ZSM-5 zeolite chemical composition (mass %, EDS).
\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
\r\n\tWe hope that this book will be a common point where researchers working in the fields of life sciences and drug development will eventually meet.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-468-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-467-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-469-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",keywords:"Protein-Ligand Interaction, Lead Discovery, Molecular Recognition, Enzyme-Ligand Interaction, Mutant Enzymes, Alanine Screening, Proteasome Inhibitors, Signal Transducers, Transcription Activators (STATs), DNA Recognition Motifs, Neoplastic Cells, Amyloid-Beta Proteins",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 3rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 20th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"19 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A multidisciplinary researcher working in the fields of cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and bioinformatics-based molecular modeling (currently on the structural biology of COVID-19 and the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease). Dr. Istifli previously joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany where he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179007/images/system/179007.JPG",biography:"Dr. Erman Salih İstifli received his Ph.D. from Biology Department of Cukurova University, Insitute of Science and Letter. In his doctoral study, Dr. İstifli focused on the elucidation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of a commonly used anticancer agent (antifolate) on human lymphocytes. During his period of doctoral research, he joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany, and he focused there on investigating the molecular cytogenetic causes of some human rare diseases. During these studies, he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R) responsible for intelligence and obesity. He was assigned as an expert and rapporteur on eight candidate projects in the Marie-Sklodowska Curie-Actions Innovative Training Networks in 2016. In 2017, he completed the online theoretical and practical course 'Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life', run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the edX platform. In April 2019, within the framework of Erasmus+ staff mobility program, he gave seminars on 'DNA microarrays and their use in genotoxicity' at Tirana University in Tirana, Albania. He is a published author of several articles in journals covered by the SCI and SCI-E, and has manuscripts in other refereed scientific journals. He currently serves as a referee in several journals covered by the SCI and SCI-E. His studies mainly fall into the field of genetic toxicology. He continues his current research on the structural biology of COVID-19 as well as identification of novel plant-based hit compounds in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.",institutionString:"Çukurova University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8068",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:"Definition, Identification, and Cytotoxic Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20a09223d92829b5478b5f241f6a03ce",slug:"cytotoxicity-definition-identification-and-cytotoxic-compounds",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri Ila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6969",title:"Lymphocytes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1aa8ac01c934ebdeedd5d7813036beef",slug:"lymphocytes",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri İla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The broad use of microporous zeolites (pore diameter
ZSM-5 and, its purely siliceous analog, silicalite (both have a structural code “MFI” in accordance with the IZA database) are among the most widely studied zeolites. MFI is one of the most versatile and commercially significant zeolites; it is widely used in the petroleum industry to convert methanol into complex hydrocarbons in methanol-to-gasoline processes, as well as in the alkylation of aromatic compounds and their subsequent separation [5]. The microporous network of this zeolite consists of intersecting straight and sinusoidal channels. The straight channels have pore openings defined by a cross-section of 10-member rings of 0.54–0.57 nm and sinusoidal channels by elliptic pores of 0.51–0.54 nm in cross-section. The intersections are cavities of 0.8 nm in diameter [6] (see Figure 1).
ZSM-5 zeolite structure. The dimensions of the pore channels are in nm. I, S, and Z are SI, SS, and SZ sites, respectively.
A detailed study on the different types of adsorption sites that constitute the structural skeleton of this zeolite was carried out by Cho et al. [7]. They classified the sorption sites into three types: (1) the SS sites located in straight channels; (2) the SZ sites located in zigzag (sinusoidal) channels; and, finally, (3) the SI sites located at the intersections (Figure 2). One of the most important catalytic properties of ZSM-5 is its shape selectivity. This is a consequence of its primary microporous structure and is the basis for most of its successful applications [8].
Front (A), right (B), and top (C) views of a “ball and stick” ZSM-5 (MFI) model; crosscutting of zigzag channels (D) of an “ionic radii” model; all from the IZA page:
Another important parameter that allows to adjust the zeolite properties is their chemical composition, that is, their SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio (MR). The amount of Al in the framework is proportional to the number of exchangeable cations, H+ among others, which affects both Lewis and Brønsted acidity. The main interactions of the sorbate molecules in the pores of the zeolite are realized through the oxygen atoms of the lattice and extra-framework cations. Microporosity and secondary porosity in zeolites and similar materials can be determined from the low- and medium-pressure regions of the sorption isotherm using various approaches [3]. The shape-selective activity of MFI can be attributed to the presence of active sites in micropores. It was shown that the shape-selective properties of zeolites may be greatly reduced due to the presence of active sites in the secondary porosity with a wide distribution of the pore diameter and on the external surface of their crystallites, so zeolites with a large outer surface area are less selective than those with fewer imperfections.
The presence of molecules that blocks the pores of the zeolite or a partial destruction of its structure can drastically decrease its activity by reducing the microporous volume accessible for the reactants. The effect that the external surface area of ZSM-5 zeolite crystals used for shape-selective reactions causes, was reported previously [9]. Some authors in reported works have used the αS-plot of Sing as alternative method to evaluate the external surface area and the true intra-crystalline capacity [10].
The aim of this study was to accurately describe the dependence of all the different types of ZSM-5 porosity on MR and to show which methods are best suited for measuring them in each range. This will allow us to develop an approach to the application of various existing methods of texture characterization for samples of zeolite with mixed porosity.
A set of ZSM-5 zeolites in their sodium form (Na-ZSM-5) with a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio (MR) varying from 30 to 120 was synthesized using a template of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) following the methodology reported by Ghiaci et al. [11]. Through the text and figures, these samples are called Z, followed by the MR value (30, 70, 95, or 120), for example, Z30 means an Na-ZSM-5 sample with an MR equal to 30. For comparison, a set of Na-ZSM-5 samples supplied by TOSOH Co., Japan, with MR 20, 23.3, and 30 were also studied. These TOSOH samples are called ZT, followed by MR value. A reference macroporous solid material required to estimate micropore volumes was obtained from the Tehuacan area in the state of Puebla, Mexico. This reference substrate was identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) as α-SiO2. X-ray powder diffraction of ZSM-5 samples was obtained in the 2θ ranges of 5–50 degrees using diffractometer Bruker D8, using nickel-filtered Cu Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) radiation. Scanning Electron Microscopy images were collected from a JEOL JSM-6610LV electron microscope with tungsten filament and an electron detector operated at 20 kV. N2 adsorption isotherms were measured at the boiling point of liquid N2 (76.4 K at the 2200 m altitude of Puebla City, México) in the interval of relative pressures,
The XRD patterns of all samples (Figure 3) are typical of ZSM-5 zeolites [12]. In general, all the samples showed reasonably sharp diffraction patterns, indicating good crystallinity. Please note that commercial TOSOH samples and those prepared in the laboratory are nearly identical. The main peaks appear at the following 2θ angles: 8.0°, 8.9°, 9.8°, 14.0°, 14.8°, 20.9°, 23.2°, 23.9°, 24.5°, 29.4°, and 30.0° (Figure 3). Most of these peaks are not resolved; usually, one peak is a superposition of several closely located reflections. For example, the [−101], [011], and [101] reflections positioned at 2θ = 7.92°, 7.93°, and 8.01°, respectively, gave rise to a total peak at ~8.0. The most important difference between the standard XRD pattern and the observed for both sets of samples is the relative intensity of the various peaks, but a detailed discussion of the changes in the structure of ZSM-5 due to MR variations and synthesis conditions is beyond the scope of the present work and will be discussed elsewhere. Three peaks that appear at 2θ = 16.0°, 26.4°, and 30.9° in the ZT23.3 sample (marked with asterisks) are most probably associated with an unidentified impurity.
X-ray diffraction patterns.
In Figure 4, it can be seen that the effect of the templates used during the synthesis process affects the morphology of the zeolite crystals obtained. Thus, for example, in Figure 4(a) and (b) corresponding to zeolites ZT-20 and ZT-23.3, it can be seen that the crystals obtained have lath-like shapes. In the case of the ZT-30 and ZT-23.3 zeolites, clusters of spheroidal crystals are observed where the crystals of the zeolites coexist, as seen in Figure 4(c) and (d). Finally, the SEM images of the zeolites ZT-30 and ZT-23.3 do not exhibit a predominant or defined geometry, as seen in Figure 4(e) and (f) [13].
SEM images of ZSM-5 zeolite samples with different forms and crystal sizes: (a) ZT-20, (b) ZT-23.3, (c) ZT-30, (d) ZT23.3, (e) Z-30, and (f) Z-120.
N2 sorption isotherms at 77 K for both sets of samples are shown in Figure 5 as sorbed volume at standard temperature and pressure (STP) in cm3 per gram of zeolite versus
N2 sorption isotherms at 77 K. For this figure and throughout, all samples supplied by TOSOH (ZT series) are designated by filled symbols, while samples synthesized for the present work (Z series) are designated by open symbols. The selection of symbols (circles, squares, etc.) is constant for all figures. Note that the ordinate scales are not always the same.
To calculate the volume of the micropores from the sorption data, De Boer
ZSM-5 zeolite | Si | Al | Na | O | Si/Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na-20 | 45.72 | 4.5 | 2.65 | 47.315 | 10.16 |
Na-23.3 | 47.313 | 3.61 | 2.58 | 46.496 | 13.10 |
Na-30 | 48.893 | 2.866 | 1.326 | 46.906 | 17.06 |
30 | 46.483 | 4.156 | 2.383 | 46.976 | 11.18 |
70 | 48.82 | 0.826 | 0.823 | 49.560 | 56.68 |
95 | 52.986 | 1.45 | 0.91 | 44.656 | 36.54 |
120 | 50.766 | 0.96 | 0.66 | 47.61 | 52.88 |
ZSM-5 zeolite chemical composition (mass %, EDS).
Sample | BET | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZT20 | 287.6 | 224.5 | 13.39 | 0.217 | 0.09–0.27 | −56 | 3.866 | 33.179 |
ZT23.3 | 459.5 | 375.4 | 33.32 | 0.390 | 0.05–0.17 | −244 | 4.155 | 26.153 |
ZT30 | 399.4 | 313.9 | 91.27 | 0.812 | 0.05–0.19 | −202 | 1.034 | 25.738 |
Z30 | 533.6 | 409.0 | 19.72 | 0.129 | 0.05–0.19 | −343 | 1.261 | 68.992 |
Z70 | 491.2 | 349.2 | 47.12 | 0.162 | 0.05–0.24 | −110 | 1.855 | 63.580 |
Z95 | 562.3 | 397.0 | 83.41 | 0.207 | 0.05–0.27 | −107 | 2.085 | 54.106 |
Z120 | 1784 | 1314 | 279.30 | 0.812 | 0.05–0.21 | −276 | 2.471 | 54.451 |
Adsorption structural parameters of ZSM-5 zeolites.
High-resolution N2 sorption isotherms using a logarithmic
The total micropore volumes in cm3 g−1 for all the samples are given in Table 2. These values were calculated from: (1) αS-plots, (2)
The filling of macro, meso, and micropores can be proved by analyzing high-resolution αS-plots starting at low relative pressures, that is, 10−5; see Figure 7. There are some significant differences in the form of αS-plots as a function of MR, mainly for Z120. A pronounced distortion of the isotherm shape is observed at a very low
High resolution αS-plot for N2 sorption on ZT30 and Z120, showing (a) the ultramicropore and supermicropore volume regions and (b) the supermicropore linear region.
Comparative plots of the N2 sorption isotherms versus adsorption using an α-SiO2 reference.
Calculation of pore-size distributions from desorption branches of N2 isotherms using the differential adsorption curves (DAC) [19] method yields bimodal distributions (Figure 10), with the thickness of the pore size of ca. 0.36 and 0.55 nm for all samples. The plots are unimodal with the pore ca. 0.36–0.40 nm. This approach correctly describes the essential qualitative features of N2 sorption in the microporous zeolites, such as ZSM-5, that is, pores in the range of 0.3–0.6 nm. The results of these estimates are shown in Table 3.
Micropore size distribution calculated from N2 sorption isotherms using the DAC approach.
Sample | αS | DAC | D-A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZT20 | 0.072 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.145 | 26.50 | 1 |
ZT23.3 | 0.102 | 0.131 | 0.147 | 0.165 | 0.288 | 20.50 | 1.3 |
ZT30 | 0.209 | 0.313 | 0.294 | 0.335 | 0.603 | 15.50 | 1.1 |
Z30 | 0.089 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.141 | 0.040 | 20.50 | 1.1 |
Z70 | 0.103 | 0.120 | 0.144 | 0.141 | 0.059 | 18.50 | 1 |
Z95 | 0.112 | 0.129 | 0.149 | 0.186 | 0.095 | 16 | 1 |
Z120 | 0.354 | 0.529 | 0.466 | 0.582 | 0.458 | 15.50 | 1 |
Total micropore and mesopore volumes (
The pore-size distributions obtained by the D-A method [20] are shown in Figure 11. The average pore diameter, seen as a maxima on the curves by this method, varies according to MR. Table 3 lists the optimized
Micropore size distribution calculated from N2 adsorption on the ZSM-5 zeolites through D-A approach.
Nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) was developed to take into account pore sizes in voids of well-defined geometry [21]. With this approach, the molecules adsorbed in the pores tend to be packaged in accordance with the adhesion forces established with the substrate (i.e. attractive forces between adsorptive and adsorbent molecules) and interactions with the remaining fluid molecules. The molar density of the adsorbed phase varies as a function of pore size. The adsorption isotherm is calculated from a given pore shape (spherical, cylindrical, slit-like, etc.), and the experimental isotherm is given as the sum of a series of individual single-pore isotherms multiplied by their relative abundance over a range of pore sizes. In the present case, the microporous structure of ZSM-5 zeolite can be approximated as a bundle of parallel cylindrical pores and the nature of the adsorbent can be assumed as that of the silica. In this way, the distribution of supermicroporous zeolitic adsorbents can be calculated from high-resolution adsorption isotherms. The results of the analysis of the size of the supermicropores using the NLDFT method are shown in Figure 12 and are listed in Table 4. The pore-size distributions obtained from the N2 isotherms using the NLDFT cylindrical pore model yield bimodal distributions with pore size characteristics of 1.8 and 5.0 nm. It is observed from this figure that the intensity of the distribution at 5.0 nm is poorly developed; however, it is represented in all distributions. A possible explanation is that the structures are not homogeneous and that it contains a significant amount of slit-like pores and pores of other irregular shapes. Based on the NLDFT method, one can get an idea about the actual widths and pore sizes of the supermicropore voids existing in ZSM-5 zeolites for which high-resolution N2 isotherms are available.
(a and b) NLDFT pore-size distribution showing the supermicropore region; (a′ and b′) close-up of the NLDFT pore-size distribution showing the supermicropore region on ZSM-5 zeolites.
Sample | DAC | D-A | NLDFT |
---|---|---|---|
ZT20 | 0.568 | 0.55 | 1.8/5.0 |
ZT23.3 | — | 0.57 | 1.8/5.0 |
ZT30 | 0.564 | 0.64 | 1.8 |
Z30 | 0.561 | 0.59 | 1.8/4.9 |
Z70 | 0.379/0.56 | 0.62 | 1.8/5.0 |
Z95 | 0.379/0.560 | 0.65 | 1.8/4.8 |
Z120 | 0.364/0.560/0.590 | 0.66 | 1.8/4.9 |
Pore diameter (nm) by different methods of analysis.
DAC is the differential curves of comparison plots method, D-A represents the Dubinin-Astakhov equation, and NLDFT is the nonlocal density functional approach.
αS is Sing’s αS method, DAC is direct comparison plots,
The obtained samples exhibit reasonable diffraction patterns, indicative of good crystallinity. The most important difference between the standard XRD pattern and those observed for both sets of samples is the relative intensity of the various peaks. The ZSM-5 samples synthesized are composed of crystals with different geometry in a range of sizes 5–10 μm. N2 isotherms have been measured, starting at a relative pressure of 10−5 and up to 1. To evaluate the texture properties of ZSM-5 zeolites, BET, Langmuir, Ast, surface areas, and external surface area were used. A significant amount of micropores was found in all ZSM-5 zeolites. Such methods as αS,
This work was partially supported by DGAPA-UNAM IN107817 Grant, VIEP, and the Academic Body “Investigación en zeolitas,” CA-95 (PROMEP-SEP).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Within the recent decades, an explosion of researches and developments referring to the next-generation communication networks known as 5G New Radio (NR) has been observed [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Based on 4G long-term evolution (LTE) progress [6], 5G NR is in principle a novel stage of unprecedented technological innovation with ubiquitous speed connectivity. As a result, it is expected that 5G NR will radically transform a number of industries and will provide direct, superspeed connections between any users, sensors, and devices.
At the present time, several reviews to analyze significant changes in the 5G NR approaches as compared to the existing 4G LTE networks have been published [7, 8] denoting a series of milestones. Among them, much attention is paid to radically expanding the available spectral bands up to millimeter wavelengths (MMW). Following this tendency, currently, the local telecommunication commissions of various countries are proposing and harmonizing the plans of frequency allocation in microwave band that has to be coexistent with 4G LTE and in newer MMW band, which will be reviewed this year at the World Radio Conference (WRC-2019) [9]. However, Figure 1 shows a preliminary frequency plan [10] sharing two separate sub-bands: the so-called low range (LR) inside 1–6 GHz and the high range (HR) inside 24–86 GHz.
Planned 5G NR spectrum allocations [
Another milestone of great importance is the development of access networks. In this direction, the well-known radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology [11, 12, 13] is considered as the most promising approach, which is implemented based on fiber-wireless (FiWi) architecture.
Following them, recently we contributed some works referred to design microwave-photonic-based MMW FiWi interface [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Elaborating the direction, in this chapter we review the worldwide progress of RoF-architected 5G NR access networks and highlight our last simulation results on design and optimization of photonic-based FiWi interface. In this way, the rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the distinctive features of access networks for 5G NR mobile communication systems including small cell scenario, RoF concept, and microwave-photonic-based approach to construct the network equipment. A specific example illustrating a RoF-based small cell scenario in 5G NR network is also included. In addition, Section 3 presents the results of our recent investigations to design optimally a fiber-wireless fronthaul network (FWFN) including an optical distribution network (ODN) and MMW fiber-wireless interface (FWI). All schemes are modeled using off-the-shelf VPIphotonics Design Suite software tool. Finally, Section 4 concludes the chapter.
Generally, low transmission loss and broad bandwidth characteristics of optical fibers, possibility of wavelength division multiplexing, and low sensitivity to electromagnetic interference of optical fiber-based transmission systems allow the introduction of novel concepts into distribution and processing of the digital signals being transmitted over a communication network. One of the most important examples of introducing radically new approaches is the upcoming mobile network 5G NR. According to the Introduction, a number of new principles are introduced in 5G NR network design. Three of the most suitable for access networks will be discussed below.
In the last decade, the problem of developing and optimizing the architecture of the fifth-generation communication networks and developing equipment for their implementation has received the closest attention of the global telecom community [6]. It is predicted that the implementation of these next-generation networks will provide unprecedented amounts of data and services for mobile and fixed users, which can be called both an evolution and a revolution in mobile cell technologies [1]. They are architectural in nature—for example, moving some decision-making to the devices themselves (device-centric architectures and smart devices)—or most networks are hardware-oriented. Besides, continuously increasing requirements for broadband services and capacity of communication links by enhancing the data transfer rate in all sections of the cellular network led to the shift of the operating frequency to millimeter-wave band, with a total cell capacity of several gigabits per second. One of the keys of them is ultra-densification of service areas and users. The data obtained from the analysis of a large number of publications, on the quantitative parametric comparison for mobile communication networks of the available fourth and incoming fifth generations, are presented in Table 1.
Parameter | 4G LTE | 5G NR |
---|---|---|
Connection density (per km2) | Less 200 K | Up to 1 M |
End-to-end latency (ms) | >50 | <1 |
User mobility (km/h) | Up to 80 | Up to 500 |
Peak data rate in cell (Gbit/s) | <1 | >20 |
Traffic volume density (Tbit/s/km2) | <1 | Up to 10 s |
User experienced data rate (Gbit/s) | <0.1 | Up to 1 |
A comparison of the key parameters achieved in the 4G LTE mobile networks with similar parameters to be achieved in the 5G NR networks
To ensure so sharp explosion of the key parameters, a significant complication of the standard cellular network structure is required. Thus, according to the generally accepted opinion, the ambitious goals for the development of fifth-generation wireless networks can be achieved by solving two advanced global tasks: architectural one, associated with the small cell scenario for access network, and the technological one, associated with the introduction of microwave-photonic (MWP) approach to the design of the network equipment. The further is connected with the introduction of the fronthauls based on FiWi architecture. The latter is especially important for interface network units, both between the fiber-optic backhaul network and fronthaul networks, whose task is to transfer high-speed data stream to millimeter-wave carriers, and between wired and wireless sections of the access network, in which the signals of the optical and millimeter-wave bands should be cost-efficiently converted. As an example of implementing small cell scenario concept, an advanced skeleton diagram of 5G NR network using a common central station (CS), fiber backhauls, and FiWi fronthauls is shown in Figure 2.
Skeleton diagram for 5G NR cellular communication network.
Analyzing the parameters of Table 1, one can make the following clear conclusion. More than an order of magnitude increased requirements to throughput make fiber-optic communication system as a leading technology not only for transport networks but also for next-generation access networks. However, the important drawback for the implementation of the latter ones is the complexity and high cost associated with the need to lay the optical cables up to user terminals. In contrast, current wireless access networks that provide a flexible connection with a relatively simple infrastructure cannot meet growing in geometric progression demands to increase the capacity of mobile communication systems. The most promising technique to meet it, which is actively discussed in the referred publications, is to implement radio-over-fiber (RoF) network concept with FiWi architecture and to expend the operating frequency band up to millimeter waves (MMW) applying multi-position digital modulation on a radio-frequency (RF) carrier [25, 26].
Figure 3 shows a typical configuration of a RoF-based communication network including central station (CS) and set of remote (base) stations (RS), which are a key element of a RoF-based fiber-wireless fronthaul network (FWFN) that interactively (using downlink and uplink) connects the CS and each RS using fiber fronthaul links (FFL) and microwave or millimeter-wave band user radio terminals (UT). As is known, for the transmission of signals through a FFL, direct and inverse electro-optical conversions are required. The first one in the RoF-based communication system is usually performed with the help of an external electro-optical modulator (EOM) and the second with a photodetector.
A conceptual diagram of a RoF-based mobile communication network.
In the framework of RoF concept, combining MMW band and FiWi network architecture inside FWFN is one of the promising ways to deliver intensive digital traffic with seamless convergence between wired optical backhaul and fiber-wireless fronthaul. In addition, FiWi technique allows converting directly a lightwave spectrum to MMW radio spectrum using a simple microwave-photonic-based up−/down-conversion scheme, which is important to keep the remote cells flexible, cost-effective, and power-efficient. Figure 4 exemplifies a MMW-band FiWi architecture, in which CS is interactively connected with pico-cell’s RSs through fiber-optic link. A typical position of RS is in the center of the service area; that is, for omnidirectional covering, four phased array antennas (PAAs) with an azimuth of 90° would be an optimal decision [16].
A conceptual diagram of a RoF-based MMW fiber-wireless fronthaul network.
Let us illustrate small cell scenario using an example of building a backhaul network in a specific medium-scale city. Figure 5 depicts 5G’s backhaul fiber-optic network consisting of one macro-cell with service diameter of 5.3 km, inside of which 24 micro-cells of service diameter near 1 km are located. The red line marks the boundaries of the city.
5G’s backhaul fiber-optic network of a medium-scale city.
Introducing a smaller partition, Figure 6 shows a typical micro-cell diagram containing 33 pico-cells with a 200-m service diameter. In the center of each pico-cell, a remote station (RS) is located (see Figure 3), which is an interface between fiber and wireless network sections. A bold dot indicates it. All RSs are interactively interconnected via fiber-optic lines, forming a communication structure of the type “fully connected network.”
Conceptual diagram of pico-cells inside one micro-cell.
Microwave photonics (MWP) is a multidisciplinary research and industrial field encompassing optical, microwave and radio frequency (RF), and electrical researchers and engineers ([5, 20, 21, 26] and refs. cited there). This field in the last 30 years has attracted immense interest and generated many new R&Ds from both the scientific community and the commercial sector. Emerging applications for mobile communication network of FiWi architecture, sub-terahertz wireless systems, radar, and electronic warfare systems indicate that MWP is a subject of importance. By common opinion, MWP opens the way to superwide bandwidth characteristics at lower size, weight, and power as compared with traditional means [11]. For example, Figure 7 depicts typical arrangements of MWP-based software-defined RF receiving (a) and transmitting (b) units. As it follows, a photonic circuit is inserted between two microwave electronic chains. For direct and inverse transformations of microwave and optical signals, there are two interfacing units at their bounds: electrical-to-optical (E/O) and optical-to-electrical (O/E) converters. Between the interfaces, there are various photonic processing units for switching, distribution, filtration, time delaying, and up/down frequency conversion of microwave signals in optical domain.
A typical arrangement of MWP-based RF receiver (a) and transmitter (b).
To implement effective radio communication within small cell scenario, a number of leading countries developed a prospective spectrum including MMW bands up to 100 GHz (see Figure 1). As shown in numerous studies, MMW 5G network infrastructure must be shared with a lot of small service zones controlled by the corresponding RS. In order to avoid inter-interference in these zones, one of the feasible approaches is to provide the RS with beam-steerable PAAs [16].
Generally, to form directional beams for transmission and receiving signals from adjacent UTs and RSs, MMW RS must use PAA with hundreds of antenna elements. In addition, FiWi technique allows converting directly a lightwave spectrum to MMW radio spectrum using a simple MWP-based up-conversion scheme [16], which is important to keep the remote cells flexible, cost-effective, and power-efficient and support seamless FWFN.
In general, the fronthaul network of FiWi architecture represents the further development of cellular communication networks. The peculiarity of construction in comparison with the traditional system of cellular communication is in a much smaller area of cells down to pico-cells for mobile UTs with service diameter not more than 200 m and to femto-cells for indoor distribution with service diameter from tens of centimeters to 20–50 m. Due to the relatively small number of UTs inside the cell, it is critical to reduce cost of RS equipment, in fact, representing an effective interface between the optical and RF sections of the transmission system. The most promising solution to this problem is the ultimate simplification of the RS layout, which could be done by shifting all the processing procedures to the CS. If someone analyzes the diagram of Figure 4 addressed to FWFN, from the functional viewpoint, two sub-systems are liberated that consist of optical distribution network (ODN) including CS hardware and fiber-optic link (FOL) and fiber-wireless interface (FWI) including a RS hardware and the same FOL. The proposed design principle is clearly illustrated in Figure 8.
The design principle of fiber-wireless fronthaul network.
The key advantages of the FiWi architecture for the communication networks are the following [1, 2, 3, 4, 7]:
Higher noise immunity, since data streams are mainly delivered through FOLs
Small attenuation of signal power in fiber-based transmission path due to the fact that the losses in the fiber-optic cable are four orders of magnitude smaller than in the coaxial one
Relative simplicity of implementation and deployment at site by applying a remote base station concept that can service a significant number of wireless UTs
A lower cost of construction and operation that simplifies the structure and reduces the power consumption of RSs due to using in the access networks the principle of transmission of digital streams on the carriers of the RF band
Great future-proof design due to the fact that the ultra-wideband fiber-optic communication links guarantee minimal additional capital investments to upgrade the network throughput
Based on the benefits noted above, the next subsections review the principles, features, and ways to advance design of fifth-generation RoF-based access network using FiWi architecture.
As follows from the above discussion, the key function of the CS is the efficient electro-optical conversion. In this way, below we check by the simulation a CS for a RoF-based mobile network so to determine a feasible modulation method and the device for its realization when using optical transmission of multi-position quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of RF signals over FFL under investigation. Specifically, below we examine comparatively two key methods of optical modulation:
Direct intensity modulation (DIM) for injection current of distributed feedback (DFB) laser or long-wavelength vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (LW-VCSEL). Hereinafter abbreviated as DIM-DFB or DIM-VCSEL, correspondingly.
External intensity modulation (EIM) using electro-absorption modulator (EAM) or Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). Hereinafter abbreviated as EIM-EAM or EIM-MZM, correspondingly.
It should be noted that the key shortcomings of a DFB laser as compared to a LW-VCSEL are higher power consumption and substantially narrower band of modulation [27]. On the contrary, the main preferences in terms of a signal transferring over an optical fiber consist in a smaller linewidth and a parasitic frequency modulation (chirp), which should lead to a significant extension in the permissible length of the FFL in the case of transmitting QAM signals. The quality is analyzed in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) limit provided that the bottom of EVM value determined by the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) corresponds to 8% for 64-QAM [28]. In all cases, the same 64-position QAM signal at the RF carrier in LR or HR (see Figure 1) will propagate over FFL.
We used the well-known commercial software VPIphotonics Design Suite™ as a tool for all computer simulation. Two key distortion sources are taken into account during the simulation procedure: a chirp of the lasers and modulators and a chromatic dispersion of the fiber. Table 2 lists the common reference data for the FFL under study. In addition, Tables 3 and 4 list the reference data for direct and external intensity modulation, correspondingly.
Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
Length of pseudorandom bit sequence | 215–1 | |
Bit rate | 2.5 Gbit/s | |
RF carrier frequency | 1.8–10, 15, 40 GHz | |
Input RF power | −10 to −20 dBm | |
Type of RF modulation | 64-QAM | |
Optical carrier | C-band (1552.52 nm) | |
Optical modulation | Intensity | |
PIN photodiode | Responsivity | 0.9 A/W |
Dark current | 100 nA | |
3 dB bandwidth | 50 GHz | |
Optical input power | <3 mW | |
Post-amplifier | Gain | 30 dB |
Noise spectral density | 20 × 10−12 A/Hz1/2 | |
Optical fiber | Type | SMF-28e+ |
Length | Up to 70 km | |
Attenuation | 0.2 dB/km | |
Dispersion | 17e−6 s/m2 | |
Dispersion slope | 80 s/m3 |
Common reference data for the FFL under study.
Parameter | DFB | LW-VCSEL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Reference | Value | Reference | |
Operating current | 60 mA | — | 9 mA | — |
Linewidth | 300 kHz | [29] | 4.5 MHz | [27] |
Relative intensity noise | −150 dB/Hz | — | −160 | [27] |
Threshold current | 8 mA | [29] | 2.5 mA | [27] |
Slope efficiency | 0.15 W/A | — | 0.23 W/A | [27] |
Linewidth enhancement factor (α) | 4.6 | [30] | 7.0 | [31] |
Adiabatic chirp factor ( | 3.2 GHz/mW | [30] | 10 GHz/mW (at 1 GHz) | [31] |
Reference data for direct intensity modulation.
Figure 9 demonstrates VPIphotonics Design Suite’s direct intensity-modulated FFL model and setup that contain the library models of DFB laser or LW-VCSEL, standard single-mode optical fiber (SMOF), and pin photodiode followed by the RF amplifier model. Their relevant parameters are in Tables 2 and 3. Besides, the setup includes the library model of DC source to control the DC bias current of a laser. Finally, two instrumental library models are in the figure. The first one represents 2.5 Gbit/s, 64-QAM RF transmitter containing library model of QAM generator and output unit for power control. This module generates an electrical M-QAM signal up-converted at a desired frequency of the RF carrier. In addition, the second one represents electrical 64-QAM receiver. The module detects RF signal, decodes QAM signal, and evaluates the EVM of the QAM signal that has been transmitted. For two-dimensional graphical representation of the data from the QAM receiver output, the model of numerical 2D analyzer is exploited.
VPIphotonics design suite’s setup for a FFL with direct intensity modulation of QAM signals.
Figure 10 demonstrates VPIphotonics Design Suite’s external intensity-modulated FFL model and setup that contain the library models of EAM or MZM optically injected by C-band DFB laser. Their relevant parameters are in Table 4. Everything else in the figure coincides with the layout of Figure 9. Note that in the layout of Figure 10, the same DFB laser model as for direct intensity modulation is used, and its parameters are the same as in Table 3 except the linewidth enhancement factor and the adiabatic chirp factor that are equal to zero.
VPIphotonics design suite’s setup for a FFL with external intensity modulation of QAM signals.
Figure 11 depicts the examples of simulating EVM vs. fiber length characteristics for all devices under study when transmitting QAM-modulated 1.8-GHz RF carrier. The figure also illustrates constellation diagrams at EVM = 2% for all devices and at EVM = 5.7% for EIM-EAM. As it follows, MZM-based external modulation has the best values of EVM. Somewhat worse EVM characteristics are obtained by modulation using EIM-EAM and DIM-DFB, and the largest values of EVM are provided by the direct modulation using LW-VCSEL, which coincides with the known data [30, 36].
Examples of simulating EVM vs. fiber length characteristics.
Studying the optical transmission of QAM signals at higher frequencies of the RF carrier using the FFL models of Figures 9 and 10, we found an interesting effect that was observed only in the case of direct modulation using a LW-VCSEL (Figure 12). This effect consists in decreasing the steepness of the distance characteristic of EVM with increasing RF carrier frequency, while the similar characteristics for the other devices under study remained the same as in Figure 11. The most probable reason for this atypical behavior is explained by the inverse frequency dependence of the magnitude and phase of the adiabatic chirp factor for LW-VCSEL [31].
DIM-VCSEL’s EVM vs. fiber length characteristics at the various frequencies of RF carrier.
Some outcomes can be derived from the above analysis of the FFL under investigation:
The allowable distance, when the standard EVM value during transmission of 64-QAM signal does not exceed 8% [28], is up to 62 km for an EIM-MZM, up to 58 km for an EIM-EAM, up to 55 km for a DIM-DFB, and up to 33 km for a DIM-VCSEL for the RF carrier of 1.8 GHz.
At higher RF carrier frequencies up to 10 GHz, an atypical effect was detected for the direct modulation using a LW-VCSEL, which consists in a drop in the slope of the EVM values with frequency increasing that is most likely explained by the presence of inverse frequency dependence of the adiabatic chirp factor’s magnitude and phase.
Leveraging the study, below the results of the simulation experiment by the same computer tool imitating transmission of quadrature amplitude-modulated RF signals of 40 GHz (HR of Figure 1) or 15 GHz (IF band) through a FFL-connected CS and RS are discussed. Because the direct modulation bandwidth of modern laser sources does not exceed 10–15 GHz, this experiment is performed only for a circuit with external modulation using three types of EOMs: double-sideband MZM (DSB MZM), carrier-suppressed single-sideband MZM (CS-SSB MZM), and EAM. Table 5 lists the reference data for the modulators under test.
Parameter | DSB MZM | CS-SSB MZM | EAM |
---|---|---|---|
Optical insertion loss | 4 dB | 6 dB | 3 dB |
Optical extinction ratio | 20 dB | 20 dB | 14 dB |
Slope efficiency | — | — | 0.14 W/V |
RF π-bias voltage | 5.5 V | 7.5 V | — |
Electro-optical bandwidth | 40 GHz | 40 GHz | 40 GHz |
Linewidth enhancement factor (α) | 0 (X-cut) | 0 (X-cut) | 1.0 |
Reference data for the modulators under test.
The remaining data correspond to Table 2 except for the number of modulation positions (16-QAM instead of 64-QAM) and data rates (1.25 Gbit/s instead of 2.5 Gbit/s), which are selected from the point of view of practical work in the MMW band. The VPIphotonics Design Suite’s setup of the simulation experiment corresponds to Figure 10. Figures 13
Example of simulating EVM vs. fiber length characteristic for a FFL with DSB MZM under test.
Example of simulating EVM vs. fiber length characteristic for a FFL with CS-SSB MZM under test.
Example of simulating EVM vs. fiber length characteristic for a FFL with EAM under test.
The results of the simulation for the fiber-wireless fronthaul link of 5G NR system under study are summarized in Table 6.
Device under test | RF carrier (GHz) | Allowable distance of FFL (km) |
---|---|---|
DSB MZM | 15 | 16 |
40 | 7.3 | |
SC-SSB MZM | 15 | Much more than 50 |
40 | 47 | |
EAM | 15 | 23 |
40 | 8 |
The results of the simulation.
The following outputs can be derived from our study:
The minimum values of EVM were obtained for external modulation using CS-SSB MZM, which, nevertheless, requires the most complex control schematic, accordingly, and has the greatest value.
The slope of the EVM characteristic increases with distance from SC-SSB MZM to DSB MZM through EAM, which corresponds to the known data [30, 34].
The significant fluctuations in the values of the EVM at the 40-GHz RF carrier (see Figure 13) are characterized by the effect of dispersion in an extended optical fiber. To eliminate it in order to increase the length of the FFL, it is required to introduce at its end a dispersion corrector, which is a standard element in a fiber-optic communication system.
An important element of a RoF-based mobile communication network (see Figure 3) is a remote station, through which an interactive fiber-wireless interface is implemented. Recently, we have proposed and previously investigated advanced design concept of cost- and power-efficient base station for emerging FiWi networks, in which for a multifrequency conversion of a RF carrier, a MWP-assisted optical frequency comb generator (OFCG) based on an optical recirculation loop (ORL) technique using two SC-SSB optical modulators was developed [19]. Leveraging the application of this OFCG for a realistic case, the simulation results by the same computer tool imitating multiwavelength optical frequency comb generation and transmission of quadrature amplitude-modulated RF signals through OFCG-based FWI of a FiWi-architected RS are discussed.
Figure 16 shows the VPI model and setup for simulation of the OFCG scheme under study. There are four units depicted in the figure: the composed model of ORL includes library models of optical X-coupler, SC-SSB modulator, optical amplifier (OA), and optical band-pass filter (OBPF), library models of continuous-wave semiconductor laser (CW-SL) emitting at the frequency ν0 as an optical source, RF generator (RFG) as a RF signal source, and library instrumental model of optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). In order to close the ORL, the output of OBPF through the service unit T and input of SC-SSB are connected to X-coupler’s port “input2” and port “output2,” correspondingly. During the simulation, RFG acts as a source of the reference RF signal (
VPI model and setup for simulation of the OFCG.
Figure 17 shows the VPI model and setup for simulation of OFCG-based fiber-to-MMW-band wireless interface, while transmission of QAM-modulated RF signals is supported. The scheme represents the downlink channel of FiWi-architected RoF system and consists of three units imitating the operation of CS, RS, and two-fiber optical cable between them. The CS includes the same laser model, the radiation of which is divided into two branches using a Y-coupler, library model of SC-SSB modulator with suppressing lower sideband and library instrumental model of QAM RF transmitter. The latter contains library models of QAM generator and output unit for power control followed by electrical amplifier. This module generates an electrical M-QAM signal up-converted at a given RF carrier frequency. The optical cable includes two equivalent library models of single-mode optical fiber. Such a remote optical feed reduces the cost of the RS. Besides the OFCG model (see Figure 16), the RS includes library models of optical amplifier, X-coupler, photodiode, and electrical post-amplifier outputted to the model of QAM RF receiver (see Section 3.1).
VPI model and setup for simulation of OFCG-based fiber-to-MMW-band wireless interface.
In the course of the research, first of all, the possibility of creating a multifrequency OFCG with the closest arrangement of the teeth is checked. Then, the transmission quality of a digital RF signal with multi-position QAM through the downlink channel of the RS using fiber-to-MMW-band wireless interface is analyzed. Table 7 lists the common reference data for the OFCG under study. The reference data for the fiber-to-MMW-band wireless interface under study correspond to Table 2, with the exception of the frequency of RF carrier (37–43.5 GHz instead of 1.8–40 GHz) and data rates (1.25 Gbit/s instead of 2.5 Gbit/s).
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Laser source frequency (ν0) | 193.3 THz |
Laser linewidth | 10 kHz |
Reference RF frequency ( | 0.3 GHz |
Type of modulator inside optical recirculating loop | SC-SSB (up/down) |
Gain of recirculating loop (g) | 0.8 < g < 1 |
Number of up or down round trips | Not less than 10 |
Level nonuniformity of output comb teeth | Not more than 5 dB |
Reference data for the OFCG under study.
Figure 18 demonstrates an OSA’s spectrum of multiwavelength optical frequency comb output following the setup of Figure 16. As one can see from the figure, the OFCG under study includes 21 optical carriers with the spacing of 0.3 GHz and a level nonuniformity of less than 5 dB.
A spectrum of multiwavelength optical frequency comb output.
The results of the simulations are presented in Figure 19. For a clear view, there are some insets in Figure 19 showing constellation diagrams in specific points. In particular, as one can see from the figure, due to dispersion in the optical cable, the EVM values increase with a slope of near 0.17%/km reaching a standard limit for 64-QAM of 8% [28] at a distance of 40 km.
EVM vs. optical cable length.
The following output can be derived from our study. When transmitting digital radio signals with 64-QAM on millimeter-wave RF carriers (37–43.5 GHz), even when using SC-SSB MZM and high coherent laser, the dispersion in an optical cable has a significant impact on the quality of the received signal. However, the error is within the standard limit up to a distance of 40 km.
Finally, we consider and discuss the optimal design principle of an interactive fiber-wireless fronthaul network when distributing digital radio signals over fiber-optic link. The feasible variants are compared in Table 8. For the possibility of quantitative analysis, we take the widely used bitrate for the modern networks of 1 Gbit/s (e.g., the standard Gigabit Ethernet).
Transmission range | Option 1. In baseband | Option 2. In the band of intermediate RF signals | Option 3. In the band of RF carriers |
---|---|---|---|
Type of FOCS | Digital | Analog | Analog |
Upper modulation frequency (GHz) | 1 | 10–15 | 40–80 |
Relative bandwidth (%) | 100 | 40 | 30 |
Demands to signal-to-noise ratio | Low | High | High |
Demands to the equipment linearity | Low | High | Middle |
Complexity of CO layout (cost) | Low | Middle | High |
Complexity of BS layout (cost) | High | Middle | Low |
Comparison of the feasible options for transporting signals over FWI.
Based on the general comparison, below the results of our recent investigations to design optimally a fiber-wireless fronthaul including a central station, MMW wireless interface, and pico-cell remote station are presented.
In particular, we compare the three options of distributing signals through fifth-generation fronthaul communication network of fiber-wireless architecture with a wireless section operating in MMW band: in baseband, in intermediate frequency band, and directly in RF band on the same MMW frequencies. Figure 20 demonstrates three possible options including interactive transmission in the baseband (a), in the IF band (b), and in the RF (MMW) band (c). The following abbreviations are used in the figure: TSL, tunable semiconductor laser; EOM, electro-optic modulator; PD, photodetector; RFM, RF modulator; RFDM, RF demodulator; MIMO, multiple input/multiple output; IFM, IF modulator; RFC, RF converter.
The possible options of transmitting signals through FiWi fronthaul. (a) Baseband-over-Fiber transmission, (b) IF-over-Fiber transmission, and (c) RF-over-Fiber transmission.
To verify the optimal layout, a transmission quality simulation of a 64-QAM, 2.5 Gbit/s digital signal transmitted at a frequency in the IF band (15 GHz) or in the MMW band (40 GHz) through FFL using CS-SSB MZM, was performed by the same off-the-shelf computer tool of VPIphotonics Design Suite. The reference data used in the calculations are taken from Table 5 for the modulator and from Table 2 for the entire FWFN. The result, which is a dependence of the EVM vs. the fiber length, is shown in Figure 21.
EVM vs. fiber length characteristic.
As follows from the figure, the transmission at 40 GHz is carried out at a much worse quality than at 15 GHz. In particular, the standard for 64-QAM limit of 8% [28] is achieved in the first case with a fiber link length of 23 km and as much as 60 km in the second case.
The following outcomes can be drawn:
To realize Option 1, it is necessary to use digital fiber-optic communication system, whereas for the second and third options, analog system is required with its inherent higher requirements for the signal-to-noise ratio and the linearity of the equipment.
The value of the upper modulation frequency in the second and, especially, in the third options is significantly higher in comparison with the first one, which tightens the requirements for the electronic and optoelectronic components of the CS equipment and, as a result, its cost.
The relative bandwidth of the transmission channel for the second and third options is substantially lower than in the first one, which simplifies the circuitry of the CS and RS equipment’s amplifying and converting units and, as a result, improves their cost characteristics.
The option with transmission in the RF carrier band is realized with the least number of transformations on the RS, which minimizes its cost and, consequently, the cost of the entire user access network. However, the fiber-optic transmission of the MMW-band signals has a serious limitation due to the dispersion effect of standard optical fiber.
We believe that the optimal approach would be IF-over-fiber transmission in spite of this option requiring an interface at the RS that has to perform RF up- or down-conversion. Nevertheless, transmission in IF band (see Figure 20(b)) provides versatility, as there is a simple possibility of RF conversion at a RS, both in the LR and in the HR (see Figure 1). For the effective implementation of it, we have proposed and described two RS schemes [14, 19] capable of frequency converting both LR and HR.
In the chapter, we proposed and highlighted in detail the specific for incoming fifth-generation mobile communication system principles to optimally design an access network using small cell scenario, radio-over-fiber concept, and microwave-photonic-based approach. In the generally accepted interpretation, the small cell scenario means a consistent network partitioning into micro- and pico-cells with a service area diameter of not more than 200 m. Radio-over-fiber concept is to design pico-cell network based on fiber-wireless architecture. Using microwave-photonic-based approach means the formation and processing of transmitted radio signals in the optical range, which leads to a significant improvement of the bandwidth features at lower size, weight, and power as compared with traditional characteristics of network equipment. The main idea behind the proposed principle to design pico-cell fiber-wireless fronthaul network is to split it into two sub-systems that consist of optical distribution network including central station hardware and fiber-optic link and fiber-wireless interface including a remote station hardware and the same fiber-optic link. In order to verify efficiency of the proposed design principles, we performed modeling in a well-known computer-aided design environment VPIphotonics Design Suite. The goal of the study was to examine and select optimal modulating scheme and transmitter parameters to propagate higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation signals at radio-frequency carriers of millimeter-wave band over radio-over-fiber-based fiber-wireless Fronthaul network using advanced commercial optoelectronic devices and standard single-mode optical fiber. In the result of simulation experiments, optimal design principles of optical distribution network, fiber-wireless interface, and fiber-wireless fronthaul network as a whole have been proposed, described, and validated. Particularly, the study of the optimal method and device for transmitting multi-positional QAM signals at RF carriers showed that in the so-called low range (see Figure 1), the maximum allowable distance of a fiber-optic link is provided up to 33 km for a LW-VCSEL and up to 55 km for a DFB laser in the case of direct modulation, as well as up to 58 km for an EAM and up to 62 km for a SC-SSB MZM in the case of external modulation. In addition, in the so-called high range (see Figure 1), the maximum allowable distance of a fiber-optic link is significantly reduced, reaching at best not more than 23 km even when using a SC-SSB MZM, which, nevertheless, requires the most complex control schematic, accordingly, and has the greatest value.
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 18-29-20083.
The authors declare the lack of the “conflict of interest.”
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
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\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
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\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
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\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
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French physiologist Paul Bert’s research was pathbreaking and provided a scientific explanation on the etiology of the “bends.” In 1908, JS Haldane’s experiments recommended staged decompression and made diving safe. In 1921, OJ Cunningham employed HBOT to treat hypoxia secondary to lung infections successfully. It was cardiac surgeon Ite Boerema who put HBOT on a solid footing with his open-heart surgery results in various pediatric cardiac conditions and rightly deserved the title of father of modern-day hyperbaric medicine. From 1937 onwards, HBOT research snowballed into treating a wide variety of diseases. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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