These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
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This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5814",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dental Anatomy",title:"Dental Anatomy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The book "Dental Anatomy" is one of the most important and basic areas of dentistry. This book is a collection of nine chapters divided into five sections as follows: \n Chapter 1: "Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors"\n Chapter 2: "The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth"\n Chapter 3: "Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated"\n Chapter 4: "Anatomy Applied to Block Anaesthesia"\n Chapter 5: "Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth"\n Chapter 6: "Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials"\n Chapter 7: "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar"\n Chapter 8: "A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with the iTero Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method"\n Chapter 9: "Identification of Lower Central Incisors"\n The book is aimed toward dentists and can also be well used in education and research.',isbn:"978-1-78923-511-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-510-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-247-8",doi:"10.5772/65542",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dental-anatomy",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"445cd419d97f339f2b6514c742e6b050",bookSignature:"Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5814.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13272,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",middleName:null,surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178570/images/7646_n.jpg",biography:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç is a dentist, a teacher, a researcher and a scientist in the field of Endodontics. She was born in Zonguldak, Turkey, on February 14, 1974; she is married and has two children. She graduated in 1997 from the Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. She aquired her PhD in 2004 from the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey, and she is still an associate professor at the same department. She has published numerous articles and a book chapter in the areas of Operative Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry and Endodontics. She is a member of Turkish Endodontic Society and European Endodontic Society.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"174",title:"Dentistry",slug:"dentistry"}],chapters:[{id:"56461",title:"Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69542",slug:"permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-incisors",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The permanent incisors are the front teeth that erupt between 6 and 8 years of age. They are eight in number, four upper and four lower, two centrals and two laterals. They have sharp biting surfaces designed for shearing and cutting of food materials into small chewable pieces. They are the teeth most visible to the others during eating, smiling and talking, and thus, they have high aesthetic value for the individuals. The unique characteristics, arch position, function, development and chronological age of each tooth will be highlighted. In addition, the different aspects with their geometric outlines, outlines and surface anatomy of these teeth will be described. A brief explanation about the pulp cavity, tooth socket and normal occlusion for each tooth will be included.",signatures:"Mohammed E. Grawish, Lamyaa M. Grawish and Hala M. Grawish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56461",authors:[{id:"82989",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Grawish",slug:"mohammed-grawish",fullName:"Mohammed Grawish"}],corrections:null},{id:"62386",title:"The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79464",slug:"the-permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-premolar-teeth",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The permanent premolar teeth are placed between the anterior teeth and molars. Eight premolars are found in the permanent dentition, four per arch and two in each quadrant. The main function of premolars is to assist the canines in regard to tear and pierce the food and supplement the grinding of the molars during mastication. The other functions are to support the corners of the mouth reinforce esthetics during smiling and maintain the vertical dimension. Detailed morphology of the permanent premolar teeth is narrated in a pointwise and systematic manner in this chapter.",signatures:"Işıl Çekiç Nagaş, Ferhan Eğilmez and Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62386",authors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç"}],corrections:null},{id:"57546",title:"Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71337",slug:"dental-anatomical-features-and-caries-a-relationship-to-be-investigated",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dental caries is a multifactor disease affecting a significant number of people throughout the world. However, in recent decades the widespread availability of fluoride and other preventive measures have resulted in a decline in the prevalence of caries among children and young adults. Currently, it is accepted that most carious dental lesions are restricted to specific anatomical sites. The aim of this chapter is to review the influence of dental anatomy on dental caries development while taking into account recent findings in cariology. Occlusal fissures in the first permanent molar are generally the first sites in the permanent dentition to develop caries. An increased risk of caries is also found in proximal contacting surfaces between two adjacent teeth. Moreover, a partially erupted tooth, which does not participate in mastication, is also at risk for caries since it may provide a more favorable environment for bacterial accumulation than a fully erupted tooth. Bacterial biofilm on the tooth is frequently a high risk caries environment. Understanding anatomical dental features is of great importance for guiding oral health hygiene and preventive measures. Finally, the development of dental disorders plays an important role in dental caries risk.",signatures:"Marcel Alves Avelino de Paiva, Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira\nLeite, Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias, Antônio de Pádua\nCavalcante Costa and Fábio Correia Sampaio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57546",authors:[{id:"138852",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"fabio-sampaio",fullName:"Fabio Sampaio"},{id:"213662",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabela Albuquerque",surname:"Passos Farias",slug:"isabela-albuquerque-passos-farias",fullName:"Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias"},{id:"213663",title:"Prof.",name:"Dayane Franco",surname:"Barros Mangueira Leite",slug:"dayane-franco-barros-mangueira-leite",fullName:"Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira Leite"},{id:"213664",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcel Alves",surname:"Avelino De Paiva",slug:"marcel-alves-avelino-de-paiva",fullName:"Marcel Alves Avelino De Paiva"},{id:"213666",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio De Pádua",surname:"Cavalcante Da Costa",slug:"antonio-de-padua-cavalcante-da-costa",fullName:"Antonio De Pádua Cavalcante Da Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"56119",title:"Anatomy Applied to Block Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69545",slug:"anatomy-applied-to-block-anesthesia-for-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anatomy is a basic knowledge that every clinician must have; however, its full management is not always achieved and gaps remain in daily practice. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the most relevant aspects of head and neck anatomy, specifically related to osteology and neurology for the application of regional anesthesia techniques. This chapter presents a clear and concise text, useful for both undergraduate and graduate students and for the dentist and maxillofacial surgeon. The most relevant aspects of the bone and sensory anatomy relevant for the realization of regional anesthetic techniques in the oral and maxillofacial area are reviewed, including complementary figures and tables. The anatomy related to the techniques directed to the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and to the branches of the mandibular nerve) will be approached separately.",signatures:"Alex Vargas, Paula Astorga and Tomas Rioseco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56119",authors:[{id:"199400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Vargas",slug:"alex-vargas",fullName:"Alex Vargas"},{id:"202023",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Astorga",slug:"paula-astorga",fullName:"Paula Astorga"},{id:"205059",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Rioseco",slug:"tomas-rioseco",fullName:"Tomas Rioseco"}],corrections:null},{id:"55902",title:"Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69543",slug:"treatment-considerations-for-missing-teeth",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Specific terms are used to describe the nature of tooth agenesis. Hypodontia is most frequently used when describing the phenomenon of congenitally missing teeth. Many other terms to describe a reduction in the number of teeth appear in the literature: oligodontia, anodontia, aplasia of teeth, congenitally missing teeth, absence of teeth, agenesis of teeth and lack of teeth. The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars). The long‐term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this problem, that is space closure or opening for prosthetic replacements, implant or autotransplantation. These patients often manifest with many underlying skeletal and dental problems and a multidisciplinary approach for management of this condition is recommended. Two treatment approaches including space closure and space reopening are described in details in this chapter.",signatures:"Abdolreza Jamilian, Alireza Darnahal, Ludovica Nucci, Fabrizia\nD’Apuzzo and Letizia Perillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55902",authors:[{id:"171777",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdolreza",surname:"Jamilian",slug:"abdolreza-jamilian",fullName:"Abdolreza Jamilian"},{id:"171873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Darnahal",slug:"alireza-darnahal",fullName:"Alireza Darnahal"},{id:"173044",title:"Prof.",name:"Letizia",surname:"Perillo",slug:"letizia-perillo",fullName:"Letizia Perillo"},{id:"198961",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrizia",surname:"D'Apuzzo",slug:"fabrizia-d'apuzzo",fullName:"Fabrizia D'Apuzzo"},{id:"206137",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ludovica",surname:"Nucci",slug:"ludovica-nucci",fullName:"Ludovica Nucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"55973",title:"Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69544",slug:"anatomical-and-functional-restoration-of-the-compromised-occlusion-from-theory-to-materials",totalDownloads:1250,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many conditions can alter the occlusal interface, from tooth wear to tooth loss. The masticatory system is constituted by many components that can influence each other like muscles, joints, teeth and nervous system. This implies that (a) every change at occlusal level makes the other components to adapt and (b) an occlusal alteration may be the effect of an alteration occurred on muscles or joints. Keeping this in mind, traditional principles of occlusal rehabilitation are analysed, and the choice of the restorative materials is discussed.",signatures:"Nicola Mobilio and Santo Catapano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55973",authors:[{id:"179565",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Mobilio",slug:"nicola-mobilio",fullName:"Nicola Mobilio"},{id:"199397",title:"Prof.",name:"Santo",surname:"Catapano",slug:"santo-catapano",fullName:"Santo Catapano"}],corrections:null},{id:"57245",title:"Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71038",slug:"evaluation-of-the-anatomy-of-the-lower-first-premolar",totalDownloads:880,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides information about the lower first premolars. This tooth is considered to be one of the most complex teeth and the dentistry graduation students usually have difficulties in identifying it. The aim of this chapter is to present a detailed morphological study of extracted lower first premolars. One hundred lower first premolars, belonging to the collection of the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Department of Morphology of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil, were evaluated. Nine measurements were performed through direct observation without any instruments. Other 20 measurements were made by photographs and they were analyzed by the Image Tool 3.0 program. According to the results, it was concluded that most of the teeth presented the following features such as one lingual cusp; the distal occlusal pits were wider than the mesial occlusal pits; an enamel bridge linking the buccal and lingual cusps; the grooves in the lingual surface that emerged from the mesial and distal occlusal pits were absent, and where the grooves were present, they emerged from the mesial occlusal pit; one rectilinear root with no root grooves and where the root groove was present, it was observed in the mesial surface.",signatures:"Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, Suellen Tayenne Pedroso\nPinto, Marcelo Brito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos\nand Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57245",authors:[{id:"87871",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Capote"},{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"217420",title:"Mrs.",name:"Suellen",surname:"Tayenne Pedroso Pinto",slug:"suellen-tayenne-pedroso-pinto",fullName:"Suellen Tayenne Pedroso Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"57752",title:"A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with iTeroTM Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70963",slug:"a-comparative-study-of-the-validity-and-reproducibility-of-mesiodistal-tooth-size-and-dental-arch-wi",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: The introduction of intraoral scanning offers an alternative for measuring mesiodistal tooth sizes.",signatures:"Ignacio Faus-Matoses, Ana Mora, Carlos Bellot-Arcís, Jose Luis\nGandia-Franco and Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57752",authors:[{id:"150456",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",surname:"Paredes",slug:"vanessa-paredes",fullName:"Vanessa Paredes"},{id:"150458",title:"Prof.",name:"José-Luis",surname:"Gandia-Franco",slug:"jose-luis-gandia-franco",fullName:"José-Luis Gandia-Franco"},{id:"212242",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Faus",slug:"ignacio-faus",fullName:"Ignacio Faus"},{id:"212243",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bellot-Arcís",slug:"carlos-bellot-arcis",fullName:"Carlos Bellot-Arcís"},{id:"218390",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Mora",slug:"ana-mora",fullName:"Ana Mora"}],corrections:null},{id:"57378",title:"Identification of Lower Central Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71341",slug:"identification-of-lower-central-incisors",totalDownloads:838,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Unlike the other teeth, the permanent lower central incisors have great symmetry between the proximal surfaces, being difficult to distinguish them. It was intended to facilitate the study of the anatomy of the lower central incisor for dentistry students, that this study searched for a better way to differentiate the third quadrant element (31) from the fourth quadrant element (41). The purpose of this chapter was to evaluate 100 permanent lower central incisors of the didactic collection of the Discipline of Anatomy of the Department of Morphology of the School of Dentistry of Araraquara - UNESP and to verify the presence of correlation between the some anatomical features. Besides, it was evaluated if there was difference between 31 and 41. It was verified that the systematic methodology used for the evaluation of the incisors in this study facilitated the identification of the teeth. There was no statistically significant difference between the measurements of 31 and 41. Distinguishing the right from the left central incisor is difficult, even for experienced practitioners. We could observe that the measurements do not facilitate the identification of teeth of different quadrants. Therefore, the anatomical features are relevant for the study of the dental anatomy in the identification of the lower central incisors.",signatures:"Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves, Bruno Luís Graciliano Silva, Marcelo\nBrito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos and Ticiana\nSidorenko de Oliveira Capote",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57378",authors:[{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"221435",title:"Mr.",name:"Bruno Luis Graciliano",surname:"Silva",slug:"bruno-luis-graciliano-silva",fullName:"Bruno Luis Graciliano Silva"},{id:"221438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-sidorenko-de-oliveira-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira Capote"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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1. Introduction
Nanocosmetics are skin formulations containing nanocarriers or nanoparticles. They have several advantages over conventional cosmetics (ie, cosmetics without nanotechnology). Nanocarriers are nanometric carriers having a substance entrapped inside. They are classified into lipid nanocarriers and polymeric nanocarriers. The first ones include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanoemulsions. Polymeric nanocarriers include nanocapsules, nanospheres, and micelles. In order to demonstrate the importance of these nanocarriers in cosmetics, an initial examination was performed in Scopus databases and Web of Science database until 2019. The terms “nanocarriers” and “cosmetics” were crossed searching for abstract, article title, and keywords, and the results are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. The number of publications retrieved from the databases was similar although the Web of Science database recovered a smaller number of publications.
Figure 1.
Total number of publications retrieved in databases until 2019 when the terms “nanocarriers” and “cosmetics” were crossed. Blue line displays publications from Scopus database. Red line displays publications from Web of Science database.
Terms
Database
Scopus
Web of Science
Search 01 “Nanocarriers” AND “Cosmetics”
82
74
Search 02 “Nanocarriers” AND “Cosmetics” AND “Lipid”
54
40
Search 03 “Nanocarriers” AND “Cosmetics” AND “Polymer”
16
8
Table 1.
Results from Scopus database and Web of Science database from 2006 to 2019.
Figure 1 shows the number of publications from search 01 over time. An exponential increase in publications is observed in both databases. It is also noteworthy that the first publications using nanocarriers applied to cosmetics date from the mid-2000s, showing, therefore, that this term is of recent use.
In order to detect the number of publications regarding lipid nanocarriers and polymeric nanocarriers, two new searches were performed. From the search 01, the total number of publications was further crossed with the term “lipid” and “polymer” in search 02 and search 03, respectively (Table 1). In this context, the vast majority of publications refer to lipid due to its ingredients’ biocompatibility. Although polymeric nanocarriers had a smaller number of publications, they are still important, mainly in relation to the use of natural polymers.
Nanoparticles applied to skin formulations comprise inorganic nanoparticles and organic nanoparticles. Inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide nanoparticles and oxide zinc nanoparticles are common in sunscreen formulations. On the other hand, organic nanoparticles have polymers or lipids in their composition. The approach to cosmetics containing inorganic nanoparticles is beyond the scope of this chapter. The main aspects of production and characterization of lipid nanocarriers and polymeric nanocarriers will be addressed in this chapter. Further, in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation of nanocarriers and nanocosmetics will also be described.
2. Nanocosmetics production and characterization
Nanocosmetics are also called nanocosmeceuticals: cosmeceuticals containing nanotechnology [1]. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetics with benefits over traditional cosmetics. They are defined as quasi pharmaceuticals as they come from the combination of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Cosmeceuticals must have an established mechanism of action in skin cells or tissues. These cosmetics are often tested regarding efficacy studies, and in this sense, they resemble pharmaceutical products [1]. Nanocarrier production methods are classified into bottom-up or bottom-down [2] and vary accordingly to each nanoparticle type (ie., matrix types and depot-types) [2, 3]. After nanocarrier production, characterization studies should be conducted. They include the following assays: determination of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release study [2]. Also, characterization studies should be performed on nanocosmetics.
2.1 Nanocarrier production
Nanocarriers are nanometric carriers entrapping the desired substance in its structure. As this substance is enclosed in the nanocarrier, a performance improved could be achieved. There are several methodologies applied to nanocarriers and the present work does not intend to exhaust all existing ones. Table 2 below shows some of the methods applied to the following nanocarriers: nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanocapsules, and nanospheres [2, 28].
Polymeric nanocarriers (nanocapsules or nanospheres) are composed of biodegradable and/or biocompatible polymers such as poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) [25] and chitosan [22, 24] and they have a size ranging from 100 to 1000 nm. The substance is encapsulated, dispersed, or adsorbed on the surface of these particles. Nanocapsules are depot-like systems formed by a polymeric wall and an oily core. On the other hand, nanospheres do not contain oil in their composition. Therefore, nanospheres are formed by a polymeric matrix where the substance is dispersed or dissolved [2, 28]. To obtain these particles, methods such as interfacial deposition of pre-formed polymer, emulsification/solvent diffusion, and interfacial polymerization can be employed. Recently, the focus has been on the use of natural polymers [22, 24, 27].
Lipid nanocarriers differ from polymeric nanocarriers since they have solid/liquid lipid in their composition. These lipids account for their high biocompatibility. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are formed by a solid lipid matrix and were developed in the 90s. However, SLN have low long-term stability [28]. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were developed in order to increase the long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles.
Although nanoemulsions are lipid nanocarriers, just as SLN and NLC, they have an internal phase with a nanometric droplet size and different production methods. Therefore, the method to be selected will depend on the type of nanocarrier and also on the equipment and raw materials available.
2.2 Nanocarrier characterization
Nanocarrier characterization is performed to provide information such as particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency [12, 17, 29], morphological aspect [26, 30], and pH [24]. Other analyses also include nanocarrier physical stability [10] and compatibility between ingredients of nanocarriers [31].
Particle size distribution and zeta potential analyses are essential, as they are directly related to nanocarriers’ biological behavior. Nanocarriers have different particle size distributions varying according to carrier type [11, 12, 13, 22, 24, 25, 30] and also according to their composition [12, 13, 24, 31, 32]. In this sense, lipid nanocarriers’ particle size distribution range from 100 nm to 200 nm [12, 13, 20, 29], or they may have particle size distribution ranging from 60 nm to more than 200 nm [32]. For nanoemulsions, droplet size may be smaller than 100 nm [30] or greater than 200 nm [5]. Regarding polymeric nanocarriers, sizes smaller than 100 nm [26], in the range between 100 and 200 nm [22], or even greater than 200 nm [25] are described.
Zeta potential reflects the particle surface charge and is related to its composition. Negative zeta values are the most reported [17, 23, 24]. Nevertheless, positive zeta potential is also reported for nanocarriers since there is an increase in its biological efficacy compared to negatively charged nanocarriers [29]. Entrapment efficiency, on the other hand, is related to the preparation method and to the physicochemical properties of the encapsulated substance [22]. This methodology sets the percentage encapsulated in nanocarriers [5, 15, 25, 26, 27, 32]. High encapsulation efficiency can increase biological efficacy [15, 25].
In addition, methodologies such as atomic force microscopy [18, 26], transmission electron microscopy [11, 21, 26, 30], scanning electron microscopy [7, 19, 22], and optical microscopy [8, 19] have been used as way to complement size determination and to evaluate particle morphology. Moreover, pH measurement of nanocarriers [24, 30, 33, 34] allows assessing the compatibility of the skin to the nanocarrier.
Physical stability is another approach used to monitor the formulation behavior by measuring particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency over a predetermined period of time [8, 10, 12, 22, 34]. Physical stability has also been showed by equipment that detects instability phenomena, such as sedimentation and cremation [24].
Furthermore, ingredient compatibility [14, 25, 26, 27, 35] must be also be performed prior to the development/preparation of any nanocarrier using methodologies such as thermal analysis. Ingredient interaction is not desired in many cases. Nevertheless, in some situations, ingredient interaction can be beneficial since it causes increase in cosmetic efficacy [27]. Thermal analyses are also used for other purposes: to evaluate lipid crystallinity, to measure the physical stability of lipid nanoparticle, and to show that substance is encapsulated within the nanoparticle [16, 29]. Finally, in the case of nanoemulsions, other analyses can also be performed: electrical conductivity [30, 33, 34], phase diagram [30], and interfacial tension [33].
2.3 Nanocosmetics production and characterization
Once properly characterized, nanocarrier can be added in an appropriate semi-solid form since nanocarriers are usually aqueous liquid forms that have low viscosity [28]. Nevertheless, it is also possible to thicken the nanocarrier solution/dispersion [34]. Cosmetics forms employed in nanocosmetics (Table 3) include mainly creams [12, 19, 23, 25], hydrogels [14, 17, 20, 23, 24], or gel-creams [18].
From the moment that nanocosmetics are obtained, they must be characterized by tests such as pH, organoleptic characteristics, and rheology [19, 23, 24, 25]. As previously mentioned, pH determination is a prime analysis to ensure formulation compatibility with the skin. In contrast, organoleptic characteristics such as appearance and color [24] can be visually determined. In the case of color determination, it is also possible to monitor it by equipment [20]. Rheological analysis defines the product ease/difficulty of flow. Consequently, rheological behavior is crucial because it is directly related to spreadability of cosmetics in the skin [23].
Stability determination of a nanocosmetic is a common assay comprising analyses such as organoleptic characteristics, pH, rheology, and entrapped substance content [18, 19, 23, 24]. Taking into consideration that stability test submits the product to temperature variations, changes in pH, rheology, and substance content are expected. In that respect, nanoencapsulation has shown the ability to increase the physical stability of cosmetics [23]. Besides, there may be incompatibility of the nanocarrier with the semi-solid vehicle. Hence, compatibility of ingredients from nanocosmetics can also be performed [19].
Further, other tests can also be applied to nanocosmetics such as extrudability and nanocosmetic particle size determination. The first one determines the ease of formulation be removed from its packaging [19]. The second one detects the presence of nanometric particles in the semi-solid form [24].
3. Biological evaluation of nanocosmetics
Biological evaluation of nanocosmetics comprises efficacy and toxicity tests [12, 17, 19, 35] aiming to demonstrate its performance and safety profile [25]. Firstly, the type of nanocarrier to be prepared must be established. This choice should take into account the properties of each nanocarrier. In such a way, if the nanocosmetic must have a moisturizing effect, lipid nanocarriers may be an option, since they have moisturizing activity [10, 20]. If a sunscreen formulation is intended, lipid nanocarriers can also be prepared [16] due to their light scattering properties.
Regardless of the carrier type, biological assessment can be performed directly on the nanocarriers and also on the nanocosmetics [26]. Sometimes, researchers choose at first to perform tests only with nanocarriers [5, 11, 31, 36] in order to establish their properties and potential applications before adding them into a semi-solid form. In other cases, efficacy tests can be done directly on nanocosmetics [17, 18, 19, 20, 23].
Performance assays are selected according to the benefit promoted by nanoencapsulation. Thereby, an appropriate efficacy test for a photounstable substance loaded in the nanocarrier is the photostability test [36]. On the other hand, for a substance with a limited skin distribution profile or with undesirable skin permeation, skin permeation/penetration study may be performed [5, 35, 37]. Furthermore, safety assays aim to demonstrate nanocarrier safety profile when applied to a culture of cells [29, 38].
3.1 Biological evaluation of nanocarriers
Nanocarriers can be submitted to efficacy and safety tests [25] after a proper characterization. Efficacy tests assess its performance. Safety tests such as cell viability sets the nanocarrier cellular toxicity [25, 29]. Table 4 below summarizes some of the most used methodologies/tests. In vitro release and skin permeation/penetration tests are widely used [9, 11, 13, 31] as efficacy tests. Additionally, assays such as cell uptake [5, 38], antioxidant activity [12], moisturizing effect [13], and content of nanoencapsulated substance [24] are also employed as efficacy tests.
In vitro release simulates the substance release, and for this reason, it is widely used. Nanocarriers usually have a better performance than conventional formulations (without nanocarriers), favoring the release of the nanoencapsulated substance [22]. Besides, nanocarriers show an initial burst release followed by a prolonged release [11, 13, 21, 31, 35]. This prolonged action is a desirable effect as it reduces the number of product reapplications. In addition, there are also some differences regarding release profile of each nanocarrier [11, 21] (for example, see [21]). Hence, depending on the objective, it is possible to prepare NLC instead of SNL in order to favor the substance release. Furthermore, variations in nanocarriers components are also alternatives to modulate biological effect. In this sense, quantitative variations in nanocarriers composition affect in vitro release and moisturizing effect [13].
Skin penetration/permeation studies are conducted to detect the location of a substance in skin layers (penetration) and/or its presence in the receptor medium (indicative of skin permeation) [5, 36]. Skins from different sources are used (See Table 3). In the same way as for in vitro release tests, nanocarrier type also impacts the skin distribution profile. NLC promote greater skin retention than nanoemulsions. [6, 11], and nanoemulsions may have a small degree of permeation. However, regardless of nanocarrier type, they promote a greater skin penetration than conventional formulations [8]. In the case of cosmetic products, penetration/retention in the epidermis or dermis is desired, and its permeation (detection in the blood circulation) is unwanted [8]. It is yet noteworthy that nanoencapsulation of vegetable ingredients promotes its better retention in the epidermis and dermis. [5, 9, 35]. As there is a trend of the use of natural ingredients in cosmetics, this result is relevant because it assures an increased efficacy of vegetable ingredients loaded in nanocarriers [5].
Cell uptake is a complementary study to skin permeation allowing to confirm the skin location/deposition of nanoencapsulated substances. In this way, nanoencapsulation of vegetable ingredients modulates its skin distribution and allows its skin retention as evidenced by confocal microscopy [38]. Besides, a strategy to increase cellular uptake is the use of nanocarriers with positive electrical charge (CSLN) [29].
In contrast, as previously mentioned, cell viability is a safety assay. As nanosystems may cause cell/tissue toxicity, assessing their safety is important. Nanocarriers with low cytotoxicity are considered safety [11, 25, 26]. Regarding other efficacy assays, nanocarriers also have a better performance. Nanoencapsulation of vegetable ingredients increase its antioxidant activity [12, 26]. Nanocarriers also promote skin moisturization [10, 34] where the moisturizing effect depends on the carrier composition [10]. Nanocarriers increase photostability of entrapped substances [11, 24], which affects its antioxidant activity. Since there is a less amount of substance degraded by light, a greater proportion of it will be available to act as an antioxidant.
3.2 Biological evaluation of nanocosmetics
Biological assessment of nanocosmetics comprises the same assays employed to nanocarriers such as penetration/skin permeation, skin moisturization, or antioxidant activity. However, other tests are also used for semi-solid forms such as the sun protection factor (SPF) and ultraviolet A protection factor (UVA-PF) [31]. Table 5 below exhibits the biological tests applied to nanocosmetics, whether they are efficacy or safety tests.
As described previously, skin penetration/permeation determines substance accumulation in skin layers and its permeation, if any. Penetration and/or permeation will be desirable depending on the type of product. For antioxidants, penetration in the epidermis and dermis is desirable [5]. Besides, ingredients of nanocosmetics also affect skin permeation/penetration, whether they are ingredients of the nanocarrier or the ingredients of semi-solid form [25]. As reported, nanocosmetics have a better skin retention/penetration than conventional cosmetics [26].
SPF and UVA-PF are efficacy tests used to evaluate UVB and UVA protection, respectively [14]. Nanocosmetics have shown superior performances regarding these assays. Cosmetics containing nanocarriers with different quantitative compositions also have different SPF and PF-UVA values [15]. In addition, nanoencapsulation also improves ultraviolet protection (for example, see [16]). Nanocosmetics containing association of vegetable oils have also been used to promote ultraviolet protection [12].
Moisturizing effect is commonly performed in vitro [19, 26] or in humans [18, 20] and is usually an important measure for moisturizing and anti-aging cosmetics [20]. Cosmetics containing lipid nanocarriers have moisturizing properties due to their adhesive characteristics, to their composition [18, 20], and to the composition of semi-solid vehicle [17]. Nanocosmetics also preserve antioxidant activity even after irradiation exposure. Once there is depletion of endogenous antioxidants with ultraviolet radiation exposure, these nanocosmetics can be used as anti-aging cosmetics [26]. Another important test is skin toxicity assessment whose goal is to detect any irritation caused by nanocosmetics [19].
Additionally, nanocosmetics have a photostabilizing effect. Nanocosmetics have the ability to reduce the degradation of nanoencapsulated ingredients [23]. Multifunctional nanocosmetics have also the ability to increase biological efficacy [14]. There is also a trend toward more complex cosmetics which combines nanocarriers, inorganic nanoparticles, and conventional cosmetic ingredients (without nanotechnology) (for example, see [26]).
4. Conclusion
Nanotechnology-based cosmetics are increasingly common due to their many benefits. Understanding nanocarrier properties is a complex and expensive task that requires professionals with expertise in nanotechnology as well as requiring a high investment in the development of nanotechnology-based products. After deciding the suitable nanocarrier, its composition, and preparation method, characterization must be accomplished. Subsequently, nanocarrier and/or cosmetics containing nanocarriers must be evaluated regarding biological tests to assure an effective and safe product.
Ultimately, there is a trend to use biocompatible ingredients as well as the use of natural ingredients in nanocarriers. An association/co-encapsulation of multifunctional ingredients is also reported. Therefore, multifunctional nanocosmetics represent a great alternative to improve the performance of cosmetics.
\n',keywords:"nanocarriers, polymeric nanocarriers, lipid nanocarriers, nanocosmetics, biological assays",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73171.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73171.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73171",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73171",totalDownloads:518,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 10th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 14th 2020",datePrePublished:"September 10th 2020",datePublished:"May 12th 2021",dateFinished:"September 10th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Nanocosmetics are personal care products containing nanocarriers or nanoparticles. Nanocarriers have been used in sunscreens, moisturizers, perfumes, and anti-aging and hair products. These carriers increase formulation efficacy and promote controlled release of active ingredients. Polymeric nanocarriers or lipid nanocarriers containing sunscreens have enhanced ultraviolet protection. In addition, these nanocarriers protect unstable ingredients from degrading ultraviolet radiations. Furthermore, nanocarriers also impart moisturizing effect due to their reduced particle size. This chapter describes issues related to nanocarrier-based cosmetics production, characterization, and biological evaluation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73171",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73171",signatures:"Júlia Scherer Santos",book:{id:"7811",type:"book",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",publishedDate:"May 12th 2021",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-448-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-447-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-449-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",email:"julia_scherer_santos@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Nanocosmetics production and characterization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Nanocarrier production",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Nanocarrier characterization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Nanocosmetics production and characterization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Biological evaluation of nanocosmetics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Biological evaluation of nanocarriers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Biological evaluation of nanocosmetics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Farris PK, editor. Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Practice. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2013. p. 295. DOI: 10.1002/9781118384824'},{id:"B2",body:'Cornier J, Keck CM. Nanocosmetics. London: Springer Nature; 2019. p. 262. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16573-4'},{id:"B3",body:'Mihranyan A, Ferraz N, Strømme M. Current status and future prospects of nanotechnology in cosmetics. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.083'},{id:"B15",body:'Niculae G, Lacatusu I, Badea N, et al. Rice bran and raspberry seed oil-based nanocarriers with self-antioxidative properties as safe photoprotective formulations. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2014;13:703-716. DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50290b'},{id:"B16",body:'Niculae G, Badea N, Meghea A, et al. Coencapsulation of butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane and octocrylene into lipid nanocarriers: UV performance, photostability and in vitro release. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2013;89:1085-1094. DOI: 10.1111/php.12117'},{id:"B17",body:'Barua S, Kim H, Hong SC, et al. Moisturizing effect of serine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and polysaccharide-rich extract of root Phragmites communis incorporated in hydrogel bases. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2017;40:250-257. DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0846-1'},{id:"B18",body:'Souza C, de Freitas LAP, Maia Campos PMBG. 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Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:12,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"20922",doi:"10.5772/21416",title:"Sediment Transport and River Channel Dynamics in Romania – Variability and Control Factors",slug:"sediment-transport-and-river-channel-dynamics-in-romania-variability-and-control-factors",totalDownloads:3045,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"304",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments"},signatures:"Liliana Zaharia, Florina Grecu, Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac and Gianina Neculau",authors:[{id:"43010",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",slug:"liliana-zaharia",fullName:"Liliana Zaharia"},{id:"55977",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana-Toroimac",slug:"gabriela-ioana-toroimac",fullName:"Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac"},{id:"91185",title:"Prof.",name:"Grecu",middleName:null,surname:"Florina",slug:"grecu-florina",fullName:"Grecu Florina"},{id:"91186",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianina",middleName:null,surname:"Neculau",slug:"gianina-neculau",fullName:"Gianina Neculau"}]},{id:"66461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85139",title:"Fish Sperm Physiology: Structure, Factors Regulating Motility, and Motility Evaluation",slug:"fish-sperm-physiology-structure-factors-regulating-motility-and-motility-evaluation",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"For reproduction, most fish species adopt external fertilization: their spermatozoa are delivered in the external milieu (marine- or freshwater) that represents both a drastic environment and a source of signals that control the motility function. This chapter is an updated overview of the signaling pathways going from external signals such as osmolarity and ionic concentration and their membrane reception to their transduction through the membrane and their final reception at the flagellar axoneme level. Additional factors such as energy management will be addressed as they constitute a limiting factor of the motility period of fish spermatozoa. Modern technologies used nowadays for quantitative description of fish sperm flagella in movement will be briefly described as they are more and more needed for prediction of the quality of sperm used for artificial propagation of many fish species used in aquaculture. The chapter will present some applications of these technologies and the information to which they allow access in some aquaculture species.",book:{id:"7912",slug:"biological-research-in-aquatic-science",title:"Biological Research in Aquatic Science",fullTitle:"Biological Research in Aquatic Science"},signatures:"Jacky Cosson",authors:[{id:"188281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacky",middleName:null,surname:"Cosson",slug:"jacky-cosson",fullName:"Jacky Cosson"}]},{id:"20911",doi:"10.5772/19948",title:"The Significance of Suspended Sediment Transport Determination on the Amazonian Hydrological Scenario",slug:"the-significance-of-suspended-sediment-transport-determination-on-the-amazonian-hydrological-scenari",totalDownloads:4122,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"304",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments"},signatures:"Naziano Filizola, Jean-Loup Guyot, Hella Wittmann, Jean-Michel Martinez and Eurides de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"36890",title:"Dr.",name:"Naziano",middleName:null,surname:"Filizola",slug:"naziano-filizola",fullName:"Naziano Filizola"},{id:"60004",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"jean-michel-martinez",fullName:"Jean-Michel Martinez"},{id:"60005",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Loup",middleName:null,surname:"Guyot",slug:"jean-loup-guyot",fullName:"Jean-Loup Guyot"},{id:"102592",title:"Dr.",name:"Hella",middleName:null,surname:"Wittmann",slug:"hella-wittmann",fullName:"Hella Wittmann"},{id:"102593",title:"Mr.",name:"Eurides",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"eurides-de-oliveira",fullName:"Eurides De Oliveira"}]},{id:"56153",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69686",title:"Deep Gorgonians and Corals of the Mediterranean Sea",slug:"deep-gorgonians-and-corals-of-the-mediterranean-sea",totalDownloads:1720,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Recent studies, carried out by means of innovative technological tools as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), have highlighted the richness of the Mediterranean deep‐sea environments, characterized by great diversity and abundance of organisms. In particular, corals, gorgonians, and sponges play the important ecological role of ecosystem engineers in deep marine environments, creating complex three‐dimensional habitats enhancing high biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at every level. Coral forests and bathyal white coral communities, starting from depths of 50–70 m and below 300 m, respectively, represent the richest ecosystems known so far for the Mediterranean basin. The different assemblages show a strong heterogeneity, varying in terms of specific composition, abundance, size of colonies, and associated fauna, even on a small spatial scale. Unfortunately, the high commercial fishing effort of trawling and longline fleets mainly operating along this bathymetric range represents a major threat for these vulnerable marine ecosystems, particularly in consideration of their structuring organisms which are long‐lived species with slow growth rates and recovery ability. Further knowledge on deep coral assemblages is urgently needed to implement effective management and proper conservation measures. This approach is now an international priority that proceeds together with the inclusion of the structuring species in numerous directives.",book:{id:"5765",slug:"corals-in-a-changing-world",title:"Corals in a Changing World",fullTitle:"Corals in a Changing World"},signatures:"Michela Angiolillo and Simonepietro Canese",authors:[{id:"197032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Angiolillo",slug:"michela-angiolillo",fullName:"Michela Angiolillo"},{id:"197763",title:"Dr.",name:"Simonepietro",middleName:null,surname:"Canese",slug:"simonepietro-canese",fullName:"Simonepietro Canese"}]},{id:"60698",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74923",title:"Overview on Mediterranean Shark’s Fisheries: Impact on the Biodiversity",slug:"overview-on-mediterranean-shark-s-fisheries-impact-on-the-biodiversity",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Bibliographic analysis shows that the Mediterranean Sea is a hot spot for cartilaginous species biodiversity, including sharks, rays, and chimaeras; 49 sharks and 36 rays were recorded in this region. However, they are by far the most endangered group of marine fish in the Mediterranean Sea. The IUCN Red List shows clearly the vulnerability of elasmobranchs and the lack of data; 39 species (53% of 73 assessed species) are critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. The biological characteristics of elasmobranchs (low fecundity, late maturity, and slow growth) make them more vulnerable to fishing pressure than most teleost fish. Overfishing, the wide use of nonselective fishing practices, and habitat degradation are leading to dramatic declines of these species in the Mediterranean Sea. In general, elasmobranchs are not targeted but are caught incidentally. In many fisheries, they are, however, often landed and marketed. A decline in cartilaginous fish species landings has been observed while fishing effort has generally increased. Better understanding of the composition of incidental and targeted catches of sharks by commercial fisheries are fundamentally important for the conservation of these populations. Moreover, problems encountered by elasmobranchs in the area are highlighted, and conservation measures are suggested.",book:{id:"6266",slug:"marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-interactions",title:"Marine Ecology",fullTitle:"Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions"},signatures:"Mohamed Nejmeddine Bradai, Bechir Saidi and Samira Enajjar",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60368",title:"Biological and Medicinal Importance of Sponge",slug:"biological-and-medicinal-importance-of-sponge",totalDownloads:2505,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sponges are multicellular, heterotrophic parazoan organisms, characterized by the possession of unique feeding system among the animals. They are the most primitive types of animals in existence, featuring a cell-based organization where different cells have different tasks, but do not form tissues. Sponges (Porifera) are a predominantly marine phylum living from the intertidal to the abyssal (deepest ocean) zone. There are approximately 8500 described species of sponges worldwide with a prominent role in many reef coral communities. Several ecological studies reported have shown that secondary metabolites isolated from sponges often serve defensive purposes to protect them from threats such as predator attacks, biofouling, microbial infections, and overgrowth by other sessile organisms. In the recent years, interest in marine sponges has risen considerably due to presence of high number of interesting biologically active natural products. More than 5300 different natural products are known from sponges and their associated microorganisms, and every year hundreds of new substances are discovered. In addition to the unusual nucleosides, other classes of substances such as bioactive terpenes, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids, cyclic peptides, peroxides, and amino acid derivatives (which are frequently halogenated) have been described from sponges or from their associated microorganisms. Many of these natural products from sponges have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neurosuppressive, and antifouling activities. This chapter covers extensive work published regarding new compounds isolated from marine sponges and biological activities associated with them.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Musarat Amina and Nawal M. Al Musayeib",authors:[{id:"213049",title:"Dr.",name:"Musarat",middleName:null,surname:"Amina",slug:"musarat-amina",fullName:"Musarat Amina"},{id:"213050",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawal",middleName:null,surname:"M. Al Musayeib",slug:"nawal-m.-al-musayeib",fullName:"Nawal M. Al Musayeib"}]},{id:"59865",title:"Marine Fisheries in Nigeria: A Review",slug:"marine-fisheries-in-nigeria-a-review",totalDownloads:3852,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Fisheries production especially from marine is important for the socio-economic development of Nigerians and its contribution to the nation’s economic growth through the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nigeria is blessed with enough marine fisheries resources that could enhance increased fish production. Yet, fish supply from domestic production is far below the fish demand of her citizens. This chapter is therefore focused on marine fisheries in Nigeria. We adopted a desk review approach. This chapter is divided into different sections such as the Nigerian fisheries sector, marine fisheries resources in Nigeria, status of marine fisheries production in Nigeria, marine fisheries regulations, and constraints to optimal marine fisheries production in Nigeria. We concluded that the contribution of aquaculture to marine fisheries production has been low, compared to the marine capture fisheries production. Also, we noted that despite the availability of regulations, noncompliance by fisher folks has not helped to optimize marine fisheries production. We therefore recommended that the culture of marine fishes should be intensified. Marine waters should also be protected against destruction and pollution as a result of human activities. Available marine fisheries regulations should be enforced and violators of the regulations should be punished as stipulated in the regulations.",book:{id:"6266",slug:"marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-interactions",title:"Marine Ecology",fullTitle:"Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions"},signatures:"Olalekan Jacob Olaoye and Wahab Gbenga Ojebiyi",authors:null},{id:"57327",title:"Closed Aquaculture System: Zero Water Discharge for Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Indonesia",slug:"closed-aquaculture-system-zero-water-discharge-for-shrimp-and-prawn-farming-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the development and application of zero water discharge (ZWD) system, which has become an alternative solution to conventional methods of aquaculture production. With this system, it is expected to answer many issues in aquaculture cultivation, such as environmental damage, disease outbreak, and land-use change, and to create a sustainable aquaculture cultivation system. ZWD system is an improved batch system with an emphasis on microbial manipulation in rearing tank. The principle of microbial selection is based on the role of each microbial component in nutrient cycle in the rearing tank. This chapter contains in detail how methods and stages are performed in order to conduct this system, including design of construction system, cultivation of microbial components, initial conditioning of this system, and microbial manipulation. The performance of the system was tested in crustacean culture such as white shrimp and giant freshwater prawns, and it showed that the system can increase the average survival rate of 10–20%. In addition, the technical and economic feasibility of this system was evaluated to illustrate the production efficiency upon the application of this system in the industry.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Gede Suantika, Magdalena Lenny Situmorang, Pingkan Aditiawati,\nDea Indriani Astuti, Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah and Harish\nMuhammad",authors:[{id:"216920",title:"Dr.",name:"Gede",middleName:null,surname:"Suantika",slug:"gede-suantika",fullName:"Gede Suantika"},{id:"220079",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena Lenny",middleName:null,surname:"Situmorang",slug:"magdalena-lenny-situmorang",fullName:"Magdalena Lenny Situmorang"},{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"220082",title:"Dr.",name:"Dea Indriani",middleName:null,surname:"Astuti",slug:"dea-indriani-astuti",fullName:"Dea Indriani Astuti"},{id:"220083",title:"MSc.",name:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Azizah",slug:"fahma-fiqhiyyah-nur-azizah",fullName:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah"}]},{id:"59973",title:"Genetic Applications in the Conservation of Neotropical Freshwater Fish",slug:"genetic-applications-in-the-conservation-of-neotropical-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:1626,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Neotropical fish correspond to approximately 30% of all fish species worldwide. The diversity of fish species found in Neotropical basins reflects variations in life-history strategies and exhibition of particular morphological, physiological and ecological attributes. These attributes are mainly related to different forms of feeding, life maintenance and reproduction. Today, fish populations are being threatened by anthropogenic actions that are having a visible impact on the natural state of continental aquatic ecosystems. The main causes are overfishing, non-native species introduction, reservoir-dam systems, mining, pollution and deforestation. The biology and population dynamics of the species are still unclear due to lack of research. Genetic tools can be useful resources for the conservation of Neotropical fish species in several ways. Molecular genetic markers are considered powerful tools to identify cryptic and hybrid fish and also allow the evaluation of the genetic variability and structure of populations of Neotropical ichthyofauna. Several analyses of molecular markers have been performed on Neotropical fish, including allozyme analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphisms in regions of DNA (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. In order to analyse a high number of markers, next generation sequencing has allowed researchers to generate a large amount of genomic information that can be applied to the conservation of Neotropical fish.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Vito Antonio Mastrochirico Filho, Milena V. Freitas, Raquel B.\nAriede, Lieschen V.G. Lira, Natália J. Mendes and Diogo T.\nHashimoto",authors:[{id:"215385",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",slug:"diogo-hashimoto",fullName:"Diogo Hashimoto"},{id:"226741",title:"MSc.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Matrochirico-Filho",slug:"vito-matrochirico-filho",fullName:"Vito Matrochirico-Filho"},{id:"226743",title:"MSc.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"milena-freitas",fullName:"Milena Freitas"},{id:"226744",title:"MSc.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Ariede",slug:"raquel-ariede",fullName:"Raquel Ariede"},{id:"226745",title:"MSc.",name:"Natália",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"natalia-mendes",fullName:"Natália Mendes"},{id:"226746",title:"MSc.",name:"Lieschen",middleName:null,surname:"Lira",slug:"lieschen-lira",fullName:"Lieschen Lira"}]},{id:"62582",title:"Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria",slug:"mangrove-species-distribution-and-composition-adaptive-strategies-and-ecosystem-services-in-the-nige",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Mangroves of the Niger River Delta grade into several plant communities from land to sea. This mangrove is a biodiversity hot spot, and one of the richest in ecosystem services in the world, but due to lack of data it is often not mentioned in many global mangrove studies. Inland areas are sandy and mostly inhabited by button wood mangroves (Conocarpus erectus) and grass species while seaward areas are mostly inhabited by red (Rhizophora racemosa), black (Laguncularia racemosa) and white (Avicennia germinans) mangroves species. Anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas exploration, deforestation, dredging, urbanization and invasive nypa palms had changed the soil type from swampy to sandy mud soil. Muddy soil supports nypa palms while sandy soil supports different grass species, core mangrove soil supports red mangroves (R. racemosa), which are the most dominant of all species, with importance value (Iv) of 52.02. The red mangroves are adapted to the swampy soils. They possess long root system (i.e. 10 m) that originates from the tree stem to the ground, to provide extra support. The red mangrove trees are economically most viable as the main source of fire wood for cooking, medicinal herbs and dyes for clothes.",book:{id:"6411",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-ecology-and-function",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function",fullTitle:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function"},signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",middleName:null,surname:"Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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