\r\n\tFurthermore, during the preparation of high-quality dairy products, several physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial transformations take place. We will consciously focus on this interaction of different constituents of milk under different processing conditions for the development of the products.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-093-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-092-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-094-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"420e687768b56ca7b3238d77f63f1302",bookSignature:"Dr. Neelam Upadhyay",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12173.jpg",keywords:"Protein, Fat, Lactose, Carbohydrates, Milk Processing, Milk Products, Milk Constituents, Acid Coagulated, Enzyme Treated, Heat Treated, Dairy Products, Protocols of Manufacturing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Upadhyay has received many awards most notable being the Young Woman Scientist Award 2020 from the Agro-Environmental Development Society and the Best Poster Award 2021 from the National Conference on Moringa Food Conclave 2021. She is a dedicated researcher in food and dairy processing and has published many research articles and papers in both national and international journals and publications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"269538",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",middleName:null,surname:"Upadhyay",slug:"neelam-upadhyay",fullName:"Neelam Upadhyay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/269538/images/system/269538.jpg",biography:"BRIEF BIODATA\n1.\tName in full: Neelam Upadhyay \n2.\tDate & Place of Birth: 29th December, 1987 at Delhi\n3.\tField of specialization: Food Technology\n4.\tPresent Position/ Designation: Scientist- Senior Scale\n5.\tAddress:\t(a)\tOfficial:\tTel. No.:0184-2259258\n\t\t\t\tE-mail: \ticar.neelam@gmail.com; neelam.upadhyay@icar.gov.in \n\t\t\t\tAddress: \tLaboratory No. 146, Dairy Technology Division, ICAR- \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNational Dairy Research Institute, Karnal \n\t\t\t(b)\tResidential: Tel. No.: +91-9255772587\n\tAddress (Permanent): 41-D, MIG DDA Flats, Shivam Enclave, Delhi-110032\n6.\t(a) Academic career and (b) professional attainments\n(a) Examination\tClass/ Percentage\tYear of Passing\tSubjects Taken\tName of University / Board\nXth \t1st/83\n(415/500)\t2003\tMathematics, Social Science, Science, English, Hindi\tK.V., Mumbai (CBSE)\nXIIth\t1st/78.2 \n(391/500)\t2005\tPhysics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, English\tK.V., Delhi (CBSE)\nB.A.Sc. (Hons.)\t1st/83.43 (2044/2450)\n(3rd position)\t2008\tFood Technology\tSRCASW, University of Delhi, Delhi\nM.Sc.\t1st/8.62\n(1st position)\t2010\tFood Science & Technology\tCCS Har. Agri. Uni., Hisar, Haryana\nTitle of Research:\tDevelopment of flavoured whey-soya milk beverage\nMajor Advisor:\tDr. R. S. Dabur (Professor and Head)\nPh.D.\t1st/8.0\n(1st position)\t2014\tDairy Chemistry\tNational Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana\nTitle of Research: \tDetection of vegetable oil and animal body fat adulteration in ghee using solvent fractionation technique\nMajor Advisor:\tDr. Darshan Lal (Principal Scientist and Ex-Head)\nDistinctions during Academics\nDegree\tDistinctions\nBachelor of Applied Science (Hons.)\ti.\tY.K. Kapoor Memorial Scholarship 2006 by All India Food Processor’s Association \nii.\t3rd position in university\niii.\tReceived highest attendance award\niv.\tReceived trophy for ‘Most Disciplined Student’ for the graduation period 2005-2008\nv.\tCertificate of Honor from Honb’le Mr. Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, Chief Justice of India\nMaster of Science\ti.\t1st position in discipline and 2nd position in college\nii.\tReceived recognition for academic excellence from Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund; \niii.\tQualified GATE\niv.\t2nd in inter-college yoga competition\nv.\tParticipated in various events of All India Youth Festival organized at UAS, Bangalore.\nDoctor of Philosophy\ti.\tReceived Merit Certificate for Academic Excellence in PhD course work\nii.\tReceived Certificate of Appreciation for outstanding work in the field of Dairy Processing during PhD\niii.\tQualified ICAR’s National Eligibility Test in 2010; Qualified the ICAR’s All India Examination, ICAR-SRF (PGS_-2011-2012 for award of ICAR-SRF (PGS) with 2nd rank (both in first attempt) \niv.\tQualified Agricultural Research Service Examination-2013 conducted by Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board against the single vacancy (for UR) in the discipline of Food Technology\nv.\tStage Management Secretary of student’s council 2010-11\nvi.\tLiterary secretary of Student’s Council 2011-12\nvii.\tCompleted certificate e-course on “Publishing a Journal Manuscript - the Groundwork” directed by Springer in 2013\nviii.\tHave successfully completed certificate e-course – “Peer Review Academy” directed by Springer in 2013\nix.\tReceived a certificate on accomplishment IRIS 4-2 Information Literacy Plagiarism Quiz (on-line) in 2013 developed by Distance Learning Council of Washington, USA \n (b) Position Held\tInstitution \tPeriod of Appointment\tNature of Appointment\nScientist (Food Technology)\tICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad\t3 months\n(1st January, 2015 till 31st March, 2015)\tPermanent\n(Received ‘A’ grade for FOCARS)\nScientist \n(Food Technology)\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\t10th March, 2015 till 31st December, 2018\n(after availing 10 days of transfer period)\tPermanent\nScientist-Senior Scale\n(Food Technology)\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\t1st January, 2019 till date\tPermanent\n\n7. Special attainments in Research\n(https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?hl=en&user=PRz0Tz4AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate)\nPublications\tNumbers\tRemarks \nResearch Articles\t35\n(24 Intl, 9 National, 2 others)\tTotal Impact: 72.302\n\nBook Chapters\t7\t5 APA/CRC Press; 1 InTech Open; \n1 National\nReview Articles\t2\tTotal Impact:8.327\nTechnical Articles\t7\tCompendium of trainings, seminars, etc\nInstitute publication\t1\t\nPopular Article\t12\t6 in English; 5 in hindi\nCitations \t1066\t(as per googlescholar)\nH-index/ i10-index\t15/ 17\t\n.\n.\nJournal\tNumber of publications\tImpact factor\nResearch Articles\t35\t72.302\nInternational\t24 (15 as either corresponding or first author)\t72.302\nNational\t9 (3 as first or corresponding author)\tNAAS score\nOthers\t2\t\nReview article (International)\t2\t8.327\nInternational\t2\t8.327\n.\n \n\n\n\nRESEARCH ARTICLES\nInternational Journals \n1.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K. (2022). Stability assessment of emulsion of carotenoids extracted from carrot bio-waste in flaxseed oil and its application in food model system. Food Bioscience, 47, 101631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101631.\n2.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., Khetra, Y., Singh, A. K., & Borad, S. G. (2021). Buffalo milk protein concentrate 60: Effect of skim milk heat treatment on its reconstitutability and functionality. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 148, 111638. \n3.\tUttamrao, H. J., Meena, G. S., Khetra, Y., Upadhyay, N., Singh, A. K., Arora, S., & Borad, S. G. (2022). Homogenization and sodium hydrogen phosphate induced effect on physical and rheological properties of ultrafilterd concentrated milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(3), 956-967. \n4.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Malhotra, R. (2021). Three way ANOVA for emulsion of carotenoids extracted in flaxseed oil from carrot bio-waste. Waste Management, 121, 67-76. \n5.\tRanvir, S., Sharma, R., Gandhi, K., Upadhyay, N., Mann, B. (2020). Assessment of proteolysis in ultra-high temperature milk using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 73(2): 366-375. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12683. \n6.\tPonbhagavathi, T.R., Singh, A.K., Raju, P.N., Upadhyay, N. (2020). High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of available lysine in milk protein-maize composite extrudates and its stability during storage. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 97(11a), 2344-2350\n7.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K., Meena, G. S., & Arora, S. (2019). Organic solvent-free extraction of carotenoids from carrot bio-waste and its physico-chemical properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-10. 10.1007/s13197-019-03920-5\n8.\tBaria, B., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K., & Malhotra, R. K. (2019). Optimization of ‘green’extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp using split plot design and its characterization. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 104, 186-194. \n9.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., Khetra, Y., Borad, S. G., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Effect of change in pH, heat treatment and diafiltration on properties of medium protein buffalo milk protein concentrate. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(3), 1462-1472. \n10.\tUttamrao, H. J., Meena, G. S., Borad, S. G., Punjaram, S. A., Khetra, Y., Upadhyay, N., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Effect of disodium phosphate and homogenization on physico-chemical and rheological properties of buffalo skim milk based ultrafiltered retentate. Journal of food science and technology, 56(5), 2426-2435. \n11.\tMeena, G.S., Dewan, A., Upadhyay, N., Barapatre, R., Kumar, N., Singh, A.K., & Rana, J.S. (2019). Fuzzy Analysis of Sensory Attributes of Gluten Free Pasta Prepared From Brown Rice, Amaranth, Flaxseed Flours and Whey Protein Concentrates. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 2(1), 022-037. DOI: 10.26502/jfsnr.2642-1100006\n12.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N.*, Khetra, Y., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Production and characterization of milk protein concentrates 60 (MPC60) from buffalo milk. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 91, 368-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.028 \n13.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Jaiswal, P., & Jha, S. N. (2018). Application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) in MIR range coupled with chemometrics for detection of pig body fat in pure ghee (heat clarified milk fat). Journal of Molecular Structure, 1153, 275-281. \n14.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar A., Goyal A. and Lal, D. (2017). Complete liquification time test coupled with solvent fractionation technique to detect adulteration of foreign fats in ghee (heat-clarified milk fat). International Journal of Dairy Technology. 70(1): 110-118. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12323. \n15.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal A., Kumar A. and Lal, D. (2017). Detection of adulteration of caprine body fat and mixture of caprine body fat and groundnut oil in bovine and buffalo ghee using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 70(2): 297-303. May 2017.doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12336. \n16.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N.*, Ghai, D.L., Kumar, A. Gandhi, K. and Sharma, V. (2016). Effect of preparation and storage of khoa on physico-chemical properties of milk fat. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 69(2): 294-300. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12266. \n17.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Jaiswal, P. & Jha, S.N. (2016). Detection of goat body fat adulteration in pure ghee using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric strategy. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 53 (10): 3752-3760. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2353-2 ISSN 0022-1155\n18.\tRathi, M., Upadhyay, N.*, Dabur, R.S. and Goyal A. (2015). Formulation and physic-chemical analysis of whey –soymilk dahi. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(2): 968-975. doi 10.1007/s13197-013-1074-z. ISSN: 0022-1155. \n19.\tKanthale, P., Kumar, A. Upadhyay, N.*, Lal, D., Rathod G. and Sharma, V. (2015). Qualitative test for the detection of extraneous Thiocyanate in Milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(3): 1698-1704. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1174-9. ISSN: 0022-1155.\n20.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Singh, A.K., Arora, S. and Ghai, D.L. (2015). Development of stable flaxseed oil emulsions as a potential delivery system of ω-3 fatty acids. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(7):4256-4265. \n21.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Rathod, G., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2015). Development of a method employing reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography for establishing milk fat purity with respect to adulteration with vegetable oils. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 68(2): 207-217. doi. 10.1111/1471-0307.12178. \n22.\tGoyal, A., Siddiqui, S. Upadhyay, N., Soni, J. (2014). Effects of ultraviolet irradiation, pulsed electric field, hot water and ethanol vapours treatment on functional properties of mung bean sprouts. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(4): 708-714. doi 10.1007/s13197-011-0538-2. Publisher Springer. ISSN (electronic version): 0975-8402. \n23.\tKundu, H., Grewal, R.B., Goyal, A., Upadhyay, N.*, and Prakash S. (2014). Effect of incorporation of pumpkin (Cucurbita moshchata) powder and guar gum on the rheological properties of wheat flour. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(10):2600-2607. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0777-x. ISSN: 0022-1155. \n24.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2014). A planar chromatographic method to detect adulteration of vegetable oils in ghee. JPC-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC. 27 (6): 431-437. DOI: 10.1556/JPC.27.2014.6.5 \nNational Journals\n1.\tPonbhagavathi, T. R., Singh, A. K., Raju, P. N., Upadhyay, N. (2021). Textural and Sensory Characteristics of Milk Protein-Maize Flour-based Extrudates. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 58(2), 124-136. 10.52151/jae2021581.1740\n2.\tPonbhagavathi, T.R., Singh, A.K., Raju, P.N., Upadhyay, N. (2020). Effect of Rennet Casein and Whey Protein Concentrate on Extrusion Behavior of Maize Flour. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 39(33), 16-27, Article no.CJAST.57830.\n3.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Lal, D., Kant, R., & Goyal, A. (2018). Detection of groundnut oil and goat body fat adulteration in ghee using principal component analysis on fatty acid profile. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 71(5):464-472. \n4.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Gandhi, K., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2014). Standardization of solvent fractionation technique for detection of adulteration in ghee by enriching animal body fat and vegetable oil in different fractions. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (4):323-327.\n5.\tGandhi. K., Upadhyay, N., Aghav, A.D., Sharma, V., and Lal, D. (2014). Detection of adulteration of ghee (clarified milk fat) with palmolein and sheep body fat using Reichert-Meissl (RM) value coupled with solvent fractionation technique. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67(5): 387-393. Received Second Best Paper Award during 44th Dairy Industry Conference organized by ICAR-NDRI, Karnal and Indian Dairy Association from 18-20, February 2016.\n6.\tAghav, A.D., Gandhi, K., Upadhyay, N., Kumar, A. and Lal, D. (2014). A study on the physico-chemical changes occurring in the milk fat during preparation of Paneer. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (5): 398-404.\n7.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., Gandhi, K., Lal, D. and Sharma, V. (2013). Detection of soybean oil and buffalo depot fat in ghee using Normal-Phase Thin Layer Chromatography. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 66(4): 294-99. ISSN: 0019-5146.\n8.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., Gandhi, K., Kumar, A., Lal, D. and Sharma, V. (2013). Reverse-Phase Thin Layer Chromatography of Unsaponifiable Matter of ghee for detecting adulteration with soybean oil and buffalo depot fat. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 66(6): 496-501. ISSN: 0019-5146.\n9.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Dabur R.S. and Rathi, M. (2011). Development and Shelf life Study of Flavoured Whey-soya milk beverage. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 64(2): 92-101. ISSN: 0019-5146.\nOther Journals\n1.\tDewan, A., Meena, G.S., Upadhyay, N., Barapatre, R. Singh, A.K., Rana, J.S. (2017). Formulation of non-Gluten Pasta from the Optimized levels of Dairy and Non-Dairy ingredients. Madridge Journal of Food Technology. 2(2): 92–98. \n2.\tGalmessa, U., Prasad, S., Kumaresan, A., Oberoi, P. S., Baithalu, R. K., Upadhyay, N., and Dang, A. K. (2015). Modulation of Milk Fatty acid profile milk yield and composition through supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid in transition cow’s diet. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development. 3(1): 25-38. ISSN: 2070-1748\nREVIEW ARTICLES\n1.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal, A. Kumar, A., Lal, D. and Singh, D. (2014). Preservation of milk and milk products for analytical purposes: A review. Food Reviews International. 30(3):203-224. DOI 10.1080/87559129.2014.913292. ISSN: 1525-6103\n2.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Gill, S. and Sihag, M. (2014). Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(9): 1633-1653. DOI 10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9. ISSN: 0975-8402. \nBOOK CHAPTERS\n1.\tKumari, L., Sharma, M., & Upadhyay, N. (2021). Three-Dimensional Printing of Food Products: Printing Techniques, Novel Applications, and Printable Food Materials. Handbook of Research on Food Processing and Preservation Technologies: Volume 3: Computer-Aided Food Processing and Quality Evaluation Techniques, 55. Boca Raton, CRC Press\n2.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Harshitha, C. G., Pathak, N. K., & Sharma, R. (2021). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy with Chemometrics: Evaluation of Food Quality and Safety. Handbook of Research on Food Processing and Preservation Technologies: Volume 5: Emerging Techniques for Food Processing, Quality, and Safety Assurance, 271.\n3.\tNagarajappa, V., Upadhyay, N., Chawla, R., Mishra, S.K., & Nath, S. (2019). Functional Properties of Milk Proteins. In: Engineering Practices for milk products- Dairyceuticals, Novel Technologies, and Quality (pp 3-26). Apple Academic Press.\n4.\tUpadhyay, N., Kumar, M. C. T., Sharma, H., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Pulse Electric Field Processing of Milk and Milk Products. In: Non-thermal Processing of Foods (pp.129-144). Boca Raton, CRC Press\n5.\tUpadhyay, N., Nagaraj, V., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Advances in Fractionation of Milk Lipids: Analysis and Applications of fractions In: Recent Technologies in Dairy Science (pp. 325-344). Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.\n6.\tNagaraj, V., Upadhyay, N.*, Nath, B. S., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Advances in Fractionation and Analysis of Milk Carbohydrates. In Technological Approaches for Novel Applications in Dairy Processing (pp. 127-147). IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76312\n7.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Veena, N., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2017). Application of Natural Antioxidants in Dairy Foods. In Natural Antioxidants (pp. 281-318). London: Apple Academic Press.\nINSTITUTE PUBLICATION\n1.\tDr. T. K. Datta, Dr. Meena Malik and Dr. Neelam Upadhyay (2017). Foundation Programme for Freshers at ICAR-NDRI 2017.\nPOPULAR AND LEAD ARTICLES\n1.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., & Singh, A.K. (2017). Milk protein concentrates- Their Applications. Indian Dairyman, 69(9), 44-48.\n2.\tUpadhyay, N.* and R.K. Malik (2015). Nutritive Value of Milk. In: In Touch, Heinz Nutrition Foundation of India. Volume 17, Number 2&3, 2-11. (Lead Article). \n3.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Sihag, M. and Kaushik, R. (2013). High Pressure Processing and its impact on milk proteins: A Review. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2 (1): 1-9. ISSN: 2319-3409.\n4.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., and Naagar, S. (2012). Allergenicity of Milk Proteins, and its Management. Indian Food Industry. 31 (5&6): 45-50. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n5.\tGoyal, A. and Upadhyay, N. (2012). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dairy Science. Indian Food Industry. 31(1): 39-45. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n6.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal, A. and Rathod, G. (2011). Microwave Spectroscopy and its applications in online processing. Indian Food Industry. 30(5&6): 63-73. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n7.\tउपाध्याय, नी*. (२०१८) भारत में कुपोषण: स्थिति और इससे निपटने के लिए रणनीतियाँ. दुग्ध—गंगा (आठवाँ अंक). अप्रैल-सितम्बर. २४-२९. \n8.\tउपाध्याय, नी.*, सिंह, आ.कु., गांगुली, स., सबिखी, ल. (२०१८) खाध्य और डेयरी क्षेत्र मे महिला उद्यमिता: कारण, समस्याए एवम उपलब्ध मंच. दुग्ध—गंगा (आठवाँ अंक). अप्रैल-सितम्बर. ६४-६९.\n9.\tउपाध्याय, नी*. (२०१९) ek¡ dk nw/k % f'k'kqvksa ds ekufld] 'kkjhfjd ,oa lkekftd mRFkku gsrq ve`r. दुग्ध—गंगा (नवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १०२-१०४.\n10.\tउपाध्याय, नी*, fç;k ;koys (२०१९) [kk| inkFkksaZ esa —f=e ds cnys çk—frd jax o.kZd ds mi;ksx dh vko';drk दुग्ध—गंगा (दसवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १०२-१०५.\n11.\tuhye mikè;k;, fuys'k dqekj ikBd (२०१९) d`f\"k] [kk| ,oa Ms;jh m|ksx ds Hkfo\"; eas lkSj ÅtkZ dk egRo दुग्ध—गंगा (दसवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १२६-१३०. \n12.\tवैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी विषय के मूल हिंदी लेख जोकि गेहूँ एवम् जौ स्वर्णिमा में प्रकाशित हुए: उपाध्याय, नी*, राकेश कुमार (2020) महिला उद्यमिता के माध्यम से महिला सशक्तिकरण. गेहूँ एवम् जौ स्वर्णिमा (बारहवााँ अंक), पृष्ठ सं. 55-58; भाकृअनुप- भारतीय गेहूँ एवम् जौ अनुसंधान संस्थान, करनाल- १३२००१ द्वारा प्रकाशित\n\n8. Concepts/Processes/Products/Technologies/Patents/Others\n(i)\tConcepts \nCurrently, I am working on the integrated approach of application of green technology for the development of functional foods by utilizing under-utilized/ indigenous fruits and vegetables and/ or bio-waste. In the research projects, I am also keenly working on food chemistry and instrumental food analysis and applications of technologies/ products in dairy and non-dairy products. \nBesides this, I am working on development of functional food for addressing menopausal symptoms in osteopenic mice model. \n(ii)\tProducts/ Technologies ready for commercialization- 5\n1. Production of Milk Protein Concentrate 60 (MPC60), a high protein low lactose powder from buffalo milk (Co-Inventor)\n2. Technology for omega-3 rich mixed fat table spread (Inventor)\n3. Lipid and water soluble yellow natural colouring ingredient from bio-waste (Inventor)\n4. Technology for preparation of encapsulated flaxseed oil for its applications in foods (Inventor)\n5. Production of buffalo milk based Milk Protein Concentrate 60 (MPC60) powder with improved solubility (Co-Inventor)\n(iii) Expertise on\n1.Gas Liquid Chromatography\t5.Thin Layer Chromatography\n2.Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy\t6. Spectrophotometry\n3.Differential Scanning Calorimetry\t7.Chemical analysis including titration, distillation, etc.\n4.High Pressure Liquid Chromatography\t\n\n\n9. List of completed, on-going and submitted projects\nTitle of Project\tDuration\tRole\tFunding\tStatus\tRemarks\nEffect of storage on Baudouin test, sesamin test and RP-TLC test to detect adulteration of vanaspati and vegetable oils in ghee\t2015-2017\tCo-PI\tICAR-NDRI\n\tCompleted\tTwo research articles on RP-TLC\nPreparation and Characterization of Micro/nano delivery systems for “green” carotenoids\t2016-2019\tPI\t-Do-\t\t3 research articles+ 3 products/ technologies\nTechnology Development for the Production of Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC60) From Buffalo Milk\t2016-2019\tCo-PI\t-Do-\t\t4 research articles+ 2 products/ technologies\nTechnology of Goat Milk based Functional Beverage\t2017-2020\tCo-PI\t-Do-\t\tOne oral presentation\nTechnology for Moringa oleifera enriched cheese spread\t2020-2023\tPI\t-Do-\tOn-going\tCharacterization and incorporation of M. oleifera- pods in cheese spread is complete; shelf life study and animal trial is in progress\nDevelopment of flaxseed-rich probiotic dairy foods to address menopause symptoms\t2020-2023\tCo-PI\tDST\t\tDeveloped method -estimation of phytoestrogen; validation -in progress\nNutritional and therapeutic validation of chhachh and ghee prepared from indigenous cows by traditional method\tThree years (proposed)\tPI\tSEED Division, DST\tSubmitted \n \t\nCharacterization of Moringa oleifera leaves for functional bioactives and its application in table spread as model food system\tThree years (proposed)\tPI\tSYST, DST\t\t\nOther research work: \nDetection of adulteration of goat body fat and pig body fat in ghee using ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics; carried out during Professional Attachment Training at ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana\n\n\n\n10. Awards & honours \nName of Award\tYear\tAwarding Agency\nBest Paper Award\t2022\tGSAT (Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions Self-Assessment Team), NDRI\nBest Poster Award\t2021\tNational Conference on Moringa Food Conclave-2021\nYoung Woman Scientist Award\t2020\tAgro Environmental Development Society during International Web-conference \nSecond Best Poster Award\t2020\tIndian Dairy Association\nCommendation certificate for Institute’s Magazine in which I am co-Editor\t2020\tTown Official Language Implementation Committee, Karnal\nLetter of Appreciation to editorial board of Institute’s magazine for receiving ICAR’s Second Prize and Trophy under Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Hindi Patrika Puraskar (2018-19)\t2020\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\nAssociate Fellowship\t2019\tNational Academy of Dairy Science India\nFirst Prize in E-poster \t2018\tIndian Dairy Association\nOne Best oral Presentation\t2018\tHome Science Association of India\nBest Oral Presentation to my Master’s student\t2018\tICMR- National Institute of Nutrition\nBest Poster Award\t2016\tIndian Dairy Association\nSecond Best Paper Award\t2016\tIndian Dairy Association\nICAR-SRF (PGS) with 2nd rank\t2011-12\tICAR\nGATE (Engg Sciences: Food Tech; Thermodynamics)\t2010\tMHRD, GoI\nInstitution level awards\nThird prize in poster presentation \t2021\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\nInstitute’s Rajbhasha Gaurav Certificate\t2020\t\nFirst prize in Scientific and Technical writing\t2019\t\nConsolation prize in Scientific and Technical writing \t2020, 2019 \t\nFirst prize in Poster Presentation- 2020, 2018, 2017\t\t\nThird prize in poster presentation\t2019\t\nFirst Prize in hindi extempore\t2017\t\nThird, first and second prize in hindi essay writing in consecutive years – 2020, 2019, 2018\t\t\n\n\n11. Teaching Assignments \n(a) Teaching: Actively involved either as course in-charge or associate \nClass\tB.Tech (DT)\tMSc/ MTech\n(FT) (till 2021)\tM.Tech (DT)\tPhD (DT/ DC/ FSQA)\nNo. of courses\t1-2\t2-3\t0-1\t2-3\nDT- Dairy Technology, DC- Dairy Chemistry, FT- Food Technology, FSQA- Food Safety Quality Assurance\n(b) Student’s guided\nDegree\tMajor Advisor \tCo-Advisory\tStatus/ Remarks\nM. Tech (DT)\t8\t2\tCompleted\n\t1\t0\tOn going\nM. Tech/ M Sc (FT/ FSN)\t2\t1\tCompleted\nM. Tech (DC)\t0\t3\tCompleted\nM. Tech (DM)\t0\t1\tCompleted\nPhD (DT)\t2 \t0\tOngoing \n\t0\t2\tCompleted\nPhD (DC)\t0\t1 \tCompleted\n\t\t1\tOn going\ni.\tThree students under my guidance as major advisor and one student as co-advisory member nominated for Best thesis award; \nii.\tOne represented NDRI at zonal-level student research convention ANVESHAN-2018\n\n12. Lectures/ member/convener of committees: \ni.\tLectures: \na.\tEntrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) (conducted by SINED-TBI/BPD unit, ICAR-NDRI) and Online Training of Master Trainers on Fat and Oilseed processing conducted by SINED-TBI/BPD unit (ICAR-CIPHET); \nb.\tStudent’s Counselling session at SRCASW, University of Delhi, \nc.\tWorkshop conducted at DAV college, Karnal, etc\nd.\tDelivered talks at various villages on the importance of mother’s milk, nutrition in first 1000 days of an infant’s life, nutri-thali, etc\nii.\tTraining Organized: \na.\tTwenty one days Training at Centre for Advanced Faculty Training (DT Division) on ‘R & D strategies and interventions for effective agribusiness and entrepreneurship development in dairy and food sector’; \nb.\tone/two months or shorter duration trainings for students and others under BPD unit and KVK, NDRI, Karnal\nc.\tFive days training on the aspects of dairy processing to the farmers of Karnal district. \niii.\tGeneral Secretary, Staff Club, NDRI, Karnal\niv.\tMember: Student Empowerment Unit, Conferences organized from 2015 till 2018, convocation, credit seminar evaluation committees; Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav program, Farmer’s First Door programme, Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan, coordinator and mentor of different groups for organizing Foundation Program-2017, 2018, Nodal officer of Poshan Maah-2020 etc\nv.\tConvener/ Rapporteur of sessions: Conference, Dr. K. K. Iya Memorial oration; International conference of Proteomics Society of India\nvi.\tOther responsibilities: Management Representative of QMS-IS/ISO 9001:2008 and HACCP- IS 15000:2013 of Experimental Dairy (essential part of institute) until Jan 2019; one of the editors of Institute hindi magazine Dudgh Ganga which also received coveted award from ICAR (until 2019).\nvii.\tResource Generation on account of consultancy provided in field of dairy processing and by conducting sponsored trainings \nMore than ₹ 2 50 000/- (Two lakhs fifty thousand only)\nviii.\tBesides research, teaching and extension activities, I am also involved in promotion of Hindi language and have won several prizes during competitions (like extempore, essay, e-mail writing) organized by Official Language Units.\nix.\tLifetime Member of three scientific bodies: Indian Dairy Association- RE/NZ/LM/10852/HR; Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (INDIA)- AFST/LM/9-2018/KRN/2444; Lifetime member of Home Science Association of India; Membership number: HSAI-2017-HR-127-LF\nx.\tReviewed research papers of Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (Elsevier), LWT, International Journal of Food Properties, Indian Journal of Dairy Science, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, United Scientific Group, etc. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDated: 12-04-2022\t \nNeelam Upadhyay",institutionString:"National Dairy Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72980",title:"Review on Natural Dyes for Textiles from Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93178",slug:"review-on-natural-dyes-for-textiles-from-wastes",body:'\n\n
1. Introduction
\n
Natural dyes have the advantage of having a renewable source and are bio-gradable in nature having low environmental impact [1], but are still associated with problems of poor to moderate colour fastness [2], absence of standardised procedure for extraction and application [3], non-reproducibility of shades [2], pollution caused by use of metallic mordants [4], high energy consumption during extraction and exhaust dyeing [5] and, high cost [6]. Natural dyes also have a significantly lower affinity for fibres resulting in lower dye-exhaustion from the dye-bath on to the fibre surface [7]. Several efforts have been undertaken all over the world to address these shortcomings of natural dyes and find suitable alternative sources in view of the tremendous environmental advantages that they offer. Moreover, the content of the colour component in most natural dyes is a tiny percentage of its total solid weight and large quantities of the dye source are needed to colour small quantities of the textile material. For this, enormous amounts of the dye source has to be procured, which may lead to overexploitation of natural resources; specifically, if they are from the vegetable or animal origin. This would also threaten some endangered vegetal and animal species [8]. In this respect, use of a waste material that are available at no or little cost to dye textiles would expectedly make the process of natural dyeing cost-effective and at the same time bring about increased sustainability in the textile dyeing operations.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFibres | \nControl (with dyeing and mordanting) | \nFabric dyed with grape pomace extract without the use of any mordants | \nFabric simultaneously dyed with grape pomace extract and mordanted with aluminium sulphate | \nFabric simultaneously dyed with grape pomace extract and mordanted with ferrous sulphate | \n
\n\n\n\nCotton | \n5 | \n25 | \n40 | \n35 | \n
\n\nWool | \n5 | \n30 | \n50+\n | \n50+\n | \n
\n\nSilk | \n2 | \n18 | \n24 | \n40 | \n
\n\nPolyamide | \n20 | \n26 | \n40 | \n35 | \n
\n\nAcrylic | \n25 | \n30 | \n30 | \n50+\n | \n
\n\n
Table 1.
UPF rating of fabric composed of different fibres before and after dyeing with grape pomace extract with and without metallic mordants [58].
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\nConditions of dyeing of silk | \nConcentration of the extracts | \n
\n\n | \n3 g/l | \n5 g/l | \n
\n\n\n\nOnly pomegranate peel extract | \n2.4 × 106 (96.1%) | \n2.1 × 106 (96.6%) | \n
\n\nOnly onion peel extract | \n2.8 × 106 (95.5%) | \n2.5 × 106 (96.0%) | \n
\n\nCombination of pomegranate peel and onion peel extracts in the following ratios | \n | \n | \n
\n\n25:75 | \n2.0 × 106 (97.1%) | \n1.9 × 106 (97.0%) | \n
\n\n50:50 | \n1.4 × 106 (97.7%) | \n1.2 × 106 (98.1%) | \n
\n\n75:25 | \n1.7 × 106 (97.3%) | \n1.6 × 106 (97.4%) | \n
\n\n
Table 2.
Bacterial count (CFU/ml) and percentage reduction of E. coli on silk fabric dyed with a single and combination of purified extracts of pomegranate peel and onion peel [65].
Data in parenthesis corresponds to the percentage in reduction.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDye Concentration | \nK/S at λmax\n | \nLF | \nWash Fastness (ISO-II) | \nRubbing Fastness | \n
\n\n | \n | \n | \nLoD | \nST | \nDry | \nWet | \n
\n\n\n\n\nExhaust method (using 80 gpl of aqueous extract at standardise condition of dyeing) | \n8.2 | \n3–4 | \n1–2 | \n4 | \n3 | \n4 | \n
\n\n\nPad-Dry-Cure (using 5 gpl of purified dye) | \n2.7 | \n2–3 | \n1 | \n4 | \n4 | \n4 | \n
\n\n\nPad-Batch-Dry (using 5 gpl of purified dye)10.9 | \n2–3 | \n2 | \n3 | \n3 | \n2–3 | \n | \n
\n\n
Table 3.
Surface color strength and color fastness properties of pre-mordanted silk fabric exhaust-dyed, dyed by the pad-dry-cure and pad-batch-dry method with purified extract of onion peel.
LF—light fastness, LoD—loss in dept. of shade, ST—extent of staining on cotton
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVarying parameters\n | \n\n\nK/S\n at λmax\n | \n\nCDI\n | \n\nRCR (CDImax - CDImin) | \n
\n\n\n\nDegummed and alum pre-mordanted silk (CONTROL) | \n1.00 | \n— | \n— | \n
\n\nVariation in Time\n | \n | \n | \n | \n
\n\n 15 min | \n1.8 | \n55.8 | \n49.44 | \n
\n\n 30 min | \n1.6 | \n11.3 | \n | \n
\n\n 45 min | \n1.8 | \n26.2 | \n | \n
\n\n 60 min | \n1.8 | \n17.5 | \n | \n
\n\n 75 min | \n1.8 | \n23.1 | \n | \n
\n\n 90 min | \n1.8 | \n6.3 | \n | \n
\n\nVariation in Temperature\n | \n | \n | \n | \n
\n\n RT °C | \n1.2 | \n67.6 | \n66.37 | \n
\n\n 40 °C | \n1.5 | \n3.2 | \n | \n
\n\n 60 °C | \n1.5 | \n1.3 | \n | \n
\n\n 80 °C | \n1.6 | \n3.6 | \n | \n
\n\n 100°C | \n2.0 | \n4.4 | \n | \n
\n\nVariation in \npH\n | \n | \n | \n | \n
\n\n 2 | \n5.9 | \n9.6 | \n109.01 | \n
\n\n 4 | \n5.2 | \n110.1 | \n | \n
\n\n 7 | \n2.0 | \n101.9 | \n | \n
\n\n 9 | \n1.9 | \n3.2 | \n | \n
\n\n 11 | \n1.3 | \n1.1 | \n | \n
\n\nVariation in MLR\n | \n | \n | \n | \n
\n\n 1:10 | \n1.2 | \n0.0 | \n5.53 | \n
\n\n 1:20 | \n1.3 | \n0.3 | \n | \n
\n\n 1:30 | \n1.5 | \n3.3 | \n | \n
\n\n 1:40 | \n1.9 | \n1.9 | \n | \n
\n\n 1:50 | \n1.7 | \n5.6 | \n | \n
\n\nVariation in DYE CONCENTRATION\n | \n | \n | \n | \n
\n\n 25% | \n1.2 | \n0.1 | \n4.02 | \n
\n\n 50% | \n1.2 | \n0.8 | \n | \n
\n\n 100% | \n1.6 | \n4.1 | \n | \n
\n\n 200% | \n1.8 | \n0.0 | \n | \n
\n\n 400% | \n2.16 | \n0.1 | \n | \n
\n\n 800% | \n2.39 | \n0.5 | \n | \n
\n\n
Table 4.
Color strength and color difference index of crepe silk fabric pre-mordanted with 25% (owf) aluminium sulphate and dyed with aqueous extract of almond shell using variable conditions of dyeing [19].
CDI—colour difference index postulated by Samanta et al. [69].
\n
Natural dyers have long used numerous parts of trees for dyeing textiles due to their rich tannin content, which can act as a dye or mordant [9, 10]. The use of different parts of a plant/tree to get dyestuff leads to the question of sustainability particularly if the dyestuff-source needs to be renewed and made viable for recurring usage. Production of the plant material for extraction of natural colourants must not compete with farming of crops for food production. Also, at present the production of natural dyes by direct farming, results in substantially high specific cost per kilogram of plant materials and correspondingly per kilogram of the dyed material [11]. The cost can be lowered by the use of by-products from agriculture and food industry, and wastes from forestry. Fruit of trees could be considered the most sustainable in this respect, with new produce grown each year and processed for value-addition and uneatable parts of the fruits like peels and seeds thrown away as waste. Agro-waste such as peels, shells, seeds, etc., are rich sources of pigments and natural dyes can be obtained from them. Sources such as pomegranate peels [12, 13], onion peels [14], leaves of eucalyptus [15], walnut husks [12, 16], walnut shells [6, 17, 18], almond shells [19], peanut shells [20], beetle nut [21], indigo seeds [22], mango seeds [23], tamarind seeds [24], safflower seeds [25], strawberries [26], beetroot [27], discarded/used marigold flowers [28], etc., have been explored for their use as natural colourants. Such studies are however limited and inadequate.
\n
Use of fallen leaves and branches having a rich dye content is another sustainable approach. While it’s possible to collect roots and bark from trees without harming the plant, it requires skill and detailed knowledge of a tree’s structural and nutritional needs and thus, is not recommended. A healthier practice would be to collect these items from trees that are already harvested for manufacturing or for timber control.
\n
At the same time, disposal of waste generated as by-products by the agriculture, forestry and industries pose a serious threat to the environment. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfills, wastes or by-product utilisation becomes an attractive alternative to direct disposal.
\n
Thus, a promising concept for production of natural dyes with lowered cost could involve the use of plant materials discarded as waste/by-products from different sources.
\n
\n
1.1 Waste from agriculture
\n
Agricultural wastes are non-product outputs resulting from various agricultural operations. Most of these wastes are discarded by burning and dumping or piling into landfills. This on one hand leads to wastage of resources, and on the other hand their disposal poses a serious threat to the environment. Effective utilisation of this agro-waste utilisation would not only address disposal issues, but also provide additional income to the farmers or processing industries that generate the waste [29].
\n
Agro-wastes may include, among other materials, harvest-wastes including barks, flowers, fruits, leaves, roots, woods and seeds yield dyes.
\n
Some studies in this area using agro-waste as natural dyes have already been undertaken. Wool yarns have been dyed with sawmill waste of regional dyewoods like Kansas black walnut (Juglans nigra), osage orange (Maclura pomifera) and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) [30]. Extracts from plants such as Albizia coriaria, Butea monosperma, Callistemon citrinus, Tagetes erecta L. and Camellia sinensis (oolong tea) have been studied and recommended as sources of natural dye for dyeing cotton fibres [7, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. Agricultural waste such as eggplant and mangosteen have also been reported as effective raw materials for the production of natural dyes [16, 36]. A wide range of shades with good fastness have been obtained using natural dye extracted from pomegranate peel extracts [4, 12, 13, 14, 36, 37]. Such peels have also been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties [38, 39] and good UPF properties [40]. Onion peels/scales have been used for dyeing [11, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Dyeing textiles with turmeric rhizome is well known, but use of the turmeric leaves discarded as waste to dye silk and cotton has also been explored in search of newer alternative and novel source for natural dyes [46]. Banana peel, an inexpensive by-product/waste has been used to dye cotton with excellent antibacterial activity and high UV protection properties [47, 48]. Banana floral stem sap has been used for dyeing cotton knitted fabric with good colour fastness properties barring light fastness [49]. Cotton has also been dyed with banana leaves [47]. Extracts from banana fruit peel has been used to dye mordanted cotton and silk [48]. Natural dyes from orange peel extract applied to wool fibres have a UV protective effect that is six times higher than that achieved with synthetic dyes [50]. Pashmina shawl with very good washing and light fastness has been dyed with petals of the saffron flower, which is thrown as a waste after harvesting [18].
\n
\n
\n
1.2 Waste from forestry
\n
Forestry operations can generate large quantities of brash wood chip, bark, fallen branches and leaves due to deforestation, woodland clearing and firebreaks from plants such as deodar, cedar, jackfruit, walnut and eucalyptus, etc., that can be utilised for textile colouration. Waste is also generated from timber industry in the form of saw dust, timber slash, extracted liquor from timber control and mill scrap. These residues are mostly used as a renewable energy source and in the making of bio-mass fuel and contain natural colouring pigments. Fallen leaves enrich soil, they can pose a threat to the environment as they can decay into harmful methane gas. Many of these leaves contain pigments that can dye textiles.
\n
Some studies have been undertaken to dye textiles with forest wastes. Eucalyptus liquid waste from lumber steaming has been used by to dye cotton [51]. Sawmill waste from Kansas black walnut, osage orange, and eastern red cedar timber have been used as dyestuffs for textiles [29]. Waste bark extracts from Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten) have been applied on cotton, flax, wool, tencel, polyamide and acrylic [46]. Silk and wool yarns have been dyed with extract from mango tree bark [52]. Cotton was dyed with colour extracted from eucalyptus bark [53, 54]. Silk and wool fibres have been dyed with using eucalyptus leaves [15].
\n
\n
\n
1.3 Waste from industry
\n
The food industry produces large quantities of liquid and solid wastes that are potential pollutants with associated disposal problems. These residues are used either as animal feed or are disposed or composted. However, wastes from pressed berries, grapes, distillation residues, wastes and peels from vegetable processing containing dyestuff are available at almost free cost.
\n
Some studies on the use of plant waste from the food and beverage industry could be suitable as a source for the natural dyeing of wool fibres [11, 55] have been reported.
\n
There is a need to explore the new sources of natural dyes. Although literature has reported use of agro, forest and industry wastes in dyeing of textile, research in this field is limited, scanty and sporadic. Also a common database on wastes used as natural dyes in dyeing textiles is not available. This chapter thus deals with few wastes that can be used as potential sources for textile colourants. Many of them are associated with multi-functional properties. Research already undertaken by people have been discussed in the form of case studies to provide a clear understanding of the waste source, its related composition and chemistry and effectiveness in imparting colour to textiles, sometimes with additional functional features.
\n
\n
\n\n
2. Case studies for specific natural dyes from waste
\n
\n
2.1 Grape
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Vitaceae; Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera L.; Common Name: Grape or angoor (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Grape pomace, comprising of seeds, stalks, grape marcs, lees and stems.
\n
\n
2.1.1 Occurrence
\n
Grapes belong to Vitaceae family and is cultivated mainly in the Mediterranean region, central Europe, south-western Asia, north and south Germany and eastern and northern Iran. About 5000–10,000 varieties of grapes are known of which only a few are of commercial significance and are used for eating (as a fruit) and for wine making. The fruit is classified as a berry and in the wild variety, are 6 mm diameter that ripen to give dark-purple to blackish colour. In cultivated plants, the berries are usually much larger, up to 3 cm long, and can be green, red, or blackish-purple.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.2 Chemical constitution
\n
Grape pomace potentially constitutes an abundant and relatively inexpensive source of polyphenols like phenolic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins and the colouring component in it is tannins (procyanidin, prodelphinidin, glucosylated procyanidin and gallated procyanidin) [56, 57].
\n
\n
\n
2.1.3 Waste generated for grapes
\n
Grape is one of the world’s largest fruit crops and the world wine manufacturing converts currently 10–25% of raw grapes into residues, known as pomace, mostly comprising of seeds, stalks, grape marcs, lees and stems [58]. Because of a low extraction during wine making, the solid residues still retain high levels of condensed tannins [57]. Though rich in polyphenolic compounds; the use of grape pomace or waste has been restricted to animal feed and fertilisers and in some cases they are simply dumped.
\n
\n\nCase study 1\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of wool, silk, acrylic and cationized cotton and polyamid fibres with aqueous-extract of grape pomace [58].
\nBaaka et al. [58] have explored the use of a by-product, pomace, abundantly available at relatively inexpensive costs, to dye natural fibres like cotton, wool and silk; and synthetic fibres like polyamide and acrylic using sulphate salts of alum and ferrous as mordants. Since cotton and acrylic are associated with poor affinity to dyes, they were subjected to additional pre-cationization process prior to mordanting for improving dyeability. Surface colour strength of the dyed fabric was found to improve with use of metallic mordants, and good fastness properties to rubbing (4–5), wash (4–5) and light (4) were obtained. Authors have concluded remarkable improvements in the UPF of the fabric dyed with grape pomace in the presence and absence of metallic mordants (\nTable 1\n).
\n\n
\n\nCase study 2\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of silk with anthocyanins extracted from grape pomace [59].
\nMansour et al. [59] have optimised the method for extracting natural dye from grape pomace, a winery waste and exhaust-dyeing silk with it using tannic acid (C76H32O46, Aldrich) as a natural mordant using the meta-mordanting process.
\nReporting that hydration of plant materials is important to enhance the overall extraction rate, the authors have used ethanol containing a weak acid like acetic acid to extract the more labile acylated anthocyanin pigment from Vitis vinifera L., leaves and have reported 60:40 as the optimal ratio of water-acidified ethanol mixture. Noting that anthocyanins are sensitive to temperature, a liner increase in yield was seen with rise in temperature and 32°C was found to be optimal for extraction. A time of 38 h was sufficient to swell and hydrate grape pomace permitting diffusion of the solvent into the plant matrix to leach out the pigment.
\nMordanting with tannic acid at 95°C showed an increase in K/S value, but it lowered the L* value. Positive a* and negative b* coordinate values of silk dyed with pomace extract indicates redness and blueness respectively and thus the extract rendered a purple and violet shade to the dyed silk fabric. The use of tannic acid at 85°C however increased the b* coordinate values giving a bronze shade. Due to the ionic character of the –OH groups in anthocyanine, the dye from pomace extract probably reacted ionically with the pronated terminal amino groups of the silk fibre in an acidic pH, giving high surface colour strength. Thus, dyeing at pH 2.5 was considered optimum. The authors have also found that dyeing without any salt gives highest surface colour strength.
\nThrough the use of Box–Behnken model of experimental design in response surface methodology (RSM), the authors have concluded that the optimal depth of shade on silk can be obtained at (a) 2.62 (pH), (b) 83.6°C (dyeing temperature), and (c) 0 gL−1 (salt concentration).
\nThe dyed silk showed good light, wash and rubbing fastness that improved through the use of a mordant. The use of tannic acid as a mordant specifically improved the light fastness of silk fabrics dyed with grape pomace and gave darker shades probably due to the effective cross-links formed between the silk fibres and anthocyanin of the dye facilitated by the high molecular weight phenolic hydroxyl group contained in the tannin (mordant).
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Pomegranate rind/peels
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Lythraceae; Botanical Name: Punica granatum L.; Common Name: Pomegranate or anar (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Outer rind/peels of the fruits.
\n
\n
2.2.1 Occurrence
\n
Pomegranate belongs to Punica Genus which has two species, the most important being Punica granatum L. and is found in the region extending from Iran to northern India. It is a fruit bearing deciduous and thorny plant which bears cone-shaped red flowers singly, or in clusters.
\n
The edible part of the pomegranate fruit (50%) consists of arils (40%) and seeds (10%). The remaining 50% of the total fruit weight comprises of tough, leathery and yellow or deep pink/red coloured peels.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.2 Chemical constitution
\n
The colouring matter from pomegranate peels consists of flavonoids (mostly flavan-3-ols or granatonine) and condensed tannins (26% of the total chemical composition) [60]. It also contains complex polysaccharides and many more compounds such as phenols, proanthocyanidin and ellagitannin (punicalagins and its isomers), low amounts of punicalin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and ellagic acid glycosides [61].
\n
\n
\n
2.2.3 Waste generated for pomegranate
\n
The world pomegranate production amounts to approximately 1,500,000 tons [62]. The peel of the fruit consisting of pericarp/rind/hull comprises approximately of 60% of the weight of the fruit and is considered as an agro-waste though it is a rich source of antioxidants, phenols, flavanoids [63]. Reportedly the peels also possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory medicinal properties and have mostly been used as cattle feed.
\n
\n\nCase study 3\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of khadi cotton with aqueous extract of pomegranate rinds [40].
\nSinnur et al. [40] have used pomegranate rinds as a natural colourant to dye cotton khadi fabric using single and double mordants. They have found that 15% myrobolan (harda) along with potash aluminium sulphate when used as mordants in 50:50 ratio offers maximum K/S value and renders good overall good colour fastness than any other combination of the two mordants. The authors have also reported the standardised conditions of dyeing khadi cotton fabric with aqueous extract of pomegranate rinds to be (a) 60 min (dyeing time), (b) 80°C (dyeing temperature), (c) 1:30 (dye-bath MLR), (d) 9.0 (dye-bath pH), (e) 20% (dye concentration) and (f) 3% (common salt).
\nThrough the results of the FTIR and AAS studies, the authors have postulated the possible corresponding reaction mechanism resulting in the formation of large complexes between the mordant, fibre and the dye. The FTIR studies have indicated the presence of aluminium in dyed cotton khadi fabric, thereby confirming the formation of a complex between the cotton fibre, aluminium sulphate mordant and dye from pomegranate rinds together with the presence of some zinc and sulphur.
\nThe dyed cotton khadi fabric shows medium to good level of ultraviolet protection as the UPF rating increases from 5 for the control untreated sample, to 15–20 for the cotton dyed with pomegranate rinds.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 4\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Precipitate of dye extract from pomegranate peels has been used to dye wool yarn, cotton jersey and flax fabric [14].
\nFor ease in use, transportation and storage, extracts can be concentrated either by evaporation of the aqueous extract or by membrane concentration techniques. The former evaporation technique uses considerable amounts of energy and the latter membrane concentration technique calls for a huge capital investment.
\nTo overcome both the disadvantages of source-substitution and poor dye-concentration, Ali et al. [14] have used agro-waste like pomegranate peels, onion peel and Canadian goldenrod in the form of concentrates prepared by energy-friendly precipitation method to dye wool yarn, cotton jersey and flax fabric. Extracts of these dyes from agro-waste have been precipitated as Al-based dye lakes/concentrates using alumnium sulphate. On an average, the precipitate yielded 5% of the original plant weight as dry lake, the concentration of total phenolics (TPH) in this dry solid mass ranged between 20 and 40% and aluminium content varied between 3 and 5% (w/w).
\nThe authors have shown how these Al-based dye lakes that are soluble in oxalic acid, can be used as direct dyes in the presence of aluminium-salt or iron-salt as mordants. Though the associated colour strength/depth of colour of the lakes was found to be lower, but the chroma of the dyeings (chromaticity) was higher. The authors have assigned the reason for the production of darker and more brilliant dyeing (higher b* coordinate values) by the direct use of precipitated extracts to the use of purified condition of the extract that contains more colour in the same amount of plant material.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.3 Onion Peel
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Amaryllidaceae; Botanical Name: Allium cepa L.; Common Name: Onion or pyaz (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Outer papery skin of the fruit.
\n
\n
2.3.1 Occurrence
\n
Onion, botanically known as Allium cepa L., onion belongs to the Liliaceceae family. The plant originated in the middle-east and in India it is cultivated extensively in South India and Bengal. The onion plant is a perennial herb growing to about 1.2 m in height, with 4–6 hollow cylindrical leaves. The underground bulb of onion plant comprises of fleshy leaf sheaths forming a thin-skinned capsule, and varies greatly in size (2–20 cm), shape (flattened, spherical, or pear-shaped) and colour depending on the variety.
\n
\n
\n
2.3.2 Chemical constitution
\n
The main colouring component found in the outermost dry skin of onion is quecertin (C15H10O7), a flavonoid, proto-catechuic acid, kaempferol, anthocyanadine and some tannins [64].
\n
\n
\n
2.3.3 Waste generated for onion
\n
The outer layer of onion, i.e., the onion peel accounting for 10–25% (w/w) of the total weight are essentially removed before usage and thus forms a natural by-product of the food industry. With 22.43 million tons of onion produced by India as the second largest producer in the world [26], significant quantities of onion peel is generated as a waste.
\n
\n\nCase study 5\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of silk with a combination of a purified soxhlet extract of onion peels and pomegranate rinds [65].
\nSingh and co-workers [64] have used extract of peels of fruits and vegetables discarded as wastes (outer scaly peels of onion and rinds of the pomegranate fruit) to impart antibacterial functionality to degummed silk fabric dyed with the extract. Aqueous extraction of colour, from both the sources was done separately, and each solution was further purified through soxhlet distillation method. About 3 and 5 g/l of the both the extracts were applied on silk fabric as a mixture in a combination of 50:50, 25:75 and 75:25.
\nAbout 5 g/l concentration in the combination of 50:50 of the both the colourants gave the most optimised results and rendered a reduction of 98.1% in the bacterial count as evident from \nTable 2\n. Higher concentration of the dye when applied singly increases the antibacterial effect and higher proportion of pomegranate peel in the mixture has a slight improved edge over onion peel in rendering this effect.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 6\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of silk with onion peels discarded as agro-waste using unconventional energy effective methods of pad-dry-cure and pad-batch-dry techniques [44].
\nNatural dyeing is generally done at higher temperature that adds to the cost of the final dyed product. Singhee and Dhanania [44] have explored the challenge and provided solutions.
\nThe authors have optimised conditions of aqueous extraction of colour from onion skin at (a) 5 (pH), (b) 1:20 (MLR) and (c) 80 min (time) and (d) 90°C (temperature). Use of 10% (owf) alumnium sulphate (mordant) by the pre-mordanting process was found optimum with respect to minimum strength loss maximum surface colour strength of the treated silk fabric. 80% (owf) dye concentration at pH 4 using MLR 1:40 at 60°C for 40 min gave optimum results with respect of surface colour strength and fastness properties of the dyed silk fabric. Strict control of pH, temperature of the dye-bath and dye concentration would result in uniform dyeing of silk with onion skins extract as indicated by high dispersion in the CDI values of silk dyed under variable conditions. These three have been identified as the predominating dyeing process parameters for dyeing silk fabric with onion peel.
\nTo bring down energy costs, dyeing was carried out are room temperatures by the pad-dry-cure and pad-batch-dry methods. In the pad-dry-cure method, silk was treated with purified onion peel extract (extracted in ethyl alcohol and toluene solvents using soxhlet apparatus) at room temperature and then padded on a two-bowl padding mangle at 80% pick-up by 2 dip-2 nip process followed by drying at 90°C for 5 min. For the pad-batch-dry method, the padded silk fabric was rolled on a glass rod, covered with a plastic sheet and kept at room temperature for 24 h. Among both these two simpler dyeing processes that uses less water and fuel, the pad-batch-dry method gave highest K/S values which was higher than even that obtained when aqueous extract of the dye is used (\nTable 3\n). Colour fastness properties to wash and rubbing though were found be lower for pad-batch-dry method.
\nSamples dyed with aqueous extract of onion peel were subsequently treated with UV-absorbers (benztriazole, benzophenone and MEK) for improving light fastness, and dye fixing agents (Tinifix WS Conc., cetrimide and CTAB) for improving wash fastness properties by both exhaust process and pad-dry-cure method. UV-absorbers like benztriazole and benzophenone gives ½ to 1 grade improvement in the light fastness; while among the different dye fixing agents used, CTAB (cetyl trimethyl-ammonium-bromide) shows higher degree of improvement in the wash fastness when applied by the pad-dry-cure process on silk fabric dyed with aqueous extract of onion peel than by the exhaust method.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.4 Walnut shells
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Juglandaceae; Botanical Name: Juglans regia L. (Persian Walnut) & Juglans nigra L. (American Black Walnut); Common Name: Walnut or akhrot (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Outer hard shells enclosing the fruit.
\n
\n
2.4.1 Occurrence
\n
The walnut is edible fruit and belongs to the Juglandaceae family. The two most commercially important species are J. regia L. for timber and nuts and J. nigra L. for timber. The deciduous tall trees (10–40 m) are native to central Asia and the western Himalayas and have been cultivated in Europe as early as 1000 BC. Walnut is single-seeded stone fruit. The kernel or meat, which is usually made up of two halves separated by a partition and is encased in ligno-cellulosic shell that forms the thin endocarp or husk of the fruit.
\n
\n
\n
2.4.2 Chemical constitution
\n
The colouring component present in walnut shell is juglone (CI 75500), a napthoquinone (5hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) which imparts brown shade to textile substrate [66].
\n
\n
\n
2.4.3 Waste generated for walnut
\n
The walnut shells comprises 67% of the total weight of the fruit and as of 2009, the worldwide production of walnut was approximately 2.2 million tons. With this, around 1.5 million tons of walnut-shells is generated as agro-waste [67]. Farmers mostly dispose the agro-waste residues including the shells, husk, stalks, etc., by burning them. But this is associated with serious environmental problems.
\n
\n\nCase study 7\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Wool has been dyed with tannin-rich extract of walnut shells and pomegranate peel (agro-wastes) in combination with metallic mordants [66].
\nShahmoradi et al. [65] have exhaust-dyed wool fabric pre-mordanted with metallic mordants with aqueous extracted walnut shells and pomegranate peels. The effect of the mordants, alumnium sulphate, copper (II) sulphate, iron (II) sulphate, iron (III) sulphate, potassium dichromate, tin (II) chloride and tannic acid, on colorimetric and antibacterial properties has been studied. Assigning the occurrence of –OH and C=O in the tannins present in the dye, the authors have reported improved colour strength in the dyed and mordanted wool fibre due to formation of a complex between the metal salt of the mordant and the dye.
\nK/S values appeared to be dependent on the concentration of the colourants in the solution from the two sources, and lower dye concentration though resulted in brighter shades (high L* value), but the shades were less red (lower a* coordinates). Among the various mordants studied, iron (II) and (III) sulphate and copper sulphate significantly improved K/S values of the dyed fabric.
\nWashing fastness of all samples treated with both the colourants was high, regardless of the type of mordant used, though light fastness ranged from excellent to poor. The authors have assigned the cause of poor light fastness to oxidation reaction of tannins in the dyes in the presence of light. If the dye-fibre bond promotes transfer of excitation energy from dye to fibre macromolecule, it makes it stable to light thereby improving light fastness. The authors have used this explanation to elucidate the role of chrome and copper salts as mordants in imparting dyeings with higher light fastness for both the dyes.
\nPomegranate peel rendered better antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacterium (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) to the dyed wool irrespective of the mordant used compared to walnut shell extract. Increase in dye concentration improved the activity significantly and 5% concentration of dye in the presence of mordants dramatically enhanced the antibacterial properties. The antibacterial properties against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa reduced significantly after washing and exposure to light due to breaking of the metallic complexes as a result of oxidation of tannins in the dye to hydroxyls and ketones in the presence of light. One cycle in a Launder-O-Metre was taken as equivalent to five home washing. Copper, aluminium and tin salts were found to be the most effective mordants for improved antibacterial activity that was durable to washing and light (could sustain five home washing). Interestingly the authors have also reported no significant antibacterial effect on the dyed fabric when chrome was used as a mordant.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 8\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Dyeing of polyamide fibres using purified dye from walnut shells [16].
\nMirjalili et al. [16] have used soxhlet extract of walnut shells to dye polyamide fabrics using 3% (owf) of different mordants (potassium aluminium sulphate, cupric sulphate, and ferric sulphate) by simultaneous mordanting and dyeing process. They have reported considerable increased in dye absorption leading to higher 𝐾/𝑆 values in case of mordanted samples compared with unmordanted ones, with ferric sulphate giving the highest colour strength.
\nUse of mordant also imparted higher antibacterial activity and here again ferric sulphate was more effective against S. aureus than other mordants; while cupric sulphate was better against E. coli. An increase in the dye concentration resulted in a tangible effect on antibacterial activity of dyed fabrics indicating that increased presence of phenolic and naphthoquinone compounds in the higher concentration of the dye extract is responsible for the improved antimicrobial activity. Use of metallic mordants also improved the wash durability of antimicrobial finish.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.5 Almond shell
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Rosaceae; Botanical Name: Prunus dulcis L.; Common Name: Almond or badam (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Outer green hull and the woody hard shells enclosing the fruit.
\n
\n
2.5.1 Occurrence
\n
Almond, a shrub or tree of the Rosaceae family belongs to the same genus, Prunus as the apricot, cherry, etc., but it differs from them in having a leathery fruit, which can only be eaten when immature, and has a comparatively large stone and kernel. This deciduous tree grows best in warm temperature where there is no spring frosts or tropical humidity and thus it is common to areas extending from West Asia to the West Mediterranean region. When the fruit ripens, its husk or flesh splits open, exposing the drupes (nut) which is rugged and pitted with irregular holes. The almond fruit consist of four parts, the kernel or meat covered by thin leathery brown seed-coat and enclosed in wrinkly, hard and woody endocarp shell. The shell is encased in the outermost green shell cover called the hull that becomes brittle as the fruit ripens.
\n
\n
\n
2.5.2 Chemical constitution
\n
Almond shells are rich in lignin and other phenolic compounds and the major flavonoids present are (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, kaempferol, and isohamnetin. HPLC analysis has also revealed presence of quercetin, isorhamnetin and morin [30].
\n
\n
\n
2.5.3 Waste generated for almond
\n
Almonds are consumed as a valuable food and its production generates millions of tons of residues (shells, hulls, pruning, leaves, skin and inedible kernel disposition), the bulk of which are the almond shells (35–75% of the total fruit weight). Three million tons of almonds was globally produced annually as of 2014 and with this about 10.5–22.5 million tons of shells are generated and generally discarded [68].
\n
\n\nCase study 9\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Wool has been dyed with extract of the outer green hull of the almond fruit [17].
\nUse of natural renewable and sustainable sources to dye textiles is one of the solutions as an environmentally safe technology that will expectedly conform to ecological legislations and limits. Keeping this in view, Ismal and co-workers [17] have dyed wool with extract of the outer green hulls of the almond fruit using metallic mordants as well as natural bio-mordants. Valex (acorn of Quercus ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis), pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and thuja leaves (Thuja orientalis) have been used as bio-mordants; while alum, iron (II) sulphate, copper (II) sulphate and potassium dichromate have been used as metallic mordants. Wool was dyed simultaneously with 2 g/l of aqueous extract of dried almond hull and varying amount of the bio-mordant (3–20 g/l) at 100°C using 1:50 MLR for 1 h. In case of the metallic mordants, pre and post mordanting techniques at 100°C using 1:50 for 1 h was also used. Unique and rare colour gamut of rose, brown, cinnamon and burgundy/reddish hues were obtained with the metallic mordants and the bio-mordants yielded completely different hues.
\nAmong the metallic mordants, copper (II) sulphate gave highest K/S in case of all of mordanting process types (pre, post and simultaneous). Also, simultaneous-mordanting with any of the metallic mordant studied followed by dyeing with almond hull extract rendered lowest K/S value to the wool fibre. Baring valex, all bio-mordants increased the corresponding K/S values of the wool simultaneously mordanted with the bio-mordant and dyed with almond hull extract in contrast to when they were used individually in comparable concentrations. Valex when used alone, gave the highest colour yields among the bio-mordants and its K/S value for all concentrations was higher than that of the control sample. Relatively higher b* value for valex resulted in a significant increase in yellow nuance of simultaneous bio-mordanted and dyed wool. The authors concluded that colour yields with bio-mordants can compete with metallic mordants barring copper sulphate when used through one-bath simultaneous dyeing and mordanting process.
\nMost bio-mordants can themselves be a source of colour and can dye fibres. The authors have also tried to study the synergistic effect on shades developed by natural bio-mordants when used in conjunction, at various concentration levels, with the dye from almond hull. Rosemary, valex and pomegranate bio-mordants show a synergistic effect with respect to the redness of the combined shade; their individually low redness value expectedly reduces the redness of the combined shade. Contrarily in case of thuja, the redness value of the combined shade is higher in spite of the lower redness value of thuja itself. Synergistic effect with respect to the blueness value can also be observed when valex, pomegranate and thuja are used in combination with almond hull extract; the blueness of the combined shade is higher than that of the control sample dyed only with almond hull extract or with the individual bio-mordant. L values of combination dyeing are always higher as compared to individual dyeing with almond hull extract for any of the bio-mordants under study, barring rosemary.
\nWash fastness properties of wool simultaneously dyed with almond hull extract and bio-mordants improves slightly, but the corresponding values are lower when wool is mordanted with only with the bio-mordant without dyeing. Among the bio-mordants, valex and pomegranate rinds improve the light fastness of the wool when applied simultaneously with the dye from almond hulls.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 10\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Silk has been dyed with an aqueous extract of almond shells [19].
\nDeepali and Shraddha [19] have used almond shells waste that is available abundantly and at almost no cost, to dye crepe silk fabric and have optimised process condition parameters (time, temperature, pH, material to liquor ratio and dye concentration) for pre-mordanting with 25% (owf) aluminium sulphate and exhaust-dyeing degummed crepe silk fabric with aqueous extract of the almond shell. The optimised extraction condition with respect to the highest optical density at maximum wavelength for onion peel has been established at (a) 25% owf (mordant concentration), (b) 80°C (extraction temperature), (c) 15 min (extraction time), (d) 1:30 (MLR), (e) 11 (pH).
\nThe optimised dyeing condition with respect to both surface colour strength and fastness properties for dyeing silk crepe fabric using almond shell extract was established at (a) 100°C (dyeing temperature), (b) 60min (dyeing time), (c) 1:40 (MLR), (d) 2 (pH) and (e) 800% (dye concentration). CDI values of the dyed samples are widely dispersed for variations in temperature and pH indicating that special care should be taken with respect to the control these dyeing process parameters while dyeing protein fibres like silk with almond shell extract (\nTable 4\n). Dyeing under acidic pH gives darker shades and the fastness (wash and rubbing) properties of the dyed samples range from moderate to good.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.6 Groundnut/Peanut skin
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Fabaceae; Botanical Name: Arachis hypogaea L.; Common Name: Peanut or mungphali or chinia badam (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Outer hard shells enclosing the fruit and the thin papery skin (seed-coat) covering the fruit.
\n
\n
2.6.1 Occurrence
\n
Peanut is a legume and oil crop grown worldwide and classified as Arachis hypogaea L. and belongs to the Fabaceae family. Originating in South America, it is grown also in China, Africa, Indian, Japan and United States of America. The fruit is enclosed in a pod that consists of outer covering (shell/hull). The veined brown shell or pod of the peanut contains two or three peanut kernels. Each oval-shaped kernel or seed is comprised of two off-white lobes/cotyledons that are covered by a brownish-red paper-like covering called the seed-coat.
\n
\n
\n
2.6.2 Chemical constitution
\n
Peanut skin have high content of phenolic compounds and contains eight different types of flavonoids along with and two alkanoids [70], phenolic acids, procyanidins dimmers, oligomers and some tannins. The main colouring components in peanut skin are vanillin, catechin and epicatechin (polyphenolic compounds) [71].
\n
\n
\n
2.6.3 Waste generated for peanut
\n
Substantial amounts of by-products (peanut meal, skin, hull and vines) are generated in the process of peanut harvest, peanut oil extraction and making of peanut butter, peanut oil, peanut confections, roasted snack peanuts, extenders in meat product formulations, soups and desserts [72]. Though they contain appreciable amount of polyphenols. Only a portion of these by-products are used as animal feed or as fertilisers. A large portion of the waste is discarded, incinerated or lands up into landfills.
\n
The peanut shells are obtained as agricultural by-product when graded peanuts are passed through shelling machines to obtain the kernels. The production of peanut shells has been estimated to be 230–300 g of peanut shells per kg of peanut [73].
\n
About 35–45 g of peanut skin being generated per kg of shelled peanut kernel and the annually worldwide production of peanut skin, as a by-product of the peanut processing industry is over 0.74 million metric tons [74]. In India, 3.0 lakh kg is available annually and can approximately dye 4.0 lakh kg of the fabric. Thus, a good source of dye from agro-waste associated with good sustainability is available at lost cost.
\n
\n\nCase study 11\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Microwave energy has been used to dye cotton, silk and wool with aqueous extract of peanut skin (seed-coat) [20].
\nPeanut skin discarded as waste from food processing industry contains tannins and thus Pandey et al. [20] have dyed cotton, silk and wool fabrics with aqueous extract of peanut skin without using any mordants by both the conventional exhaust method and new method using microwave energy. Peach shades were obtained on all fibres dyed with peanut skin extract and the colour yield on silk was higher than wool; it was least on cotton. Increase in temperature of dyeing yielded better K/S values and dyeing at 90°C gave highest results on all fibres. Microwave dyeing gave good results, but the surface colour strength of the dyed fabric was less than exhaust dyeing at 90°C except in case of wool. The tenacity of the fabric decreased notably when dyeing was carried out using microwave energy.
\nGood light (6) and wash (4) fastness, excellent rubbing fastness (4–5) and good perspiration fastness (4) was observed on most dyed fibres. Peanut skin extract rendered excellent sun-protective function (UPF) to the dyed silk and wool fabric.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 12\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Cotton has been dyed with extract from peanut pods (including shells and edible seeds) using metallic mordants [75].
\nChhipa et al. [73] have used peanut pods to dye cotton using 10% (owf) metallic mordants (alum, copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate) using pre, post and simultaneously mordanting and dyeing processes. Authors have reported higher surface colour strength with increase in dye concentration irrespective of the process of mordanting used except in case of the pre-mordanting process, which indicates a decrease in the K/S values. In all cases, alum as a mordant gave better colour yield (K/S) and ferrous sulphate the least. Simultaneous mordanting and dyeing gave higher colour strength on cotton in all cases except when the cotton fabric was dyed by the post-mordanting process using copper sulphate.
\nIrrespective of the sequential process of dyeing and mordanting used, light, wash and rubbing fastness was reportedly good for cotton dyed with aqueous extract of peanut pods.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.7 Tamarind seeds
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Fabaceae; Botanical Name: Tamarindus indica L.; Common Name: Tamarind or imli (Hindi); Part used for dyeing: Shells and seed-coat of the fruit.
\n
\n
2.7.1 Occurrence
\n
\nTamarindus indica L. belongs to Fabaceae family, and is one of the most important multipurpose evergreen tree cultivated throughout the Indian sub-continent except in the Himalayas and western dry regions. The fruit of this tree is enclosed in a pod that comprises of pulp (55%), seed (34%) and hard brown shell (11%). The seed comprises of a brown coloured hard coat/testa (20–30%) and a kernel (70%). The kernels are separated from the seed-coat either by roasting or by soaking the seeds in water.
\n
The tamarind fruits are bean-like, irregularly curve and bulged pods that usually vary from 2 to 7 cm in length. The pods are initially green and turn brown or greyish-brown as the fruit ripens. The pod-skin becomes brittle and the pulp inside dehydrates naturally to a sticky paste that encloses a few coarse strands of fibre extending along the length of the stalk.
\n
\n
\n
2.7.2 Chemical constitution
\n
The tamarind seed-coat contains 38–40% water soluble matter, 80% of which is a mixture of tannins, polyphenolic compounds [76] as condensed tannins and colouring matter (procyanidin trimer, procyanidin B2 and epicatechin) [77].
\n
\n
\n
2.7.3 Waste generated for tamarind
\n
The reddish or purplish brown seeds rich in tannins [76] are generated as a by-product by the tamarind pulp industry. Also after removal of the pulp, the pods are mostly discarded. India alone produces about 0.3 million tons of tamarind annually.
\n
\n\nCase study 13\n
\n\nObjective: Cotton and silk has been dyed with tamarind fruit pods [78].
\nUmar et al. [76] dyed cotton and silk with aqueous extract, and purified methalonic and ethanolic extract of dried pod-skin of the tamarind fruit using alum, copper sulphate, ferrous (II) and (III) sulphate as mordants. All three methods of pre, post and simultaneous mordanting were used for comparison purpose.
\nCotton and silk dyed with the aqueous extract of the tamarind pods, showed excellent to good light except when the sample was dyed with alum by the simultaneous mordanting process. All the dyed samples showed fair to good wash fastness with negligible staining. Rubbing fastness was also found to range from excellent to good, except when post mordanting process was used. Fastness to alkaline perspiration fastness was good (4–5) except in case of silk when iron (II) sulphate was applied by the simultaneous mordanting process or in case of cotton when copper (II) sulphate was applied by the post-mordanting process.
\nFor cotton and silk dyed with methanolic extract of the purified dye, excellent to good light fastness was observed in all cases except when both cotton and silk were pre-mordanted with alum. The wash fastness of the dyed samples was found to be fairly good and negligible staining was observed. Rubbing fastness was found to range from excellent to good, while the perspiration fastness was fair.
\nFor cotton and silk dyed with ethanolic extract of the purified dye, excellent to good light fastness was observed negligible colour staining. The wash fastness was fairly good (3–4) for cotton and silk. Perspiration fastness test was fairly good (3–4) in both acidic and alkaline medums, except in case of pre-mordanting process using iron (II) and iron (III) sulphates, where some loss in colour depth was visible specially when treated in an acidic medium. The extent of staining for both acidic and alkaline mediums was negligible.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 14\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Sour and sweet tamarind seed husks or seed-coat has been used as a colourant to dye cotton and silk along [79].
\nTepparin et al. [77] have dyed cotton, Bombyx mori (mulberry) silk and eri silk fabrics with aqueous extract of both sour and sweet tamarind seed husk/seed-coat (Tamarindus indica L.) varieties using zinc and iron sulphate and potassium dichromate as mordants. K/S values of silk dyed with tamarind seed husk in all cases was better than cotton with eri silk showing higher colour strength than mulberry silk under comparable conditions. Among the mordants, potassium dichromate gave highest colour strength on cotton and mulberry silk; while eri silk showed highest colour uptake by iron sulphate.
\nThe colour fastness to washing of all the dyed fabrics ranged from good-excellent level and was stable even after five washing cycles. Colour extracted from sour tamarind seed-coat rendered a higher colour strength on cotton and silk than that obtained when sweet tamarind seed-coat extract was used under comparable conditions. Sour tamarind seed-coat yield redder, yellower and more intense shades than the sweet tamarind seed-coat.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.8 Banana
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Musaceae; Botanical Name: Musa acuminate Colla; Common Name: Banana; Part used for dyeing: Banana psuedostem, leaves and fruit peel.
\n
\n
2.8.1 Occurrence
\n
\nMusa acuminata is an evergreen plant. The plant grows horizontally or obliquely from a false trunk also known as pseudo-stem and comprises of leaf sheaths packed in layers. The leaves are composed of a stalk called petiole and a blade or lamina. The individual flowers are white to yellowish-white in colour and grows upwards that is away from the ground. The fruits are slender berries whose size depends upon the number of seeds they contain. Each fruit bunch has about 160 fingers. As each plant produces only one bunch of bananas and the bare pseudo-stems cannot be used in the second harvest, the banana cultivation generates large amount of residues that are considered as organic wastes [49].
\n
\n
\n
2.8.2 Chemical constituent of the dye
\n
The holocellulose of banana pseudo-stem contain tetrahydroxyflavone (flavonoids) also known as luteolin and some tannins as the colouring components [49].
\n
\n
\n
2.8.3 Waste generated for banana
\n
Banana accounts for about 16% of the total world organic production [80]. After harvesting, almost 89% of banana plant (floral stem, outer part of pseudo-stem, peels, peduncle, underground parts, leaf stalk and leaves) remain as a waste.
\n
\n\nCase study 15\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Cotton has been dyed with banana floral stem sap without the use of any mordants [49].
\nRepon et al. [49] have retrieved sap from fresh banana floral stem using roller squeezer machine and used it to dye cotton by the exhaust method at varying temperatures. 100°C gave best result in term of the colour yield (K/S), colour levelness (ΔE), brightness index and colour fastness to wash, rubbing and perspiration. Assigning the role of temperature in boosting swelling of fibres to promote easier penetration of dye into interior of the fibre, the authors have explained the achievement of colour levelness at higher temperatures.
\nExcept light fastness, all other colour fastness (washing, rubbing and perspiration) value ranged between 3 and 5, i.e., good to excellent. Wet rubbing properties were found to be lower than dry rubbing. Increase in temperature slightly improved the overall colour fastness properties. With increase in temperature, specimens showed a slight improvement in overall colour fastness properties. Authors have assigned poor light fastness of the dye to both lower photo stability of the natural pigments and also to the weaker dye-fibre interaction between the cotton fibre and the natural pigments in the banana floral stem sap.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 16\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Alkaline and acetone medium have been used to extract colour from banana leaves to dye Egyptian cotton using metallic mordants [81].
\nSaleh [79] have extracted pigment from banana leaves using alkaline and acetone medium to dye Egyptian cotton fabrics in the presence of ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and potassium dichromate as mordants. Dyeing of pre-mordanted cotton with the alkaline extracts of banana leaves was done at 80°C for 90 min at pH 9 using MLR 1:40; while dyeing with acetone extracted solution was carried out at 56°C for 5 min using MLR 1:40.
\nHigh performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) of the extracts identified pigment compounds, luteolin and apigenin in the alkaline extract and chlorophyll a, b and β-Carotene in the acetone extract. Though the K/S values for all dyeing were high, mordanted cotton displayed higher K/S value than unmordanted cotton irrespective of the mordant used. Mordanting with iron (ferrous sulphate) gave higher colour difference (ΔE) with yellowish brown colour probably due to a stable complex formed between iron and luteoline, a phenolic compound. Copper sulphate rendered a greener shade, while chromium produced pale yellow shades on cotton. Light fastness of the dyed samples was moderate, but good wash and rubbing fastness were obtained which improved when mordants were used.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 17\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Alkaline fractions of banana fruit-peel have been used to dye cotton fabrics [47].
\nSalah et al. [47] extracted colour from banana peels using 0.1% NaOH. The extracted dye was applied to the ferric sulphate pre-mordated bleached and mercerized Egyptian cotton fabrics. The HPTLC analysis indicated the presence of pigment, Luteolin, in crude alkaline extract of banana peels.
\nFe is known for its ability to readily chelate and form coordination complexes and several natural dyes. The authors have assigned the formation of a stabile complex between Fe of the mordant and luteoline of the colouring pigment in banana peel as the reason for maximum ΔE and corresponding lower L* values of the pre-mordanted cotton fabric dyed with the alkaline extract of the peel. Interestingly they have denoted the cause of higher dye uptake by the pre-mordanted cotton fibre to the formation of a ternary complex between the mordant, dye and the fibre. The coordination numbers of iron causes some coordination sites to remain unoccupied when it interacts with cellulose of cotton and these unoccupied sites are taken over by the colour component in the dye thereby enhancing the interaction between the fibre and the dye.
\nTransformation of cotton from cellulose I to cellulose II during mercerization involves partial destruction of intermolecular bonds due to alkali-swelling. This allows the dye to penetrate the swollen amorphous region of the cellulose where they form hydrogen bonding with the fibre cellulose. This explains the better dyeability and corresponding higher dye uptake of the mercerized cotton compared to unmercerized cotton. Iron from the mordant also plays a role in increasing the dye uptake and shifting of the colour for mercerized cotton due to respective formation of a chelate with the sodium cellulose and sodium alcoholates and a complex formation with luteoline of the dye. Correspondingly the L*, a*, and b* change for mercerized cotton.
\nThe data obtained showed that the mercerized cotton have excellent antibacterial activity both in terms of zone of inhibition and quantitatively in terms of percentage reduction in bacteria. Swelling of cotton with its resultant shrinkage during mercerization causes reduction in the fabric interstices/porosity and this restricts the consequent UV transmittance giving high UV protection in terms of UPF to mercerized cotton. The UPF of the mercerized cotton fabrics was found to 64 compared to 18.0 for the unmercerized cotton.
\nThe obtained results were also subjected to statistical analysis according to Sendcor and Cochran [82]. The experiments were in randomised complete design (RCD) with three replicates. Means were compared using the significant difference (LSD) at 5% level probability.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
2.9 Flower waste
\n
Kingdom: Plantae; Family: Asteraceae; Botanical Name: Tagetus erecta L.; Common Name: Marigold; Part used for dyeing: Flower petals.
\n
\n
2.9.1 Occurrence
\n
Marigold plant, a small perennial shrub that can grow up to 60 cm height belongs to Asteraceae family. It abundantly bears flowers varying in colour from yellow and gold to orange, red and mahogany depending on the species during the flowering season. Marigolds have been cultivated all over the world mostly South Asia [83].
\n
\n
\n
2.9.2 Chemical constituent of the dye
\n
Marigold flowers contain compounds called carotenoids containing lutein (C40H56O2) and patulinin, a flavonoid. Lutein and patulinin are the two natural pigments responsible for colouring of textiles. Lutein is present along with its isomer, zeaxanthin also known as oxycarotenoids [84].
\n
\n
\n
2.9.3 Waste generated for marigold
\n
Marigolds, yellowish-orange coloured flowers are used in many religious ceremonies and offered in huge quantities to deities in temples throughout India. Most of them are thrown in to the neighbouring ponds, lakes and rivers or simply dumped around the temple to decay naturally. This adds to pollution in and around most temples and has an undesirable effect on the river ecology [28, 81].
\n
\n\nCase study 18\n
\n\nObjective of the study: Cotton, silk and wool have been dyed with purified ethanolic extract of waste flowers collected from temples using metallic mordants [28].
\nVankar et al. [28] have used temple waste comprising of tagetus flowers collected from the Kanpur city to dye cotton, silk and wool. NMR and mass spectra analysis of the crude extract from the flower identified the presence of patuletin as the flavanoid as the colouring matter present in Tagetus erecta L. Cotton was dyed, with colour extracted in an aqueous medium and also separately with colour extracted in ethanolic medium. Exhaust-dyeing of cotton fabric with ethanolic extract of the dye gave better colour strength (K/S of 141.73) than when dye extracted by the conventional method of aqueous extraction was used (K/S of 77.59).
\nCotton (additionally pre-treated with tannic acid), silk and wool were pre-mordanted with different mordants (alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, stannic chloride and potassium dichromate) and then dyed with the purified ethanolic extract of the dye. Though the fastness properties improved with the use of metallic mordants, it rendered a slight change in the hue of the dyed fabric from yellow to yellowish-green to brown. Among the mordants used, ferrous sulphate gave the highest K/S on all fibres. Also the percentage of dye exhaustion due to metal mordanting varied with the different fabrics used; for cotton it varied between 45 and 52%; for silk it was 38–46% and for wool it ranged from 37 to 51%.
\n\n
\n\nCase study 19\n
\n\nObjective of the study: New protein fibre derived from soyabean has been dyed with marigold flowers collected as temple waste [82].
\nTeli et al. [82] have dyed soyabean protein fibre (SPF) with marigold extract using natural mordants derived from tamarind seed-coat, amla (Indian gooseberry), harda (myrobolan) and compared the results with those obtained by using the more commonly used metallic mordant, alum, through pre-mordanting process. The K/S values of pre-mordanted SPF was higher than the unmordanted one. Alum rendered higher K/S value compared to the natural mordants and among the natural mordants, amla gave highest increase in the K/S values. Reportedly, increase in K/S values was observed with increase in concentration of mordants, and this was more so in case of the natural mordants. Results also indicated an increase in redness of the dyed fabric due to use of tannin-based natural mordants.
\nThe concentration of the dye also impacted the K/S values, which improved with increase in the dye concentrations. Results also indicated that use of mordant improves fastness properties that were comparable for all natural and metallic mordants used in the study. Though the antibacterial properties of the samples dyed with marigold extract without mordanting was low, it improved after mordanting and all the three natural mordants rendered similar overall antibacterial activity. The antibacterial finish reduced on washing, but it was within the acceptable limit of 70% after 30 washes. Among the natural mordants, tamarind seed-coat and amla gave wash-durable antibacterial finish compared to harda.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n
3. Conclusion
\n
As ecological considerations become important factors in the selection of consumer goods all over the world consumers want quality product with no harm to the ecology, use of wastes from various sources for dyeing textiles can prove to be attractive for two reasons. One, they provide novel sources for dyeing textiles at lower costs. Two, they provide sustainable solution to the management of waste disposal.
\n
Though a number of studies have been carried out to explore alternative source for natural dye, more specifically from wastes, more needs to be done in a systemic and scientific manner. Systematic collection of waste from the source and suitable alternatives to convert the waste into concentrates and appropriate recipes for dyeing to produce reproducible shades needs to be explored.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"natural dyes from agro-waste, natural dyes from industrial waste, natural dyes from flower waste, natural dyes from fruit waste, sustainable natural dyes, waste utilisation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72980.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72980.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72980",totalDownloads:696,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:49,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"June 13th 2020",datePrePublished:"August 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 30th 2020",dateFinished:"August 14th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Agriculture and food processing industries generate a large amount of organic waste that still contains colouring pigments. Their sustainable use in dyeing textiles will expectedly solve the problem of their disposal. Some studies involving the use of agro and industrial waste have been documented in this chapter to provide a guideline for further research. Information on some selected wastes that have been used in dyeing of textiles by several authors have been listed, their composition and production details highlighted and their use is explained systematically. The documented studies have been placed in the form of case studies to highlight the different approaches of the authors for explaining the effectiveness of such wastes as a source for textile colourants. As reported in some studies, the extracted dye from the waste doubled up as a mordant itself. Most studies also indicate good dyeability with appreciable fastness with respect to the textiles dyed with such wastes. Some wastes have also reportedly rendered antibacterial and sun/light protective properties to the dyed fabric.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72980",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72980",book:{id:"9203",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments"},signatures:"Deepali Singhee",authors:[{id:"321569",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepali",middleName:null,surname:"Singhee",fullName:"Deepali Singhee",slug:"deepali-singhee",email:"deepalisingheejdbi@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Waste from agriculture",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Waste from forestry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 Waste from industry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"2. Case studies for specific natural dyes from waste",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.1 Grape",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.1.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.1.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.1.3 Waste generated for grapes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.2 Pomegranate rind/peels",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.2.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.2.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.2.3 Waste generated for pomegranate",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"2.3 Onion Peel",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.3.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.3.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"2.3.3 Waste generated for onion",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"2.4 Walnut shells",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"2.4.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"2.4.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"2.4.3 Waste generated for walnut",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"2.5 Almond shell",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"2.5.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"2.5.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"2.5.3 Waste generated for almond",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"2.6 Groundnut/Peanut skin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"2.6.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_26_3",title:"2.6.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_27_3",title:"2.6.3 Waste generated for peanut",level:"3"},{id:"sec_29_2",title:"2.7 Tamarind seeds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_29_3",title:"2.7.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_30_3",title:"2.7.2 Chemical constitution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_31_3",title:"2.7.3 Waste generated for tamarind",level:"3"},{id:"sec_33_2",title:"2.8 Banana",level:"2"},{id:"sec_33_3",title:"2.8.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_34_3",title:"2.8.2 Chemical constituent of the dye",level:"3"},{id:"sec_35_3",title:"2.8.3 Waste generated for banana",level:"3"},{id:"sec_37_2",title:"2.9 Flower waste",level:"2"},{id:"sec_37_3",title:"2.9.1 Occurrence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_38_3",title:"2.9.2 Chemical constituent of the dye",level:"3"},{id:"sec_39_3",title:"2.9.3 Waste generated for marigold",level:"3"},{id:"sec_42",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[\nAlam MM, Rahman ML, Haque MZ. Extraction of henna leaf dye and its dyeing effect on textile fibre. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2007;42(2):217-222\n]'},{id:"B2",body:'[\nSamanta AK, Agarwal P, Dutta S. Dyeing of jute and cotton fabric using jackfruit wood extract. Part-1: Effects of mordanting in dyeing process variables on color yield and color fastness properties. Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research. 2007;32(4):466-476\n]'},{id:"B3",body:'[\nSaima N, Bhatit Ijaz A, Shahid A. Dyeing properties of cotton fabric using un-irradiated and gamma irradiate extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark powder. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2011;36(June):132-136\n]'},{id:"B4",body:'[\nAjmal M, Adeel S, Azeem M, Zuber M, Akhtar N, Iqbal N. Modulation of pomegranate peel colourant characteristics for textile dyeing using high energy radiation. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;58:188-193\n]'},{id:"B5",body:'[\nBhargava D, Shahnaz J. Microbial dyes: A new dimension to natural dyes. Colourage. 2013;60(7):42-43\n]'},{id:"B6",body:'[\nErdem IÖ, Leyla Y. Almond shell as a natural colorant. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2012;37(4):358-363\n]'},{id:"B7",body:'[\nHana K. In: Křemenáková D, Militký J, Mishra R, editors. Natural Dyes: Their Past, Present, Future and Sustainability. Recent Developments in Fibrous Material Science. Czechoslovakia: Kanina POS; 2015. pp. 59-71\n]'},{id:"B8",body:'[\nSaxena S, Raja ASM. Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing. In: Natural Dyes: Sources, Chemistry, Application and Sustainability Issues. Singapore: Springer; 2014\n]'},{id:"B9",body:'[\nDominique C. Natural Dyes Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science. Paris: Archetype Publications; 2007\n]'},{id:"B10",body:'[\nPrabhu KH, Bhute AS. Plant based natural dyes and mordants: A review. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2012;2(6):649-664\n]'},{id:"B11",body:'[\nBechtold T, Mussak R, Mahmud-Ali A, Ganglberger E, Geissler S. Extraction of natural dyes for textile dyeing from coloured plant wastes released from the food and beverage industry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2006;86:233-242\n]'},{id:"B12",body:'[\nAdeel S, Ali S, Bhatti I, Zsila F. Dyeing of cotton fabric using pomegranate (Punica granatum) aqueous extract. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2009;21(5):3493-3499\n]'},{id:"B13",body:'[\nKulkarni SS, Gokhale AV, Bodake UM, Pathade GR. Cotton dyeing with natural dye extracted from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 2011;1(2):135-139\n]'},{id:"B14",body:'[\nAli AM, Binder CF, Bechtold T. Aluminium based dye lakes from plant extracts for textile coloration. Dyes and Pigments. 2012;94:533-540\n]'},{id:"B15",body:'[\nMongkholrattanasit R, Krystufek J, Wiener J. Dyeing and the fastness properties of natural dye extracted from eucalyptus leaves using padding techniques. Fibers and Polymers. 2010;11(3):346-350\n]'},{id:"B16",body:'[\nMirjalili M, Karimi L. Extraction and characterization of natural dye from green walnut shells and its use in dyeing polyamide: Focus on antibacterial properties. Journal of Chemistry. 2013;1:1-9\n]'},{id:"B17",body:'[\nErdem IÖ, Leyla Y, Esen O. Use of almond shell extracts plus biomordants as effective textile dye. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014;70:61-67\n]'},{id:"B18",body:'[\nLal C, Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Sharma KK, Sharma MC. Juglans nigra: Chemical constitution and its application on pashmina (cashmere) fabric as a dye. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2011;1(4):13-19\n]'},{id:"B19",body:'[\nDeepali S, Shraddha N. A study on dyeing of silk fabric with almond shells (P. amygdalus L.) waste. International Journal of Research. 2017;4(5):921-935\n]'},{id:"B20",body:'[\nPandey R, Shweta P, Pandit P, Shanmugam N, Jose S. Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin—An agro processing residue. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;172:1319-1326\n]'},{id:"B21",body:'[\nJitphusa A, Rattanankij T. Process of dyeing Chinese silk fabric using color of water betel nuts. Journal of Thai Interdisciplinary Research. 2016;11(6):20-26\n]'},{id:"B22",body:'[\nMahanta D, Tiwari SC. Natural dye-yielding plants and indigenous knowledge on dye preparation in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Current Science. 2005;88(9):1474-1480\n]'},{id:"B23",body:'[\nFranca AS, Oliveira LS, Saldanha SA, Pedro IA, Santos, Salum SS. Malachite green adsorption by mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed husks: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2010;19:241-248\n]'},{id:"B24",body:'[\nPrabhu KH, Teli MD. Eco-dyeing using Tamarindus indica L. seed coat tannin as a natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2014;18:864-872\n]'},{id:"B25",body:'[\nShin Y, Son K, Yoo D. Dyeing properties and color of silk fabrics dyed with safflower yellow dye. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles. 2008;32(6):928-934\n]'},{id:"B26",body:'[\nMohan R, Geetha N, Jennifer DH, Sivakumar V. Studies on natural dye (Pelargonidin) extraction from onion peel and application in dyeing of leather. International Journal of Recent Engineering Science. 2020;7(1):14-22\n]'},{id:"B27",body:'[\nSivakumar V, Anna JL, Vijayeeswarri J, Swaminathan G. Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2009;16:782-789\n]'},{id:"B28",body:'[\nVankar P, Shanker R, Wijaypala S. Utilization of temple waste flower—Tagetus erecta for dyeing of cotton, wool and silk on industrial scale. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management. 2009;6(1):1-15\n]'},{id:"B29",body:'[\nDoty K, Haar S, Kim J. Black walnut, Osage orange and eastern redcedar sawmill waste as natural dyes: Effect of aluminum mordant on color parameters. Fashion & Textiles. 2016;3:22-38\n]'},{id:"B30",body:'[\nEsfahlan AJ, Jamei R, Esfahlan RJ. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and is by-products. Food Chemistry. 2010;120(2):349-360\n]'},{id:"B31",body:'[\nPaul C, Cheng Y, Deng S, Lin X, Guangwei H, Roger R. Utilization of almond residues. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 2010;3(4):1-18\n]'},{id:"B32",body:'[\nDeniz F. Dye removal by almond shell residues: Studies on biosorption performance and process design. Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications. 2013;33(5):2821-2826\n]'},{id:"B33",body:'[\nDeniz F. Adsorption properties of low cost biomaterial derived from Prunus amygdalus L. for dye removal from water. The Scientific World Journal. 2013;2013:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2013/961671\n]'},{id:"B34",body:'[\nMajid A, Imane K, Mohsen H, Shahrzad F. Removal of rhodamine B from aqueous solution by almond shell biosorbent. Journal of Biology & Environmental Sciences. 2012;2(9):39-44\n]'},{id:"B35",body:'[\nLaufenberg G, Kunz B, Nystroemm M. Transformation of vegetable waste in value added products: (A) the upgrading concept; (B) Practical implementations. Bioresource Technology. 2008;87(2):167-198\n]'},{id:"B36",body:'[\nTiwari HC, Singh P, Mishra PK, Srivastava P. Evaluation of various techniques of extraction of natural colorants from pomegranate rind—Ultrasound and enzyme assisted extraction. Indian Textile Journal. 2010;35(13):272-276\n]'},{id:"B37",body:'[\nDavulcu A, Benli HS, Sen Y, Bahtiyari MI. Dyeing of cotton with thyme and pomegranate peel. Cellulose. 2014;21:4671-4680\n]'},{id:"B38",body:'[\nAl-Zoreky. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2009;134(3):244-248\n]'},{id:"B39",body:'[\nNegi PS, Jayaprakash GK. Antooxidant and antibacterial activities of Punica granatum peel extract. Journal of Food Science. 2003;68(4):1473-1477\n]'},{id:"B40",body:'[\nSinnur HD, Samanta AK, Verma DK, Kaware R. Studies on coloration and UV protective action of anar peel (pomegranate rind) as an effective natural colorant for cotton khadi fabric. Journal of Institution of Engineers (India): Series E. 2018;99:9-26\n]'},{id:"B41",body:'[\nSengupta S. Dyeing of wool fibre with onion skin as a natural dye. Man-Made Textiles in India. 2004;47(9):341-348\n]'},{id:"B42",body:'[\nYildirim L, Erden IO. Banana peel in dyeing of polyamide/elastane blend fabric. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel. 2019;23(2):124-133\n]'},{id:"B43",body:'[\nRabie SF, Shakra S, Adway H, Ali A. Physicochemical studies and application of some natural extracts and its metallic mordant complexes as dyes for textile fabrics. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science. 2013;24(2):17-35\n]'},{id:"B44",body:'[\nSinghee D, Dhanania Y. Dyeing of silk fabric with onion peel waste using unconventional methods. Indian Journal of Natural Fibers. 2016;3(1):45-57\n]'},{id:"B45",body:'[\nMaryam A, Khan SI, Riaz A, Ali S, Noreen S. Effect of mordants with the application of natural dye extracted from Allium cepa on natural fabric. International Journal of Home Science. 2019;5(3):283-286\n]'},{id:"B46",body:'[\nOzan A, Celik A, Gedik G, Yavas A. Natural dye extraction from waste barks of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) timber and eco-friendly natural dyeing of various textile fibers. Fibers and Polymers. 2013;14(5):866-873\n]'},{id:"B47",body:'[\nSalah SM. Antibacterial activity and UV protection property of some Egyptian cotton fabrics treated with aqueous extract from banana peel. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 2012;1(1):1-6\n]'},{id:"B48",body:'[\nTera Ferial M, Elnagar Khaled E, Mohammed SM. Dyeability and light fastness properties of onion scale dye on different fabric types for conservation applications. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management. 2012;7(3):1-6\n]'},{id:"B49",body:'[\nRepon MR, Mamun MA, Islam MT. Eco-friendly cotton coloration using banana (Musa sapientum) waste: Optimization of dyeing temperature. Universal Journal of Engineering Science. 2016;4(1):14-20\n]'},{id:"B50",body:'[\nShahid M, Mohammad F. Perspectives for natural products based agents derived from industrial plants in textiles application—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;57:2-18\n]'},{id:"B51",body:'[\nRossi T, Silva PMS, De Moura LF, Araújo MC, Brito JO, Freeman HS. Waste from eucalyptus wood steaming as a natural dye source for textile fibers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017;143:303-310\n]'},{id:"B52",body:'[\nWin ZM, Swe MM. Purification of the natural dyestuff extracted from mango bark for the application on protein fibres. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2008;46:536-540\n]'},{id:"B53",body:'[\nAli S, Nisar N, Hussain T. Dyeing properties of natural dyes extracted from eucalyptus. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 2007;98(6):559-562\n]'},{id:"B54",body:'[\nRossi T, Brito JS, Bittencourt EB, Almeida RSR, Faria PN, Dias CTS. Resíduo efluente de eucalipto como extrato corante para o tingimento têxtil de algodão. Redige. 2012;3:1-17\n]'},{id:"B55",body:'[\nBechtold T, Mahmud-Ali A, Mussak R. Anthocyanin dyes extracted from grape pomace for the purpose of textile dyeing. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2007;87:2589-2595\n]'},{id:"B56",body:'[\nDeng Q, Penner MH, Zhao Y. Chemical composition of dietary fiber and polyphenols of five different varieties of wine grape pomace skins. Food Research International. 2011;44:2712-2720\n]'},{id:"B57",body:'[\nPinga L, Pizzib A, Guoa ZD, Brosse N. Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive. Industrial Crops and Products. 2012;40:13-20\n]'},{id:"B58",body:'[\nBaaka N, Ticha MB, Haddar W, Amorim MTP, Mhenni MF. Upgrading of UV protection properties of several textile fabrics by their dyeing with grape pomace colorants. Fibers and Polymers. 2018;19(2):307-312\n]'},{id:"B59",body:'[\nRym M, Bechir E, Mhenni F. The use of response surface method to optimize the extraction of natural dye from winery waste in textile dyeing. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 2017;108(4):528-537\n]'},{id:"B60",body:'[\nMiddha SK, Talambed U, Pande V. A review on anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hepatoprotective activity of eco-friendly Punica granatum peel waste. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013:1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2013/656172\n]'},{id:"B61",body:'[\nJalal H, Pal MA, Ahmad SR, Rather M, Andrabi M, Hamdani S. Physico-chemical and functional properties of pomegranate peel and seed powder. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2018;7(4):1127-1131\n]'},{id:"B62",body:'[\nFAO. Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Tunis, Tunesia: Codex Alimentarius Commission; 2012\n]'},{id:"B63",body:'[\nMalviya S, Jha Arvind A, Hettiarachchy N. Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate peel extracts. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014;51(12):4132-4137\n]'},{id:"B64",body:'[\nGulrajani ML, Gupta D. Natural Dye and their Application to Textiles. New Delhi, India: Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology; 1992\n]'},{id:"B65",body:'[\nSingh N, Singh V, Punia P. Antibacterial finish on silk fabric with pomegranate and onion peel extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019;SP5:129-131\n]'},{id:"B66",body:'[\nShahmoradi GF, Shams NA, Majid MS, Daryoush A, Javad M. The effect of mordant salts on antibacterial activity of wool fabric dyed with pomegranate and walnut shell extracts. Coloration Technology. 2012;128:473-478\n]'},{id:"B67",body:'[\nPirayesh H, Khazaeian A, Tabarsa T. The potential for using walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell as a raw material for wood-based particleboard manufacturing. Composites: Part B. 2012;43:3276-3280\n]'},{id:"B68",body:'[\nLi X, Liu Y, Hao J, Wang W. Study of almond shell characteristics. Materials. 2018;11:1782\n]'},{id:"B69",body:'[\nSamanta AK, Konar A, Chakraborti S, Dutta S. Dyeing of jute fabric with tesu extract: Part I—Effects of the different mordants and dyeing process variables. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2011;36(1):63-73\n]'},{id:"B70",body:'[\nLou H, Yuan H, Yamazaki Y, Sasaki T, Oka S. Alkanoids and flavonoids from peanut skin. Planta Medica. 2001;67:345-349\n]'},{id:"B71",body:'[\nHelmy HM, Kamel MM, Hagag K, El-Hawary N, El-Shemy NS. Antimicrobial activity of dyed wool fabrics with peanut red skin extract using different heating techniques. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 2017;Special Issue:103-116\n]'},{id:"B72",body:'[\nRustom IYS, Lopez-Leiva MH, Nair BM. Nutritional, sensory and physicochemical properties of peanut beverage sterilized under two different UHT conditions. Food Chemistry. 1996;56:45-53\n]'},{id:"B73",body:'[\nWang D, Xu H. Biological activity components and functionality in peanut hull. Food and Nutrition in China. 2008;12:23-25\n]'},{id:"B74",body:'[\nSobolev VS, Cole RJ. Note on utilization of peanut seed test. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2003;84:105-111\n]'},{id:"B75",body:'[\nKumari CM, Sandhya S, Neetee M. Study of dyeing of cotton fabric using peanut pod natural dyes using Al2So4 CuSO4 and FeSO4 mordanting agent. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research. 2017;3(2):36-44\n]'},{id:"B76",body:'[\nSydjaroen Y, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Hul WE, Erben G, Spiegelhalder B, et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic antioxidants from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds and pericap. Food and Chemical Technology. 2005;43:1673-1682\n]'},{id:"B77",body:'[\nKumar ANA, Joshi G, Ram HYM. Sandalwood: History, uses, present status and the future. Current Science. 2012;103(12):1408-1416\n]'},{id:"B78",body:'[\nUmar IA, bn nor Muh’d MN, Wong YC. Fastness properties of colorant extracted from tamarind fruits pods to dye cotton and silk fabrics. Journal of Natural Science Research. 2013;3(4):60-66\n]'},{id:"B79",body:'[\nTepparin S, Sae-be P, Suesat J, Chumrum S, Hongmeng W. Dyeing of cotton, Bombyx mori and eri fabrics with the natural dye extracted from tamarind seed. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2012;2(3):159-163\n]'},{id:"B80",body:'[\nMohapatra D, Mishra S, Sutar N. Banana and its by-product utilization: An overview. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2010;69:323-339\n]'},{id:"B81",body:'[\nSaleh SM, Abd-El-Hady YA, El-Badry K. Eco-friendly dyeing of cotton fabric with natural colorants extracted from banana leaves. International Journal of Textile Science. 2013;2(2):21-25\n]'},{id:"B82",body:'[\nSingh P, Borthakur A, Singh R, Awasthi S, Pal DB, Srivastava P, et al. Utilization of temple floral waste for extraction of valuable products: A close loop approach towards environmental sustainability and waste management. Pollution. 2017;3(1):39-45\n]'},{id:"B83",body:'[\nMontazer M, Parvinzadeh M. Dyeing of wool with marigold and its properties, fibers and polymers. Fibers and Polymers. 2007;8(2):181-185\n]'},{id:"B84",body:'[\nTeli MD, Javed S, Maruti K. Ecofriendly dyeing and antibacterial finishing of soyabean protein fabric using waste flowers from temples. Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST). 2013;2(2):78-84\n]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Deepali Singhee",address:"deepalisingheejdbi@gmail.com",affiliation:'- Department of Textile Science, Clothing and Fashion Studies, J.D. Birla Institute, Kolkata, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9203",type:"book",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",publishedDate:"September 30th 2020",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-998-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-997-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-758-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"260662",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed Majdooa",middleName:null,surname:"Algarni",slug:"hamed-majdooa-algarni",fullName:"Hamed Majdooa Algarni"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"296"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"72769",type:"chapter",title:"Bio-Dyes, Bio-Mordants and Bio-Finishes: Scientific Analysis for Their Application on Textiles",slug:"bio-dyes-bio-mordants-and-bio-finishes-scientific-analysis-for-their-application-on-textiles",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta"}]},{id:"70564",type:"chapter",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Dyes and Its Application on Textile Substrates",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-dyes-and-its-application-on-textile-substrates",totalDownloads:2879,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"305259",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Gupta",fullName:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",slug:"virendra-kumar-gupta"}]},{id:"70725",type:"chapter",title:"A Review on Application of Natural Dyes on Textile Fabrics and Its Revival Strategy",slug:"a-review-on-application-of-natural-dyes-on-textile-fabrics-and-its-revival-strategy",totalDownloads:1366,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Pubalina Samanta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"302580",title:"Ms.",name:"Pubalina",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",fullName:"Pubalina Samanta",slug:"pubalina-samanta"}]},{id:"72980",type:"chapter",title:"Review on Natural Dyes for Textiles from Wastes",slug:"review-on-natural-dyes-for-textiles-from-wastes",totalDownloads:696,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Deepali Singhee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"321569",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepali",middleName:null,surname:"Singhee",fullName:"Deepali Singhee",slug:"deepali-singhee"}]},{id:"73002",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Natural Dyes for Herbal Textiles",slug:"application-of-natural-dyes-for-herbal-textiles",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Anupama Mishra and Sapna Gautam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"319216",title:"Dr.",name:"Anupama",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Anupama Mishra",slug:"anupama-mishra"},{id:"321349",title:"Dr.",name:"Sapna",middleName:null,surname:"Gautam",fullName:"Sapna Gautam",slug:"sapna-gautam"}]},{id:"73153",type:"chapter",title:"A Practical Guideline of Few Standardized Ready Made Shades of Natural Dyed Textiles",slug:"a-practical-guideline-of-few-standardized-ready-made-shades-of-natural-dyed-textiles",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anowar Hossain",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"318283",title:"Dr.",name:"Anowar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Anowar Hossain",slug:"anowar-hossain"}]},{id:"70710",type:"chapter",title:"Betanin: A Red-Violet Pigment - Chemistry and Applications",slug:"betanin-a-red-violet-pigment-chemistry-and-applications",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Deepak Devadiga and T.N. Ahipa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"281710",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahipa",middleName:null,surname:"T.N.",fullName:"Ahipa T.N.",slug:"ahipa-t.n."},{id:"304975",title:"Mr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Devadiga",fullName:"Deepak Devadiga",slug:"deepak-devadiga"}]},{id:"72788",type:"chapter",title:"Printing of Textiles Using Natural Dyes: A Global Sustainable Approach",slug:"printing-of-textiles-using-natural-dyes-a-global-sustainable-approach",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"M. Kavyashree",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"319381",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",middleName:null,surname:"Kavyashree",fullName:"M. Kavyashree",slug:"m.-kavyashree"}]},{id:"70792",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Properties of Natural Dyed Textiles",slug:"functional-properties-of-natural-dyed-textiles",totalDownloads:1004,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Deepti Pargai, Shahnaz Jahan and Manisha Gahlot",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"229144",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepti",middleName:null,surname:"Pargai",fullName:"Deepti Pargai",slug:"deepti-pargai"},{id:"309533",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahnaz",middleName:null,surname:"Jahan",fullName:"Shahnaz Jahan",slug:"shahnaz-jahan"},{id:"319333",title:"Prof.",name:"MANISHA GAHLOT",middleName:null,surname:"GAHLOT",fullName:"MANISHA GAHLOT GAHLOT",slug:"manisha-gahlot-gahlot"}]},{id:"64619",type:"chapter",title:"Dyeing Chemicals",slug:"dyeing-chemicals",totalDownloads:1856,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shekh Md. Mamun Kabir and Joonseok Koh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joonseok",middleName:null,surname:"Koh",fullName:"Joonseok Koh",slug:"joonseok-koh"},{id:"260971",title:"Dr.",name:"Shekh Md.",middleName:null,surname:"Mamun Kabir",fullName:"Shekh Md. Mamun Kabir",slug:"shekh-md.-mamun-kabir"}]},{id:"63825",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesis and Optical Properties of Near-Infrared (NIR) Absorbing Azo Dyes",slug:"synthesis-and-optical-properties-of-near-infrared-nir-absorbing-azo-dyes",totalDownloads:686,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sharad Rohidas Patil and Amol S. Chaudhary",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"263633",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharad Rohidas",middleName:"Rohidas",surname:"Patil",fullName:"Sharad Rohidas Patil",slug:"sharad-rohidas-patil"},{id:"319069",title:"Dr.",name:"Amol S.",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhary",fullName:"Amol S. Chaudhary",slug:"amol-s.-chaudhary"}]},{id:"71867",type:"chapter",title:"Removal of Methylene Blue Dyes from Aqueous System Using Composite Polymeric-Apatite Resins",slug:"removal-of-methylene-blue-dyes-from-aqueous-system-using-composite-polymeric-apatite-resins",totalDownloads:641,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nasser S. Awwad, Adel A. El-Zahhar and Jamila A.M. Alasmary",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad"},{id:"319709",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Zahhar",fullName:"Adel A. El-Zahhar",slug:"adel-a.-el-zahhar"},{id:"319710",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamila A.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Alasmary",fullName:"Jamila A.M. Alasmary",slug:"jamila-a.m.-alasmary"}]},{id:"68181",type:"chapter",title:"Review on Analysis of Seam Quality",slug:"review-on-analysis-of-seam-quality",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Suprit Borse, Kamlesh Sonawane, Madhuri V. Kakde and Tushar A. Shinde",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"299071",title:"Prof.",name:"Tushar A.",middleName:"Anil",surname:"Shinde",fullName:"Tushar A. Shinde",slug:"tushar-a.-shinde"},{id:"320480",title:"Mr.",name:"Suprit",middleName:null,surname:"Borse",fullName:"Suprit Borse",slug:"suprit-borse"},{id:"320481",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sonawane",fullName:"Kamlesh Sonawane",slug:"kamlesh-sonawane"},{id:"320482",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhuri V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kakde",fullName:"Madhuri V. Kakde",slug:"madhuri-v.-kakde"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10410",title:"Textiles for Functional Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5be34ee24510dc6ac217b82f0ce41ab0",slug:"textiles-for-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Bipin Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177114",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",surname:"Kumar",slug:"bipin-kumar",fullName:"Bipin Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"78878",title:"Introductory Chapter: Functional Textiles",slug:"introductory-chapter-functional-textiles",signatures:"Bipin Kumar and Viraj Somkuwar",authors:[{id:"177114",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Bipin Kumar",slug:"bipin-kumar"},{id:"435932",title:"Dr.",name:"Viraj",middleName:null,surname:"Somkuwar",fullName:"Viraj Somkuwar",slug:"viraj-somkuwar"}]},{id:"77673",title:"Antimicrobial Agents for Textiles: Types, Mechanisms and Analysis Standards",slug:"antimicrobial-agents-for-textiles-types-mechanisms-and-analysis-standards",signatures:"Ahmad Ibrahim, Joseph-Émile Laquerre, Patricia Forcier, Vincent Deregnaucourt, Justine Decaens and Olivier Vermeersch",authors:[{id:"337621",title:"MSc.",name:"Justine",middleName:null,surname:"Decaens",fullName:"Justine Decaens",slug:"justine-decaens"},{id:"338148",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Ahmad Ibrahim",slug:"ahmad-ibrahim"}]},{id:"76400",title:"Textiles Functionalization - A Review of Materials, Processes, and Assessment",slug:"textiles-functionalization-a-review-of-materials-processes-and-assessment",signatures:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",authors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh"}]},{id:"76102",title:"Applications of Silk in Biomedical and Healthcare Textiles",slug:"applications-of-silk-in-biomedical-and-healthcare-textiles",signatures:"Edison Omollo Oduor, Lucy Wanjiru Ciera and Edwin Kamalha",authors:[{id:"337686",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Edison Omollo",middleName:null,surname:"Oduor",fullName:"Edison Omollo Oduor",slug:"edison-omollo-oduor"},{id:"346386",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy Wanjiru",middleName:null,surname:"Ciera",fullName:"Lucy Wanjiru Ciera",slug:"lucy-wanjiru-ciera"},{id:"346387",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin",middleName:null,surname:"Kamalha",fullName:"Edwin Kamalha",slug:"edwin-kamalha"}]},{id:"75103",title:"Application Technologies for Functional Finishing of Textile Materials",slug:"application-technologies-for-functional-finishing-of-textile-materials",signatures:"Zeynep Omerogullari Basyigit",authors:[{id:"330396",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Omerogullari Basyigit",fullName:"Zeynep Omerogullari Basyigit",slug:"zeynep-omerogullari-basyigit"}]},{id:"77468",title:"Surface Design Technique through Tradition Technique",slug:"surface-design-technique-through-tradition-technique",signatures:"Harozila Ramli and Tajul Shuhaizam Said",authors:[{id:"336982",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Harozila",middleName:null,surname:"Ramli",fullName:"Harozila Ramli",slug:"harozila-ramli"},{id:"336986",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajul Shuhaizam",middleName:null,surname:"Said",fullName:"Tajul Shuhaizam Said",slug:"tajul-shuhaizam-said"}]},{id:"75712",title:"Smart Textiles Testing: A Roadmap to Standardized Test Methods for Safety and Quality-Control",slug:"smart-textiles-testing-a-roadmap-to-standardized-test-methods-for-safety-and-quality-control",signatures:"Ikra Iftekhar Shuvo, Justine Decaens, Dominic Lachapelle and Patricia I. Dolez",authors:[{id:"337621",title:"MSc.",name:"Justine",middleName:null,surname:"Decaens",fullName:"Justine Decaens",slug:"justine-decaens"},{id:"339078",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ikra",middleName:"Iftekhar",surname:"Iftekhar Shuvo",fullName:"Ikra Iftekhar Shuvo",slug:"ikra-iftekhar-shuvo"},{id:"339079",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia I.",middleName:null,surname:"Dolez",fullName:"Patricia I. Dolez",slug:"patricia-i.-dolez"},{id:"339090",title:"Mr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Lachapelle",fullName:"Dominic Lachapelle",slug:"dominic-lachapelle"}]},{id:"74806",title:"Modeling and Validating Analytic Relations for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Fabrics with Conductive Yarns",slug:"modeling-and-validating-analytic-relations-for-electromagnetic-shielding-effectiveness-of-fabrics-wi",signatures:"Ion Razvan Radulescu, Lilioara Surdu, Emilia Visileanu, Cristian Morari and Marian Costea",authors:[{id:"259093",title:"MSc.",name:"Ion Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Radulescu",fullName:"Ion Razvan Radulescu",slug:"ion-razvan-radulescu"},{id:"333526",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilioara",middleName:null,surname:"Surdu",fullName:"Lilioara Surdu",slug:"lilioara-surdu"},{id:"333527",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Visileanu",fullName:"Emilia Visileanu",slug:"emilia-visileanu"},{id:"333528",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Morari",fullName:"Cristian Morari",slug:"cristian-morari"},{id:"333529",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Costea",fullName:"Marian Costea",slug:"marian-costea"}]},{id:"77245",title:"Face Mask: A Novel Material for Protection against Bacteria/Virus",slug:"face-mask-a-novel-material-for-protection-against-bacteria-virus",signatures:"Thilagavathi Govindharajan and Viju Subramoniapllai",authors:[{id:"259865",title:"Dr.",name:"Viju",middleName:null,surname:"Subramoniapllai",fullName:"Viju Subramoniapllai",slug:"viju-subramoniapllai"},{id:"335304",title:"Prof.",name:"Thilagavathi",middleName:null,surname:"Govindharajan",fullName:"Thilagavathi Govindharajan",slug:"thilagavathi-govindharajan"}]},{id:"76703",title:"Antimicrobial Functional Textiles",slug:"antimicrobial-functional-textiles",signatures:"Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar",authors:[{id:"338477",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamiu Mosebolatan",middleName:null,surname:"Jabar",fullName:"Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar",slug:"jamiu-mosebolatan-jabar"}]},{id:"75976",title:"Functional Textile for Active Wear Clothing",slug:"functional-textile-for-active-wear-clothing",signatures:"Ramratan Guru, Anupam Kumar and Rohit Kumar",authors:[{id:"336997",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramratan",middleName:null,surname:"Guru",fullName:"Ramratan Guru",slug:"ramratan-guru"},{id:"337607",title:"Prof.",name:"Anupam",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Anupam Kumar",slug:"anupam-kumar"},{id:"337608",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Rohit Kumar",slug:"rohit-kumar"}]},{id:"77757",title:"Textiles for Noise Control",slug:"textiles-for-noise-control",signatures:"Mallika Datta, Srijan Das and Devarun Nath",authors:[{id:"332119",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallika",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",fullName:"Mallika Datta",slug:"mallika-datta"},{id:"333220",title:"Mr.",name:"Devarun",middleName:null,surname:"Nath",fullName:"Devarun Nath",slug:"devarun-nath"},{id:"333694",title:"Mr.",name:"Srijan",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Srijan Das",slug:"srijan-das"}]},{id:"79278",title:"Sportswear: Acumen of Raw Materials, Designing, Innovative and Sustainable Concepts",slug:"sportswear-acumen-of-raw-materials-designing-innovative-and-sustainable-concepts",signatures:"Yamini Jhanji",authors:[{id:"291745",title:"Dr.",name:"Yamini",middleName:null,surname:"Jhanji",fullName:"Yamini Jhanji",slug:"yamini-jhanji"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10410",title:"Textiles for Functional Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5be34ee24510dc6ac217b82f0ce41ab0",slug:"textiles-for-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Bipin Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177114",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",surname:"Kumar",slug:"bipin-kumar",fullName:"Bipin Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9203",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126a19fe8435f744b10161895ed51116",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10147",title:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36eb1ed7179e0790a029523c97f1df04",slug:"waste-in-textile-and-leather-sectors",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7714",title:"Emerging Micro",subtitle:"and Nanotechnologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c6ea07211f78aafb0b53a184224d655",slug:"emerging-micro-and-nanotechnologies",bookSignature:"Ruby Srivastava",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185788",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruby",surname:"Srivastava",slug:"ruby-srivastava",fullName:"Ruby Srivastava"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8494",title:"Gyroscopes",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc0e172784cf5e7851b9722f3ecfbd8d",slug:"gyroscopes-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Xuye Zhuang and Lianqun Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69742",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuye",surname:"Zhuang",slug:"xuye-zhuang",fullName:"Xuye Zhuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"9203",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126a19fe8435f744b10161895ed51116",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77769",title:"School Employee Sexual Misconduct: Red Flag Grooming Behaviors by Perpetrators",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99234",slug:"school-employee-sexual-misconduct-red-flag-grooming-behaviors-by-perpetrators",body:'1. Introduction
The shared knowledge of educators about the etiology of sexual abuse of students by school employees – what to look for, how to respond, and what actions might reduce risk – is simply inadequate to the scope of the harm. A report from the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), Child Welfare Federal Agencies Can Better Support State Efforts to Prevent and Respond to Sexual Abuse by School Personnel [1], noted the lack of research on the patterns of sexual abuse in schools. Additionally, an earlier GAO report, K-12 Education Selected Cases of Public and Private Schools that Hired or Retained Individuals with Histories of Sexual Misconduct [2], reached similar conclusions.
The problem is three-fold. (1) Ten percent of public school students report being sexually abused by a school employee [3]. (2) There is little in the existing research that identifies and describes the school culture, patterns, and conditions in which educator sexual misconduct occurs. (3) Because no one has systematically documented the school culture and the behaviors and patterns of adults who sexually abuse children in schools, school professionals fail to understand what patterns and behaviors should trigger concern, supervision, investigation, and/or reporting.
Stopping sexual misconduct directed toward students means understanding the process that adults use to prepare students to be abused so that they do not tell, do not fight, and acquiesce. This process, called grooming, has the purpose of gaining student trust, as well as the trust of parents and colleagues.
2. Review of the literature
Grooming behaviors and patterns are red flags, signaling that something is not quite right and that attention and monitoring, and supervision are needed. Most employee to student sexual misconduct in educational organizations involves a pattern of “preparing” the student for the misconduct so that the student trusts the employee. Rarely does the misconduct begin with unwanted sexual touching, although that occurs later in the process.
Sexual misconduct in schools and other youth serving organizations nearly always begins with grooming. Kenneth Lanning, retired supervisory Special Agent from the FBI and a seminal researcher of criminal sexual behavior since the 1970’s, describes grooming as “specific nonviolent techniques used by some child molesters to gain access to and control of their child victims” [4]. The patterns, now referred to as grooming, were at one time referred to as seduction within the prevention community. That label changed overtime as researchers learned more about how children are persuaded into targets. The change in terminology had more to do with the perception of the words than the actual behaviors. Lanning and others use the words interchangeably to describe “patterned behavior designed to create opportunities for sexual assault, minimize victim resistance or withdrawal, and reduce disclosure or belief.” [4].
Jim Tanner and Stephen Brake [5] developed a framework for understanding the grooming process. They make a distinction between grooming the individual and grooming the “environment. Because offenders need to find potential targets, gain their trust, reduce discovery by others, and reduce the target’s credibility if discovered, they groom victims to “overcome resistance, maintain access, and minimize disclosure” [5]. Offenders need access to targets, need to be desirable to targets, and need to convince the target that everything that is happening is normal. The goal is compliance from the child, often misinterpreted as consent. Children aren’t legally or emotionally able to consent – this is not an equal interaction – therefore compliance is used by the offender as a stand-in for consent, drawing the child into a belief system that the child has control or power when that is not the case.
Offenders must not only gain the trust of the victim, but also that of the community in which he or she works as well as the environment of the child. Typically, the offender grooms the work and community environment first, then grooms potential victims, then the actual victim or victim’s family. Prior to physical sexual abuse of the potential target, the offender seeks to be someone admired by colleagues, recognized in the community as a productive and valuable member, and appreciated by parents as someone who is helpful to the success of their children.
Environmental and individual grooming can occur at the same time, but commonly the offender has first established his or herself as a highly regarded education and/or coaching professional. Tanner and Brake [5] have summarized this process, displayed in Table 1.
Purpose of victim grooming | Overcome resistance, maintain access, and minimized disclosure |
Target of victim grooming | Emotionally vulnerable child |
Goals of victim grooming | Access/affiliate Allure/accept Alibi/assure |
Actions of victim grooming | Gaining trust, access, relationship |
Bond | Form a special bond, keep secrets, special lures |
Reliance | Push and pull of victim. Make victim need offender |
Attenuate | Reduce resistance through slow progression and explanation of normalcy |
Trap | Prevent disclosure through grooming, threats, guilt, and fear |
Environmental Grooming |
Purpose of Environmental Grooming | Find victims and reduce the probability of being reported or victim being believed |
Target of Environmental Grooming | Parents/family, teachers, social organizations, peers, significant others, etc. |
Goals of environmental grooming | Access: provide entrée Allure: create interest Alibi: minimize risk |
Actions of environmental grooming | |
Position | Social, Personal |
Charm | Personality |
Power | Political, fiscal, absolute |
Celebrity | Fame |
Table 1.
Tanner and Blake’s summary of child victim grooming.
Grooming is rarely perceived as a violent act. Instead, it consists of actions that bond the target to the offender such as time spent together, secrets, gifts, special attention. The process presents the offender to the child as kind, gentle, understanding, caring, generous, charming, and accessible. A goal of the offender is to be desirable, needed, and wanted by the child. As the child is progressively drawn-in to this “special” bond, the offender assures the child that the relationship is “normal”, often by telling the target that he or she is more mature than the other students, or smarter, or extra special. The more an offender can minimize the nature of the offense and shape it into an acceptable relationship -- counselor, teacher who cares, friend, father figure, peer -- the more the student is led to believe that what is happening is acceptable.
Generally, the only time the offender uses threatening methods are when the student tries to stop the predator after the grooming period and well into the physical or emotional sexual misconduct. At this point the offender uses threats, guilt and fear to keep the student involved. Most grooming and sexual misconduct toward students by adults occurs right in the school: in empty classrooms, in hallways, in offices. Sometimes the abuse is played out in front of other students. It is not unusual for a teacher to take a student into a storage room attached to the classroom and have sexual intercourse while the rest of the class does seat work. Recess and lunch are prime offending times.
Preventing sexual misconduct and abuse directed toward students requires adult bystanders and other students to understand the “red flags” of grooming behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe grooming behaviors that school employees use in their quest to cross sexual boundaries with students.
3. Methods
3.1 Description of the study
If we could (or would) do postmortem examinations each time a student is sexually abused by an adult in a school, we might be able to identify the places where policies, training, supervision, and reporting failed to prevent the abuse. These are sensitive issues for school administrators and communities and, most of the time, the stakeholders just want to put the ugly incident behind them, a response which does little to prevent future abuse. However valuable direct inquiry might be, it turns out not to be feasible to get permission to interview students, teachers, administrators, victims, parents of victims, and predators when an employee has sexually abused a student. Very few, if any, organizations allow such scrutiny.
3.2 Methodological framework
This study uses documents from civil litigation where a parent or child has filed a suit against a school district for not preventing the abuse of the child by a school employee and where the school employee predator has been convicted in a criminal trial of sexually abusing a student. These documents provide the range, detail, and putative accuracy of case evidence that is otherwise unavailable to researchers. Specifically, we analyzed expert witness reports that were developed from civil legal documents. The use of civil legal documents introduces a methodological dimension that is not often deployed in education research, and thus provides an additional approach to education research. These documents provide robust documentation for undertaking these multiple case studies which allow for individual incident descriptions as well as a synthesis of variables across cases. Court and legal records are not uncommon sources of data in social science and historical research [6], but rarely used in non-legal education research.
The documents on which the expert reports used for this study came were based on multiple case records used in civil litigation that the senior author read and analyzed to produce an expert witness report. In each case, the expert report included the same topics and format and produced a report between 50 and 100 pages. It is the report that the researchers in this study used to identify red flags of grooming.
3.3 Sample
The sample was drawn from 220 expert reports written by the senior author between 2004 and 2020 as expert reports in civil litigation. Essentially, the reports represent case study descriptions of the patterns and behaviors of grooming and sexual misconduct as well as the extent that school organizations met prevention protocols. The purpose of this study was to identify red flags of grooming across cases, red flags which were described in the report.
There were six parameters for selection of the reports to be included in this study (1) a student has been sexually abused by an employee of the school district; (2) the employee has admitted the sexual abuse and been found guilty in criminal court; (3) the school is a PK12 school; (4) the report included information on grooming red flags; (5) consent for use of documents has been given by the plaintiff attorneys; and (6) the criminal and civil cases were closed.
Although this sample is not random (a technique not available in these circumstances), it is a purposeful selection that has characteristics of both snowball and judgment sampling. The cases initially reviewed are varied and are from 33 states; represent both state and federal complaints; include elementary and secondary student plaintiffs; represent urban, rural, and suburban school districts; contain both high- and low-income schools; incorporate schools that serve predominantly white, predominantly black or Latina/o, or mixed race student enrollments. The victims in these cases are both males and females and the predators are both males and females. Thus, the sample replicates the socio-demographic properties of school districts and plaintiffs from the country as a whole.
3.4 Data sources
Litigation and trial data are commonly used in other disciplines, but rarely in education research. Never-the-less the public has a “qualified right of access to court proceedings and records, rooted in the common law. The First Amendment also confers on the public a qualified right of access”, including in civil trials [7]. Among the data points for analysis that are included in civil case documentation are school district policies, training materials and requirements, hiring policies and practices, personnel files, student files, medical/mental health files, environmental scans of the school buildings, police files from the criminal prosecution, and pictures of classrooms.
Depositions, as sworn testimony, are as close to that person’s “truth” as is likely to be available. People being deposed swear an oath to tell the truth and the penalties of perjury apply, just as they would in trial testimony. In the cases analyzed, there are depositions from the victim, family members, the abuser, members of the abuser’s family, classmates of the victim, and school personnel – teachers, coaches, custodians, school lunch monitors, teacher aids, building administrators, district administrators, and school board members. This is a broad and inclusive group of people who are “telling the story” in the civil cases/settings/contexts of sexual abuse.
3.5 Coding
We developed a set of codes that were descriptive of red flag behavior by an adult directed toward a child in these cases. Coding was done on documents in which all identifiers were removed. No school district names or names of people involved were available to coders. They were replaced with role identifiers (for instance, “principal”, “2nd grade teacher, student target). Codes aligned with Tanner and Blake’s grooming categories.
The authors coded the documents in pairs with the senior author serving as a third coder where there were differences in coding decisions.
4. Findings
Red flag grooming strategies to gain trust of targets, colleagues, or parents are described with examples from cases. Pseudonyms are used in all descriptions.
4.1 Who gets groomed?
In K-12 school settings there is a good deal of variation when it comes to the characteristics of students who are targeted for sexual misconduct by predators and in what types of school these violations occur. In other words: students of all genders, races, academic backgrounds, and personalities are groomed and are targets of sexual misconduct in all kinds of schools at all levels. In this study, we are reporting examples of grooming from both independent and public schools in the United States where elementary, middle, and high school females and males have been targeted with sexualized behavior by school employees. The majority of the cases were male employees grooming female students and others in the environment, followed by male employees grooming male students, then female employees grooming male students. We did not have any cases of female employees grooming female students.
Not all school employees who were grooming a student engaged in grooming the environment, but most who crossed sexual boundaries with students also needed parents and their colleagues to trust and like them, and, therefore, worked to gain their trust. Before actual sexual misconduct can occur, boundaries have to be crossed. Boundary violations occur in public, in front of others. Once boundaries are crossed and trust is gained, much of the abuse occurs in private settings such as closed classrooms, cars, or via social media interactions.
4.2 Tanner and Blake grooming categories
We examined the expert witness documents for examples of the grooming patterns described by Tanner and Blake and found examples of all in these cases with bonding, reliance, and attenuation (or normalization) the most prevalent.
4.2.1 Bonding
Bonding boundary crossing is what most bystanders see and it rarely announces as sexual abuse. School employees who targeted students often start out by identifying a special bond, “you aren’t like other students”, “you are so mature”, “I can talk to you” are all phrases that were used to make students feel special. Female students often reported that male employees would talk about their personal emotional and sexual lives with a wife or girlfriend. “He told me he wasn’t happy in his marriage and that his wife didn’t understand him. He said I was different.” Bonding also came through secrets that could not be shared, “no one can know about us” and comparisons “when I was your age, I had the same problems with my mother.”
In many cases where boundaries are crossed and grooming occurs, students, parents, and other educators and administrators mistook these actions that crossed professional and appropriate boundaries as “prosocial behavior” (Tanner & Brake, 2013). Typically, prosocial behavior, such as compliments and direct attention in the classroom, are seen as positive educator behaviors when attempting to mentor students or forge beneficial educator-student relationships for the purpose of improving child learning. Thus, school employees often used tutorial help as a way to bond. A not uncommon pattern is for a teacher to talk with the student or the parent and describe the student as bright and capable, but falling behind. The teacher then offers to help the student catch up and advance. Students reported they felt special and liked the extra attention. Parents reported they were grateful for the extra time given to their child.
But the differences between prosocial and bonding grooming behaviors is the focus of this behavior –behaviors directed toward all or most students vs. a specific student. Teachers who offer to help lots of students, in open settings, are very different from teachers helping a select student in a regularly closed environment.
A similar pattern revolves around food. A targeted student is invited to have lunch with the teacher in the classroom and the teacher brings the food. Other students are not invited or allowed. Intensity and repetition of these behaviors with a single student moves this from pro-social to boundary crossing and grooming. These boundary violations are carefully planned transgressions that scale in boldness relative to how often the predator can get away with the behavior in the presence of bystanders.
Use of personal – not school sanctioned and monitored -- social media is a common vehicle for bonding grooming. Using a private platform is much like being alone with a student behind a closed locked door. There is no way to monitor and the interactions are hidden and private. For example, in one school, observers frequently reported that a teacher, “was communicating with his 6th grade students via Facebook,” thus establishing a private, personal, out of school communication pathway to groom students. When grooming through social media, direct or private messages can escalate quickly due to the relative ease of access predators have to students who may view it as normal behavior because that is how they communicate with their peers. Back and forth texts escalate into more intimate and private conversations and often include exchanges of photos of body parts or other sexual displays. It is not uncommon for hundreds of text messages to be exchanged in a school day, with intimate, connecting, and escalating messages.
4.2.2 Reliance
Another way that victims are groomed is to increase their reliance on the school employee. Sometimes that relates to grades, as in trading grades for time, “I didn’t have to do my homework. As long as I spent time with him, he would give me a grade.” Sometimes it translates into legitimate help when the school employee is tutoring and teaching a student, but withholds that learning if the student does not comply. Sometimes it is providing food or transportation. Gifts and money are also used in the reliance process, offering students things they do not have. Often those things are cell phones and iPads that provide the adult with easy access to the student. Other times students are given trendy clothes and accessories. But in all cases, the adult is using this grooming strategy as a way to tie the student to him or her, to increase the student’s reliance on the adult.
4.2.3 Attenuate: Normalize
Predators work to normalize boundary crossing behavior. They are aided in this by schools that (1) do not teach students or other adults about what is acceptable adult to student behavior and that (2) fail to train students and adult bystanders how and when to report.
Boundary violations in the public eye, for example over public forums on social media or in full classrooms, are often defined by their subtlety--the goal of which is to progressively make children feel that these violations are “normal” or par for the course. Child targets often do not know how to code these actions, having not been taught about what is acceptable behavior from a school employee. As a result, they do not report these behaviors to authority figures who could intervene to interrupt the grooming process. For instance, a student bystander noted that a male teacher would rub up against female students: “…he [teacher] made her uncomfortable and … he would rub his penis against her back while touching her shoulder.” Students often reported that the teacher “hugged” all the girls or “hung out” with a group of students all the time. Sometimes the normalcy of boundary crossing blinds bystander employees to the reality of the violation. Violating school employees may give student victim rides to and from school or to other locations and are often seen by both adults and students leaving the school. And yet, this misconduct goes largely unreported even though in most schools it is an explicitly prohibited action. When queried about these actions, both students and adults would report that “I just assumed it was OK. No one said anything about it.”
Adult conversations with students – often in the classroom or to groups of students during lunch or other non-class times – include sexual topics, personal disclosure of adult sexual activity and preferences, and questions to students about their sexual lives. These are disguised as “normal” interactions and topics with students, but they are grooming behaviors that seek to normalize sexual talk. These behaviors often go uninterrupted or only lightly reprimanded by other employees who overhear the boundary crossing conversations.
Normalizing also occurs when the adult behaves the same way as the student, acting as a peer. This is often presented as romance, leading other students to believe (either overtly or covertly) that it is OK for adults who work in the school to date a student. Bystander students, as a result, see sexualized behavior between the adult and, in most cases, a high school student, and explain it as ‘normal’ romantic behavior: “They are dating…They are boyfriend and girlfriend…[the predator] didn’t molest [the victim], they were just making out.”
For instance, a male teacher who had been grooming a female student reacted when she threw a Jell-O cup he had given her onto the floor. The teacher intruded on another class the student was in and threw what was described as a tantrum, “throwing things around…slamm[ing the door]…and star[ing] at [the student].” The bystander teacher of the current class period should have recognized and reported the obvious red flags indicating teacher-student boundary violations. The behavior of the abuser resembled an angry tantrum reminiscent of teenage lovers having a fall out, rather than a teacher simply being angry at a student misbehaving. Students described these behaviors as typical boyfriend/girlfriend actions, indicating how the adult had normalized these behaviors so that they were not seen as inappropriate, but, rather, indications of normal romance.
Those who groom students look for ways to touch students. In one middle school, two female students were in a classroom with a male teacher-predator talking about “getting away from someone that’s trying to hurt you.” The teacher grabbed one of the victims by the arm and said he did it “to show…that it’s not as easy to get away from someone as you think.” After the teacher was arrested, the girls were questioned and related what had happened. They explained that although they thought it was inappropriate behavior, they did not report the teacher, assuming that it was something teachers could do and that they thought they would not be believed.
Hugs are often normalized. For example, a teacher in an elementary school who hugs students in the hallway between classes and “when the kids would come in from recess” broadcasts an image of friendliness when the intent is to normalize inappropriate touching of children. The teachers who do this often portray this behavior as giving students extra support, “letting them know we care”, a rationalization that is accepted by students, parents, and colleagues. In middle and high school, hugs are normalized across all students as praise or reward. That practice camouflages hugs for sexual purposes.
Students make sense of these boundary crossings and potentially illegal behavior from their own frame of reference. They do this because the adults in the school have not taught them another lesson, the policies of behavior (if they exist) have not been explained, and the culture of the school encourages everyone to look the other way, rather than teaching what the appropriate teacher-student boundaries are and what to do if they see them being violated.
4.2.4 Trap
When school employees were suspected of sexual misconduct and questioned by school leadership or law enforcement, many sent messages – usually through texts – to the students they had targeted warning them not to “tell”. The messages often reminded the students that “I could go to jail if you tell.” “You would be hurting my family if you tell”. “You will get in trouble if you tell”. Although not common, some student targets reported that abusers threatened their family members – “He said he would kill my mother if I told.” “He said he would kill my sister if I told.” “I was afraid he would hurt my family.” More often, though, the employee abuser played on the student’s feelings for the abuser, “He told me he would go to jail. I didn’t want him to go to jail. I just wanted it to stop.”
4.3 Overall patterns across grooming actions
Some patterns were used across the victim grooming categories of Tanner and Blake.
4.3.1 Isolation
It is said that grooming occurs in public and sexual abuse in isolation. For the most part, that is true. But grooming can also occur in isolation. Bonding, reliance, and attenuation happen in public spaces and isolated environments. Isolation is not only a tactic to keep actions hidden, but also a strategy to remove the target from friends and family, leaving the employer abuser as the only person the student can confide in.
Isolation is a type of red flag that can go unnoticed due to its nature in being seen as “helpful” or “beneficial” to the victim from an outside perspective, or simply going unnoticed. Isolation is a way that gives the abuser access to the victim, without any suspicion or detection from outside environments. This can take many forms such as having individual coaching sessions, private tutoring, or one-on-one help after school in a classroom.
In one school a teacher, Mr. Park, offered to tutor a student, Jane Doe. This gave him access to her without other students and behind closed doors. Mr. Park began pressuring Jane Doe to meet him outside of school. Jane Doe described this pattern: “If I found a way to make it happen, he would find a place.” Jane Doe finally agreed, and they decided to meet. Mr. Park picked up Jane Doe at the 99 Cent Store” and they went to his house, where sexual activity occurred. Jane Doe was receiving tutoring from Mr. Park, which eventually allowed him to isolate her in his home away from other outside environments and interference. Isolating a victim can be especially dangerous because it can lead to sexual abuse and misconduct due to the fact that it goes unnoticed by other faculty and administrators.
There are also instances where isolation occurs on school grounds during the school day. When J.L. did not return to the classroom in a timely manner, her teacher went to look for her and found her with the male classroom aid. They were both stepping out of a dark recessed area outside an empty classroom. The male aid told J.L’s teacher that J.L. was afraid to go to the restroom alone. The aid would watch J.L. in the classroom, looking for ways to isolate her in the building that could be explained as “helping”. J.L.’s teacher noticed that whenever J.L. left the classroom, the aid left soon after with a variety of excuses. The teacher also noticed that whenever this happened the aid and J.L. returned to the classroom at the same time. And yet, J.L.’s teacher did not report these behaviors.
A similar scenario occurred in an elementary school when a male paraprofessional targeted a first grade boy. He isolated the male student by driving the student around in his car, which the student thought was fun. The time spent on these drives provided an opportunity to form a bond. By offering to help the family with transportation when the male student stayed late for tutoring or activities, the teacher built the trust of the parents which developed into a strong connection to this family. The boy’s parents described the teacher as one of the family and reported that they were so happy the teacher was helping their son.
4.3.2 Gifts
Providing resources or gifts are very common grooming tactics used to pressure victims into gratitude for receiving this specific kind of attention from an authority figure. Gift giving is used to gain trust and make the victim feel indebted to the adult predator. Gifts serve both a bonding and a reliance function.
An example of gift giving occurred in a middle school between a teacher and an eighth grade student. Mr. Toledo targeted a female student for sexual activity and began a full on “courtship”, buying her gifts and providing her with things she would not otherwise have. One day, for instance, he texted her and told her that he put a “surprise in her locker”. When S.G. went to her locker, she found a pink iPad mini. And she was delighted and excited to have it. When she took it home, her mother questioned her about it. Finally, S.G. broke down and told her mother that Mr. Toledo had given it to her. S.G. felt special when she got this gift. And she wanted to keep it. And it made her like Mr. Toledo even more. Mr. Toledo counted on that. He knew that an expensive and lavish gift would escalate his access to S.G. and make it less likely that S.G. would rebuff his next steps. This gift bonded S.G. to him and also increased her reliance on him.
Gift giving to girls as a grooming step is not uncommon. But, depending upon the gift, it may be more likely to raise concerns from parents. Parents aren’t aware of food and candy and privilege handouts to their child from an adult employee in the school, but they are likely to notice “things” that get brought home. For instance, teacher Park targeted Marianna and began giving her extra school supplies. When she brought these home, her mother noted them, but assumed they were part of the school package. Even when she realized that they were not given to all children, Marianna’s mother treated the supplies as a way the teacher was helping her child succeed in school. However, when Marianne came home with a new purse, given to her by Mr. Park, her mother knew immediately that this was an inappropriate gift. A realization came to too late to stop Mr. Park from sexual activity with her daughter. The extra school supplies given to Marianna allowed Mr. Park to groom Marianna and make her feel special, portraying the grooming as “helping”. Typically, parents and administrators would not question who supplied school supplies to a student whose family could not afford them. And yet, they served the same purpose as the gift of the purse: gaining the trust and good feelings of a child while crossing boundaries and manipulating a child’s affections.
4.4 Environmental grooming
In many of these cases, parents were groomed to trust the teacher, usually because the teacher was providing their child with academic support. “We were really grateful that [the teacher] was helping our daughter with her math.” Often parents commented on how friendly the teacher was. In other cases, the teacher befriended the parent, usually a single mother, and provided support such as stopping by with dinner and conversation or, in some cases offering to babysit when the parent needed help.
A not atypical pattern was a male school employee targeting a male student who was the child of a female single parent. The teacher would contact the mother, expressing concern about her son’s academic work. The teacher usually praised the boy as being bright, but who needed some extra guidance to get on track. The teacher then offered to tutor the child. The teacher would inject himself into the household, offering to bring the boy (and often siblings) home from school, provide little extras to the household – food, movies, toys – and become a confidant to the mother. The mother described the experience as a dream come true. Worried about the effects of raising a male child in a fatherless home, she felt grateful that “the teacher everyone hoped their child would get” was helping her son learn and providing her son with a good role model. The grooming of the mother was an essential part of this pattern.
Colleagues were also actively groomed by abusers. After a teacher had been arrested or convicted, colleagues reported how surprised they were. The following were typical of comments colleagues made. “He was always so helpful, offering to take care of things after school so that I could get home to my kids.” “I just couldn’t believe it. He was the nicest person. Always there to help and focused on the well-being of students.” “He was teacher of the year in our school district.”
5. Conclusions
In Fall of 2019, an estimated 56.6 million children in the United States entered classrooms with 3.7 million teachers, 938,000 administrators, and other staff members (NCES.ed.gov; Department for Professional Employees, 2019). The most recent generalizable available data collected at the student level of victimization document that seven percent of students report being the target of physical abuse by a school employee, most often a teacher or coach [3]. When multiple forms of assault are combined – verbal sexual misconduct (sexual stories or talk about a student’s or teacher’s sex life) and visual sexual misconduct (pornography, masturbating in front of students) – 10% of students report being victims nationally. Thus, 5.66 million students report sexual abuse by employees in schools.
Prevention of school employee sexual misconduct requires that bystanders [school staff, parents, other students] understand the behaviors by abusers that would indicate that a student is being targeted for sexual misconduct. These behaviors are referred to as grooming and are red flags that should signal boundary crossing and possible sexual misconduct by an employee.
Documenting and describing these behaviors is a step toward prevention. The more able bystanders are to recognize boundary crossing and grooming – and report what they see – the safer students are from school employee sexual misconduct and abuse in school.
All of the cases reviewed for this chapter include grooming behaviors by the school employee directed toward the student. Abusers used tactics to bond with the student by forming special relationships, keeping secrets, receiving special gifts, and one-on-one attention. Abusers also worked to keep the student reliant on the abuser for emotional support as well as for academic help and gifts Abusers worked hard to normalize boundary crossing so that these grooming behaviors would go unreported. When they were reported, abusers used traps and threats to prevent disclosure.
Individual targets were not the only ones groomed, however. Parents, siblings, and colleagues were also groomed to like and trust the abuser in an attempt to ensure that the grooming and sexual misconduct directed toward the student would go unreported. While understanding what grooming looks like will not stop all sexual exploitation of students, knowing the warning signs and red flags and reporting them immediately will go a long way in preventing sexual misconduct.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"sexual abuse, students, grooming, sexual misconduct, schools",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77769.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77769.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77769",totalDownloads:130,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2021",dateReviewed:"July 5th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 2nd 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 2nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The sexual exploitation of students is a worldwide problem. In the U.S., the problem is three-fold: (1) Ten percent of public school students report being sexually abused by a school employee. (2) There is little in the existing research that identifies and describes the school culture, patterns, and conditions in which educator sexual misconduct occurs. (3) Because no one has systematically documented the school culture and the behaviors and patterns of adults who sexually abuse children in schools, school professionals fail to understand what patterns and behaviors should trigger concern, supervision, investigation, and/or reporting. Stopping sexual misconduct directed toward students means understanding the process that adults use to prepare students to be abused so that they do not tell, do not fight, and acquiesce. This process, called grooming, has the purpose of gaining student trust, as well as the trust of parents and colleagues. This study examines school employee sexual misconduct toward students in school in the United States and is based upon an analysis of 222 cases of school employee sexual misconduct toward a student where a school employee was convicted of student sexual abuse. The findings identify red flag grooming patterns used with students, colleagues, and parents.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77769",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77769",signatures:"Charol Shakeshaft, Mitchell Parry, Eve Chong, Syeda Saima and Najia Lindh",book:{id:"10207",type:"book",title:"Sexual Abuse - An Interdisciplinary Approach",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sexual Abuse - An Interdisciplinary Approach",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou and Dr. Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-398-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-397-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-399-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi Abaci",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-abaci-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Review of the literature",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Description of the study",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Methodological framework",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Sample",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Data sources",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Coding",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Findings",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Who gets groomed?",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2 Tanner and Blake grooming categories",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"4.2.1 Bonding",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"4.2.2 Reliance",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"4.2.3 Attenuate: Normalize",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.2.4 Trap",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.3 Overall patterns across grooming actions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"4.3.1 Isolation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"4.3.2 Gifts",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"4.4 Environmental grooming",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2014). Child Welfare Federal Agencies Can Better Support State Efforts to Prevent and Respond to Sexual Abuse by School Personnel.]'},{id:"B2",body:'[United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2010). K-12 Education Selected Cases of Public and Private Schools that Hired or Retained Individuals with Histories of Sexual Misconduct.]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Shakeshaft, C. Educator Sexual Misconduct with Students: A Synthesis of Existing Literature on Prevalence, Planning and Evaluation Service, Office of the Undersecretary, US Department of Education]'},{id:"B4",body:'[Lanning, K. (2018). The evolution of grooming: Concept and Term, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 33, p. 6.]'},{id:"B5",body:'[Tanner, J. and Brake, S. (2013). Exploring Sex Offender Grooming, http://www.stephenbrakeassociates.com/Exploring%20Sex%20Offender%20Grooming.pdf]'},{id:"B6",body:'[Welsh, S., Dawson, M. & Nierobisz, A. (2002). Legal Factors, Extra-Legal Factors, or Changes in the Law? Using Criminal Justice Research to Understand the Resolution of Sexual Harassment Complaints.]'},{id:"B7",body:'[Reagan, R. (2010). Sealing court records and proceeding: A pocket guide. Federal Judicial Center, p. 2.]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Charol Shakeshaft",address:"cshakeshaft@vcu.edu",affiliation:'- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Mitchell Parry",address:null,affiliation:'- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Eve Chong",address:null,affiliation:'- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Syeda Saima",address:null,affiliation:'- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Najia Lindh",address:null,affiliation:'- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10207",type:"book",title:"Sexual Abuse - An Interdisciplinary Approach",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sexual Abuse - An Interdisciplinary Approach",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou and Dr. Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-398-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-397-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-399-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi Abaci",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-abaci-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"195585",title:"BSc.",name:"Shoaib",middleName:null,surname:"Muhammad",email:"mshoaibce@gmail.com",fullName:"Shoaib Muhammad",slug:"shoaib-muhammad",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"53743",title:"Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Study on Energy Storage Materials",slug:"synchrotron-radiation-based-x-ray-study-on-energy-storage-materials",abstract:"Understanding the electrochemical processes responsible for energy storage in batteries is critical for designing of next-generation batteries. The conventional laboratory-scale characterization instruments provide limited information required for better understanding of electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Synchrotron radiations have very high brilliance and broad energy range extending from far-IR through the hard X-ray region. The availability of synchrotron radiation is driving technical and theoretical advances in scattering and spectroscopic techniques from last couple of decades. These advances in synchrotron radiation-based characterization techniques have made it possible to study the underpinning issues of energy storage materials. An electrochemical road map based on much more knowledge-driven approach can be drawn by utilizing synchrotron-based element-specific spectroscopic as well as scattering techniques. Herein, we introduce various scenarios where synchrotron radiation-based characterization methods provide inherent advantages and flexibility in obtaining detailed mechanistic information along with structural studies.",signatures:"Shoaib Muhammad, Hyunchul Kim and Won-Sub Yoon",authors:[{id:"190121",title:"Dr.",name:"Won-Sub",surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Won-Sub Yoon",slug:"won-sub-yoon",email:"wsyoon@skku.edu"},{id:"195585",title:"BSc.",name:"Shoaib",surname:"Muhammad",fullName:"Shoaib Muhammad",slug:"shoaib-muhammad",email:"mshoaibce@gmail.com"},{id:"195586",title:"BSc.",name:"Hyunchul",surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyunchul Kim",slug:"hyunchul-kim",email:"choli8988@skku.edu"}],book:{id:"5402",title:"X-ray Characterization of Nanostructured Energy Materials by Synchrotron Radiation",slug:"x-ray-characterization-of-nanostructured-energy-materials-by-synchrotron-radiation",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"19478",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Khodaei",slug:"mehdi-khodaei",fullName:"Mehdi Khodaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19478/images/system/19478.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Mehdi Khodaei received his bachelor’s degree in 2005 and a master’s degree in 2008 from the Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. In 2014, he obtained his Ph.D. in Nanotechnology-Materials Science from the University of Tehran, Iran. He was a visiting researcher at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea from March 2012 to June 2013. His research area is functional nanomaterials. He is currently working as an assistant professor at the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran.",institutionString:"K.N. Toosi University of Technology",institution:{name:"K.N.Toosi University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"187996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Giorgetti",slug:"marco-giorgetti",fullName:"Marco Giorgetti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187996/images/5495_n.png",biography:"Marco Giorgetti was born on December, 1968 in Ancona, Italy. Graduated in Chemistry on 1993, he first served the Italian Navy as an officier, teaching Chemistry at the Scuole sottufficiali MM in Taranto, Italy (1994). He got his Ph.D. on Chemical Sciences in 1998 where he was involved in a joint collaboration between the University of Camerino, Italy and the Université de Paris-Sud, France (1995-1998) working on spectroelectrochemical X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) studies. During the Ph.D. thesis, he worked at LURE, Université de Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) for 18 months for several stages. In 1998 he joined the group of Prof. Smyrl of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA for a two-years post-doc position, working on the synthesis, electrochemical and structural characterization of materials for secondary lithium batteries. In 2000 he draw up a research fellowship with the University of Camerino, Italy, working on the development of an in-situ electrochemical cell for XRD measurements on battery materials. From October 2000 he was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Bologna at the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and from November 2014 he is Associate Professor at the department of Industrial Chemistry (University of Bologna). He is teaching in the field of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Techniques since 2001, and from 2009 to the Doctorate school. He\\'s member of the Faculty Teaching Committee (Faculty of Industrial Chemistry) since 2005 and local coordinator of the Analytical Chemistry Teaching staff since 2007. Since september 2011 he has been contact teacher of the European Master in Advanced Spectroscopy on Chemistry (ACS) and from December 2014 he is the Local coordinator. In 2015 the ASC consortium has obtained the EACEA grant for the Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees (EMJMD).\n\nHe is member of the Peer Review Committee of synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France (PRC 4 “Chemisty & Physico-Chemistry, In situ reactivity, Soft matter) since January 2012. He has been evaluator for the School of Advanced Studies (PhD program) of the University of Camerino in the cohorts 2012-2013. He has been Referee for the research evaluation Italian Programme (VQR 2004-2010), and SIR projects (2013), and also evaluator of project proposals of the Latvian Science Council in 2012 and 2013.\n\nHis current research interest covers the field of the structural characterization of materials and solutions by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, the applied electrochemistry and sensors, the synthesis and characterization of mixed hexacyanoferrates. He has coordinated more than 20 projects in synchrotron radiation facilities including the LURE (Orsay, France), SRS-Daresbury (Warrington, UK), ESRF (Grenoble, France), Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY, USA), ELETTRA (Trieste, Italy). He\\'s author about 75 papers published on international journals, 22 Large Scale Facility (LSF) reports, 5 book chapters, 4 publication on national journals, 5 highlights, and about 65 communications at scientific meetings, including 25 oral communications. He has published a cover article in Dalton (2011), ChemElectroChem (2015), Metallomics (2015) Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2015). Several of his research has been highlighted in the ELETTRA Highlights 2011 and ELETTRA Highlights 2015 and other two in the ELETTRA web site on 2011 and 2012.\n\nHe is embodied in the Referee Panel of several international chemistry journals (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry of Materials, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Electrochimica Acta, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Waste Management, Applied Surface Science, Science Advanced Material, Journal of Power Sources, Acta Physica Polonica A, ChemElectroChem, Advanced Science, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bologna",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"188359",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Miglierini",slug:"marcel-miglierini",fullName:"Marcel Miglierini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"188472",title:"Dr.",name:"Dino",surname:"Tonti",slug:"dino-tonti",fullName:"Dino Tonti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"189009",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Innocenti",slug:"massimo-innocenti",fullName:"Massimo Innocenti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Florence",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"189016",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Felici",slug:"roberto-felici",fullName:"Roberto Felici",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"189134",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vit",surname:"Prochazka",slug:"vit-prochazka",fullName:"Vit Prochazka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"190121",title:"Dr.",name:"Won-Sub",surname:"Yoon",slug:"won-sub-yoon",fullName:"Won-Sub Yoon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"195586",title:"BSc.",name:"Hyunchul",surname:"Kim",slug:"hyunchul-kim",fullName:"Hyunchul Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"197022",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Stievano",slug:"lorenzo-stievano",fullName:"Lorenzo Stievano",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197022/images/4825_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\nThe IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n2004
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t- Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n2005
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n2006
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n2008
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n2009
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n2010
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n2011
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n2012
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n2013
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n2014
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n2015
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t- 40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t- Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n2016
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n2017
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\nThe IntechOpen timeline
\n\n2004
\n\n\n\t- Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t- Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n2005
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n2006
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n2008
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n2009
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n2010
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n2011
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t- IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t- IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n2012
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n2013
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n2014
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t- IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n2015
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t- 40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t- Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n2016
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n2017
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6602},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5908},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12542},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132766},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11727",title:"Bronchitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bde0bf7ccc8a2c1798f43ab5b56d338c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11727.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11694",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"32122a528d743d1f8843ac6b1c9cd564",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11694.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11713",title:"Chiropractic Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b4e556ae0275a66d0c662a53aac5cb92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11713.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11838",title:"Football Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e69975f96f195be8093194346f8bbe58",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11838.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:224},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"985",title:"Cardiogeriatrics",slug:"cardiogeriatrics",parent:{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"},numberOfBooks:34,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1290,numberOfWosCitations:645,numberOfCrossrefCitations:327,numberOfDimensionsCitations:862,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"985",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5888",title:"Recent Trends in Cardiovascular Risks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3031fb52ab84b78e9ef7ec51815c5fa5",slug:"recent-trends-in-cardiovascular-risks",bookSignature:"Arun Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84989",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"arun-kumar",fullName:"Arun Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5425",title:"Cardiomyopathies",subtitle:"Types and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28ee6943b6ea8cfb4dcb919a521ff051",slug:"cardiomyopathies-types-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Kaan Kirali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155565",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Kırali",slug:"kaan-kirali",fullName:"Kaan Kırali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"847efcb8c059798ea2a963d9578de2f5",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4725",title:"Ischemic Stroke",subtitle:"Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d1b23f0c8fc95629c4c085585de46f4",slug:"ischemic-stroke-updates",bookSignature:"Bernhard Schaller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135982",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4477",title:"Hypercholesterolemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dae17abe1c80b18efb287a9a1d2bb64e",slug:"hypercholesterolemia",bookSignature:"Sekar Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4477.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170928",title:"Dr.",name:"Sekar",middleName:null,surname:"Ashok Kumar",slug:"sekar-ashok-kumar",fullName:"Sekar Ashok Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3448",title:"Cardiomyopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14e523d26bcbfdfa95c3e0e11c806cb3",slug:"cardiomyopathies",bookSignature:"José Milei and Giuseppe Ambrosio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3448.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43176",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Milei",slug:"jose-milei",fullName:"Jose Milei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3275",title:"What Should We Know About Prevented, Diagnostic, and Interventional Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab186b2368340ce572bdb6c8f1967dfb",slug:"what-should-we-know-about-prevented-diagnostic-and-interventional-therapy-in-coronary-artery-disease",bookSignature:"Branislav G. Baskot",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3275.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33401",title:"Prof.",name:"Baskot",middleName:null,surname:"Branislav",slug:"baskot-branislav",fullName:"Baskot Branislav"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3379",title:"Atrial Fibrillation",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33eb2e87586ea89705b55f1cfaeeb735",slug:"atrial-fibrillation-mechanisms-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Tong Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3379.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157258",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"tong-liu",fullName:"Tong Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3435",title:"Ischemic Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"882248c482dce0e13a0cafa2a738032a",slug:"ischemic-heart-disease",bookSignature:"David C. Gaze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71983",title:"Dr.",name:"David C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gaze",slug:"david-c.-gaze",fullName:"David C. Gaze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3439",title:"Research Directions in Tumor Angiogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe5692f82fb9709aca8d230560dc38d5",slug:"research-directions-in-tumor-angiogenesis",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3439.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2818",title:"Aneurysm",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70d1e8d9391850d228c30e307c25f534",slug:"aneurysm",bookSignature:"Yasuo Murai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147938",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Murai",slug:"yasuo-murai",fullName:"Yasuo Murai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1840",title:"The Cardiovascular System",subtitle:"Physiology, Diagnostics and Clinical Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6a573b1908e6bcab874e3f8bda10705",slug:"the-cardiovascular-system-physiology-diagnostics-and-clinical-implications",bookSignature:"David C. Gaze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1840.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71983",title:"Dr.",name:"David C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gaze",slug:"david-c.-gaze",fullName:"David C. Gaze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:34,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"47808",doi:"10.5772/59375",title:"Role of Oxidized LDL in Atherosclerosis",slug:"role-of-oxidized-ldl-in-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:4994,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"4477",slug:"hypercholesterolemia",title:"Hypercholesterolemia",fullTitle:"Hypercholesterolemia"},signatures:"E. Leiva, S. Wehinger, L. Guzmán and R. Orrego",authors:[{id:"153453",title:"MSc.",name:"Elba",middleName:null,surname:"Leiva",slug:"elba-leiva",fullName:"Elba Leiva"}]},{id:"53316",doi:"10.5772/66405",title:"TGF-β Activation and Signaling in Angiogenesis",slug:"tgf-activation-and-signaling-in-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:2403,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway regulates various cellular processes during tissue and organ development and homeostasis. Deregulation of the expression and/or functions of TGF-β ligands, receptors or their intracellular signaling components leads to multiple diseases including vascular pathologies, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis and cancer. In vascular development, physiology and disease TGF-β signaling can have angiogenic and angiostatic properties, depending on expression levels and the tissue context. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the mechanisms that contribute to the activation and signaling of TGF-β in developmental, physiological and pathological angiogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the importance of TGF-β signaling in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS).",book:{id:"5682",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy"},signatures:"Paola A. Guerrero and Joseph H. McCarty",authors:[{id:"193482",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"paola-guerrero",fullName:"Paola Guerrero"},{id:"195670",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"McCarty",slug:"joseph-mccarty",fullName:"Joseph McCarty"}]},{id:"29906",doi:"10.5772/32331",title:"Coronary Artery Aneurysms: An Update",slug:"coronary-artery-aneurysms-an-update",totalDownloads:6191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"965",slug:"novel-strategies-in-ischemic-heart-disease",title:"Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease",fullTitle:"Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease"},signatures:"Karina M. Mata, Cleverson R. Fernandes, Elaine M. Floriano, Antonio P. Martins, Marcos A. Rossi and Simone G. Ramos",authors:[{id:"74619",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Gusmão",surname:"Ramos",slug:"simone-ramos",fullName:"Simone Ramos"},{id:"98442",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"Padua",surname:"Martins",slug:"antonio-martins",fullName:"Antonio Martins"},{id:"98449",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",slug:"marcos-rossi",fullName:"Marcos Rossi"},{id:"127905",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elaine M.",middleName:null,surname:"Floriano",slug:"elaine-m.-floriano",fullName:"Elaine M. Floriano"},{id:"127906",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mata",slug:"karina-m.-mata",fullName:"Karina M. Mata"},{id:"127907",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleverson R.",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"cleverson-r.-fernandes",fullName:"Cleverson R. Fernandes"}]},{id:"52698",doi:"10.5772/65915",title:"Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Focus on Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation",slug:"diabetic-cardiomyopathy-focus-on-oxidative-stress-mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-inflammation",totalDownloads:1845,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an independent clinical entity defined as structural and functional changes in the myocardium because of metabolic and cellular abnormalities induced by diabetes, resulting in cardiac failure. Hyperglycemia has been seen as a major cause of DCM due to activation of different mechanisms leading to oxidative stress. Several body of evidence show that distinct pathways of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species formation contribute to myocardial impairment. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and energetics, evoked by abnormal Ca2+ handling, metabolic changes and oxidative stress, are observed in DCM, suggesting a pivotal role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease pathogenesis. In addition, insulin resistance compromises myocardial glucose uptake due to cellular depletion of glucose transporter proteins, together with increased myocardial uptake of free fatty acids and augmented triglyceride levels, which cause cardiomyocyte lipotoxicity. Finally, the state of chronic low-grade inflammation, a feature of obese type 2 diabetes, seems to also play a major role in DCM progression, whose mechanisms have been progressively disclosed. In this book chapter, we review the cellular mechanism contributing to DCM development, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation of cardiomyocytes, as well as on possible therapeutic strategies.",book:{id:"5425",slug:"cardiomyopathies-types-and-treatments",title:"Cardiomyopathies",fullTitle:"Cardiomyopathies - Types and Treatments"},signatures:"Sara Nunes, Anabela Pinto Rolo, Carlos Manuel Palmeira and Flávio\nReis",authors:[{id:"107926",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",slug:"flavio-reis",fullName:"Flávio Reis"},{id:"194774",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",slug:"sara-nunes",fullName:"Sara Nunes"},{id:"194775",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Rolo",slug:"anabela-rolo",fullName:"Anabela Rolo"},{id:"194776",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeira",slug:"carlos-palmeira",fullName:"Carlos Palmeira"}]},{id:"32288",doi:"10.5772/29030",title:"Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease",slug:"epidemiology-of-coronary-artery-disease",totalDownloads:9164,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2038",slug:"coronary-artery-disease-current-concepts-in-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnostics-and-treatment",title:"Coronary Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Coronary Artery Disease - Current Concepts in Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Treatment"},signatures:"John F. Beltrame, Rachel Dreyer and Rosanna Tavella",authors:[{id:"76281",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:"F",surname:"Beltrame",slug:"john-beltrame",fullName:"John Beltrame"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35928",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Implications in Diabetes, Other Disease States and Herbal Drugs",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-implications-in-diabetes-other-disease-states-and-herbal-drugs",totalDownloads:3e3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1840",slug:"the-cardiovascular-system-physiology-diagnostics-and-clinical-implications",title:"The Cardiovascular System",fullTitle:"The Cardiovascular System - Physiology, Diagnostics and Clinical Implications"},signatures:"Steve Ogbonnia",authors:[{id:"84542",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Ogbonnia",slug:"steve-ogbonnia",fullName:"Steve Ogbonnia"}]},{id:"53797",title:"Pathophysiology in Heart Failure",slug:"pathophysiology-in-heart-failure",totalDownloads:3547,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Heart failure syndrome is defined as the inability of the heart to deliver adequate blood to the body to meet end-organ metabolic needs and oxygenation at rest or during mild exercise. Myocardial dysfunction can be defined as systolic and/or diastolic, acute or chronic, compensated or uncompensated, or uni- or biventricular. Several counterregulatory mechanisms are activated depending on the duration of the heart failure. Neurohormonal reflexes such as sympathetic adrenergic system, renin-angiotensin cascade, and renal and peripheral alterations attempt to restore both cardiac output and end-tissue perfusion. An adequate stroke volume cannot be ejected from the left ventricle, which shifts the whole pressure-volume relationship to the right (systolic failure). Adequate filling cannot be realized due to diastolic stiffness, which shifts the diastolic pressure-volume curve upward without affecting the systolic pressure-volume curve (diastolic failure). Left ventricular heart failure is the dominant picture of heart failure syndrome, but the right heart can develop isolated failure as well. Biventricular failure is mostly an end-stage clinical situation of the heart failure syndrome. More recently, the rise in the incidence of right ventricular failure can be seen after the implantation of a left ventricular assist device. This chapter clarifies and presents pathophysiologic alterations in heart failure syndrome.",book:{id:"5425",slug:"cardiomyopathies-types-and-treatments",title:"Cardiomyopathies",fullTitle:"Cardiomyopathies - Types and Treatments"},signatures:"Kaan Kırali, Tanıl Özer and Mustafa Mert Özgür",authors:[{id:"155565",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Kırali",slug:"kaan-kirali",fullName:"Kaan Kırali"},{id:"201164",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanıl",middleName:null,surname:"Özer",slug:"tanil-ozer",fullName:"Tanıl Özer"},{id:"201165",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Mert",middleName:null,surname:"Özgür",slug:"mustafa-mert-ozgur",fullName:"Mustafa Mert Özgür"}]},{id:"35915",title:"Hemodynamics",slug:"hemodynamics",totalDownloads:4161,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1840",slug:"the-cardiovascular-system-physiology-diagnostics-and-clinical-implications",title:"The Cardiovascular System",fullTitle:"The Cardiovascular System - Physiology, Diagnostics and Clinical Implications"},signatures:"Ali Nasimi",authors:[{id:"107284",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nasimi",slug:"ali-nasimi",fullName:"Ali Nasimi"}]},{id:"23198",title:"Procedural Techniques of Coronary Angiography",slug:"procedural-techniques-of-coronary-angiography",totalDownloads:35311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"266",slug:"advances-in-the-diagnosis-of-coronary-atherosclerosis",title:"Advances in the Diagnosis of Coronary Atherosclerosis",fullTitle:"Advances in the Diagnosis of Coronary Atherosclerosis"},signatures:"Jasmin Čaluk",authors:[{id:"31993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasmin",middleName:null,surname:"Caluk",slug:"jasmin-caluk",fullName:"Jasmin Caluk"}]},{id:"30097",title:"Bradycardia Secondary to Cervical Spinal Cord Injury",slug:"bradycardia-secondary-to-cervical-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:19297,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"947",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-new-considerations",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias - New Considerations"},signatures:"Farid Sadaka and Christopher Veremakis",authors:[{id:"101031",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Sadaka",slug:"farid-sadaka",fullName:"Farid Sadaka"},{id:"102527",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Veremakis",slug:"christopher-veremakis",fullName:"Christopher Veremakis"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"985",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:10,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:10,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:230,paginationItems:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420149",title:"Dr.",name:"Rusmana",middleName:"Wijaya Setia",surname:"Wijaya Setia Ningrat",slug:"rusmana-wijaya-setia-ningrat",fullName:"Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/195585",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"195585"},fullPath:"/profiles/195585",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()