SWOT analysis of Montenegro as sports and health tourism destination.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"212",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids",title:"Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Reliable, high-efficient and cost-effective energy storage systems can undoubtedly play a crucial role for a large-scale integration on power systems of the emerging "distributed generation" (DG) and for enabling the starting and the consolidation of the new era of so called smart-grids. A non exhaustive list of benefits of the energy storage properly located on modern power systems with DG could be as follows: it can increase voltage control, frequency control and stability of power systems, it can reduce outages, it can allow the reduction of spinning reserves to meet peak power demands, it can reduce congestion on the transmission and distributions grids, it can release the stored energy when energy is most needed and expensive, it can improve power quality or service reliability for customers with high value processes or critical operations and so on.\nThe main goal of the book is to give a date overview on: (I) basic and well proven energy storage systems, (II) recent advances on technologies for improving the effectiveness of energy storage devices, (III) practical applications of energy storage, in the emerging era of smart grids.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-269-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6057-1",doi:"10.5772/737",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"energy-storage-in-the-emerging-era-of-smart-grids",numberOfPages:494,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8cd6021285906516c727802d02ce0954",bookSignature:"Rosario Carbone",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/212.jpg",numberOfDownloads:106315,numberOfWosCitations:89,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:108,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:16,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:220,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 19th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 30th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 21st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"11592",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Carbone",slug:"rosario-carbone",fullName:"Rosario Carbone",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11592/images/1808_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rosario Carbone was born in Italy in 1965. In 1990., he received his degree on Electrical Engineering, from University of Calabria, Italy. In 1995., he received his Ph.D. on Electrical Engineering, from University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy. In 1995., he became a researcher on electrical power systems, at the University of Neaples, Italy. At the moment, he is an Associate Professor on electrical power systems, at the University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria – Italy. His educational activities mainly concern electrical power systems, power electronics and electrical safety. His research activities deal with: (I) power electronic apparatus with high performances; (II) analysis of electrical power systems in presence of power electronic apparatus; (III) high performance distributed generation plants from renewables. Rosario Carbone is author of about 70 papers; he won a “best paper award” at the IEEE International Conference “I.C.H.Q.P. 2000”, Orlando, USA .",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Reggio Calabria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"771",title:"Sustainability Science",slug:"sustainability-science"}],chapters:[{id:"20361",title:"Electrochemical Energy Storage",doi:"10.5772/23452",slug:"electrochemical-energy-storage",totalDownloads:2855,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Pier Luigi Antonucci and Vincenzo Antonucci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20361",authors:[{id:"52087",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Luigi",surname:"Antonucci",slug:"pier-luigi-antonucci",fullName:"Pier Luigi Antonucci"},{id:"52095",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Antonucci",slug:"vincenzo-antonucci",fullName:"Vincenzo Antonucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"20362",title:"Supercapacitor-Based Electrical Energy Storage System",doi:"10.5772/18667",slug:"supercapacitor-based-electrical-energy-storage-system",totalDownloads:5412,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Masatoshi Uno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20362",authors:[{id:"32176",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",surname:"Uno",slug:"masatoshi-uno",fullName:"Masatoshi Uno"}],corrections:null},{id:"20363",title:"Rotor Design for High-Speed Flywheel Energy Storage Systems",doi:"10.5772/18359",slug:"rotor-design-for-high-speed-flywheel-energy-storage-systems",totalDownloads:10683,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Malte Krack, Marc Secanell and Pierre Mertiny",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20363",authors:[{id:"31261",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Mertiny",slug:"pierre-mertiny",fullName:"Pierre Mertiny"},{id:"42836",title:"Mr.",name:"Malte",surname:"Krack",slug:"malte-krack",fullName:"Malte Krack"},{id:"42837",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",surname:"Secanell",slug:"marc-secanell",fullName:"Marc Secanell"}],corrections:null},{id:"20364",title:"An Application of Genetic Fuzzy Systems to the Operation Planning of Hydrothermal Systems",doi:"10.5772/17847",slug:"an-application-of-genetic-fuzzy-systems-to-the-operation-planning-of-hydrothermal-systems",totalDownloads:2026,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ricardo de A. 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The information about the plant status is given by automated systems, which extract information of sensors spread over different parts of the process units and assist control room operators in making decisions and performing tasks to keep the plant operating in safe conditions and in an efficient way.
Control room operators are alert by automated systems through alarms. Nowadays, with digital technology, an alarm can be created within seconds and at almost zero cost. As a result, the number and frequency of alarms has increased significantly over the years. Alarms are typically set to a single operational state-triggered. Change of operating state, such as plant shutdown or plant startup may result in many alarms occurring at the same time. The amount of information presented is greater than as the human operator can actually perceive, so many of them are lost. This condition is called the alarm flood [1]. During alarm flood, operators can be overwhelmed by the large amount of alarms and not be able to keep the plant in safe operation condition posing a risk not only production process but also to the environment and human lives.
Alarm flood are one of the main causes of industrial plant accidents and cost millions of dollars each year, for example: Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident in 1979, Esso Australia’s gas plant explosion at Longford, in Vitoria, in 1998 [2], P-36 oil rig in the Campos Basin in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil in 2001, that resulting in 11 deaths and total loss of the rig with an estimated financial loss of USD 400 million [3] and the Texas City Oil refinery explosion in 2005 [4] are clear examples of accidents problems that had contribution by alarm flood.
The system presented in this study is able to provide a real time support for control room operators in critical plant situations. Besides, it can assist the control room operators in time management and decision making process.
In order to present the methodologies developed and applied in SDA, this chapter will be divided into 3 items described below. Item 2 presents a brief description of the evolution of alarm systems in industrial plants. Item 3 presents SDA highlighting the methodologies implemented: expert system and ecological interface machine. And finally in item 4 is presented the conclusion of the chapter.
Until the 1950s, an industrial plant control room was nothing more than a wall full of individual process indicators (panel), lights, switches, and moving pen charts. When something in the process was wrong one or more lights (alarms) came on in the panel along with beeps and indicate to operators which part of the process the problem was in. In this system introducing a new alarm was very expensive, where they had to be designed and implemented one by one in an often electromechanical system. With the evolution of computing many of these items became scarce and no longer met the needs of the operators.
In 1975 the first distributed digital control systems were created aiming to assist the industrial processes. These systems were responsible for record process variable data, calculate plant efficiency, assist in process monitoring and management and inform the operators about the plant state through alarms. In these systems the addition of a new alarm was done at no cost and within seconds. This led to a significant increase in the number of total alarms per operator, which can be verified according to Figure 1.
Number of alarm per operator [
So increasing the amount of alarms configured did not bring more security to the process and not even facilitated operators’ identification and decision-making. Because all events are treat as alarms and in situations of major plant disturbance are generated a huge amount of alarms, causing the so-called alarm flood. ANSI/ISA 18.2 [1] defines alarm flood as the occurrence of 10 or more annunciated alarms in any 10-minute period per operator. Since the alarms in these systems are presented in sequence of events (SOE), it is impossible for the operator to understand them in a timely manner, causing often, due to a stressful situation, alarms very important for understanding the situation go unnoticed by the operators. In light of this problem, the major international engineering bodies came together to outline a set of methods, definitions and best practices for the design of an alarm system.
Studies on the most advanced alarm systems in operation [6, 7, 8] claim that a prioritization based on safety and plant urgency are the most frequently factors cited in advanced alarm systems literature and points out that the meaning of an alarm for control room operators depends on four factors: urgency, safety consequences, productivity consequences and relevance to the current task. It also cites the importance of the use categorizes by alarms through a time-based color coding available to operators and a dynamic severity rating. In other words, is important that the alarms are colored and segregated by urgency and ordered into categories by their severity.
The NRC alarm study [8] shows the effects on the performance of methods by which alarm processing results are disseminated to operational staff. The specific techniques analyzed in this study were suppression and dynamic prioritization. With suppression, minor alarms are not presented to operators but can be accessed upon request. In dynamic prioritization, the least important alarms are presented to operators, but differently from the most important ones. Because designers cannot anticipate every possible plant disturbance, some alarms may gain relevance in decision-making in a specific context. Thus, one of the advantages of dynamic prioritization cited in the study is that this approach does not omit any alarms to operators, unlike suppression.
According to the 191 standard British-based organization Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association (EEMUA) [9], alarm systems are an important means for automatic plant monitoring, drawing operator attention to significant process changes that require evaluation and action. They consist of field equipment, signal transmission, processing and visualization screen, being important tools to support the operator assisting in:
Keep the plant process within a safe operating range. In this way, the operator is advised of potentially hazardous situations before the Emergency Shutdown System (ESS) is forced to intervene. This improves the plant assessment and helps to decrease demand from ESS, increasing the plant production and safety;
Recognize and act to avoid situations that may lead danger to the plant. The role of ESS is intervening in a hazardous situation, however there may be cases where the plant deviates from its normal design operating conditions to a state in which the ESS is unable to act efficiently, such as during plant startup, which has a change of state.
Identify deviations from operating conditions that could lead to financial losses;
Understand the complex process conditions. Alarms can be an important diagnostic tool and are one of several sources of information that an operator can use during a critical process.
An alarm system is a crucial element in process plant operation, when well planned provide an additional layer of protection and can help operator prevent an abnormal situation from spreading, also offers benefits to the plant that include: increased safety, increased production, quality improvement and cost reduction.
SDA is a real-time operation support system that provides to control room operators an optimized flow of information from critical plant process variable changes, in order to assist decision-making in a short time, that can avoid operational situations like unexpected shutdown, loss of efficiency and even accidents. Thus, SDA is designed to support control room operators in the time management and take the right actions in order to keep the plant in a safe state.
The information provided on the SDA Human Machine Interface (HMI) is different from traditional alarm systems. In SDA alarms is called diagnostic alerts. The diagnostic alert can be formed by alarms already existing in the plant supervisory or not. They can be of the simple type (formed by a single alarm) or compound (formed by a set of alarms, which follow the order of logical operators, such as: and, or, between, less than, rate, etc.). Thus, the alert diagnostic not only identify changes in the process but identify problems (failures in the process), they by themselves already indicate the diagnosis of the situation. Besides, they are presented in a non-SOE approach, sorted by priority, where the highest priority alert will always occupy the top of the alarm list.
SDA is designed to monitor and process information about different process variables acquired and calculated by it, as well as process variables coming from different structures, such as: external databases, text files and excel spreadsheets. SDA consists of a data acquisition system, a knowledge based or rule bank (KB-SDA), a real-time diagnostic system, and a HMI. The real-time diagnostic system is an expert system, object oriented based on Artificial Intelligence Monitoring System (AIMS) technique [10]. Figure 2 presented the SDA data flow.
SDA data flow.
For example, in SDA considering approximately 1000 (binary/analog) variables the time of one cycle is of 1 second. In other words, all data acquisitions (binary/analog) and the variables calculated from these are presented in a time less than 1 second. If a particular state or diagnostic alert is only dependent on the current values collected, it will be updated immediately, with a time interval of 1 second. If this state (or diagnostic alert) depends on a rate or time variation, it will be accompanied by a 1 second step, until it reaches the required threshold. In other words, the operator response time is 1 second.
In this way, the SDA works at a level above the plant supervisory, where in alarm avalanche situations will show the highest priority alerts and the behavior of process variables associated with them giving the operator a clear plant situational awareness, quickly and offering benefits to the plant that include: increase security, increase in production, improve the quality, and cost savings.
Expert Systems or Knowledge Based Systems [11] were developed in the 1960s by the Stanford Heuristics Programming Project as a new intelligent method to find solutions for complex problems as a disease diagnosis. Edward Feigenbaum, widely known as the father of expert systems, defined it as “an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inference procedures to solve problems that are difficult enough to require significant human expertise for their solutions.” In other words, an Expert System (ES) is a computational system that emulates the decision ability of a human expert in any topic.
A basic concept of ES is composed by a knowledge base – KB, where the intelligence of the system is stored, and an inference machine that process current facts based on the knowledge to generate new ones and conclusions (Figure 3).
A concept of expert systems.
The most relevant advantage in using ES is the independency between the KB and the inference machine. The KB can be changed or adapted to a new knowledge without the need of remodeling the inference engine. This capability makes this type of system a significant tool to handle diagnosis problems of many different types of power plants. ES are classified based on the paradigm in which information is represented in its knowledge base. The information can be represented on the Knowledge base in many forms: Logical Trees, Rules and Class [11].
The inference engine is responsible for join facts of a problem with the knowledge represented in the knowledge base, and establish new facts and conclusions. The information chaining process in the inference engine can be done in two ways: forward chaining and backward chaining. A forward chaining system begins with the facts initially known and uses the rules to draw new conclusions or take certain actions. All rules are checked to see if the initial facts satisfy some of them. Each satisfied rule is then fired, generating new facts that will be used to trigger other rules and so on until the problem is solved.
Matching—where the antecedents satisfied by the facts are verified;
Conflict Resolution—when more than one antecedent is satisfied, you must decide which of the rules will be fired first. This decision is called conflict resolution.
Execution—in this step there is the execution of the rule, which can result in new facts as well as new rules.
In backward chaining, the inference process begins with choosing a solution and performs a search similar to depth searching [12, 13]. At first the known fact set is empty and as rules are fired this set becomes the set of facts that take the solution (object states). Thus, rules are triggered to generate values for object states or to generate intermediate facts that will later be used as a set of object state values.
AIMS technology is a framework for developing real-time monitoring systems [14], which uses object-oriented (OO) concepts and expert systems. The AIMS kernel is the object-oriented knowledge-based (KB) expert system that acquires and calculates variables as well as their interdependencies, and maps them within a network of hierarchical objects, where rules are implicit in object operators and network topology.
The state of monitored variables updates a fact base, which is used by a real-time inference machine that activates and triggers knowledge base rules. A mail server is responsible for updating the operators on the HMI and manipulating the information.
The KB system has two main characteristics: (a) acquisition and maintenance of offline knowledge, which is built and modified through the KB Module and, (b) real-time monitoring representing the rules that define the real-time application in the which a network of hierarchical objects represents the rules that define the real time application, which is created according to KB rules and used by the inference engine.
The knowledge domain which comprises all monitored and calculated variables used by SDA, as well as their interdependencies, is mapped within a hierarchical structure of descended from parents’ networks where each node contains a variable represented by an object which determines its attributes and operations. For each object is associated with a hierarchical level, which is used by the inference engine while firing the KB Rules. The lowest level is represented by the acquisition variables. Figure 4 shows an example of a network of three level hierarchical objects.
Hierarchical network representation at AIMS.
In Figure 4, V22 means V22 is generated by V12. This hierarchical network represents all the rules contained in the KB rules that can be transformed into IF-Then structures, such as:
IF (V11 updated or V12 updated)
THEN (update V22 applying the operator considering its dependencies).
The KB module knowledge structure is based on five main class, shown in the hierarchical structure of Figure 5, where variables are abstract class from which the class are derived: analog (for representation of analog variables), binary (for representation of binary variables) and rate (for time variation representation).
Representation of hierarchical class in KB rules.
The Message class represents the facts created from the inference of triggered rules. Every time the variable changes it generates a new fact (creating a new Message object). At the beginning of the monitoring process, the acquired variables are Message objects.
In the KB module the acquisition and maintenance of knowledge is done. In the KB module interface, the table shown in Figure 6 allows the user to create object variables, edit their properties and operator rules as well as provide their dependencies on other variables (relatives and heritage).
SDA-KB module operators representation.
Is not allowed to the users defines more than one link between two variables duplicate rules as well as inconsistent rules (different operations linked to the same antecedent with the same consequent). The rule problem without the condition side is eliminated due to the fact that the rule is made by linking two existing variables.
The track of time and the timing for rule activation is automatically done by the framework which does not allow descending nodes to have a refresh rate higher than their relatives’ refresh rate. If more than one rule is activated by the inference machine, the conflict resolution strategy can be applied. The AIMS conflict resolution strategy takes as its first criterion the hierarchical level (in the object network) of the variables affected by the rule. Rules related to lower level variables have high priorities and will be trigged first. The inference process ends when there are no more rules to be activated.
Thus, in summary, the AIMS is able to receive data from binary and analog variables from an acquisition system, processing the data, performing calculations through logical and arithmetic operators and create new alarms (alarms not provided directly by the acquisition system).
The new alarms are called alert diagnostics and can be viewed as process alarms that require operator action, symptom alarms that indicate the failure of any unit component, or even prediction alarms that have the function of alerting the user that a failure could occur in the future if the current situation remains. Thus, the alert diagnostics generated by the SDA themselves represent a diagnosis of the current situation of the plant unit.
SDA HMI concentrates the most important (critical) information in one place, preventing the “loss” of important alerts during emergency situations that cause alarm flood in traditional automation systems. Thus, it provides operators support in identifying the most critical problems, helping to prioritize actions and suppressing low criticality information. In normal operation, SDA also provides real time plant efficiency indicators, enabling actions to optimize (increase production) and increase reliability of operations, increasing operational continuity.
All information stored in KB SDA and processed in AIMS is presented to the users through the HMI. The frequency at which the information from HMI is refreshed is every 1 second. SDA HMI was developed based on the state of the art known as Ecological HMI [5, 6], where plant process variables (binary or analog) are represented by graphical objects which provide the behavior of these variables quickly and clearly, giving the operator a real time situational awareness of the plant. The graphic objects used in the SDA HMI will be: Plane Graph (x, y), Deviation Diagram, Sparkline, Radar Graphs, and Digital Diagram.
SDA HMI is divided into five different areas: (I) Date/hour, Binary Logical Annunciators Panel (ALB); (II) Ecological HMI; (III) Diagnostic alert list by priority; (V) Other options like: Ecological HMI of all diagnostic alerts, more diagnostic alert list, diagnostic sequence alert list, and additional information such as: instrument code, source, initial cause, action to be taken. Figure 7 shows the five areas in the SDA HMI with the ecological HMI option in area V. Figure 8 shows the five areas in the SDA HMI with diagnostic alert list option in area V.
SDA HMI with the ecological HMI option in area V.
SDA HMI with diagnostic alert list option in area V.
Diagnostic alerts are presented in HMI in three distinct areas:
in an area similar to the binary alarm annunciators (ALB), where diagnostic alerts are grouped by subsystems and by units (area I). Figure 9 shows this information.
in a diagnostic alerts list sorted by priority: critical, medium, high, and low, displayed in red, orange, yellow, and blue, respectively (area III). In area III, only the seven more critical alert diagnoses are presented. (Figure 10). The diagnostic alerts list consists of:
priority icon: icon that indicating the diagnostic alert priority;
tag: diagnostic alert name;
description: diagnostic alert description;
on/off indication: indication whether the diagnostic alert is on or off;
remaining response time: In SDA each diagnostic alert is registered in the KB SDA with an associated response time. That is a time interval considered appropriate for the operator to take the necessary actions to correct the problem identified by the alert;
activation data/time: date and time that the diagnostic alert was activated;
Important to point out that the most important diagnostic alert will always occupy the top of the list due the dynamic prioritization method.
and in another priority list in area V. The list aims to show more diagnostic alerts by priority, 8th onwards, not shown in area III. The list consists of: priority icon, tag, description, on/off indication, remaining response time and activation data/time. Figure 11 shows this information.
SDA HMI—diagnostic alert—ALB (area I).
SDA HMI—diagnostic alert list by priority (area III).
SDA HMI—diagnostic alert list—more alerts (area V).
SDA was designed to be implemented in any onshore and offshore production system. Currently, SDA is implemented in two Sulfur Recovery Units in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the following results:
Presents the quality and importance/priority of the seven strands that compose the load of the Units, all as technical documentation available online and in real time at SDA. In case that the operator does not realize in short time that the streams quality is not good, and does not quickly deviate this streams, it will generate deposition and lead to the unit shutdown, causing financial losses and increased emissions for the environment. This information is always available from the ecological HMI, and the operator is able to check the deviation quickly by looking at the SDA HMI;
Presents all diagnostic alerts regarding the prioritization of H2S, SO2 and NH3 detectors from the all Units area. These warnings are critical and prevent the operator from going into an area with the presence of gas that could endanger their health and physical integrity;
Presents the diagnostic alert prioritization of the critical unit process stored into the KB SDA which has been built on the operational experience of operators and design engineers and HAZOP information’s and others. This knowledge was previously elaborated, considering various scenarios, in order to assist the operators in decision-making in abnormal situations;
Presents, in real-time, information about sulfur removal efficiencies from Units and their subsystems. This information enables operators to act to minimize the tendency of units to lose efficiency;
Monitors critical controls on manual, active alarms and bypass, etc.;
Perform process and unit equipment diagnostics: vessels, distillation towers, heat exchangers, ovens, compressors, etc.;
Follows the desired limits or operation regions (pressure, temperature and composition) of the processes and equipment, ensuring that they are respected not only during normal operation but also during plant starts and plant stops;
It considers the different unit operating modes (starts, stops, steady state, disturbances, etc.) to generate diagnostics alerts specific to each situation;
Early tests with SDA show that concentrating all critical information’s about the process on a single HMI helps the operator in time management. Preventing him from consulting different tools and screens to be situational awareness and take decision. In addition, the flexibility to create diagnostic alerts enables monitoring of situations not provided by the traditional alarm management system.
Tests applied in order to evaluate the operator situational awareness (ability to perceive, understand and predict the future behavior of a process) showed that in normal operation using traditional automation systems the operator situational awareness was around 50% and dropped during emergency situations for values below 20%. With SDA, during emergency, the operator situational awareness was around 55%, that was higher than those obtained in normal operation in traditional automation systems. This demonstrates the importance of an Intelligent Real-Time Decision Support System for oil industry control room operators aim to anticipate failures and specially to avoid risk situations [15].
SDA is also being evaluated for use on offshore production platforms to increase the safety and reliability of these processes. This system can be implemented in any industrial process to providing an intelligent system, coupled with an ergonomic HMI that allows operators to reduce your cognitive load in search of the root cause of a certain problem.
SDA was developed to support operators in time management in case of emergency situations providing optimized plant process information in order to increase operator situational awareness, so that they make appropriate decisions and actions aiming to increase the safety, integrity and reliability of plant processes and equipment.
SDA HMI aims to increase operator situational awareness by explaining why diagnostic alerts through decision trees, trend graphs, etc. and also by presenting recommendations for mitigating actions. The aim is to help operators identify process fails quickly and prevent the abnormal situation from spreading, increasing risks to people, equipment and the environment.
The methodologies developed and implemented makes SDA a potential support system from easy applicability in different onshore and offshore from oil industry, mainly impacting the sector in reduction of the number of disturbances and shutdowns, production and increased plant safety. Besides that, SDA impacts in relation the solution of alarm flood, anticipate failures, avoid hazardous situations, avoid misdiagnosis, prevent breakdown and /or equipment unavailability, prevent leaks, avoid emissions (e.g., torch) and debris. This increases the safety, reliability and production of complex oil industry processes. A good indication of this impact was the installation of SDA in Sulfur Recovery Units in Brazil.
Concluding we can say that SDA is a new safety barrier providing diagnostics alerts that can prevent an abnormal situation from evolve into accidents and may decrease the chance of human mistake, especially in identifying the root cause, which if misdiagnosed, may lead them to take wrong actions that increase the consequences of incidents, accidents or plant shutdowns.
The authors would like to acknowledge: CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) and Petrobras for financial support.
Sports and health tourism represent some of the fastest-growing segments in tourism industry, and their popularity has been significantly increased. That is the main reason why these two phenomena attract attention of many authors especially in the last decades [1, 2, 3, 4]. Since ancient times, sports and health have been a very important driving force and motif for visiting particular destination [5]. Today, it seems more than ever before that they represent very important content of tourist offer in which tourists become active participants in realization of many activities such as hiking and biking, water sports, tennis, golf, skiing, riding, sports games, extreme sports activities, wellness and spa, etc.
\nThe expansion of these two types of tourism is completely expected having on mind many factors—significant demographic changes, the increasing share of the elderly population, prolonged life expectancy of the population, habits and interests of a baby-boom generation, as well as some other factors such as stress, the lack of free time, unhealthy lifestyles, the usage of modern technologies, pollution, etc. In that sense, it is clear why health and sports tourism play an important role in revitalization of the psychophysical abilities of people. Trends and perspectives on international tourist market go in the same direction, so in the future it is expected to have a significant growth of nature tourism combined with sporting activities, health-recreational tourism, golf tourism, wellness tourism, as well as activities such as fitness, mountain hiking, mountain biking, hiking and biking, etc. [6, 7]. Rafting and kayaking as well as extreme sports are also expected to expand.
\nIt is important to mention the fact that sports and tourism in the last decades succeeded to create a variety of different forms which attract a large number of different target groups, so it is not unexpected that a large variety of mutual interest from the management point of view appeared [8, 9]. That convergence of mutual interests represents very powerful tool in the process of creating a high-quality whole-year destination with diversified offer and competitive advantages on international tourist market.
\nThe analysis of development of sports and health tourism in Montenegro started from the SWOT analysis which actually represents the process of identification of main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats [10]. The aim of this analysis was to identify the main internal strengths and weaknesses of Montenegro, as well as external opportunities and threats that may have an influence on its future development as sports and health tourist destination.
\nExcept SWOT analysis, survey among the tourists was carried out as well. The first phase was the preparation of structured questionnaire in order to address the needs of this paper. The questionnaire contains a total of 14 questions. The first part relates to biological, social, and economic characteristics of respondents, while the second part contains questions that relate to the subject of the research itself. The questionnaire contains open-ended questions in which respondents independently present their opinions and attitudes, closed questions in which respondents choose one of the offered answers, as well as the so-called pivot questions in which respondents rank responses according to their significance. The questionnaires were prepared in English, Russian, Albanian, and Montenegrin/Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian language.
\nThe second phase was conducting a survey which was realized from June to September 2018. Ten interviewers were included in the realization of this task, and they were thoroughly familiar with the method of interviewing the tourists. One hundred and forty respondents were personally interviewed in 12 Montenegrin municipalities. Respondents were both domestic and foreign tourists. They were selected by random sample method, and the sample was stratified.
\nThe third phase was statistical analysis of the results of the survey with a special accent on data which refer on motivation, preferences, and attitudes of tourists, as well as the level of their satisfaction with quality of tourist offer.
\nThe analyses of the results of the survey and their appropriate interpretation led to preliminary conclusions related to positioning Montenegro as sports and health tourism destination. These conclusions are strongly supported by data which refer to trends and perspectives on international tourism market in order to create a theoretical and practical framework for the creation of strategy of sports and health tourism in Montenegro.
\nThe analysis of development of sports tourism in Montenegro is presented in Table 1.
\nStrengths | \nWeaknesses | \n
---|---|
\n
| \n\n
| \n
\n
| \n\n
| \n
SWOT analysis of Montenegro as sports and health tourism destination.
By analyzing the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Montenegro as sports tourism destination, as well as opinions, expectations, beliefs, and attitudes of tourists, it may be concluded that natural resources such as sea, mountains, national parks, beautiful landscapes, lakes, rivers, etc. as well as a very favorable climate and geographical position in relation to large European centers represent a great base for future development of sports tourism. Except that, it should mention that a clear commitment of country to reach the European market, huge projects in tourism, a growing number of 4- and 5-star hotels with wellness, spa, and sports facilities, recent investment in infrastructure, etc. make Montenegro a serious candidate for regional, if not a European, destination of sports tourism. In combination with trends and perspectives on global market such as anticipated growth of sports tourism, trends for healthy active ways of life, raising awareness about the importance of health for quality of life, etc., this potential becomes even bigger.
\nBut, on the other side, it is not difficult to conclude that there are many weaknesses of the destination itself such as underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of integral strategic approach, insufficiently integrated tourist products, lack of promotion on international and national levels, etc. which may seriously slow down the future development of Montenegrin tourism if there is no strategic plan for their overcoming. This is extremely important having in mind the fact that the increasing number of competitive destinations in the field of sports and health tourism as well as rapid development of technologies imposes the need of continuous investment and improvement of quality of tourist offer.
\nThe results of the SWOT analyses were strongly supported by the results of the survey in which 140 respondents participated. Out of the total number of respondents, 52% are female and 48% were male. About 25% of the total number of respondents are domestic tourists and 75% are foreign tourists (25% were tourists from the neighboring countries—Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Albania—while 50% were tourists from other countries). When it comes to age structure of guests, the highest number of tourists 26% was between 20 and 29, 26% between 30 and 39 years, 19% between 40 and 49, 15% between 50 and 59, 7% of tourists between 15 and 19, and 7% has 60 or more years.
\nMost tourists have a high school diploma (40%) or college (40%), 18% have a higher school diploma, 1% has only completed elementary school, and 1% has unfinished elementary school. When it comes to monthly income, the research indicates that 46% of respondents have average monthly incomes, 20% have incomes above the average of their country, 8% are significantly above the average, while 15% have incomes below the average of their country, and 11% were found to be significantly below the country’s average. This is completely in accordance with trends and perspectives on the global market—according to some authors, the majority of tourists in the future will actually be tourists with some average monthly incomes [11].
\nThe results of the research showed that tourists in Montenegro usually reside 7 (40%) or 10 days (26%) and 24% of tourists in Montenegro stay up to 5 days, while 10% of tourist stay more than 10 days. Trend for shorter, but more frequent breaks is evident. Most of the tourists (55%) spend between 250 and 500 euros per person (accommodation and travel costs excluded), 12% between 500 and 1000 euros per person, and 8% over 1000
Associations with slogan “wild beauty” | \nTourists’ perception of the seasonality of tourist offer | \n||
---|---|---|---|
63% | \nWilderness | \n65% | \nMontenegro is perceived as a summer destination | \n
26% | \nNatural beauties | \n25% | \nMontenegro is perceived as a winter destination | \n
6% | \nRichness of contrasts | \n10% | \nMontenegro is perceived as a whole-year destination | \n
5% | \nOther | \n\n | \n |
42% | \nPool infrastructure | \n40% | \nNatural beauties | \n
18% | \nNoise, crowding, and dirtiness | \n13% | \nExperiences and events | \n
14% | \nLack of strategic planning | \n13% | \nActive holiday and sports activities | \n
12% | \nLack of promotion | \n12% | \nNational parks | \n
10% | \nHigh prices | \n7% | \nGastronomy | \n
4% | \nOther | \n7% | \nState of ecological country | \n
\n | \n | 5% | \nHealth reasons | \n
\n | \n | 3% | \nOther | \n
78% | \nRegularly practiced (swimming, hiking, biking, rafting, etc.) | \n55% | \nGenerally satisfied | \n
15% | \nRarely practiced | \n10% | \nHighly satisfied | \n
7% | \nDo not practice any kind of activity at all | \n15% | \nQuite satisfied | \n
\n | \n | 13% | \nNot satisfied | \n
\n | \n | 7% | \nNot satisfied at all | \n
The most important results of the survey.
The results of the research clearly show that although the slogan “wild beauty” is clear, effective, and attractive, it does not present the main competitive advantage of Montenegro such as the richness of contrasts, natural beauties, the state of ecological country, and the short distance from the sea to the mountains. Not only the verbal but also the visual elements of the logo do not represent the uniqueness of the destination itself.
\nIt is clear that it is necessary to do rebranding of a destination itself including its logo and slogan which should be based on its main competitive advantages which make the destination unique, different, special, and superior to the main competitors [13]. In that sense, previous logo of Montenegro as tourist destination seems to be more appropriate because of the fact that it includes important elements of tourist offer of Montenegro such as nature, sea, weather, etc. even in its visual part. The fact that this logo was strongly supported by marketing tools which perfectly identified all competitive advantages of Montenegro as tourist destination such as state of ecological country, richness of contrasts, biodiversity, gastronomy, the hospitality of local people, etc. is an additional proof for this statement.
\nThe fact is that tourists identified very clearly the main disadvantages of the destination itself such as poor infrastructure, noise, crowding and dirtiness, the lack of strategic planning, lack of promotion, etc. It is important to mention that there are already some activities that are carried out at national level regarding the mentioned weaknesses. One of the most important ones is the construction of the first highway in Montenegro whose construction began in 2015, and it includes four phases in order to connect better south, central, and north part of the country as well as Montenegro with neighboring countries. The first phase that connects the capital city and north part and that includes the construction of 42 tunnels and 92 bridges is expected to be finished in 2020. After the realization of this project, the biggest one since the country’s independence, the traffic infrastructure will be significantly improved which will lead to the improvement of the quality of tourist offer as well. Regarding the strategic planning, it is necessary to mention that the set of strategic acts has been already adopted by the government, but there are some problems regarding their implementation which are mainly caused by insufficiently clear roles and responsibilities and lack of cooperation between different stakeholders—on national, regional, and local levels as well. One interesting issue that is recognized by the tourists is lack of promotion at all levels, and this is definitely one of the problems that should be paid great attention in the future. Although the strategic marketing plan for period 2018–2020 has been adopted, most of the proposed measures and activities are still not realized. It is also necessary to adopt the strategy of digital marketing having on mind the role of digital media in the era of globalization, internationalization, and modernization of business. In that sense, the focus should be put on online promotion (redesign of web presentations, preparation of online brochures, promotion of offer on social networks and platform, storytelling, interactive infographics, virtual reality, etc.), digital management—customer relationships (study visits, data basis, loyalty programs etc.)—promotion of digitalization, and online promotion on national level (promotion of online payment, training of representatives of tourism and hospitality industry regarding online marketing, raising awareness of local people about benefits of development of tourism and hospitality industry, and the importance of their active participation, etc.). Except this strategy, strategy of sports and health tourism in Montenegro should be prepared and adopted as well. Its preparation and implementation should be based on the strong cooperation between tourism and sports and health industry as well as on integration in terms of policy, research, and education, which will represent the cornerstone for future development of these kinds of tourism in Montenegro.
\nAlthough holiday on the seaside which is mostly perceived as “passive holiday” (3S: sea, sun, sand) still represents the main motif of visit to Montenegro (65%), its significance is much lower than before. This means that it is necessary to introduce, develop, and promote new tourist products and services which will attract tourist to visit the destination not only during the summer season [14]. Special attention should be definitely paid on sports and health tourism, having on mind the potential of Montenegro for their development, trends, and perspectives on international tourist market as well as the fact that these specific types of tourism may significantly contribute to solving of problem of seasonality [15].
\nDuring making choice of Montenegro as holiday destination, motives connected with “active” holidays play more importantly than ever before such as experiences and events, natural beauties, active holiday and sports activities, gastronomy, health reasons, national parks, state of ecological country, etc. This fact should be used in marketing campaign and presented by different promotion tools in order to attract new target groups and position Montenegro as a destination which provides a lot of possibilities for beautiful active holidays full of adventures, unforgettable experiences, etc.
\nIt is also interesting to mention the fact that most of the tourists regularly practice some kind of sport activities such as swimming, hiking, biking, rafting, etc. during their vacation in Montenegro. The activities which are the most popular among the tourists are swimming and water sports, cycling, hiking and biking, skiing and winter sports, rafting, etc., which implies that these activities should be included in all segments of tourist offer.
\nAlthough the results of the survey have shown that tourists are generally satisfied with the quality of sports and health tourism offered in Montenegro, it seems that this potential is still not appropriately and completely valorized and that there is a still a lot of space for future improvement. In that sense, it is necessary to create main centers for sports and health tourism which will be the main spots which will attract this kind of tourists. According to some authors [16, 17], special accent should be put on:
Ulcinj should be given priority in the future having in mind the richness of natural factors for the development of health tourism such as Mediterranean-Adriatic climate, mineral water sources, sea salt, wellness of sand, and rich plant ecosystems. It is important to mention that in 1992 by the order of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Ulcinj was declared as a “Spa and Climate Health Resort.” The sea temperature makes the optimal bathing possibilities in the seawater about 6 months, from May to October. The water clarity in the summer is as much as 38 m, and on the sea in front of Ulcinj the highest water transparency in the Adriatic Sea is measured at 56 m. The long healing factors are sand on the beaches, which is very clean, with unusually fine small particles; there is not even the slightest admixture of soil, sludge, organic materials, etc. According to the chemical composition of Ulcinj sand, there are about 30 mineral substances that are biologically very active. It contains mild radioactivity which makes it very suitable for medical applications, especially in the case of diseases of the organs of movement and spine, rheumatism, desmopathy, sciatica, as well as conditions after injuries to these organs. The sulfur water that springs along the sea on the “female” beach has “miraculous” medicinal properties, and according to legends and stories, it has beneficial effects especially for women who do not have children. By mineral composition, the water is thus very rich. Mineral mud extends around the basin of the Ulcinj saltpan, about 2 km from the sea. Scientific tests of this mud confirm that it has one of the best qualities on the Adriatic. Untreated seaweed from the sea saltwater pool in Ulcinj has a “concentrated sea” effect, which is suitable for the treatment of rheumatism and diseases of the organs for movement. All these natural factors can rarely be found in one place, thus making this a unique place.
Igalo is a place which should be valorized as a center of modern therapy, thalassotherapy, rehabilitation, prevention, and recreation. In order to reach this, it is necessary to undertake some measures such as modernization of existing centers and creation of new ones, providing additional values for consumers of services, modernization of traffic and communal infrastructure, realization of promotional activities focused on specific target groups, etc. Near the mouth of the Sutorina River to the sea, along the sea shore, there are several sources of mineral water, four of which are located. These mineral waters are based on chloride and muriatic, and according to the German classification, this mineral water belongs to the group of sodium chloride waters. It can be used in the treatment of various diseases, such as hypoacidities, dyskinesia, gallbladder disease, chronic constipation, and slow peristalsis. It is also used in the form of aerosols in respiratory tract diseases. Thanks to the healing sea mud, Igalo has developed into the largest centers in former Yugoslavia and one of the largest in Europe. This mud has pronounced hypersensitive, respiratory, and analgesic effects and is used in the treatment of many diseases, primarily those related to rheumatism.
Prčanj in which there is already a center for the rehabilitation of children with asthmatic diseases should be further valorized in this direction. In order to reach this, it should provide additional capacities, modernize the existing ones, provide more diversified services, etc. It should definitely include Vrmac in order to reach the combination of medical and recreational contents on the route between sea and the mountains which would give this center a completely new quality.
Risan, which is already affirmed as a classical health resort, needs to be modernized and further specialized in order to attract a larger number of different target groups.
Tivat should also be considered as a new health center given the fact that sites Solila and Bigova, as well as the assumptions about the existence of mineral water, are present, etc.
Having on mind that all these places are situated at the seaside, they provide perfect conditions for practicing different sports activities such as swimming, water sports, tennis, golf, sports games, extreme sports activities, etc. The additional investment in infrastructure especially sports facilities would significantly improve the quality of tourist offer and the level of satisfaction of tourists.
\nExcept in the coastal area, health and recreation centers should be developed in the continental and the mountainous parts of Montenegro, for example, on Orjen and Lovcen, as well as in lower altitude zones of Durmitor, Bjelasica, Komovi, and Prokletije. Having on mind natural beauties in this part of Montenegro which includes high mountains; national parks Durmitor, Lake Skadar, Lovćen, Biogradska Gora, and Prokletije and many parks of nature, beautiful forests, and lakes; deep and wild mountain rivers, among which the most famous one is Tara, “the tear of Europe” with the longest canyon in Europe and the second longest in the world; and Biogradska Gora, one of the three virgin forests in Europe, etc., it is clear that all these places provide a lot of opportunities for different kinds of sports activities such as hiking and biking, extreme sports, rafting, kayaking, etc.
\nIt is also important to mention the fact that except for the already mentioned centers, the quality of other capacities in Montenegro should be further improved by the introduction of different programs such as wellness; spa; recreation programs such as massages, saunas, fitness, and yoga; weight loss programs; etc. In that sense, building fitness wellness centers is no longer a factor of comparative advantage, but a necessary prerequisite for competitiveness on the market and the key factor for the extension of the tourist season itself [18].
\nThe aim of this study was to identify the main internal strengths and weaknesses of Montenegro, as well as external opportunities and threats that may have influence of its future development as sports and health tourist destination. The analyses of the results of the survey and their appropriate interpretation in combination with analysis of trends and perspectives on international tourism market led to preliminary conclusions related to positioning of Montenegro as sports and health tourism destination.
\nThe general conclusion is that Montenegro has extremely valuable natural resources and potentials for development of sports and health tourism, as well as that all trends and perspectives on international tourism market will lead to the expansion of these types of tourism in the future. But, it also may be concluded that although natural resources are very important for development of sports and health tourism, they are neither sufficient nor the only resource of its future development—there is still a lot of work that should be done in the future from many different points of view. Because of that, it should work very intensively on continuous improvement of quality of these types of tourism and their promotion which could contribute not only to solving many problems of the destination such as seasonality, distribution of tourists regarding place and time, tourism overcome, etc. but to its better positioning as high-quality sports and health tourism destination on international market as well.
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Because additional advantages are achieved when the EQA results are integrated in the quality management system of the laboratory, a procedure is proposed. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},subseries:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",annualVolume:11397,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"