Taxonomic classification of the reviewed plants.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tWhile two-dimensional (2D) thin crystals limit the physical phenomena into a plane, in a one-dimensional (1D) quantum structure (nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoribbons (NRs)), charge carriers and excitations have only one degree of freedom. These crystal structures have been the focus of interest due to their unique properties such as the very high electronic density of states, enhanced exciton binding energy, diameter-dependent bandgap, increased surface scattering for electrons and phonons, and chirality-dependent electronic band structure.
\r\n\tNanoribbons (NRs), made of single- or few-atom-thick lamellar crystals, are novel forms of 1D nanoscale materials and are ideal systems for investigation of the size and dimensionality dependence of the fundamental properties. After the successful synthesis of many 2D monolayer materials, their 1D NR form came into prominence due to their necessity in nanoscale applications. In this context, this book will cover the synthesis techniques, characterization methods, fundamental properties, and state-of-the-art applications on NRs of recent 1D/2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (MoS2, WS2, ReS2, and TiSe2), mono-chalcogenides (GaS, GaSe, ZnSe, and SnSe), tri-chalcogenides (TiS3 and ZrS3), black phosphorus, group-IV, III–V binary compounds, superstructures and so on. The proposed book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists and Graduate & Undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.
\r\n\t
Low-level light is emitted from various kinds of faint sources in the visible region. It is difficult to specify the emitting source chemically because the spectra overlap each other. In the near infrared (NIR), existence of the substance of biological material for emitting is not scarce,. Also the thermal back ground noise is exceedingly released compared with the middle-infrared region or the far-infrared region. The problem of measuring exceedingly low levels light from various kinds of faint sources is of considerable interest and importance. Especially, 1O2 is emitted with low-level light at the 1.27 µm of NIR optical band. 1O2 is one of active oxygen species from the biological material. The chemiluminescent substance is scarce at the NIR region, the use of spectroscopic 1O2 emission will be available as a chemical and physical analytical tool in. There are many biochemists, pathologists, and agricultural chemists who focus on such a weak optical signal in the NIR [1]. Since silicon photodiode have no optical sensitivity in the NIR, Ge PIN photodiodes with phase sensitive amplifier are used in NIR [1]. Johnson noise is given by the equation, Eq. (1),
\nwhere
where
where
Temperature dependence of dark current InGaAs photodiode and Ge pin photodiode (identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
Figure 2 shows temperature dependence of quantum efficiency the InGaAs photodiode and the Ge PIN photodiode. The quantum efficiency of the Ge PIN photodiode decreases from the temperature of liquid nitrogen. That of the InGaAs maintains to the temperature of liquid helium. The dark current and quantum efficiency of the Ge PIN photodiode decrease in proportion to the device temperature. The device temperature of the InGaAs PIN photodiode has little influence to the quantum efficiency. Therefore, the InGaAs PIN photodiode is more suitable than the Ge PIN photodiode for detecting low-level light in the NIR region.
Temperature dependence of quantum efficiency InGaAs photodiode and Ge pin photodiode.
The impedance of an InGaAs PIN photodiode cooled to 77 K is so high (100 TΩ). It can be operated with a charge integrating amplifier (CIA) [2, 4, 5]. The amount accumulated charge in this configuration is directly measured as voltage. The photocurrent or carrier in the CIA is converted to voltage through the capacitance of a photodiode. Figure 3 shows the diode equivalent circuit with a simplified signal source.
Diode equivalent circuit (identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
The CIA output voltage is given by the next equation, Eq. (4).
\nWhere
Where
Figure 4 shows the InGaAs-CIA detailed circuit diagram. The InGaAs PIN photodiode (Fujitsu FID13Y23WY) was used for CIA. The output voltage measured an amount of photocurrent. A dual n-channel J. FET (2N6483) differential amplifier minimized current drift error from fluctuation of the temperature. The FET source follower circuit reduces the output impedance for reduction of inductive noise. The timer IC (NE555) with p-channel MOSFET (3SJ11A) controls the time of charge accumulating.
Circuit diagram of the InGaAs-CIA (almost identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
Figure 5 shows the chart records of the InGaAs-CIA. The integration time of 10 sec yields differential voltage of 130 mV between on-emission light of 10−15 W and off light. The voltage fluctuation in 10 sec was 10 mV. The minimum detectable power was measured by the LED optical source (ADVANTEST TQ-28 at 1.28 µm with FWHM 30 nm) and attenuates NIR ND filters. The system obtained minimum detectable optical power 10-−16 W at 1.28 µm with 10 sec. The result corresponded to the predicted value of equation.
Chart records of the InGaAs-CIA (identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
Figure 6 shows the theoretical and experimental results of the minimum detectable power. The solid and dashed lines show the experimental and theoretical results, respectively. The minimum detectable power of 10−16 W was achieved at 1.28 μm wavelength.
Minimum detectable power dependence of integration time (InGaAs pin photodiode at 77 K) (Identical to the one published in authors previous work [
At the theoretical line above 10 sec, the measured minimum detectable power was saturated. The influence of electrical FET device noise, 1/
In the NIR region, low-level light has important information of biological, biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, and photochemistry. The emission phenomenon or spectrum is expected to explain the emission mechanisms. The biophoton or biological emission has extremely low-level light. The spectrum of the emission has broadly wavelength. The change of emission intensity is at a slow speed. An InGaAs-CIA is effective to accumulate excited photocurrent of the emission. It is difficult to focus for the spectrometer by lenses as the solid angle of biophoton or chemiluminescence from the living organism substance has a great angle of radiation and incoherent characteristic. Normally, the transmission of the spectrometer is less than 10%. A great solid angle as possible and short distance between optical source and dispersive element is important for the effective measurement. From these points of view, a high-efficiency filter- based InGaAs-CIA spectroscopic system was fabricated [6]. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of the system. Fifteen interference filters (vacuum optics corporation of Japan) was used of the spectroscopic system. The measurement spectra range of the system has 1.0– 1.6 µm with 30–35 nm optical resolution. The interference filters have the average transmission of 82 ± 6%.
Interference filter based spectroscopic system (identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
We measured the emission spectrum of 1O2 at 1.27 µm to test the performance for our filter-based spectrometer. The emission with 1O2 is very weak because it derives from a forbidden transition. The spectrum of 1O2 produced by 13-LOOH (2 mM) with cytochrome c (10 µM), NH3-NH4Cl (0.04 M), D2O is shown in Figure 8. We have observed a derivation biochemistry emission spectrum of 1O2 produced by this reaction. It means that 1O2 generated by oxidized 13-LOOH with cytochrome c of protein material of human body. The reaction is known as Russell’s mechanism [7, 8].
1O2 spectral of 13-LOOH with cytochrome c, D2O (identical to the one published in authors’ previous work [
Figure 9 shows Russell’s mechanism. The chemical equation is shown in Eq. (6).
The Russell’s mechanism [
The photo-generation in the visible region has been derived from 1O2 in the past because the lipid peroxidation product is proportion to the emission intensity in the visible region. However, the emission by excited carbonyl involves in Russell’s mechanism. Tyrosine and tryptophan emits at the wavelength of 500– 600 nm [7, 8]. A traditional method to detect 1O2-involved chemical technique has no specificity for 1O2 detection. The sensitivity of 1O2 detection in near infrared enables to detect 1O2 specificity because there is no emission material excepted. The heme compounds in the living organism include hemoglobin (blood), myoglobin (muscle), and cytochrome c (mitochondria). These heme compounds play important role in living body. In the case of inflammation in biological membranes, 1O2 is generated by Russell’s mechanism. The heme compounds perform catalysis on this occasion. We titrate the generation of 1O2 by adding NaOCl after the excess H2O2 was put in the reaction chamber. The optical intensity of 1O2 by 13-LOOH with cytochrome c, in D2O in near infrared was compared with that of a typical 1O2 generating method by mixed NaOCl and H2O2. The optical yield of 1O2 by 13-LOOH with cytochrome c, in D2O was decided using a calibration curve. Figure 10 shows the calibration curve of the 1O2 optical yield at the wavelength of 1.27 μm using the NaOCl-H2O2 system.
Calibration curve of the 1O2 optical yield at the wavelength of 1.27 μm using NaOCl-H2O2 system.
These results show the degree of risk in case of 1O2 generated from the heme compound. The InGaAs-CIA filter based spectroscopic system will be expected as an analysis equipment of oxidant stress by 1O2.
The multichannel spectroscopic system is available for measurement of fast emitting phenomena because the optical dispersion device of spectroscopic cannot be avoided to moving for wavelength shifting. In the visible region, silicon CCD camera with photoelectron multiplication function for detecting low-level light is commercially available. A silicon multichannel photo device at the wavelength of 1 μm has no photosensitivity. The light detecting materials for the NIR is easily influenced dark current. The commercially available InGaAs CCD or NIR photomultiplier of InGaAs photocathode material is very expensive. Additionally, this system is short of optical sensitivity for 1O2 measurement in the NIR. A highly sensitive 8 channel InGAs-CIA spectroscopic system was developed for 1O2 measurement. A commercially available InGaAs PIN photodiode for an optical communication device was used to stabilize parts supply. In case of employing the high sensitivity multichannel array, each photodiode or Avalanche photo diode device needs a lock-in amplifier with TIA circuits or photon counting equipment. Such a system is difficult to fabricate in reality because it needs many lock-in amplifier or photon counter in proportion to the number of channels. The InGaAs-CIA multichannel system has respectively signal transduction system to voltage from current. The system was allowed simple circuit, signal processing, and signal acquiring system with a low bit AD converter. The outline of InGaAs photodiode array is shown in Figure 11. The commercially available photodiode Fujitsu FID13Y13TX has a diameter of 1 mmϕ. The 8 photodiodes was fabricated without spacing. The wide size is about 8 mm. Hamamatsu Photonics Co. assembled wire bonding during photodiodes device and packaging.
Outline of InGaAs photodiode array.
The block diagram of 8 channel multichannel InGaAs-CIA system is shown Figure 12. The fundamental circuit is as same as the monocyclic InGaAs-CIA system. The output signal of CIA array was connected to the AD converter for data acquisition after transmitted low impedance by J-FET source follower circuits. The system achieved minimum detectable optical power of 5 × 10−15~10 × 10−15. The deviation of sensitivity in each channel was inner single digit.
8 multichannel InGaAs-CIA.
Figure 13 shows the block diagram of 8 array InGaAs-CIA multichannel spectroscopic system. The near-infrared light of the optical source was guided to dispersive element after collimator lens for parallel beam through an optical fiber of 100 μm core diameter. The NIR light was dispersed by the grating (Shimazu co. blaze wavelength of 1.2 μm, 300 line/1 mm, efficiency about 60%). The spectroscopic resolution of 1 channel was allowed about 75 nm from 1000 to 1600 nm. The dispersion light was condensed on the photodiode array by a focal lens. The calibration of center wavelength on 8 photodiode was achieved using light from the monochromator as an optical band pass filter. The FWHM (full width at half maximum) 1O2 spectrum was broadened about 100 nm at the center of 1265 nm. It needs no detailed resolution for spectrum measurement. In the NIR region, the chemical fluorescence of a biological material has no scarcely existence except 1O2. The low-level light at the center wavelength of 1.27 μm enables to eliminate the thermal background noise.
8 array InGaAs-CIA spectroscopic system.
A proof of any channel of photodiode array was carried out with the wavelength shift by a spectral apparatus of resolution 30 nm of the monochromator from 1000 to 1600 nm. Figure 14 shows 1O2 spectral of chemiluminescence with NaOCl mixed H2O2. The spectral of center wavelength was 1.28 μm with 50 nm of full width at half maximum. Figure 14 shows the spectral of 1O2. The 8 multichannel spectroscopic system succeeded in measurement of 1O2 spectral as same as measurement by the monochromatic spectrometer [9]. The system succeeded in simultaneous multiwavelength of 1O2 spectrum measurement.
1O2 spectral of chemiluminescence.
This measurement system will be useful for fast optical phenomenon, periodic emission, nondestructive measurement for melon, watermelon, and meat with extremely optical intensity damped in the NIR spectroscopy. The absorption band of protein, sugar, and lipid has a broad spectrum in the NIR. The detection sensitivity and measurement speed are needed. Our multichannel detection system is suitable for such a measurement condition.
In development of antioxidant of food chemistry, found metal material of beauty product, color, the super oxidation power allows the experiments of acid resistance and reaction promotion. In case of acid resistance test, the generation of 1O2 from chemical reaction may influence the chemical generation reaction itself. The generation 1O2 by photoexcited Rose Bengal has almost no influence of chemical reaction. The Rose Bengal 1O2 generation system was fabricated with super luminescence green LED used for the traffic signal. The 1O2 generation intensity was controlled by monitoring NIR chemiluminescence using the InGaAs-CIA system without liquid nitrogen. Figure 15 shows a block diagram of the 1O2 generation system.
Block diagram of 1O2 generation system by use of Rose Bengal.
The Rose Bengal solution was photoexcited by the 5W LED of best match absorption band. The new optical excited system achieved the very small compact size in comparison of using argon ion laser. The system is suitable for chemical plants of mass production because the electric power supply circuits for the LED are simple and easy current control. The generated 1O2 was optically monitored by InGaAs-CIA at the device temperature of about 150 K degree without liquid nitrogen. The chemical plants should avoid using liquid nitrogen because of choking hazard and troublesome chores. The minimum detectable power of 10−13 W at the device temperature 150 K was achieved for monitoring 1O2.
\nThe absorption band of Rose Bengal is shown in Figure 16. The absorption band covers from 500–600 nm. The absorption peak spectrum yields at the wavelength of 550 nm. The emission spectrum of an excitation light source is shown in Figure 17. A water-cooled multimode argon ion laser or green-laser was used for the traditional optical excitation source. The multimode spectrum of argon ion laser is oscillated at the wavelength of 488 and 515 nm. The intensity of spectrum at 488 nm wavelength is stronger than that of 515 nm. The main spectrum stands at the outside of Rose Bengal absorption band. The spectrum of green LED and super luminosity green LED has the center position of the absorption band. The oscillation power of green super luminosity LED for traffic signal has very strong power in comparison with green LD except for metallic processing green LED. The green super luminosity LED permits increasing of absorbance, and achieved downsizing the system spectacularly, and realized cost cuts. Figure 18 shows photograph of excitation by green LED.
Absorption band of Rose Bengal aqueous.
Rose Bengal excitation light source.
Photograph of excitation by green LED.
Figure 19 shows the spectrum 1O2 of Rose Bengal excited by green LED. The spectrum has a peak at the wavelength of 1.27 μm. A red line in Figure 19 indicates the wavelength of optical band pass filters. There are four optical band pass filters (1200, 1250, 1300, and 1350 nm) for the spectroscopic system.
1O2 spectrum of Rose Bengal excited by green LED.
The 1O2 emission spectrum of Rose Bengal is shown in Figure 20. The intensity of 1O2 emission in methanol is stronger than water solvent. The lifetime of 1O2 in methanol is longer than in water. The generation intensity of 1O2 is monitored through an optical fiber combined with InGaAs-CIA. Many 1O2 monitoring equipment and generation optical sources are necessary in the construction of a microreactor chemical plant. The conventional system employs the Ge-TIA photo detection system with lock-in amplifier and water-cooled argon ion laser. Such a system is not suitable for chemical plant because the system needs occupied large space and high cost. The combination of InGaAs-CIA monitoring and the super luminescence green LED 1O2 generating system enables the construction of a compact and reasonable chemical plant. The system expects to contribute to the development of new medicines.
1O2 spectrum of Rose Bengal by measurement with InGaAs-CIA at 150 K.
We developed a highly sensitive InGaAs-CIA in the near-infrared region by use of commercially available photodiode. The system performed low-level light detection measurement in the NIR region. The optical emission of 1O2 was detected specifically in the NIR region. The measurement method of 1O2 was changed from the chemical technique to the physical method. We have achieved detection 1O2 of the heme compound in the living organism including hemoglobin (blood), myoglobin (muscle), and cytochrome c (mitochondria) successfully. These heme compounds play an important role in living body, and also generated 1O2 as a catalyst. The InGaAs-CIA system and multichannel detection system for the low-level light was introduced in the NIR region. The system is available for detection of 1O2 from chemical reaction. The electron refrigeration system without liquid nitrogen will be expected to become popular and realize compact size. Especially, we want to make contribution by means of our system to develop the noninvasive photo-sensitive substance for the photodynamic therapy that produces 1O2 caused oxidative damage to the cancer cells.
The Malaysian rainforest is not only acknowledged as the world’s oldest rainforest but also ranked 12th in the world as well as 4th on the list of biodiversity hotspots in Asia after India, China, and Indonesia. Malaysia has an estimated 12,500 species of seed plants with about 1200 species of medicinal plants [1]. Malaysia is also endowed with more than 3000 species of medicinal plants among its over 15,000 flowering plants [2, 3]. The Malaysian herbal industry, which is fully supported by the government, is also enjoying rapid development in line with the growing global herbal industry owing to the increasing demand for healthy functional food, herbal supplements, herbs-based energy drinks, and cosmetics. Malaysia, in addition to its vast biodiversity, is also endowed with multi-ethnic cultures offering a unique combination of folk and traditional medication such as Ayurveda, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Kampo, and Jamu for the development of the herbal industry [4]. Despite the advancement in synthetic chemistry, the use of Complementary and alternative methods (CAM) to support medical treatment, reinforce the immunity system, prevent relapses in cancer, reduce disease symptoms, and maintain health is also increasingly becoming more popular worldwide with almost 80% (about two thirds) of the population in developing countries still depending on herbal supplement products to meet their healthcare needs, according to the World Health Organization [5]. On the other hand, most of the conventional pharmaceutical drugs under development and those already in the market today owe their origins to natural products, though the products derived from virtually all-natural sources do not necessarily represent the final form of the active ingredients [6]. Similarly, about 84% of approved drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases, for instance, are either natural products or natural products inspired by over 400 clinically approved CNS drugs traceable to 20 natural product scaffolds [7].
Furthermore, the cost and adverse reactions of pharmacotherapy have lent immense support for the adoption of safe alternatives using various herbal formulations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines herbal products or herbal preparations as herbal medicines containing active ingredients derived from the plants’ parts or other plant materials, or their combinations. Breastfeeding mothers, especially, prefer herbal products to manage post-natal depressive symptoms. According to the literature, the percentages of women using at least one herbal product during the breastfeeding period in the US, China, Australia, and Italy are 16%, 20%–45%, 59.9%, and 97%, respectively. Herbal products are known to enhance milk supply and are thus commonly used as a traditional prophylactic during insufficient milk production to meet the child’s nutritional needs. Herbal products, as a general health supplement, also offer self-empowerment, self-reassurance, and other psychological benefits during lactation, in addition to other general ailments such as colds, constipation, coughs, headaches, and depressive symptoms [5, 8]. Admittedly, the lack of standardization and heterogeneity of regulatory standards for herbal products between, and within countries and regions have made it quite difficult to generalize about the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products [1, 8]. Nevertheless, this study is aimed to review some of the most important high-value herbal products in Malaysia. Admittedly, the work covers only a few representatives of Malaysian medicinal plants. The taxonomic classifications of the few plants discussed in this study are itemized in Table 1.
Agarwood otherwise known as gaharu (Figure 1) is a highly valuable fragrant heartwood and resinous wood mainly produced through changes in the chemical and physiological compounds of woods through natural or artificial damage like injury, cutting wound, insect disturbance, microorganism (fungi), and other non-pathological processes from
Agarwood (gaharu). Source:
Agarwood is mainly obtained from tree trunk as well as other parts of the tree such as tree branches and collected in the wood form and then traded as wood dust or powder, wood chips, and Agar-oil [13]. According to Wyn and Anak [14], About 19 plant species that are native to Malaysia are thought to produce agarwood (Peninsula: 13 spp., Sabah: 11 spp., Sarawak: 13 spp. The five most common types of oleoresin-producing
Pineapple (
Various parts of Pineapple (
Dragon fruit (
The
Temu kunci (
Categories | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae |
Infrakingdom | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta |
Superdivision | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta |
Division | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta |
Subdivision | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina |
Class | Dicotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida |
Superorder | Commelinids | Eudicots | Asteranae | Liliane | Eudicots | Asteranae | |
Order | Thymelaeales | Bromeliales | Caryophyllales | Lamiales | Zingiberales | Lamiales | Gentianales |
Family | Thymelaeaceae | Bromeliaceae | Cactaceae | Lamiaceae | Zingiberaceae | Lamiaceae | Rubiaceae |
Genus | |||||||
Species | |||||||
Common name | Agarwood | Pineapple | Dragon fruit | Vitex | Fingerroot | Cat’s whiskers | Indian mulberry |
Taxonomic classification of the reviewed plants.
Names | Origin |
---|---|
Chun jiang, Soh Shi | Chinese |
Temoe koentji | Dutch |
Petits doigts | French |
Fingerwurz, Runde Gewurzlilie | German |
Chekkur | India |
Temu kunci | Indonesian |
Gajutu | Japanese |
Khchiey | Khmer |
Neng kieng | Lao |
Temu kunci | Malay |
Kae-aen, Kra Chai, Wan-phraa-thit | Thai |
Ngai num kho, Bong nga truat, Cu ngai | Vietnamese |
The vernacular names of
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains about 1500 species and 50 genera globally. Several species of Zingiberaceae consisting mainly of herbaceous perennial plants are used in food (as spices), as well as ornamental plants, in cosmetics, and dyes. The rhizomes and leaves (Figure 4) are characterized by the presence of essential oils, flavones, flavonoids, and cyclohexenyl chalcone derivatives [47, 48]. The rhizome is traditionally used, in Indonesia, for the treatment of several diseases in folk medicine owing to its diverse pharmacological and biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer [46].
(a)
The essential oils of
Traditionally,
Misai kucing (
Misai kucing (
Mengkudu (
Mengkudu (
Malaysia is a global hub for natural products which contributes to its GDP. Malaysia is also one of the 12 most diverse Megabiodiversity countries. Natural products are relevant to both health care and agriculture which are parts of the national key economic areas (NKEA) under the Government’s Economic Transformation Plan as well as parts of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is worthy of note that the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products require standardization. Herbal products should also be made easy and accessible to low-income and rural communities across the globe. The proper documentation of the ethnopharmacological important plants in addition to their preservation and cultivation would enhance the sustainable use of the various indigenous plants.
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I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). 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