of people with primary or vocational education was 22.08, in the group of people with secondary education was 23.43, and in the group of people with higher education was 23.13.
The average disease acceptance was similar in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000, and in towns with a population above 100,000 (23.1 and 23.15, respectively).Income also did not differentiate the obtained results. The average value of acceptance of the illness in the group of people with net income of up to PLN 1,500 per person in the family was 23.61 and was also close to the average value obtained in the group of people who achieved income above PLN 1,500 (M = 22.65).
The average value of acceptance of the illness in the working group was 24.85, and in the group of pensioners - 21.52, but these differences were also not statistically significant.
The average value of acceptance of the illness in the group of patients who underwent the chemotherapeutic treatment last year was 22.84 and similarly to other variables it was close to the average value obtained in the group of people who did not undergo chemotherapy treatment which was 23.48.
The Mini-Mac (Mental Adjustment to Cancer) questionnaire measures four methods of mental adjustment to the illness: anxiety, fighting spirit, helplessness - hopelessness and positive reevaluation. According to the assumptions of the questionnaire, anxiety and helplessness-hopelessness are part of a passive (destructive) style of coping with the illness, and the other two dimensions refer to the active (constructive) style of coping with the illness [11].
Respondents suffering from pancreatic cancer obtained the highest result of the Mini-Mac test in terms of positive re-evaluation (M = 20.07, SD = 3.67) and fighting spirit (M = 19.80, SD = 3.89) and these are the main disease adaptation methods used by patients, and the lowest - in terms of helplessness-hopelessness (M = 15.87, SD = 4.56) (Table 2).
Women | Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 20.71 | 8.72 | 17.68 | 7.01 | 1.29 | 44 | 0.204 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 13.33 | 9.67 | 13.36 | 8.97 | −0.01 | 44 | 0.991 |
Catastrophizing | 18.13 | 6.91 | 18.68 | 8.54 | −0.24 | 44 | 0.808 |
Ignoring sensations | 15.63 | 9.44 | 14.18 | 9.44 | 0.52 | 44 | 0.607 |
Declaring coping | 19.88 | 8.78 | 19.77 | 7.40 | 0.04 | 44 | 0.966 |
Increased behavioral activity | 20.79 | 9.78 | 18.45 | 7.10 | 0.92 | 44 | 0.363 |
Mean values of the intensity of coping with pain in the group of women and in the group of men.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
The strategy of positive re-evaluation was differentiated by the gender of patients (p = 0.002). The average value of positive re-evaluation obtained in the group of women was higher than in the group of men (respectively M = 21.63 and M = 18.36). Similarly, the average in positive re-evaluation was dependent on the age of patients - the higher the age, the higher the values obtained by patients in this assessment (r = 0.550). The age of the patients also positively correlated with fighting spirit (r = 0.429).
The average value of positive re-evaluation was statistically significantly lower in the group of patients with higher education (M = 17.50) than in the group with basic or vocational education (M = 21.00) and in the group of people with secondary education (M = 21.93) (p = 0.001).
Income also conditioned the value of positive re-evaluation (p = 0.004). The average value of positive re-evaluation was higher in the group of people with lower income up to PLN 1,500 per person in the family (M = 21.57) in comparison with people whose income per family member exceeded PLN 1,500 (M = 18.57).
Positive re-evaluation was also conditioned by the professional status of patients (p = 0.001). The average value of this assessment was higher in the group of pensioners (M = 21.83) than in the group of working patients (M = 17.70).
Chronic illness forces patients to make many changes in their life to be able to adapt to the new situation. In this area, accepting the losses caused by the illness seems to be the most difficult for patients, coping with the limitations and measuring the risks that may arise in connection with cancer [12].
Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, which results from the fact that the patient feels the symptoms only when the illness is fully developed and the metastases are already distant. At the same time, late diagnosis of the illness is associated with rapidly developing, difficult to treat symptoms, which in the case of pancreatic cancer include quick destruction of the body, lack of appetite, pain, pruritus, nausea and vomiting, deep vein thrombosis. Many patients with pancreatic cancer do not survive the first year after the diagnosis, and with severe pain and high severity of cancer symptoms it seems reasonable to implement palliative care in the first months after the diagnosis [13]. Furthermore, patients themselves are aware that the survival rate with pancreatic cancer is one of the lowest of all cancers, which is additionally a stress factor for patients.
A study to assess the level of stress and depression among patients with various cancers indicates that patients with pancreatic cancer are most affected by anxiety and are characterized by the highest rate of depression [14, 15]. Similar results are indicated by Clark K.L. et al. [16].
Many studies indicate that subjective feelings, attitudes and behaviors influence pain. Pain as a physical and psychological phenomenon is felt with the participation of consciousness, therefore the state of the psyche and psychological factors play a fundamental role in experiencing pain, especially chronic pain. Particularly important element affecting the experience of pain is the control locus (locus of control is the degree to which people believe they control the situations they experience in lives; control can be internal or external) which also directly affects the behavior of the patient in a situation of pain [17, 18, 19].
Our study, including 46 patients with pancreatic cancer, indicates that patients control pain mainly through internal factors (M = 16.85, SD = 5.64). A similar result is obtained by patients with cancer of the digestive system - colorectal cancer (N = 238; M = 17.36; SD = 5.48) [20]. Studies conducted by Basińska M.A. et al. also using the BPCQ questionnaire in patients with colorectal cancer and lung cancer indicate that in both groups the patients attribute the greatest role in the control of pain to the influence of physicians (for patients with lung cancer M = 17.08, SD 4.97, and for patients with colorectal cancer M = 16.98, SD = 4.32) (Table 3). Patients attribute the lowest role of pain control to random events (for patients with lung cancer M = 15.18, SD = 3.80, and for patients with colorectal cancer M = 15.00, SD = 3.46), and these values are very similar to the sense of control through internal factors. The study conducted by Basińska M.A. et al. at the same time, indicated that patients with external control locus use methods of passively struggling with the illness and vice versa - patients with high internal control locus are characterized by high activity and better psychological well-being. The external health control locus is associated with chronic negative emotions such as depression, anxiety or hostility, as well as an increase in pain symptoms in patients [17].
Variables | Age |
---|---|
Distraction | 0.276 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 0.092 |
Catastrophizing | −0.229 |
Ignoring sensations | 0.089 |
Praying/Hope | 0.369* |
Declaring coping | 0.207 |
Increased behavioral activity | 0.387** |
Pearson’s r correlation coefficients between the age of the respondents and the strategies of coping with pain.
p < 0.01.
According to our study, the most common way to cope with pain in the case of patients with pancreatic cancer is praying/hoping (M = 22.33, SD = 7.85), typical primarily for women, the elderly, and pensioners. These groups obtained by far the highest values in the assessment of praying/hoping. Patients with colorectal cancer in the study conducted by Czerw A. et al. most often use coping strategies and increased behavioral activity [20] also typical for prostate cancer [21], lung cancer [22] and breast cancer [23] (Figure 2). Interestingly, among patients with colorectal cancer, it was noticed that the strategy of praying/hoping is particularly often chosen by women and the group of pensioners [20], as in the case of patients with pancreatic cancer according to our study.
The most common way to cope with pain in cancer patients [
The strategies of praying/hoping and declaring coping typical for patients with pancreatic cancer are the most commonly used in the group of patients chronically ill with back pain in the studies conducted by A.K. Rosenstiel and F.J. Keefe. Similarly, the most rarely used strategy for patients was the re-evaluation of pain [9], and this assessment was also poorly assessed by patients in our study. Although, Religioni U. et al. [24] in the study conducted on cancer patients indicates that socio-economic variables, which most often differentiate the selection of strategies for coping with cancer pain, are education and income, in the case of patients with pancreatic cancer, this relationship was not noticed.
However, it should be noted that many studies indicate that the strategies of catastrophizing or praying/hoping significantly affect the severity of pain symptoms in chronic illnesses and deterioration of the general health condition [25, 26].
The level of acceptance of the illness among patients with pancreatic cancer in our study was 23.13 (SD = 7.84). The acceptance of the illness in the studied group is lower than in the group of patients with other cancers (among patients with breast cancer the average disease acceptance score in the AIS test was 28.46, among patients with lung cancer M = 23.17, among patients with cancer of the large intestine M = 27.74, among prostate cancer patients M = 30.39) [27]. Similarly, Kapela I. et al. indicate that among patients with colorectal cancer, the level of acceptance of the disease according to the AIS scale reaches values slightly higher than the average (M = 28.4) and close to the values obtained in the studies conducted by Religioni U. et al. [28].
Significantly lower results in the AIS test were obtained by Kozak G. Among the oncological patients subject to palliative care, the highest level of acceptance of the illness was observed in women with cancer of the reproductive organs (M = 21.93, SD = 6.00) compared to patients with colorectal cancer (M = 16.58, SD = 7.42), gastric cancer (M = 16.87, SD = 5.59) and pancreatic cancer (M = 18.23, SD = 9.13) [29]. The level of acceptance of the illness in patients with various cancers, including pancreatic cancer, examined by Kołpa M. et al. was on average M = 25.35; SD = 9.25. This study indicates that age diversifies the level of adjustment to the illness, but other variables, such as education or gender, do not affect the results [30]. In the study of patients with pancreatic cancer none of the variables affected the level of acceptance of the illness.
The study conducted on other groups of patients indicates that such patients get higher results in the AIS test than patients with pancreatic cancer, e.g. patients with diabetes M = 25.76; SD = 10.34, patients with cardiovascular disease M = 27.78; SD = 9.86, patients with diseases of the nervous system M = 27.02; SD = 8.92 [12].
Among the available studies only few groups achieve lower values in the AIS test compared to patients with pancreatic cancer in our study: men after myocardial infarction (M = 22.14), men with chronic pain (M = 18.44), men with back pain (M = 20.51) [31].
The level of disease acceptance among patients with various types of cancer is presented in Table 4.
Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic/valve | medium | higher | ||||||
Variable | ||||||||
Distraction | 22.69 | 6.84 | 18.00 | 9.82 | 16.94 | 6.49 | 2.46 | 0.097 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 16.44 | 9.70 | 10.21 | 9.78 | 13.00 | 7.72 | 1.77 | 0.183 |
Catastrophizing | 17.81 | 9.52 | 17.43 | 8.44 | 19.81 | 4.46 | 0.42 | 0.659 |
Ignoring sensations | 16.81 | 9.74 | 12.93 | 10.13 | 14.81 | 8.46 | 0.63 | 0.535 |
Praying/Hope | 21.06 | 8.93 | 26.36 | 6.99 | 20.06 | 6.38 | 2.95 | 0.063 |
Declaring coping | 20.63 | 7.71 | 19.93 | 8.22 | 18.94 | 8.68 | 0.17 | 0.844 |
Increased behavioral activity | 22.31 | 6.67 | 18.14 | 11.29 | 18.38 | 7.43 | 1.17 | 0.321 |
Average values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education and in the group of people with higher education.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; F - value of the one-way analysis of variance; p - statistical significance.
Pancreatic cancer is a specific type of cancer. The coping process is dynamic and involves various strategies, the use of which depends on the duration of the illness [32]. Among the methods of coping with cancer by patients with pancreatic cancer, positive re-evaluation (M = 20.07, SD = 3.67) and fighting spirit (M = 19,8; SD = 3,89) dominate. In patients with colorectal cancer in the study conducted by Kapela I. et al. the constructive style dominates as well, with a predominance of fighting spirit (M = 23.9) and positive re-evaluation (M = 22.5) [28]. Similar results were obtained by Czerw A. et al. among patients with colorectal cancer (fighting spirit M = 23.42, positive re-evaluation M = 22.31) [20].
The average results for anxiety and hopelessness/hopelessness in our study were respectively M = 18.30;SD = 4.72 and M = 15.87; SD = 4.56, which is a much higher result than in the case of other most common cancers (lung, breast, colon and prostate cancer) [33]. Similar, although higher results for these assessments are indicated by Kozak G. In his studies, men with prostate cancer have the highest intensity of anxiety among all cancer patients. Anxiety is also significantly higher in the case of patients with stomach cancer (M = 22.84; SD = 5.52), pancreas cancer (M = 22.43; SD = 6.30) and colorectal cancer (M = 21.72; SD = 6.55) in comparison to women with cancer of the reproductive organs (M = 18.34; SD = 4.26). In the case of these patients, the highest level of fighting spirit is observed (M = 23.95; SD = 4.35). In the studies conducted by Kozak G. a significantly higher level of fighting spirit was observed in patients with stomach cancer (M = 19.62; SD = 5.82) and colorectal cancer (M = 19.37; SD = 5.32) in comparison to patients with pancreatic cancer M = 15.43; SD = 5.01) or prostate cancer (M = 15.68; SD = 5.06). Patients with stomach cancer (M = 20.98; SD = 5.68), pancreatic cancer (M = 21.22; SD = 5.10) and colorectal cancer (M = 19.16; SD = 7.41) are characterized by greater severity of helplessness/hopelessness compared to women with cancer of the reproductive organs (M = 13.70; SD = 5.36) (Table 5) [29].
The number of residents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to 100,000 | over 100 thousand | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 18.92 | 7.66 | 19.70 | 8.61 | −0.32 | 44 | 0.748 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 14.00 | 10.61 | 12.50 | 7.26 | 0.54 | 44 | 0.591 |
Catastrophizing | 19.12 | 7.95 | 17.45 | 7.33 | 0.73 | 44 | 0.470 |
Ignoring sensations | 15.15 | 9.85 | 14.65 | 8.94 | 0.18 | 44 | 0.859 |
Praying/Hope | 23.50 | 7.38 | 20.80 | 8.37 | 1.16 | 44 | 0.252 |
Declaring coping | 19.73 | 7.86 | 19.95 | 8.52 | −0.09 | 44 | 0.928 |
Increased behavioral activity | 20.42 | 7.96 | 18.70 | 9.48 | 0.67 | 44 | 0.506 |
Average values of the pain coping strategy in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
The analysis of the level of acceptance of the illness in relation to the adopted way of adjustment to the illness indicated that the higher the level of acceptance on the AIS scale, the higher the level of fighting spirit and the level on the scale of the constructive style (Mini-MAC) [30]. In this context, the implementation of activities aimed at helping to accept the disease is particularly important. These actions should be taken by medical personnel. Health policy programs can also play an important role in this respect. These programs may include specialist trainings for medical personnel as well as implementation of activities directed directly to patients [34].
Similarly, in the study conducted on 220 patients with various cancers: stomach cancer, cancer of reproductive organs, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer, similar dependencies were indicated – the higher the acceptance of the illness, the higher the intensity of fighting spirit and the lower the intensity of anxiety and helplessness/hopelessness [29]. In the study conducted on patients with colorectal patients, education significantly affects the results obtained in terms of anxiety, helplessness/hopelessness and the destructive style [28]. In our study conducted on patients with pancreatic cancer, education positively correlated with the strategy of positive re-evaluation. Among patients with pancreatic cancer in the study conducted by Kozak G., it was also observed that the older the patients, the lower the intensity of anxiety and helplessness/hopelessness [29]. A similar relationship in this group of patients was also described by Juczyński Z., although our study does not confirm this dependency. Numerous studies indicate that a typical method to cope with the illness among patients with pancreatic cancer is the application of defense mechanisms – repression and denial. According to Bahnson C. et al., repression and denial play a key role in the development of cancer, including pancreatic cancer [35, 36].
As authors, we are aware of the imitations of our research. First of all, we know that our sample of patients is small. The study took place in an outpatient clinic, and we recruited as many patients as possible. However, we know that extending the study to include hospitalized patients would bring more accurate results. We believe that this is the direction of further research. Additionally, despite identifying the benefits of some psychological strategies, we recognize that our research only shows the course of action. It is not possible to force a patient to adopt any disease strategy. This attitude must result from their internal needs and beliefs. However, the skillful help of a psychologist can help patients fight the disease so that the patient experiences the highest possible quality of life.
Patients with pancreatic cancer assign the greatest role in the locus of pain control to internal factors.
Dominant strategies for coping with pain by the studied patients involve praying/hoping and declaring coping, especially in the group of women, the elderly, and pensioners and people who have not undergone chemotherapy in the last year.
Patients suffering from pancreatic cancer have a relatively low level of acceptance of their illness, and this result is not dependent on the socio-economic variables studied.
Patients with pancreatic cancer usually have a constructive style of coping with the illness, although anxiety and helplessness/hopelessness in the case of these patients also obtain rather high values.
The study of patients’ quality of life, including the level of acceptance of the illness or styles of coping with the illness is particularly important among people with pancreatic cancer. These studies should become one of the elements of comprehensive oncological care, in which the process of treating patients should also include psychological care.
None declared.
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for the analyzed variables, i.e. mean values, standard deviations as well as minimum and maximum results. The list was also supplemented with the values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test verifying the assumption about the normality of the distribution of the analyzed variables and the values of skewness and kurtosis measures.
No statistically significant deviations from the normal distribution were obtained.
Based on the results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures, it was found that there were statistically significant differences between the intensity of individual pain coping strategies, F (3.71; 166.97) = 9.33, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.17. Figure 3 shows the mean values of the intensity of the analyzed strategies along with the confidence intervals determined based on the Bonferroni correction.
The mean values of the intensity of the analyzed strategies with confidence intervals determined based on the Bonferroni correction.
It was found that praying/hoping was a strategy used more often than reevaluating pain sensations and ignoring sensations. Re-evaluation of pain sensations was a less frequently used strategy than distraction and catastrophizing.
Table 2 presents the mean values of the intensity of coping strategies in the group of women and men. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
There was a statistically significant difference in the prayer/hope strategy.
Table 3 shows the Pearson r correlation coefficients between the age of the respondents and the coping strategies. Statistically significant correlations were marked.
Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the age of the respondents and praying/hoping and increased behavioral activity.
Table 4 shows the mean values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education and in the group of people with higher education. The summary was supplemented with the values of one-way analysis of variance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Table 5 shows the average values of pain coping strategies in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
There were no statistically significant differences.
Table 6 shows the average values of the pain coping strategies in the group of people with the average monthly net income per family member up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with the average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Average monthly net income | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to PLN 1,500 | over 1500 zlotys | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 19.09 | 8.84 | 19.43 | 7.27 | −0.15 | 44 | 0.885 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 12.83 | 8.89 | 13.87 | 9.75 | −0.38 | 44 | 0.706 |
Catastrophizing | 18.22 | 8.13 | 18.57 | 7.32 | −0.15 | 44 | 0.879 |
Ignoring sensations | 12.91 | 8.33 | 16.96 | 10.07 | −1.48 | 44 | 0.145 |
Praying/Hope | 24.17 | 7.99 | 20.48 | 7.43 | 1.62 | 44 | 0.111 |
Declaring coping | 18.87 | 6.88 | 20.78 | 9.15 | −0.80 | 44 | 0.427 |
Increased behavioral activity | 18.83 | 8.32 | 20.52 | 8.96 | −0.66 | 44 | 0.510 |
Average values of the pain coping strategy in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There were no statistically significant differences.
Table 7 presents the mean values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of working people and in the group of retirees and pensioners. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Professional status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
working | retirees/pensioners | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 17.50 | 7.69 | 20.96 | 7.92 | −1.45 | 41 | 0.155 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 12.80 | 8.32 | 12.96 | 10.35 | −0.05 | 41 | 0.957 |
Catastrophizing | 17.65 | 6.12 | 18.43 | 8.76 | −0.34 | 41 | 0.739 |
Ignoring sensations | 15.20 | 7.70 | 14.43 | 10.94 | 0.26 | 41 | 0.795 |
Declaring coping | 20.30 | 7.44 | 19.87 | 8.95 | 0.17 | 41 | 0.866 |
Increased behavioral activity | 17.20 | 6.69 | 21.65 | 9.45 | −1.76 | 41 | 0.086 |
Average values of strategies for coping with pain in the group of working people and in the group of retirees and pensioners.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of praying/hoping.
Table 8 shows the mean values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of patients with diagnosed metastases and in the group of patients without metastases. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Known metastases | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 18.35 | 7.24 | 21.43 | 8.09 | −1.33 | 42 | 0.190 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 12.04 | 8.17 | 15.71 | 10.00 | −1.34 | 42 | 0.188 |
Ignoring sensations | 15.04 | 9.25 | 15.67 | 9.64 | −0.22 | 42 | 0.828 |
Praying/Hope | 20.87 | 7.14 | 24.76 | 8.02 | −1.70 | 42 | 0.096 |
Increased behavioral activity | 18.96 | 7.97 | 21.48 | 8.99 | −0.99 | 42 | 0.330 |
Mean values of strategies of coping with pain in the group of people with diagnosed metastases and in the group of people without metastases.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
Statistically significant intergroup differences in catastrophizing and declaring coping were obtained.
Table 9 shows the mean values of the pain coping strategies in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy and those who were not undergoing chemotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Chemotherapeutic treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 18.96 | 6.43 | 19.62 | 9.71 | −0.28 | 44 | 0.784 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 12.08 | 8.16 | 14.86 | 10.38 | −1.02 | 44 | 0.315 |
Catastrophizing | 19.72 | 8.12 | 16.81 | 6.90 | 1.30 | 44 | 0.202 |
Ignoring sensations | 14.40 | 9.10 | 15.57 | 9.86 | −0.42 | 44 | 0.677 |
Declaring coping | 18.32 | 6.43 | 21.62 | 9.51 | −1.35 | 34.12 | 0.185 |
Increased behavioral activity | 18.64 | 7.07 | 20.90 | 10.16 | −0.89 | 44 | 0.379 |
Average values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
The mean value of the level of praying/hoping was statistically significantly lower in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment than in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapy.
Table 10 presents the mean values of the pain coping strategies in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group of people who were not treated with radiotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Treatment with radiation therapy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 20.07 | 7.41 | 18.87 | 8.37 | 0.47 | 44 | 0.640 |
Re-evaluation of pain sensations | 15.87 | 5.63 | 12.13 | 10.42 | 1.58 | 43.33 | 0.122 |
Catastrophizing | 18.07 | 6.84 | 18.55 | 8.12 | −0.20 | 44 | 0.844 |
Praying/Hope | 21.80 | 6.14 | 22.58 | 8.64 | −0.35 | 37.58 | 0.727 |
Declaring coping | 21.27 | 5.87 | 19.13 | 8.93 | 0.97 | 39.68 | 0.339 |
Increased behavioral activity | 20.80 | 6.35 | 19.13 | 9.54 | 0.70 | 39.37 | 0.485 |
Average values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group of people who were not treated with radiotherapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in the level of ignoring sensations.
Table 11 shows the mean values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people who were undergoing targeted therapy and in the group of people who were not undergoing targeted therapy. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Targeted treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Distraction | 19.50 | 4.30 | 19.19 | 8.81 | 0.15 | 31.27 | 0.880 |
Catastrophizing | 20.30 | 4.27 | 17.86 | 8.32 | 0.89 | 44 | 0.378 |
Praying/Hope | 21.60 | 6.10 | 22.53 | 8.34 | −0.33 | 44 | 0.745 |
Declaring coping | 24.20 | 6.76 | 18.61 | 8.05 | 2.00 | 44 | 0.051 |
Increased behavioral activity | 21.70 | 3.43 | 19.11 | 9.51 | 1.35 | 40.70 | 0.185 |
Mean values of the strategies of coping with pain in the group of people who were undergoing targeted therapy and in the group of people who were not undergoing targeted therapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
Statistically significant differences between groups were obtained in terms of re-evaluation of pain sensations and of ignoring sensations.
Based on the results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements, it was found that there were also statistically significant differences between the intensity of individual indicators of mental adaptation to cancer, F (1.54; 69.45) = 9.37, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.17. Figure 4 shows the mean values of the intensity of the analyzed fitness indices together with the confidence intervals determined based on the Bonferroni correction.
The mean values of the indicators of mental adaptation to neoplastic disease with confidence intervals determined based on the Bonferroni correction.
It was found that the mean values of the fighting spirit and positive re-evaluation were statistically significantly higher than the mean value of the helplessness-hopelessness index.
Table 12 presents the mean values of the mental adjustment indices in the group of women and in the group of men. The list was supplemented with the values of the Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Women | Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.88 | 3.72 | 17.68 | 5.64 | 0.84 | 35.88 | 0.407 |
Fighting spirit | 19.96 | 4.53 | 19.64 | 3.13 | 0.28 | 44 | 0.782 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 16.08 | 3.89 | 15.64 | 5.28 | 0.33 | 44 | 0.744 |
Average values of mental adjustment indicators in the group of women and in the group of men.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There was a statistically significant difference in terms of the positive re-evaluation strategy.
Table 13 shows the Pearson r correlation coefficients between the age of the respondents and the psychological adjustment indices. Statistically significant correlations were marked.
Variables | Age |
---|---|
Anxiety preoccupation | −0.022 |
Fighting spirit | 0.429* |
Helplessness-hopelessness | −0.195 |
Positive reevaluation | 0.550* |
Pearson’s r correlation coefficients between the age of the respondents and the indicators of mental adjustment.
*p < 0.01.
Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between the age of the respondents and the fighting spirit index and a positive re-evaluation.
Table 14 shows the average values of the adaptation rates in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education and in the group of people with higher education. The summary was supplemented with the values of one-way analysis of variance.
Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic/valve | medium | higher | ||||||
Variable | ||||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.31 | 4.39 | 18.71 | 5.50 | 17.94 | 4.60 | 0.10 | 0.908 |
Fighting spirit | 21.50 | 3.33 | 18.86 | 4.88 | 18.94 | 2.98 | 2.49 | 0.095 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 15.50 | 4.75 | 15.71 | 5.04 | 16.38 | 4.16 | 0.15 | 0.859 |
Positive reevaluation | 21.00 | 2.58 | 21.93 | 3.20 | 17.50 | 3.69 | 8.26 | 0.001 |
Average values of the adaptation indicators in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education and in the group of people with higher education.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; F - value of the one-way analysis of variance; p - statistical significance.
Statistically significant differences were obtained in terms of a positive re-evaluation. On the basis of Gabriel’s post-hoc test, it was found that statistically significant differences existed between people with higher education and people with primary or vocational education, p < 0.05, and people with secondary education, p < 0.01.
Table 15 shows the average values of the adaptation indicators in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
The number of residents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to 100,000 | over 100 thousand | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 17.81 | 4.70 | 18.95 | 4.80 | −0.81 | 44 | 0.422 |
Fighting spirit | 19.96 | 3.75 | 19.60 | 4.15 | 0.31 | 44 | 0.758 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 14.81 | 4.20 | 17.25 | 4.74 | −1.85 | 44 | 0.071 |
Positive reevaluation | 20.81 | 3.07 | 19.10 | 4.20 | 1.59 | 44 | 0.118 |
Average values of adaptation indicators in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There were no statistically significant differences.
Table 16 shows the average values of the adaptation rates in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member of up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Average monthly net income | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to PLN 1,500 | over 1500 zlotys | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 17.70 | 4.77 | 18.91 | 4.70 | −0.87 | 44 | 0.388 |
Fighting spirit | 20.13 | 3.42 | 19.48 | 4.36 | 0.56 | 44 | 0.575 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 15.17 | 4.75 | 16.57 | 4.35 | −1.04 | 44 | 0.306 |
Average values of adaptation indicators in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of a positive re-evaluation.
Table 17 shows the average values of the adaptation indicators in the group of working people and in the group of retirees and pensioners. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Professional status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
working | retirees/pensioners | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 17.95 | 5.17 | 18.57 | 4.67 | −0.41 | 41 | 0.684 |
Fighting spirit | 19.30 | 2.79 | 20.65 | 4.65 | −1.13 | 41 | 0.263 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 16.45 | 4.84 | 15.39 | 4.42 | 0.75 | 41 | 0.458 |
Average values of adaptation indicators in the group of working people and in the group of retirees and disability pensioners.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of a positive re-evaluation.
Table 18 presents the mean values of the adaptation indices in the group of people with diagnosed metastases and in the group of people with no diagnosis of metastases. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Known metastases | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.52 | 4.10 | 17.67 | 5.14 | 0.61 | 42 | 0.543 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 16.57 | 3.95 | 14.76 | 4.71 | 1.38 | 42 | 0.175 |
Positive reevaluation | 19.39 | 3.30 | 21.33 | 3.51 | −1.89 | 42 | 0.066 |
Average values of the adaptation indices in the group of people with diagnosed metastases and in the group of people without metastases.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of the fighting spirit index.
Table 19 shows the mean values of the adaptation indices in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Chemotherapeutic treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.44 | 4.62 | 18.14 | 4.95 | 0.21 | 44 | 0.834 |
Fighting spirit | 18.96 | 3.22 | 20.81 | 4.42 | −1.64 | 44 | 0.109 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 16.44 | 4.41 | 15.19 | 4.75 | 0.92 | 44 | 0.360 |
Positive reevaluation | 19.16 | 3.25 | 21.14 | 3.92 | −1.88 | 44 | 0.067 |
Average values of adaptation indices in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were found.
Table 20 shows the mean values of the adaptation indices in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Chemotherapeutic treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.44 | 4.62 | 18.14 | 4.95 | 0.21 | 44 | 0.834 |
Fighting spirit | 18.96 | 3.22 | 20.81 | 4.42 | −1.64 | 44 | 0.109 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 16.44 | 4.41 | 15.19 | 4.75 | 0.92 | 44 | 0.360 |
Positive reevaluation | 19.16 | 3.25 | 21.14 | 3.92 | −1.88 | 44 | 0.067 |
Average values of adaptation indices in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There were no statistically significant differences.
Table 21 presents the mean values of the adaptation indices in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group of people who were not treated with radiotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Treatment with radiation therapy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 17.73 | 4.62 | 18.58 | 4.82 | −0.57 | 44 | 0.574 |
Fighting spirit | 18.80 | 4.31 | 20.29 | 3.63 | −1.23 | 44 | 0.227 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 15.33 | 3.68 | 16.13 | 4.96 | −0.61 | 36.38 | 0.545 |
Average values of adaptation indicators in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group of people who were not treated with radiotherapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of a positive re-evaluation.
Table 22 presents the mean values of the adaptation indices in the group of people who were under targeted treatment and in the group of people who were not under targeted therapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Targeted treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Anxiety preoccupation | 18.00 | 3.16 | 18.39 | 5.11 | −0.23 | 44 | 0.821 |
Fighting spirit | 19.60 | 3.37 | 19.86 | 4.06 | −0.19 | 44 | 0.853 |
Helplessness-hopelessness | 17.20 | 2.66 | 15.50 | 4.93 | 1.45 | 27.84 | 0.159 |
Positive reevaluation | 18.10 | 3.31 | 20.61 | 3.61 | −1.98 | 44 | 0.054 |
Average values of adaptation indices in the group of people who were under targeted treatment and in the group of people who were not under targeted treatment.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant intergroup differences were obtained.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the group of women was 22.54 with the standard deviation of 7.39, which was close to the mean value in the group of men, which was 23.77 with the standard deviation of 8.43. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the difference obtained was statistically insignificant, t (44) = − 0.53, p > 0.05.
The disease acceptance did not correlate statistically with the age of the patients, r (44) = 0.03, p > 0.05.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the group of people with primary or vocational education was 22.08 with the standard deviation equal to 8.07, in the group with secondary education it was 23.43 with the standard deviation equal to 10.00, and in the group with higher education it was 23, 13 with a standard deviation of 5.69. Based on the value of the one-way analysis of variance, it was found that the obtained differences were statistically insignificant, F (2.43) = 0.02, p > 0.05.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 was 23.12 with a standard deviation of 7.45 and was close to the average value obtained in the group of people who lived in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants, 23, 15 with a standard deviation of 8.51. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (44) = − 0.01, p > 0.05.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the group of people with a net income of up to PLN 1,500 was 23.61 with a standard deviation of 8.65 and was close to the average value obtained in the group of people with income above PLN 1,500, which was 22.65 with a standard deviation of 7, 09. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (44) = − 0.41, p > 0.05.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the working group was 24.85 with a standard deviation of 7.05 and was close to the mean value in the group of retirees and disability pensioners of 21.52 with a standard deviation of 8.70. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (41) = 1.37, p > 0.05.
The mean value of disease acceptance in the group of people diagnosed with metastases was 21.70 with a standard deviation of 6.00 and was close to the mean value of 25.05 in the group of non-metastatic patients with a standard deviation of 8.83. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (34.78) = − 1.46, p > 0.05.
The mean disease acceptance value in the group of people who were on chemotherapy treatment was 22.84 with a standard deviation of 7.98, which was close to the mean value for the group of people who were not on chemotherapy treatment of 23.48 with a standard deviation of 7, 85. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (44) = − 0.27, p > 0.05.
The mean disease acceptance value in the group of people who received radiotherapy was 24.87 with a standard deviation of 5.68 and was close to the mean value in the group of people who did not receive radiotherapy was 22.29 with a standard deviation of 8, 65. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was not statistically significant, t (39.27) = 1.21, p > 0.05.
The mean disease acceptance value in the group of people who were on targeted treatment was 25.70 with a standard deviation of 3.86 and was close to the mean value in the group of people who did not receive targeted therapy was 22.42 with a standard deviation of 8, 53. Based on the value of the Student’s t-test for independent samples, it was found that the obtained difference was statistically insignificant, t (33.93) = 1.75, p > 0.05.
Table 23 shows the mean values of pain control dimensions in the men and women groups. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Women | Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | |||||||
The influence of doctors | 17.21 | 3.82 | 15.82 | 4.57 | 1.12 | 44 | 0.268 |
Random events | 15.63 | 4.25 | 14.00 | 3.87 | 1.35 | 44 | 0.183 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of women and the group of men.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There was a statistically significant difference in the internal locus of pain control.
Table 24 shows the Pearson r correlation coefficients between the age of the subjects and the dimensions of pain control.
The site of pain control | Age |
---|---|
Inside | −0.009 |
The influence of doctors | −0.022 |
Random events | 0.186 |
Pearson’s r correlation coefficients between the age of the subjects and the dimensions of pain control.
No statistically significant correlations were obtained.
Table 25 shows the mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education, and in the group of people with higher education. The summary was supplemented with the values of one-way analysis of variance.
Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic/valve | medium | higher | ||||||
Variable | ||||||||
Inside | 16.13 | 5.49 | 17.71 | 6.65 | 16.81 | 5.06 | 0.29 | 0.751 |
The influence of doctors | 14.81 | 5.47 | 17.57 | 3.39 | 17.38 | 2.90 | 2.19 | 0.124 |
Random events | 14.63 | 4.51 | 14.36 | 4.48 | 15.50 | 3.48 | 0.31 | 0.732 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people with primary or vocational education, in the group of people with secondary education and in the group of people with higher education.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; F - value of the one-way analysis of variance; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Table 26 shows the mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
The number of residents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to 100,000 | over 100 thousand | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 17.15 | 5.45 | 16.45 | 6.00 | 0.42 | 44 | 0.679 |
The influence of doctors | 16.27 | 4.61 | 16.90 | 3.71 | −0.50 | 44 | 0.620 |
Random events | 15.19 | 4.68 | 14.40 | 3.28 | 0.64 | 44 | 0.523 |
Average values of pain control dimensions in the group of people living in towns with a population of up to 100,000 and in the group of people living in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
There were no statistically significant differences.
Table 27 shows the mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member of up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Average monthly net income | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up to PLN 1,500 | over 1500 zlotys | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 16.43 | 5.86 | 17.26 | 5.50 | −0.49 | 44 | 0.625 |
The influence of doctors | 16.30 | 4.12 | 16.78 | 4.38 | −0.38 | 44 | 0.705 |
Average values of pain control dimensions in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member up to PLN 1,500 and in the group of people with an average monthly net income per family member above PLN 1,500.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant difference was found in the location of pain control in random events.
Table 28 shows the mean values of pain control dimensions in the working group and in the group of retirees and pensioners. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Professional status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
working | retirees/pensioners | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 15.95 | 4.47 | 17.04 | 6.58 | −0.63 | 41 | 0.534 |
The influence of doctors | 16.65 | 3.59 | 16.61 | 4.93 | 0.03 | 41 | 0.975 |
Random events | 14.30 | 3.76 | 15.39 | 4.44 | −0.86 | 41 | 0.393 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the working group and in the group of retirees and pensioners.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Table 29 shows the mean values of the dimensions of pain control in the group of patients with diagnosed metastases and in the group of individuals without diagnosis. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Known metastases | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 16.39 | 5.19 | 17.38 | 5.84 | −0.60 | 42 | 0.555 |
The influence of doctors | 16.52 | 4.28 | 16.14 | 4.17 | 0.30 | 42 | 0.768 |
Random events | 14.87 | 3.51 | 14.90 | 4.85 | −0.03 | 42 | 0.978 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people who have not been diagnosed with metastases.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Table 30 shows the mean values of the dimensions of pain control in the group of subjects who received chemotherapy and the group of subjects who were not receiving chemotherapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Chemotherapeutic treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 17.24 | 4.85 | 16.38 | 6.55 | 0.51 | 44 | 0.612 |
The influence of doctors | 15.92 | 4.21 | 17.29 | 4.19 | −1.10 | 44 | 0.278 |
Random events | 13.80 | 2.50 | 16.10 | 5.24 | −1.84 | 27.532 | 0.077 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing chemotherapy treatment.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Table 31 shows the mean values of the dimensions of pain control in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group who were not treated with radiation therapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Treatment with radiation therapy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 16.53 | 3.78 | 17.00 | 6.40 | −0.26 | 44 | 0.796 |
Random events | 14.20 | 2.76 | 15.16 | 4.63 | −0.88 | 41.90 | 0.385 |
Mean values of the dimensions of pain control in the group of people who were treated with radiotherapy and in the group of people who were not treated with radiotherapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
A statistically significant intergroup difference was obtained in the location of pain control in the influence of doctors.
Table 32 shows the mean values of the dimensions of pain control in the group of people who were on targeted therapy and in the group of people who were not on targeted therapy. The list was supplemented with the values of Student’s two-sided t-test for independent samples.
Targeted treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | no | ||||||
Variable | |||||||
Inside | 16.80 | 4.44 | 16.86 | 5.98 | −0.03 | 44 | 0.976 |
The influence of doctors | 15.00 | 2.36 | 16.97 | 4.53 | −1.86 | 29.04 | 0.073 |
Random events | 14.60 | 3.81 | 14.92 | 4.24 | −0.21 | 44 | 0.832 |
Mean values of pain control dimensions in the group of people who were undergoing targeted treatment and in the group of people who were not undergoing targeted therapy.
M.- average value; SD - standard deviation; t - value of the Student’s t-test; df - the number of degrees of freedom; p - statistical significance.
No statistically significant differences were obtained.
Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw approved this study.
Due to the scope of the data, we obtained verbal informed consent.
Sample analysis consists of various analytical steps, including sampling, sample preparation, separation, detection and data analysis. One of the most important steps is sample preparation, which involves the extraction, isolation and concentration of target analytes from complex matrices. Sample preparation [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] is the most labor-intensive and error-prone process in analytical methodology and markedly influences the reliability and accuracy of analyte determination. In addition, sample preparation requires large amounts of sample and organic solvents, and is therefore difficult to automate. An ideal sample preparation technique should be simple and fast; be specific for analytes through the efficient removal of coexisting components; provide high sample throughput; utilize fewer operation steps to minimize analyte losses; and be solvent-free, inexpensive, and compatible with chromatography systems. Online automated sample preparation [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29], in which sample preparation is directly connected to chromatographic separation systems, eliminates further sample handling between the trace-enrichment and separation steps. Online automated sample preparation methods usually improve data quality, increase sample throughput, reduce costs, and improve the productivity of personnel and instruments.
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME), using a capillary tube as an extraction device, was introduced by Eisert and Pawliszyn [30] to overcome the problems inherent to conventional fiber SPME. These drawbacks included fragility, low sorption capacity, bleeding from thick-film coatings on fibers, limited effectiveness for extraction of weakly volatile or thermally labile compounds not amenable to gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry (MS), and reduced stability in solvents used in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In-tube SPME was also developed to completely automate the sample preparation process and to enable direct online coupling of in-tube SPME with HPLC using capillary column switching systems [31].
This chapter reviews the configurations and characteristics of in-tube SPME technology and discusses current and future directions, including the strategies involved in extraction efficiency and method development. The details of in-tube SPME have been described in well documented reviews [27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50].
In-tube SPME is an efficient sample preparation technique for extraction in capillary columns using stationary phases coated on the inner wall of the capillary or on the surface of the packing material (Figure 1). Various in-tube SPME capillary devices have been developed, such as inner wall-coated fused-silica open tubular (Figure 1A), fiber-packed (Figure 1B), sorbent-packed (Figure 1C), and rod-type porous monolith (Figure 1D) capillaries [16, 31]. The capillaries are easily fixed with the autosampler injection system, and are generally reusable without plugging or breaking the column and without exfoliation of coating materials.
Capillary devices for in-tube SPME: (A) polymer coated, (B) sorbent-packed, (C) fiber-packed, and (D) monolith capillary tubes.
Flow-through systems (Figure 2), in which sample solutions are continuously passed in one direction through a capillary column; or as repeated draw/ejection systems (Figure 3), in which sample solutions are repeatedly aspirated and dispensed from a capillary column, are used as an operating system of in-tube SPME [18]. These systems are operated by column switching techniques under computer control.
Schematic diagrams of a flow-through extraction system used for online in-tube SPME. (A) Load position (extraction), and (B) injection position (desorption).
Schematic diagrams of a draw/eject extraction system used for online in-tube SPME (reproduced from Ref. [
In flow-through systems, the complete analytical system consists of an automatic six-port valve, two pumps (a sample pump and a wash pump) and a liquid chromatography (LC) system. A capillary column is installed in the six-port valve or sometimes placed in the loop. Although one or two six-port valves are available, one valve mode is used more frequently than others. The procedure consists of four steps, conditioning, extracting, washing and desorbing. After conditioning of capillary column with water, the aqueous sample is pumped through the column under the load position (Figure 2A). Remaining matrix and residues in capillary are removed by washing with water. After switching the six-port valve to the injection position, the LC mobile phase is passed through the column (dynamic desorption), with the flow-rate of the LC pump (Figure 2B). The desorbed analytes are subsequently transferred to the analytical column for separation and detection. The flow-through extraction system, however, may include systematic troubles, such as contamination of the switching valve by sample matrix [18, 31, 37, 41].
Repeated draw/ejection systems include the placement of a capillary column for extraction between the injection loop and the injection needle of the autosampler. Since the sample solution moves only in the capillary, the metering pump and switching valve are not contaminated by sample matrix [18, 31, 37, 41]. A built-in UV diode array detector (DAD) or fluorescence detector (FLD) between the HPLC and the MS can enhance the multidimensional and simultaneous multi-detections, improving analyte identification. During the extraction and concentration step (Figure 3A), the injection syringe is programmed to repeatedly draw and eject sample solution from the vial until the concentration of the analyte reaches distribution equilibrium between the sample solution and the stationary phase. After switching the six-port valve to the injection position, the extracted analytes can be directly desorbed from the capillary coating by LC mobile phase flow (dynamic desorption) or by an aspirated desorption solvent (static desorption) (Figure 3B) [31]. The desorbed analytes are subsequently transferred to an LC column. The computer controls the drawing and ejection of sample solution; switching of the valves; control of peripheral equipment, such as the HPLC and MS; and analytical data processing, thus reducing labor and enhancing precision. In addition, the autosampler can automatically process a large number of samples without carryover, because the injection needle and capillary column are washed in methanol and the mobile phase before the sample is extracted.
The amount of analyte extracted into the stationary phase of the capillary during in-tube SPME is dependent on the characteristics of the capillary coating and the target analyte. Among the commercially available GC capillary columns, silica modified columns have been found more suitable for the analysis of nonpolar compounds. Porous polymer type capillary columns such as Supel-Q PLOT (divinylbenzene polymer, film thickness 17 μm) have shown better extraction efficiencies due to their large surface area for most organic compounds than other liquid-phase type capillary columns, such as CP-Sil 5CB (100% polydimethylsiloxane, film thickness 5 μm), Quadrex 007–5 (5% phenyl polydimethylsiloxane, film thickness 12 μm), CP-Sil 19CB (14% cyanopropyl phenyl methylsilicone, film thickness 1.0 μm), and CP-Wax 52CB (polyethylene glycol, film thickness 1.2 μm). CP-Sil 19CB was superior for extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, although the film layer was thin. In contrast, some compounds were effectively extracted with other PLOT type coatings, including Carboxen-1006 PLOT (carboxen molecularsives, film thickness 17 μm) and CP-Pora PLOT amine (basic modified styrene divinylbenzene polymer, film thickness 10 μm).
Several unique phases and technical solutions have been developed to improve extraction efficiency and selectivity when extended to microscale applications [44, 51, 52, 53]. These include polypyrrole (PPY) coated capillaries; PEEK tube capillaries packed with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61]; and highly biocompatible SPME capillaries packed with alkyl-diol-silica (ADS) particles as restricted access media (RAM) [62, 63], immunosorbents [64], ionic liquids [65, 66, 67], monolithic materials [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73], carbon nanomaterials [74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82], silica-coated magnetite (SiO2-Fe3O4) [83, 84, 85, 86], and temperature responsive polymers [87, 88]. Novel extraction sorbent materials for in-tube SPME are shown in Figure 4.
Novel extraction sorbent materials for in-tube SPME (eproduced from Ref. [
For example, chemically or electrochemically deposited PPY coatings have higher extraction efficiencies than commercial GC coatings due to the various types of interactions (e.g., π–π, polar, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions) between these multifunctional PPY coatings and the analytes. Capillary tubes have been coated with MIP, consisting of cross-linked synthetic polymers produced by copolymerizing a monomer with a cross-linker in the presence of a template molecule (Figure 4A), and PEEK tubes have been packed with MIP particles. By removing the template after polymerization, it is possible to leave open sites of a specific size and shape suitable for binding the same or similar chemicals in a sample. MIPs recognize chemicals through combination of shape, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions [16, 18, 31]. RAM materials possess defined diffusion barriers with small sized pores and biocompatible outer particle surfaces (Figure 4B). The bifunctionality of ADS particles used as a RAM SPME device can prevent fouling of the capillary by protein adsorption while simultaneously trapping the analytes in the hydrophobic porous interior. Furthermore, a simple SPME device has been fabricated for use in online immunoaffinity capillaries packed with immunosorbent materials, consisting of covalently immobilized antibodies (Figure 4C).
An alternative approach consists of in-tube SPME using monolithic capillary columns comprised of one piece of organic polymer or silica rods with a unique flow-through double-pore structure (Figure 4D). Monoliths are also highly permeable to liquids and biological samples, enabling reduced solvent use, varied support formats, and/or automation. Monolithic capillaries are especially suitable for in-tube SPME media due to the low pressure drop, allowing a high flow-rate to achieve high throughput and a total porosity greater than that of particle-packed capillaries. Hydrophobic main chains and acidic pendant groups of poly (methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) enhance the ability to extract basic analytes from aqueous matrices. The physicochemical properties of graphene-based sorbents and carbon nanotubes (Figure 4E) enable their use in extraction, with these combinations showing excellent results when used for in-tube SPME. In addition, various cationic, anionic and zwitterionic liquid-mediated sol–gel coatings have been developed for effective in-tube SPME.
Other innovative extractive phases that enhance the affinity of the analytes include silica magnetite (SiO2-Fe3O4; Figure 4F) and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide; Figure 4G), which have been used in new microextraction processes involving magnetism and thermal energy, respectively. Magnetic and temperature controlled in-tube SPME are performed using flow-through systems, due to the need for additional equipment providing a magnetic or thermal field, which is easier to implement using flow-through devices. Other techniques include wire-in-tube SPME, using modified capillary columns with inserted stainless steel wires, and fiber-in-tube SPME, using PEEK tubes packed with fibrous rigid-rod heterocyclic polymers. These methods increase extraction efficiency by reducing capillary volume or increasing the extracting surface and have shown improved extraction efficiency when extended to microscale applications.
In-tube SPME depends on the distribution coefficient of each analyte. Extraction conditions may be optimized by increasing the distribution factor in the stationary phase. The selectivity and efficiency of extraction depend on the type of stationary phase and on the internal diameter, length, and film thickness of the capillary column. Sorption equilibrium is attained by optimizing various extraction parameters for each type of analyte. These parameters include extraction rate, sample volume, sample pH, flow-rate, number of draw/eject cycles (only draw/eject system), and desorption conditions. As described in the preceding section, the choice of capillary coating is important for optimizing extraction selectivity and efficiency. Generally, low and high polarity columns selectively retain hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, respectively. Stationary phase consisting of a thicker film and longer column can extract larger amounts of compound, but quantitative desorption of compounds from capillary columns may be difficult. PLOT-type columns have a larger adsorption surface area and thicker film layer than liquid-phase-type columns, enabling more analytes to be extracted [16, 18].
Generally, the optimal length and internal diameter of a capillary column used in combination with HPLC is 20–80 cm and 0.25 or 0.32 mm, respectively. Although thick-film capillaries often show higher sample capacity and extraction sensitivity, it is extremely difficult to reliably bind thicker chemical coatings to the inner surfaces of fused-silica capillary tubes using conventional approaches. In contrast, thin-film capillaries can minimize the time to reach extraction equilibrium due to their low sample capacity. Capillary columns with chemically bonded or cross-linked liquid phases are very stable in water and organic solvents and can prevent loss of phase by LC mobile phase [18].
The volume of sample passed through a capillary is usually 0.2–2 mL in flow-through extraction systems, and their optimum extraction flow rates are 0.25–4 mL/min depending on the volume of the column. Although increases in the number and volume of draw/eject cycles can enhance extraction efficiency in draw/ejection systems, peak broadening is often observed [16]. Optimal conditions for a capillary column of inner diameter 0.25 mm and length 60 cm include a draw/ejection volume of 30–40 μL, a draw/ejection flow rate of 50–100 μL/min and 10–15 draw/ejection cycles. Below this rate, extractions require an inconveniently long time, and above this rate, bubbles form on the inside of the capillary, reducing extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the extraction efficiency of the analyte to the stationary phase varies with the pH of the sample solution. The presence of hydrophilic solvents such as methanol in the sample reduces the extraction efficiency. The analyte extracted on capillary coatings can be easily desorbed statically or dynamically without carryover [18].
Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of in-tube SPME. The main advantage is that the series of processes can be automated, which enables continuous extraction, desorption and injection with column switching using a standard autosampler, and online coupling with the LC system [16, 18, 31]. In-tube SPME may be suitable for the determination of polar and thermolabile compounds. Compared with manual techniques, automated sample-handling procedures not only shorten the total analysis time but are more accurate and precise. Automated techniques are also suitable for miniaturization, high-throughput performance, and online coupling with analytical instruments, and reduce the consumption of solvent. Online procedures can limit contact with dirty and hazardous samples, reducing sample contamination and loss. Online column-switching systems are highly sensitive due to pre-concentration resulting from the injection of large sample volumes into the extraction support without loss of chromatographic performance. The main disadvantage is that the capillaries tend to clog, which may be avoided by removing interfering phases such as particles or macromolecules by filtration or centrifugation before extraction. Although the absolute recovery rate of the in-tube SPME method is generally low, it can be extracted and concentrated reproducibly using an autosampler, and all extracts can be introduced into the LC column [16, 18, 31].
Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages of in-tube SPME.
The online in-tube SPME method can be applied to polar and nonpolar compounds in liquid samples, and can be coupled with various analytical methods, such as HPLC and LC–MS. Early applications of online in-tube SPME have involved draw/eject extraction systems and commercially available open-tubular GC capillaries such as Supel Q PLOT and Carboxen 1006 PLOT capillaries. The subsequent development of various operating systems and new sorbent materials improved extraction efficiency, such as sorption capacity and selectivity, and extended the range of applications. Last decade, numerous applications of online in-tube SPME methods have been reported to many types of pharmaceutical and biomedical [86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124], food [125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137], and environmental [138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178] analyses.
The online in-tube SPME techniques described in this chapter have many desirable features for automated separation of analytes, using column-switching techniques. These methods are especially well suited to the analysis of samples requiring significant cleanup and concentration to improve their selectivity and sensitivity, as well as being useful for high-throughput sampling. Since the in-tube SPME method using capillaries as an extraction device is useful for online sample preparation to extract and concentrate polar and non-polar compounds from aqueous solution, it has become an effective technique for convenient analysis of a wide variety of compounds in complex matrices such as biological, pharmaceutical, food and environmental samples [31]. Furthermore, various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve extraction efficiency and sorption capacity and selectivity, and to extend the range of applications. These include MIPs, RAM, immunosorbents, monolithic materials, carbon nanoparticles, ionic liquids, temperature responsive polymers and magnetic hybrid adsorbents.
The main future direction in sample preparation is the development of more sensitive and selective extraction sorbents [31]. Chiral active phases, ionic liquids, dendrimers, aptamer modified sorbents, magnetic materials, temperature responsive materials may be available as new polymer devices for effective sample preparation. Furthermore, biomimetic coating materials including ultrasound and light responsive polymers may be available as a selective extraction device in the future. These customized coating materials, differing in type, shape, and size, are expected to result in highly efficient extraction of various samples. Biocompatible RAM and monolithic sorbents are useful for direct analysis, without pre-treatment other than dilution and centrifugation of biological samples. As another future direction, better integration of sampling/sample preparation and instrumental analysis will allow wider use of automated online analysis. Especially, the use of column-switching systems involving microextraction techniques and/or microdevices will offer convenient integration of sample preparation with various analytical instruments such as HPLC as well as other chromatographic systems, electrophoresis, direct MS, etc.
Finally, this chapter provides an overview of the configurations and characteristics of in-tube SPME technology for online automated micro sample preparation for HPLC. We hope that this chapter will serve as a guide to choosing the most effective sample preparation techniques for the analysis of various complex samples.
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Basic Scientific Research (C, No. 17 K08259).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Amanda Giamberardino and Maria C. DeRosa",authors:[{id:"47354",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"DeRosa",slug:"maria-derosa",fullName:"Maria DeRosa"}]},{id:"66031",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84139",title:"Biosensors for Determination of Heavy Metals in Waters",slug:"biosensors-for-determination-of-heavy-metals-in-waters",totalDownloads:2682,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Biosensors are nowadays a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques for controlling the quality of not only natural water but also process water used by the food industry during the production process, as well as wastewater prior to release into natural watercourses. The goal is to provide the required quality and safety of water from the standpoint of heavy metal contamination. The basic and most important characteristics of biosensors are high sensitivity, short response time, specificity, and relatively low production cost. Biosensors can detect the presence and measure the content of various toxic substances (pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) not only in water but also in food. Detection of contaminants, primarily heavy metals in water used in food production processes, is a potential area of biosensor application in the food industry. Biosensors can be adapted for direct and continuous (online) monitoring by measuring certain analytes that can affect the quality and safety of water. This chapter will give an overview of the development and application of biosensors in order to control the quality and safety of water from the standpoint of the presence of heavy metals.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Amra Odobašić, Indira Šestan and Sabina Begić",authors:null},{id:"16445",doi:"10.5772/20154",title:"Biosensor for Environmental Applications",slug:"biosensor-for-environmental-applications",totalDownloads:11224,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"413",slug:"environmental-biosensors",title:"Environmental Biosensors",fullTitle:"Environmental Biosensors"},signatures:"Andrea Medeiros Salgado, Lívia Maria Silva and Ariana Farias Melo",authors:[{id:"37632",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Medeiros Salgado",slug:"andrea-medeiros-salgado",fullName:"Andrea Medeiros Salgado"},{id:"37653",title:"Dr.",name:"Lívia Maria",middleName:"da Costa",surname:"Silva",slug:"livia-maria-silva",fullName:"Lívia Maria Silva"},{id:"37654",title:"Mr.",name:"Ariana",middleName:null,surname:"Farias Melo",slug:"ariana-farias-melo",fullName:"Ariana Farias Melo"}]},{id:"65873",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84220",title:"Electrochemical Biosensors Containing Pure Enzymes or Crude Extracts as Enzyme Sources for Pesticides and Phenolic Compounds with Pharmacological Property Detection and Quantification",slug:"electrochemical-biosensors-containing-pure-enzymes-or-crude-extracts-as-enzyme-sources-for-pesticide",totalDownloads:1078,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biosensors are chemical sensors in which the recognition system is based on a biochemical mechanism. They perform the specific component detection in a sample through an appropriate analytical signal. Enzyme-based biosensors are the most prominent biosensors because of their high specificity and selectivity; besides being an alternative to the common immunosensors, they are more expensive and present a limited binding capacity with the antigen depending on assay conditions. This chapter approaches the use of enzymes modified electrodes in amperometric biosensing application to detect and quantify pesticides and phenolic compounds with pharmacological properties, as they have been a promising analytical tool in environmental monitoring. These biosensors may be prepared from pure enzymes or their crude extracts. Pure enzyme-based biosensors present advantages as higher substrate specificity and selectivity when compared to crude extract enzymatic biosensors; nevertheless, the enzyme high costs are their drawbacks. Enzymatic crude extract biosensors show lower specificity due to the fact that they may contain more than one type of enzyme, but they may be obtained from low-cost fabrication methods. In addition, they can contain enzyme cofactors besides using the enzyme in its natural conformation.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Flavio Colmati, Lívia Flório Sgobbi, Guilhermina Ferreira Teixeira, Ramon Silva Vilela, Tatiana Duque Martins and Giovanna Oliveira Figueiredo",authors:null},{id:"16449",doi:"10.5772/16250",title:"Biosensors Applications on Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants",slug:"biosensors-applications-on-assessment-of-reactive-oxygen-species-and-antioxidants",totalDownloads:2747,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"413",slug:"environmental-biosensors",title:"Environmental Biosensors",fullTitle:"Environmental Biosensors"},signatures:"Simona Carmen Litescu, Sandra A.V. Eremia, Mirela Diaconu, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu"},{id:"24427",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra A.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Eremia",slug:"sandra-a.v.-eremia",fullName:"Sandra A.V. Eremia"},{id:"24428",title:"BSc.",name:"Mirela",middleName:null,surname:"Diaconu",slug:"mirela-diaconu",fullName:"Mirela Diaconu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu"},{id:"47095",title:"Ms",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",slug:"andreia-tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66031",title:"Biosensors for Determination of Heavy Metals in Waters",slug:"biosensors-for-determination-of-heavy-metals-in-waters",totalDownloads:2686,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Biosensors are nowadays a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques for controlling the quality of not only natural water but also process water used by the food industry during the production process, as well as wastewater prior to release into natural watercourses. The goal is to provide the required quality and safety of water from the standpoint of heavy metal contamination. The basic and most important characteristics of biosensors are high sensitivity, short response time, specificity, and relatively low production cost. Biosensors can detect the presence and measure the content of various toxic substances (pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) not only in water but also in food. Detection of contaminants, primarily heavy metals in water used in food production processes, is a potential area of biosensor application in the food industry. Biosensors can be adapted for direct and continuous (online) monitoring by measuring certain analytes that can affect the quality and safety of water. This chapter will give an overview of the development and application of biosensors in order to control the quality and safety of water from the standpoint of the presence of heavy metals.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Amra Odobašić, Indira Šestan and Sabina Begić",authors:null},{id:"68700",title:"Principle and Development of Phage-Based Biosensors",slug:"principle-and-development-of-phage-based-biosensors",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria is important in the field of public health, medicine, food safety, environmental monitoring and security. Worldwide, the common cause of mortality and morbidity is bacterial infection often due to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis. Existing bacterial detection methods rely on conventional culture or microscopic techniques and molecular methods that often time consuming, laborious and expensive, or need trained users. In recent years, biosensor remained an interesting topic for bacterial detection and many biosensors involving different bio-probes have been reported. Compared to antibodies, nucleic acids and enzymes etc., based biosensors, bacteriophages can be cheaply produced and are relatively much stable to elevated temperature, extreme pH, and diverse ionic strength. Therefore, there is an urgent need for phage-based biosensor for bacterial pathogen detection. Furthermore, bearing high affinity and specificity, bacteriophages are perfect bio-recognition probes in biosensor development for bacterial detection. In this regard, active and oriented phages immobilization is the key step toward phage-based biosensor development. This chapter compares different bacterial detection techniques, and introduces the basic of biosensor and different bio-probes involved in biosensor development. Further we highlight the involvement and importance of phages in biosensor and finally we briefed different phage immobilization approaches used in development of phage-based biosensors.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Umer Farooq, Qiaoli Yang, Muhammad Wajid Ullah and Shenqi Wang",authors:null},{id:"69216",title:"Challenges and Applications of Impedance-Based Biosensors in Water Analysis",slug:"challenges-and-applications-of-impedance-based-biosensors-in-water-analysis",totalDownloads:1184,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Monitoring of the environment is a global priority due to the close connection between the environmental pollution and human health. Many analytical techniques using various methods have been developed to detect and monitor the levels of pollutants (pesticides, toxins, bacteria, drug residues, etc.) in natural water bodies. The latest trend in modern analysis is to measure pollutants in real-time in the field. For this purpose, biosensors have been employed as cost-effective and fast analytical techniques. Among biosensors, impedance biosensors have significant potential for use as simple and portable devices. These sensors involve application of a small amplitude AC voltage to the sensor electrode and measurement of the in-/out-of-phase current response as a function of frequency integrated with some biorecognition element on the sensing electrodes that can bind to the target, modifying the sensor electrical parameters. However, there are some drawbacks concerning their selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. The aim of this paper is to give a critical overview of literature published during the last decade based on the development issues of impedimetric biosensors and their applicability in water analysis.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Kairi Kivirand, Mart Min and Toonika Rinken",authors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",middleName:null,surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"},{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"},{id:"174179",title:"Dr.",name:"Kairi",middleName:null,surname:"Kivirand",slug:"kairi-kivirand",fullName:"Kairi Kivirand"}]},{id:"63693",title:"The Modeling, Design, Fabrication, and Application of Biosensor Based on Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) Technique in Environmental Monitoring",slug:"the-modeling-design-fabrication-and-application-of-biosensor-based-on-electric-cell-substrate-impeda",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this research, the modeling, design, fabrication, and application of ECIS sensors in environmental monitoring are studied. The ECIS sensors are able to qualify the water toxicity through measuring the cell impedance. A novel mathematical model is proposed to analyze the distribution of electric potential and current of ECIS. This mathematical model is validated by experimental data and can be used to optimize the dimension of ECIS electrodes in order to satisfy environmental monitors. The detection sensitivity of ECIS sensors is analyzed by the mathematical model and experimental data. The simulated and experimental results show that ECIS sensors with smaller radius of working electrodes yield higher impedance values, which improves signal-to-noise ratio, which is more suitable in measuring the cell morphology change influenced by environments. Several ECIS sensors are used to detect the toxicant including, phenol, ammonia, nicotine, and aldicarb, and the decreasing cell impedance indicates the toxic effect. The gradient of measured impedance qualitatively indicates the concentration of toxicants in water.",book:{id:"7007",slug:"biosensors-for-environmental-monitoring",title:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring",fullTitle:"Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring"},signatures:"Xudong Zhang, William Wang and Sunghoon Jang",authors:null},{id:"65873",title:"Electrochemical Biosensors Containing Pure Enzymes or Crude Extracts as Enzyme Sources for Pesticides and Phenolic Compounds with Pharmacological Property Detection and Quantification",slug:"electrochemical-biosensors-containing-pure-enzymes-or-crude-extracts-as-enzyme-sources-for-pesticide",totalDownloads:1082,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biosensors are chemical sensors in which the recognition system is based on a biochemical mechanism. They perform the specific component detection in a sample through an appropriate analytical signal. Enzyme-based biosensors are the most prominent biosensors because of their high specificity and selectivity; besides being an alternative to the common immunosensors, they are more expensive and present a limited binding capacity with the antigen depending on assay conditions. This chapter approaches the use of enzymes modified electrodes in amperometric biosensing application to detect and quantify pesticides and phenolic compounds with pharmacological properties, as they have been a promising analytical tool in environmental monitoring. These biosensors may be prepared from pure enzymes or their crude extracts. Pure enzyme-based biosensors present advantages as higher substrate specificity and selectivity when compared to crude extract enzymatic biosensors; nevertheless, the enzyme high costs are their drawbacks. Enzymatic crude extract biosensors show lower specificity due to the fact that they may contain more than one type of enzyme, but they may be obtained from low-cost fabrication methods. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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