Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. 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In the past, Pan et al. proposed two algorithms to find the optimal locations of base stations in two-tiered wireless sensor networks. Their approaches assumed the initial energy and the energy-consumption parameters were the same for all application nodes. If any of the above parameters were not the same, their approaches could not work. Recently, the PSO technique has been widely used in finding nearly optimal solutions for optimization problems. In this paper, an algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is thus proposed for general power-consumption constraints. The proposed approach can search for nearly optimal BS locations in heterogeneous sensor networks, where application nodes may own different data transmission rates, initial energies and parameter values. Experimental results also show the good performance of the proposed PSO approach and the effects of the parameters on the results. The proposed algorithm can thus help find good BS locations to reduce power consumption and maximize network lifetime in two-tiered wireless sensor networks. 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Apart from teaching, Dr. Palaniappan is also actively involved in multi-disciplinary research, including the prevalence of psychosocial illnesses and their impacts on society, economy and country. She also researches alternative therapies to enhance sleep, yoga and its health benefits, the toxicity of nanomaterials, exposure measurements and hygiene requirements for nano-titanium dioxide, exposure to nano-silver in mattresses and beddings and their health effects, associations between seasonal patterns, climate variables, and dengue risks in Singapore. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
In the age of rapid globalization, profit‐seeking motive of private enterprises has given birth to several issues, that is, rising inequality among people, increasing vulnerability toward human and animal health, degradation of environmental conditions through violating environmental laws, excessive carbon emissions, etc. In such circumstances, growth of social enterprises has become a rising global phenomena to address several social and environmental problems.
\n
Social enterprise is a new form of business entity, which not only operates a business but also pays attention to reducing society’s major problems such as unemployment, malnutrition, poverty, education, environmental pollution, etc. through the means of business. Although the concept is being familiarized by two prominent social entrepreneurs, Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus (founder of Grameen Bank) and Sir Fazle Hasan Abed (Founder of BRAC), mass people, from the viewpoints of consumer, are still not familiar with the term, especially when they buy products that are provided by such social enterprises.
\n
Bangladesh is a very small country with huge population. However, Bangladesh has a strong worldwide reputation for social enterprise [1]. A recent study conducted by British Council demonstrated that 150,000 social enterprises currently operating in Bangladesh have already reached ~207,397 beneficiaries. The survey found that 90% of social enterprises are working with individuals from socially and economically disadvantaged communities, creating employment opportunities especially for disadvantaged groups. Bangladeshi social enterprises are generating annual turnover of Tk 2.1 million on an average, and nearly three‐quarters of the enterprises expect a substantial increase in turnover in the next financial year. To increase the social impact of such enterprises, supporting consumer behavior is expected. But studies on consumer behavior usually focus on traditional enterprise’s goods. Very few studies are available in academic world, which addresses the responses toward the goods produced and marketed by the social enterprises. Therefore, this study will try to address the following research questions: (i) What does the consumer know about social enterprises? (ii) What does the consumer perceive about social enterprise products? (iii) Does consumers’ perception lead to purchase intention? (iv) How does consumers’ purchase intention influence their actual purchase? Thus, to explore consumer responses to the social enterprise products, the study, in particular, will be carried out
\n
To examine consumers’ prior knowledge about social enterprise products;
To investigate their perception and attitude toward social enterprise products;
To examine behavioral intention to buy social enterprise products; and
To assess their actual buying behavior toward social enterprise products.
\n
\n
\n
2. Conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, social enterprise and social business
\n
The study conducted by Panayiotis H. Ketikidis [2] showed that social entrepreneurs are conceptualized as:
\n
Individuals who spot problematic aspects of the society, trying to resolve them, creating better social conditions [3];
Individuals who enter the business world with the social impact as their primary motive [4, 5];
A mean in order for an investment to be transformed into social good [6];
Young and altruistic individuals urge to fight injustice [5]; and
Innovative directors, socially responsible administrators of nonprofit organizations and philanthropists [4].
\n
The study, however, argued that social enterprises are ventures that are created by social entrepreneurs [7]. Nobel Laureate Professor Yunus identified social enterprises as ventures that are not only created by social entrepreneurs but also are following clear guidelines of “social business.” According to him [8], it is a business designed to meet a social goal (for example, Gramee Danone, whose goal is to improve the nutrition of poor families in the villages of Bangladesh). A social business is a business that pays no dividends. It sells products at prices that make it self‐sustaining. The owners of the company can get back the amount they have invested in the company over a period of time, but no profit is paid to investors in the form of dividends. Instead, any profit made stays in the business to finance expansion, to create new products or services and to do more good for the world.
\n
\n
\n
3. State of social enterprise in Bangladesh
\n
There are numerous definitions of social enterprise and the related concepts of social business and social entrepreneurship. The debate is particularly live in Bangladesh [1]: for Professor Mohammed Yunus, a key element of social business is that investors receive only their original investment back, without additional dividend or capital return; Professor Rehman Sobhan focuses on ownership of enterprises, arguing that a significant portion of equity in a social business should be owned by poor people, in particular employees; BRAC, founded by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed, operates a hybrid model, which combines conventional development, health, and education program with social enterprises and more commercial activities such as BRAC Bank. A social enterprise is fundamentally defined as a business venture trading for a social purpose. Its main aim is to mitigate a social problem, a market failure, or an inequality in distribution [9, 10]. They create jobs for disadvantaged groups, empowering women, and addressing social exclusion throughout the country. British Council [11] in their research report stated that social enterprises are businesses, which trade for a social purpose, reinvest surpluses into their social objective and make themselves accountable for their actions, rather than simply maximizing profits for owners and shareholders. Their survey included 149 social enterprises from Bangladesh based on three criteria: organizations that placed social/environmental mission above or alongside profit‐making, organizations using profit/surplus to further organization’s mission, and organizations with less than 75% of income from grants.
\n
Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and Yunus Center’s combined [12] report clearly articulated the position of social business, which is given by Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus. Since mass people in Bangladesh as a consumer are not widely familiar with Yunus Social Business, this study relates a term ethical/fair trade market to disseminate it from economic (traditional) market and thereby gets more response from consumers. Thus, this study explains that social enterprises are those who have applied business models (Figure 1) with the prime objectives of reducing social problems through inclusive market mechanism (that is, unemployment, market access of poor consumers, and investment opportunity for poor entrepreneurs), environmental solutions (through organic and ecological products) and ethical market mechanism (fair trade) without putting main emphasis on profit maximization rather focusing on reinvestment of profit.
\n
Figure 1.
Social enterprise business model and market positioning (modified from Ref. [12]).
\n
This study applies all the available terms related with social enterprises from the perspective of ethical market consideration of being responsive to society, environment, and economy as well as for sustainable development and does not usually depend on donation or charity fund. A summary of leading social enterprises in Bangladesh is given in Table 1.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\n
Name of the enterprise
\n
Problem addressed
\n
Solution offered
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
Grameen Danone Foods (2007)
\n
Child malnutrition
\n
Affordable yogurt fortified with micronutrients
\n
\n
\n
Poverty reduction
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Grameen Violia Water (2008)
\n
Arsenic contaminated water in rural areas
\n
Clean water through village tap points
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
BASF Grameen (2009)
\n
Risk of malaria in parts of the country
\n
Affordable and long‐lasting mosquito nets
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Grameen Intel (2009)
\n
Inefficient use of fertilizers
\n
Poverty and the under employment
\n
\n
\n
Lack of adequate maternal health care
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
Grameen Yukiguni Maitake (2010)
\n
Poverty and the underemployment
\n
Employment for the poor through mung bean cultivation
\n
\n
\n
6
\n
Grameen GC Eyecare Hospital (2007)
\n
Limited access to specialty eye treatment for the poor
\n
Affordable eye care examinations and surgeries for the rural poor
\n
\n
\n
7
\n
Grameen Caledonian College of Nursing (2010)
\n
Shortage of nurses and lack of access to medical care among poor and rural communities
\n
Nursing educations for underprivileged girls
\n
\n
\n
8
\n
Grameen Shakti (1996)
\n
Lack of electricity
\n
Clean energy with:
Solar home system
Cooking stoves
Biogas plants
\n
\n
\n
\n
Unhealthy living environment
\n
\n
\n
9
\n
Grameen Distribution (2011)
\n
Lack of access to basic products in rural areas
\n
Social and consumer products are distributed door‐to‐door in rural areas
\n
\n
\n
10
\n
Grameen Fabrics and Fashion (2012)
\n
Poverty and underemployment
\n
Employment for the poor through local production of such item as mosquito nets
\n
\n
\n
11
\n
Grameen Poshra
\n
Lack of market access to urban people
\n
The marketplace for promoting the products made through the social business initiative
\n
\n
\n
12
\n
Grameen Telecom Trust (2010)
\n
Unemployment of Grameen Bank borrowers’ children
\n
Provide technical and financial assistance to facilitate business promotion through social business
\n
\n
\n
13
\n
Grameen Shakti Shamajik Byabosha (2011)
\n
Unemployment of Grameen Bank borrowers’ children
\n
Similar to Grameen Telecom Trust
\n
\n
\n
14
\n
Grameen Trust (1989)
\n
Unemployment of Grameen Bank borrowers’ children
\n
Similar to Grameen Telecom Trust
\n
\n
\n
15
\n
Grameen Kallyan (1996)
\n
Unemployment of Grameen Bank borrowers’ children
\n
Similar to Grameen Telecom Trust
\n
\n
\n
16
\n
BIJOY (Bangladesh Institute of Job Opportunities for the Youth)
\n
Lack of skilled worker
\n
Provide vocational training for occupational skills development among youth and support them in finding and retaining jobs in foreign labor markets
\n
\n
\n
17
\n
CLICK Shastho
\n
Lack of health‐care facilities in rural people
\n
Alleviate health-related sufferings and reduce mortality in underserved communities of Bangladesh through an innovative entrepreneurial health worker model
\n
\n
\n
18
\n
Rural Sales Program (Joint Initiative of Bata and CARE Bangladesh) (2004)
\n
Women empowerment
\n
In this program, a rural sales force comprising of destitute women is created; these women are called Aparajitas, a Bengali word that stands for “women who never accept defeat.” Under this initiative the selected women act as sales representatives in selling a diversity of products such as footwear, consumer goods, food products, spices, etc. to rural buyers
\n
\n
\n
19
\n
Waste Concern (1995)
\n
Waste pollution and poverty
\n
Contribute to waste recycling, energy, poverty reduction through job creation and sustainable development
\n
\n
\n
20
\n
Phulki (1993)
\n
Childcare problem for working women
\n
Create a harmonious work environment for women and implement child care programs
\n
\n
\n
21
\n
Hathay Bunano
\n
Rural/destitute women empowerment
\n
Rural Center Model creating flexible employment opportunities for the poor
\n
\n
\n
22
\n
Bengal Meat (2005)
\n
Unsafe meat production
\n
Poverty alleviation of poor livestock producers by providing access to local and international markets
\n
\n
\n
23
\n
BRAC (1972)
\n
Lack of education, health‐care facilities, rural unemployment and lack of access to finance among the poor
\n
Providing access to education among poor children, providing community health‐care facilities, creating employment among rural women and providing microfinance
\n
\n
\n
24
\n
Better Stories
\n
Lack of start‐up ecosystem
\n
Create leaders through green ethical and responsible businesses by addressing three verticals: better strategies, better entrepreneurs and better schools
\n
\n
\n
25
\n
SPARK Bangladesh
\n
Lack entrepreneurial capacity building and training
\n
Aims to improve the lives of people living in poverty by accelerating start‐up social enterprises and supporting them as they grow their businesses and make greater changes in their communities
\n
\n
\n
26
\n
BRAC Aarong Dairy
\n
Rural dairy producer lack access to market
\n
Creation of market for dairy producers in remote villages
This study assumes that social enterprise market is closely related with ethical market. Nicholls [14] defined ethical markets as aggregated consumer‐provider (demand‐supply) exchange transactions of goods or services that have—as one of their defining product characteristics—a normalized notion of social and/or environmental benefit. To put it more plainly, ethical markets are economic spaces where consumers buy products that have added social or environmental value above other goods or services.
\n
Nicholls [14], assuming the social enterprise market belongs to the ethical market trajectories, established a forward‐looking model of social enterprise within the ethical markets. He also provided a social enterprise value chain, which integrates both ethical approach (fair trade) and green approach of consumer behavior (Figure 2).
\n
Figure 2.
Social enterprise value chain (modified from Nicholls [14]).
\n
This study is based on the assumption that social enterprise consumers differ from traditional consumers and put more emphasis on ethical/social and environmental performance of the product.
\n
Figure 3 shows that some unethical behavior of present commercial enterprises, especially those in developing countries, where most of the policies and regulations are loosely enacted, leads to a shift in public perception toward ethical market development. At the same time, rising inequality resulted in two groups of consumers; one, wealthy and educated-conscious consumers who expect their desired brand will not only make profits but also will create social as well as environmental brand reputation and another group, poor marginalized consumers who are excluded from many goods and service markets due to their limited means. These circumstances influences some investors to respond toward socially responsible investment which has added social and / or environmental return. But small portion of profit that are invested in the name of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are inadequate to address the core problem of the society and are often created debate over its real purpose; i.e., investment in publicity or replacement of advertising expenditure. Moreover, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also expect increased social and/or environmental return from their welfare activities but their efforts are often subject to donor-aided projects availability which suffers from lack of operational sustainability. This kind of donor-driven funds, now-a-days, are also reducing worldwide. Therefore, ethical market development initiative failed to develop a sustainable market yet which further encourages some social entrepreneurs to bring about a new forms of enterprising initiatives that is selfless, social problem oriented and capable to maintain operational sustainability which is widely getting popular as social enterprises.
\n
Figure 3.
Market potentials for social enterprise.
\n
This study classifies consumers into the following three segments: ethical, ecological, and rational (Figure 4). Ethical consumers make purchase decision based on ethical judgments. For example, products made or distributed fairly and/or by autistic, poor, minority or ethnic group, and disadvantaged women would influence ethical consumer to purchase product.
\n
Figure 4.
Classification of consumer.
\n
Ecological consumers make purchase decision based on environmental performances of the product, such as organic food, recyclable product, renewable energy‐related product, etc. that are less harmful for the environment as well as for human beings.
\n
Rational consumers make purchase decision based on exchange value/utility. Most of the traditional buying decisions are based on utility (product quality, performance, perceived benefit, etc.).
\n
However, there is no single “ethical consumer” or “ethical market,” but rather a whole range of different ethical consumption demographic groups operating within and across product markets and sectors. Researchers have noted the “30:3 phenomenon,” where more than 30% of consumers declare themselves ethical in surveys, but ethical markets are typically 3% (or less) of total trade by product or sector [14].
\n
Another study [15] identified three categories of ethical consumers as follows:
\n
Distancers: these consumers adopt a negative screening approach and avoid or boycott products they perceive to be unethical.
Integrators: these consumers attempt to integrate ethical purchase behavior fully into their lifestyle and have a holistic view of their own ethical actions.
Rationalizers: these consumers limit their ethical purchases to extreme cases and distinct parts of their life and, while showing concern for issues, rarely sacrifice quality, choice, or pleasure.
\n
Therefore, this study expects that social enterprise consumers will belong to the intersections of ethical, ecological, and rational consumers’ segmentation (Figure 5) and will not only respond to fair trade products but also expect their products would not harm the environment. In addition, stimulation in terms of price, perceived benefit and convenience will also transform some rational consumers to be social enterprise consumers. Based on the above theoretical conception, this study builds following hypothesis:
\n
Figure 5.
Potential consumer for social enterprise products.
\n\n
H1: Consumers’ perceived ethical awareness will lead to (a) intention of buying and (b) actual buying of social enterprise product.
\n
H2: Consumers’ perceived environmental awareness will lead to (a) intention of buying and (b) actual buying of social enterprise product.
\n
H3: Stimulating consumers toward social enterprise product will lead to (a) intention of buying and (b) actual buying of social enterprise product.
\n\n
Growth of social enterprises has a quest for solving social problems; therefore, consumer of social enterprise’s products hold positive behavior when they evaluate their purchase decisions. Although consumer helping behavior is relatively neglected by marketing researchers [16], but the intangible rewards of helping disadvantaged people are somehow likely to play at least some role in motivating consumers to buy [17]. Based on the literature, following hypothesis has been constructed:
\n\n
H4: Consumers positive attitude toward social enterprise product will lead to (a) intention of buying and (b) actual buying of social enterprise product.
\n\n
There are many ways on how consumers seek for knowledge and evidence, which suggest that consumers are seeking knowledge by reading the product label [18, 19]. If the consumer has knowledge and clear understanding about the social enterprises, then their awareness level would increase and thus would, potentially, promote favorable attitudes toward social enterprise products. This study applies similar context in designing knowledge of the consumer. Two dimensions have been used as follows: (1) information regarding social enterprises available through social and developmental works, communication through social media, government service rule, newspapers, magazines and other personal observation and (2) consumer self‐knowledge about social enterprise products information available either on the product itself or through previous purchasing experiences. Based on the available literature, following hypothesis has been developed:
\n\n
H5: Consumers those who have clear knowledge about social enterprise products will have more positive intention (a) to purchase social enterprise products and (b) will increase their actual buying.
\n
H6: Labeling and certification‐related information on the social enterprise product itself will (a) positively influence consumers’ buying intention and (b) will increase consumers’ actual buying.
\n\n
Based on hypothesis, this study develops following conceptual model (Figure 6):
\n
Figure 6.
Conceptual research model.
\n
Many researches in the field of consumer behavior have tried to make a link among consumers’ prior knowledge regarding the objects, feeling about it, commitment that they are willing to make (verbal commitment or intention) and what commitment they do make (actual commitment) [20]. Researchers following this paradigm further assert that an individual’s behavior is highly dependent upon his/her knowledge, affect and intention [21]. Tricomponent attitude model (ABC model) and theory of reasoned action (TORA) also support the paradigm.
\n
In the language of ABC, behavior (B) is “an interactive product of attitudinal variables (A) and contextual factors (C)” where attitudinal variables might include a variety of specific personal beliefs, norms and values as well as general “predispositions” to act in certain ways. And contextual factors can potentially include a wide variety of influences such as monetary incentives and costs, physical capabilities and constraints, institutional and legal factors, public policy support, interpersonal influences (social norms, for example) [22]. This study also used consumers’ behavioral intention as a function of consumers’ ethical perception, ecological perception, knowledge and attitude toward social enterprise products as well as stimulation as contextual factors. The components of the TORA model are (a) behavior, (b) behavioral intensions, (c) attitude toward the act and (d) the subjective norms, that is, peer pressure. The model constructed for this study is in line with the above‐mentioned literature as the model (Figure 6) also showed a link among social business consumers’ actual buying behavior with buying intention and attitudes.
\n
\n
\n
5. Research methodology
\n
This study has used both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Since available literatures provide inadequate information about social enterprise consumer behavior, in‐depth interviews were conducted with key social enterprise practitioners in order to construct some concept and statement in the questionnaire. During the survey, the study has used a judgmental/purposive sampling technique to collect the data. Since mass people are not familiar with the term social business or social enterprise, the purposive sampling technique is most suitable where researcher applies his/her own judgment to select appropriate respondent [23]. A total of 600 structured questionnaires have been distributed among consumers who have access to at least internet; Yunus Center’s social business design lab, social business organizations or universities where there is a separate center for social enterprise or social business are in vogue through several academic and extracurricular activities, and 429 completed questionnaires have been finally used for this study. Before data collection, questionnaires have been pretested, and final data collection started from December 25, 2016 and continued up to January 15, 2017. A 5‐point Likert scale has been used to design perceptual statement; nominal or suitable categorical scale has also been used for other parts of the questionnaire and was pursued through a face‐to‐face interview as it ensures maximum response rate.
\n
Although some NGOs and a handful of organization are self‐declaring themselves as a social enterprise, only Professor Yunus has established the concept striking on “social business” with clear definition and explanation. Four flagship Grameen companies are investing rigorously with the purpose of social business. They have two kinds of social businesses: type 1 social business is the joint venture with other domestic or foreign companies those who are producing products for society’s destitute people. This type of social enterprise does not operate for profit purpose. Type 2 social business is equity investment by the Grameen companies for supporting emerging youth entrepreneurs whose family was the member/borrower of Grameen Bank. The product of those microentrepreneurs is sold in the market for profit purpose. Grameen Poshra is the marketplace for promoting the products made through the social business initiative. Since the initiative is yet in infant stage, complete consumer response is very difficult.
\n
Therefore, this study, considering ethical issues (that is, products produced and promoted with highest integrity and fairness, supporting sustainable and equitable social entrepreneurship development), includes all the products that are traded fairly, made for the destitute people and by the poor microentrepreneurs, as the social enterprise products. The study also included products made by the handicapped people although promoted by the commercial enterprise. However, the study tried to investigate whether consumers’ perceived interest in ethical and ecological market might have a link with the intention to buy social enterprise product. Therefore, the questionnaire has been designed to address consumers’ demographic information along with their level of knowledge and understanding about social enterprises. It also has assessed consumers’ perceived ethical, environmental, and societal aspects, and attitude toward social enterprise market. The final part of the questionnaire has examined whether their intention to buy social enterprise products and repurchase intentions are strongly influenced by any stimuli or not.
\n
Five in‐depth interviews have also been conducted as follows: two among the CEOs of social enterprise who are actively investing and promoting social enterprise goods, one with the distribution channel member of Grameen Poshra and two interviews were conducted with social business project managers/team leaders. The interviews were semistructured and open‐ended and rest for 45–60 min.
\n
Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis have been conducted to analyze the data. Data analyses have been conducted based on SAS 9.1.3 version.
where Y1 is consumers’ purchase intention; Y2 is consumers’ actual buying behavior; X1 is the perceived ethical value of consumers; X2 is the perceived environmental value of the consumer; X3 is the stimulus that influence consumers; X4 is the attitude of the consumers; X5 is the knowledge about social enterprise products; X6 is the product labeling information; X7 is consumers’ intention to buy social enterprise products; β0 is constant terms;
\n
β1 −β7 are beta coefficients; and Є indicates error terms.
\n
Consumers’ purchase intention includes four statements, which were primarily taken through 5‐point Likert scale. Then to construct the variable, total values of four statements have been taken. Similar measurement approach has been applied to all variables having more than one statement. Consumers’ actual purchase behavior was measured through using five statements. Ethical perception includes four statements, attitude three statements, stimulation four statements, environmental/ecological perception two statements and labeling has a single statement. Finally, knowledge was measured through five different statements indicating levels of social enterprise‐related knowledge.
\n
\n
\n
6. Findings and analysis
\n
Among 429 respondents, 70% of respondents belong to male and rest 30% belong to female category. About 95% of the respondents’ age is below 46. Nearly 50% of the respondents come from middle‐ and 30% from upper middle‐income families. Half of the respondents belong to students’ categories and rest of the respondents from various occupational backgrounds. Nearly 67% respondents reported themselves as single and rest 33% as married.
\n
To analyze prior knowledge about social enterprises, respondents were asked whether they have heard about social enterprises or not, what is their perception toward common definition of social enterprise and what should be the reasons for social enterprise development and growth. Their responses are given in Figure 7.
\n
Figure 7.
Respondent knowledge about social enterprises.
\n
More than 26% of the respondents have clear understanding about social enterprises‐related terms. More than 24% respondents have moderate understanding about the term or at least they can figure out the term in their own way. Nearly 40% respondents need clarification about the term as they have heard about it but need more information and knowledge for better understanding yet. Only 6% respondents know nothing yet and 2% respondents even do not care about such enterprises (Figure 8).
\n
Figure 8.
Perception of respondent toward social enterprises.
\n
Majority of respondents agree with the given characteristics of the social enterprises, which demonstrates that social enterprises are businesses which trade for a social purpose, reinvest money and maintain highest ethical standard, but not all respondents agrees with profit‐earning criteria. In response to the question “why should we develop social enterprises,” majority of the respondents focus on helping disadvantaged entrepreneurs and then achieving SDGs (Figure 9). The survey also finds that nearly 80% respondents expect that social enterprises will contribute to sustainable development. However, 79% of the respondents believe that social enterprises can contribute to ethical market development. Although 67% respondents firmly believe that buying social enterprise products mean responding toward ethical market, but 46% respondents agreed on the fact that social enterprise products are traded with highest ethical standard. Less than 20% respondents have doubt over the ethical transaction of social enterprise products.
\n
Figure 9.
Reasons of social enterprise growth.
\n
Findings of regression analysis (model 2) show that consumers’ purchase decisions are not influenced by their prior knowledge about social enterprise, ethical perception and attitude rather their decision is highly influenced by the information available (logo/certification) on the product (P value.001, β.602), rational behavior that are stimulated through the rational pricing, and ease and availability of the product (P value.000, β.258). These two variables are significantly related with consumers’ intention to purchase (model 1) and actual purchase behavior (model 2), although β coefficient moderately changed in both cases. Therefore, both hypotheses 3 and 5 are supported by this model. Although perceived environmental value and purchase intention were not significantly related (in model 1, P value >.05), during actual purchase, environmental awareness is being considered (in model 2, P value.009 and β.267). But ethical perception is not related with their purchase decision in either of the two models. Rather clear information, declaring the product has obvious social and environmental benefit, is highly associated with both consumer purchase intention (model 1) and actual purchase decision (model 2), and hypothesis 6 is accepted.
\n
The findings of an experiment conducted in Korea also showed that displaying the social certification logo on product labels always affected participants’ purchase intentions for products positively, even when the label also disclosed the information that the product might be produced by employees who belong to socially vulnerable groups toward whom the participants had negative general attitudes [24]. The present study demonstrates 47% increase in consumers’ intention to purchase and 60% increase in actual buying behavior if social enterprise products are identified with clear information on the product label or on the container.
\n
In‐depth interview with the social business team leader from Grameen Telecom Trust and the managing director from Grameen Krishi Foundation also highlights on the necessity of appropriate packaging, container and labeling information.
\n
One interviewee said “without providing attractive container for honey, consumer will not buy anymore.”
\n
Another interviewee gave an example, “while I was trying to buy notebooks for my son which was made by blind people, my son strongly protested and raised complain that the color and design was not attractive.”
\n
Thus, social enterprise products must gain competitive advantage over the traditional enterprise products to stay in the market. Moreover, rational consumers when make purchase decision usually consider affordability, convenience and availability along with quality, features, and design of the product, which is also supported by the interviewees for this study.
\n
“We are planning to build a coordinated corporate office where along with social business corporate activities, all kinds of social business goods will be displayed to provide more access to consumers.”
\n
Thus, hypothesis 3 is accepted for significant P value (0.000) in both of the model. Thus, the statistical evidences demonstrate that for getting better market response, social enterprises must have to compete with similar other traditional products. Although consumers expect their product would be ethically/fairly traded and environmentally not harmful, while they buy, they make a rational choice. Interview of the distribution channel member promoting social enterprise products also emphasized on similar aspects.
\n
She said “many participants in design lab visit our products with great sympathy and enthusiasms but finally very few consumers make purchase.”
\n
Therefore, social enterprise products have to compete with similar other traditional products in terms of quality, features, availability, prices, etc. and would be expected to launch promotional activities to some extent like traditional commercial enterprises. The managing director of Grameen Krishi Foundation, who has a long experience and expertise in managing social business ventures and provides consultancy to many social business initiatives by various other Grameen companies, also expressed the similar points of views.
\n
Managing director of Grameen Telecom Trust, who not only initiated many joint venture projects to expand social businesses but also promoted the goods produced by the social business ventures through Grameen Poshra, mentioned that since the term “social enterprise” is yet to be familiarized, consumers’ self‐knowledge may not be translated into their product purchase decision.
\n
Moreover, a handful of producers those who are selling products for the social purpose are not self‐declaring about the purpose. During the survey, the respondents were also asked if they notice any social enterprise product, whether they would buy it or not when compared to other traditional products. Although a significant number of respondents (55%) were positive while expressing their opinion, 31.2% of the respondents remained undecided and 19% respondents remained negative. Regression analysis also did not find any significant relation in either two of the models, and hypothesis 5 were rejected (Table 2). Thus, prior knowledge about social enterprise initiative are not that much important as providing quality products, with adequate information through logo/certification along with other characteristics that could satisfy real needs of the consumers. Therefore, social enterprises must have to compete with traditional commercial enterprises in terms of product quality, features, design, container, packaging and various forms of promotional activities to increase sales of their products rather than simply thinking of it as an altruistic exchange. Table 2 also demonstrates the value of R2, which were not very high but their analysis of variances were highly significant in both of the models. The results of correlations were also in line with the theory, and VIF results found no multicollinearity problems (correlation results are not shown in the article). Reliability of the constructs was also tested and the results are above 0.7, which is widely accepted and suggested by Nunnaly [25].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Model 1
\n
Model 2
\n
\n
\n
Dependent variable: purchase intention
\n
Dependent variable: actual purchase behavior
\n
\n
\n
\n
Unstandardized coefficients
\n
Standardized coefficients
\n
t
\n
Sig.
\n
Unstandardized coefficients
\n
Standardized coefficients
\n
t
\n
Sig.
\n
\n
\n
B
\n
Std. error
\n
Beta
\n
B
\n
Std. error
\n
Beta
\n
\n\n\n
\n
(Constant)
\n
3.061
\n
0.96
\n
\n
3.188
\n
0.002
\n
4.65
\n
1.045
\n
\n
4.449
\n
0.000
\n
\n
\n
Knowledge
\n
0.119
\n
0.121
\n
0.041
\n
0.987
\n
0.324
\n
−0.244
\n
0.13
\n
−0.072
\n
−1.874
\n
0.062
\n
\n
\n
Ethical awareness
\n
0.042
\n
0.055
\n
0.037
\n
0.759
\n
0.448
\n
−0.028
\n
0.06
\n
−0.021
\n
−0.465
\n
0.642
\n
\n
\n
Environmental awareness
\n
−0.14
\n
0.095
\n
−0.07
\n
−1.482
\n
0.139
\n
0.267
\n
0.102
\n
0.115
\n
2.612
\n
0.009
\n
\n
\n
Attitude
\n
0.396
\n
0.067
\n
0.288
\n
5.926
\n
0.000
\n
0.119
\n
0.075
\n
0.075
\n
1.593
\n
0.112
\n
\n
\n
Logo
\n
0.471
\n
0.165
\n
0.141
\n
2.848
\n
0.005
\n
0.602
\n
0.18
\n
0.156
\n
3.352
\n
0.001
\n
\n
\n
Rational behavior
\n
0.293
\n
0.056
\n
0.271
\n
5.278
\n
0.000
\n
0.258
\n
0.062
\n
0.207
\n
4.185
\n
0.000
\n
\n
\n
Purchase intention
\n
\n
0.378
\n
0.052
\n
0.328
\n
7.221
\n
0.000
\n
\n
\n
ANOVA
\n
F
\n
Sig.
\n
R2
\n
Adjusted R2
\n
ANOVA
\n
F
\n
Sig.
\n
R2
\n
Adjusted R2
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
31.532
\n
.000a
\n
0.310
\n
0.300
\n
\n
40.115
\n
.000b
\n
0.400
\n
0.390
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Regression results.
\n
\n
\n
7. Conclusion
\n
Growth of social enterprise is an emerging trend worldwide. The socioeconomic scenario of Bangladesh is in a right position to capture the opportunity for creating social enterprise ventures. Climate change vulnerability, environmental degradation, poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, unethical business practices due to flexible and inequitable applications of laws and order situation along with reduction of global concessional or donor funds, etc. are now creating global attention for business with social or environmental solutions. Moreover, governments and commercial enterprises’ failure to address such social and environmental challenges also attract worldwide attention for engaging social business. Many countries of the world already initiated several legal measures to accommodate social enterprise ventures either separately or integrated within the present forms of enterprises. But in Bangladesh, there are no provisions for recognizing social enterprises as separate forms of business. Therefore, separating social enterprise products with clear certification/logo is not possible due to legal barriers or limitation. However, several Grameen companies are relentlessly putting their efforts in creating numerous social business models within their self‐created principles/definition. They created more than 10,000 joint ventures with local microentrepreneurs to help them grow up by increasing sales. They also created many social business ventures by their own initiative as well as with many foreign investors following the principles of social businesses.
\n
From the above study, it can be seen that nearly 80% respondents expect that social enterprises will contribute to sustainable development. However, 79% of the respondents believe that social enterprises can contribute to ethical market development. Although 67% respondents firmly believe that buying social enterprise products mean responding toward ethical market, but 46% respondents agreed on the fact that social enterprise products are traded with the highest ethical standard. Moreover, as people are now more aware about the product quality, safety, and the growing capacity of dual career couple family to spend more on safe and quality products, social businesses can easily target those consumers who are ready to spend more for ethically and ecologically produced products.
\n
One of the interviewee expressed “since Bangladeshi customers are suffering from mistrust on traditional vendors, social business vendors can easily position their market in to the ethical/fair trade market.”
\n
Managing director, Grameen Krishi Foundation, also told in his statement “in developed countries, product quality assurance is adequately maintained and monitored by appropriate authority, and businesses have a culture to follow that. But in Bangladesh which is sometimes very difficult as cultural habits are very difficult to change.”
\n
Based on the findings, it is argued that since consumers lack clear understanding about the social enterprise products, if environment‐friendly, organic and safety product quality are ensured and declared through proper certification, social enterprise product could be the option for building such trust among consumers. Finally, a large number of consumers will response toward social enterprise products. The findings of this study are also similar with this expectation. As the regression results showed that consumers’ purchase decisions are not influenced by their prior knowledge about social enterprise, ethical perception and attitude rather their decision is highly influenced by the information available on the product (P value.001, β.602), rational behavior that are stimulated through the rational pricing and availability of the product (P value.000, β.258). Therefore, for developing market for social enterprise products, it is imperative to provide adequate legal framework for certification based on some predefined social business criteria. In Sri Lanka, which is very close to Bangladesh in terms of socio‐economic and geographical perspectives, social enterprise vendors sale their products in a separate marketplace under the banner “Good Market” where both buyers and sellers meet twice a week. Similar footsteps might be recommended for Bangladesh as well. If all fair trade products, organic products and products made by the disadvantaged people are sold in a separate marketplace as a social enterprising initiative, clear and bold response from the consumers would be worth mentionable.
\n
\n
\n
8. Future research
\n
Although social enterprising initiatives in Bangladesh have started for several years, consumers’ awareness is still in very elementary stage. Moreover, the absence of legal formation of social enterprises and difficulties to identify social enterprise product from traditional products have limited the scope of this study. Therefore, true response from the consumers in the absence of any labeling information was very difficult to be demonstrated. However, further studies might include more participation from the consumers, as the social enterprise movement will continue to get appropriate legal framework which will ensure availability of more informed consumers.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The author would like to express deep gratitude to Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus for his encouragement, guidance, and direct assistance during the survey/data collection. This study will owe to the Yunus Center team members Lamiya Morshed, Parveen Mahmud, Amir Khosru, Ehsanul Bari, and Jayanta Kumar Basu for their contribution to complete this study successfully.
\n
\n',keywords:"social enterprise, consumer behavior, ethical consumer, ecological consumer, rational consumer, sustainable development goals",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/55200.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/55200.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55200",totalDownloads:2016,totalViews:1042,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:3,introChapter:null,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:77,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2016",dateReviewed:"March 23rd 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 21st 2017",dateFinished:"May 7th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Social enterprise is an emerging global trend to solve society’s major problems through the means of business. After microfinance, Yunus Social Business (Bangladesh) is now getting worldwide attention for its distinctive principles and application. This study attempted to investigate the impact of consumer knowledge and understanding about the social enterprises on their buying behavior. Moreover, consumers’ perceived ethical and environmental awareness or rational considerations have also been investigated. Descriptive statistics shows that 26% respondents have clear understanding about social enterprise and 80% respondents believe that social enterprises can contribute to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). Findings of regression analysis show that consumers’ purchase decisions are not influenced by their prior knowledge about social enterprise, ethical perception, and attitude, rather their decision is highly influenced by the information available on the product (P value.001, β.602) and rational behavior that are stimulated through the rational pricing and availability of the product (P value.000, β.258). Thus, the study draws conclusion that to get increased consumer response, social enterprises should provide adequate information about their social and environmental mission and must maintain highest quality and ethical standards to create a trusted brand for all ethical, ecological, and rational consumers.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/55200",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/55200",book:{id:"5885",slug:"consumer-behavior-practice-oriented-perspectives"},signatures:"Farhana Ferdousi",authors:[{id:"198685",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhana",middleName:null,surname:"Ferdousi",fullName:"Farhana Ferdousi",slug:"farhana-ferdousi",email:"dfferdousi@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Southeast University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, social enterprise and social business",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. State of social enterprise in Bangladesh",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Review of literature and theoretical framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Research methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Findings and analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Future research",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'BSEP. Bangladesh Social Enterprise Project. BSEP: Policy Brief. 2010;1(1). Available from: http://www.beibd.org/images/report/whc4f30f4975c4de.pdf\n\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Panayiotis HK. Conceptions and Attitudes Towards Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprises: The Case of Northern Greek. 2011. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256033293\n\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Drayton W. The citizen sector: Becoming entrepreneurial and competitive as business. California Management Review. 2002;44(3), pp. 35–51. DOI: 10.2307/41166136\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Roper J, Cheney G. Leadership, learning and human resource management: The meaning of social entrepreneurship today. Corporate Governance. 2005;5(3), pp. 95–104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14720700510604733\n\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Prabhu GN. Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International. 1999;4(3):140–145\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Weerawardena J, Mort GS. Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of World Business. 2006;41(1), pp. 21–35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.001.\n\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Haugh H. A research agenda for social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal. 2005;1(1):1–12\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Yunus M. Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York, USA: Public Affairs; 2007, pp-xvi.\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Alter K. Social enterprise typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. 2007;27(12):1–24\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Page A, Katz RA. The truth about Ben and Jerry’s. Stanford Social Innovation Review. 2012;10(4):201–225. DOI: Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2291615 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2291615\n\n'},{id:"B11",body:'British Council. The State of Social Enterprise in Bangladesh, Ghana, India and Pakistan. 2016. Available from: https://www.britishcouncil.org/society/social‐enterprise/news‐events/reports‐survey‐social‐enterprise‐BGD‐GHA‐IND‐PAK\n\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Villis U, Yunus M, Strack R, Bruysten S. The Power of Social Business: Lessons from Corporate Engagements with Grameen. Boston, USA: Boston Consulting Group; 2013\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Abdullah Al Faruq MA. Understanding SE growth: The case of Bangladesh [thesis]. London: Middlesex University; 2016. Available from: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/20777/1/AFaruqThesis.pdf\n\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Nicholls, A, 2007. What is the Future of Social Enterprise in Ethical Markets?, London, Office of The Third Sector. Available at: www.cabinetoffice. gov.uk/third_sector/Research_and_statistics/social_ enterprise_research/think_pieces.aspx’\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Newholm T. Considering the ethical consumer and summing up case studies [thesis]. London: University of Greenwich; 1999\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Bendapudi N, Singh SN, Bendapudi V. Enhancing helping behavior: An integrative framework for promotion planning. Journal of Marketing. 1996;60(3):33–49. DOI: Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2767776\n\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Hibbert SA, Hogg G, Quinn T. Consumer response to social entrepreneurship: The case of the big issue in Scotland. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 2002;7(3):288–301. DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.186\n'},{id:"B18",body:'D’Souza C, Taghian M, Lamb P. An empirical study on the influence of environmental labels on consumers. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 2006;11(2):162–173\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Ferdousi F, Qiang D. Implementing circular economy and its impact on consumer ecological behavior. Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. 2016;7(1). DOI: RISUS ISSN 2179‐3565. Available from: http://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/risus/article/view/28137\n\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Maloney MP, Ward MP, Braucht GN. A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist. 1975;30(7):787–790. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037\n\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Chan RY, YamChan RY, Yam E. Green movement in a newly industrializing area: A survey on the attitudes and behavior of the Hong Kong citizens. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 1995;5(4):273–284. DOI: 10.1002/casp.2450050405\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Stern PC. New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues. 2000;56(3):407–424. DOI: 10.1111/0022‐4537.00175\n'},{id:"B23",body:'William G, Zikmund BJ, Babin JC, Carr MG. Business Research Methods. 9th ed. Mason, OH, USA: South‐Western Cengage Learning; 2013, pp. 396.\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Choi GH, Kim J. Effects of displaying social enterprise certification information on consumers’ product evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science. 2016;26(2):185–197\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Nunnally JL. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Company; 1978, pp. 11.\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Farhana Ferdousi",address:"dfferdousi@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Ramadan and Ibrahim Abosag",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"200481",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Abosag",fullName:"Ibrahim Abosag",slug:"ibrahim-abosag"},{id:"200647",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahy",middleName:null,surname:"Ramadan",fullName:"Zahy Ramadan",slug:"zahy-ramadan"}]},{id:"57321",type:"chapter",title:"Consumer between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0",slug:"consumer-between-web-2-0-and-web-3-0",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cristian Bogdan Onete, Irina Albăstroiu and Răzvan Dina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"212932",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan",middleName:null,surname:"Onete",fullName:"Bogdan Onete",slug:"bogdan-onete"}]},{id:"55200",type:"chapter",title:"Understanding Consumer Behavior toward Social Enterprise Products",slug:"understanding-consumer-behavior-toward-social-enterprise-products",totalDownloads:2016,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Farhana Ferdousi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"198685",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhana",middleName:null,surname:"Ferdousi",fullName:"Farhana Ferdousi",slug:"farhana-ferdousi"}]},{id:"55716",type:"chapter",title:"Measuring Public Acceptance Value of Rural Biogas Development through Logistic Regression and Willingness to Pay",slug:"measuring-public-acceptance-value-of-rural-biogas-development-through-logistic-regression-and-willin",totalDownloads:1316,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christia Meidiana, Zuqnia Gita Ramadhani and Dian Dinanti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"197631",title:"Dr.",name:"Christia",middleName:null,surname:"Meidiana",fullName:"Christia Meidiana",slug:"christia-meidiana"},{id:"199756",title:"BSc.",name:"Zuqnia",middleName:null,surname:"Gita Ramadhani",fullName:"Zuqnia Gita Ramadhani",slug:"zuqnia-gita-ramadhani"},{id:"199757",title:"MSc.",name:"Dian",middleName:null,surname:"Dinanti",fullName:"Dian Dinanti",slug:"dian-dinanti"}]},{id:"55527",type:"chapter",title:"Children’s Consumer Behavior",slug:"children-s-consumer-behavior",totalDownloads:2843,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Blandína Šramová",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"201698",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Blandína",middleName:null,surname:"Šramová",fullName:"Blandína Šramová",slug:"blandina-sramova"}]},{id:"57463",type:"chapter",title:"Explicative Factors Driving the Tomato Consumption in the Mediterranean Basin: A Panel Data Approach",slug:"explicative-factors-driving-the-tomato-consumption-in-the-mediterranean-basin-a-panel-data-approach",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jaime de Pablo Valenciano, José Ramos Pires Manso, Miguel Ángel\nGiacinti Battistuzzi, Juan Milan García and Juan Uribe Toril",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"216121",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"De Pablo Valenciano",fullName:"Jaime De Pablo Valenciano",slug:"jaime-de-pablo-valenciano"},{id:"216124",title:"Mr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Milán García",fullName:"Juan Milán García",slug:"juan-milan-garcia"},{id:"221275",title:"Dr.",name:"José Ramos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires Manso",fullName:"José Ramos Pires Manso",slug:"jose-ramos-pires-manso"},{id:"221398",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Giacinti Battistuzzi",fullName:"Miguel Angel Giacinti Battistuzzi",slug:"miguel-angel-giacinti-battistuzzi"},{id:"221399",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe Toril",fullName:"Juan Uribe Toril",slug:"juan-uribe-toril"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. 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1. Introduction
Replace the entirety of this text with the introduction to your chapter. The introduction section should provide a context for your manuscript and should be numbered as first heading. When preparing the introduction, please bear in mind that some readers will not be experts in your field of research.
Cultural heritage is situated in both natural and semi-natural environments, as well as in highly urban environments, where various activities can accelerate the transformation of the area and have a negative impact on the quality and use of the cultural heritage. Therefore, spatial development policy is crucial in protecting, managing and increasing the value of such areas, primarily through the adoption and implementation of appropriate planning solutions and measures. In addition, the interaction between different sectoral policies and the coordination of their territorial impacts is important.
These generally accepted positions point to the key role of spatial and urban planning in the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage. With these starting points, the authors use spatial plans as the research subject in this paper, analyzing the methodology of their development and content. The hypothetical assumptions of this research are that the method of planning in an area of cultural heritage differs depending on the type and level of the spatial plan. Furthermore, it is possible to identify aspects of protection and sustainable development in the plans, with the protection of cultural assets clearly dominating in planning practice. Finally, the hypothetical assumptions are concluded with the authors’ views that the protection and the development of cultural heritage are not integrated with landscape planning, and that the aspect of implementation is insufficiently addressed in plans.
One of the basic principles of sustainable spatial development is the principle of increasing cultural heritage stock as a development factor [1, 2], which includes increasing the value of cultural heritage. This is one of the most significant contributions to economic development and the strengthening of regional identity, achieved by means of increasing the attractiveness of sites for investors, tourists and the public. Spatial development policy should contribute to the integrated management of cultural heritage, based on the idea of the development process of protection and conservation, while respecting the needs of modern society. Many countries in Europe have monuments that follow the traces of different schools of art and artistic movements, which requires the development of a common approach in conservation, restoration and use, initiating programs of “great cultural routes”. In many countries, there are types of cultural heritage that, due to historical changes, events and changes in borders, do not belong to only one but to a larger number of nations, language communities and religious groups, some of which no longer live in those regions. Spatial development policy must preserve and respect the memories of each nationality, language community and religious group, which have created a specific type of cultural heritage.
International documents adopted in the last decade [3] which refer to the protection, planning and management of cultural heritage emphasize a contextual approach that considers the expansion of the object of protection, from individual monuments to wider spatial units. They underline the need for integrating conservation, management and planning strategies for historic urban areas with development and planning documents. In addition, the concept of protecting areas of cultural heritage and their surroundings is closely connected to the issues of planning and protecting landscapes, with special significance given to the integration of landscape development into spatial planning and other sectoral policies, as well as the implementation of integrated policies aimed at the protection, management and planning of areas of cultural heritage.
Based on the above, it seems that the current procedures for protection and planning with regard to cultural heritage can and must be improved, particularly concerning the development aspects of protection, implementation, coordination with other sectoral policies and others. The analysis of previous experiences and the possibility of improving the process of spatial planning in the field of cultural heritage are the main goals of this paper.
2. Literature review
Consulting the most recent scientific literature, i.e., papers published in the last five years, the authors consider that the greatest preoccupation is on themes related to planning within protected natural areas, while studies covering the relationship between planning actions and restrictions related to the protection of cultural and historical heritage are scarce. On the other hand, it is clear that this topic is by no means exhausted and requires further analysis, especially from the aspect of developing sustainable tourism and strategies for actively protecting and promoting valuable monuments.
Some studies concentrate on the topic of the cultural landscape as the broadest concept: “Cultural landscapes are poorly inventoried and evaluated in protected natural areas. But there is a novel procedure to assess cultural landscape features and their cultural values in the major protected areas. After identifying a set of culturally modified land cover types and habitat types the GIS-based survey, with a set of 12 cultural attributes (involving cultural heritage values, traditional land uses and aesthetic quality) indicators were scored to assess these “cultural values” in each site. Gradient maps were produced to express an initial nation-wide site ranking profile. Heatmaps help link instead of solely rank culturally valuable sites that are in proximity to each other, showcasing site clusters of outstanding value. These analyses help define the level of “culturalness” of each site based on human-modified landscape and habitat types and provide a baseline review of cultural values in protected natural areas. This screening-level survey identifies the protected areas that may require special attention for managing cultural elements-of-diversity” [4].
Other authors focus on the use of modern GIS technologies for displaying locations and their overlapping areas of interest and restrictions, as well as for tracking the number of visits: “New technologies are used in mapping not only of heritage locations but also about visitation and expressed interest” [5]. Massiveness certainly brings profit, but it reduces the quality of the experience, so it is necessary to change the concept and approach: “Visitor management planning is a new concept, tool and strategy of sustainable tourism and ecotourism. The importance of this concept is in the new approach to tourism in natural and heritage protected areas of the country, which means implementing a completely different philosophy of tourism” [6].
It is the number of visits that has become a key factor for some locations, because the excessive crowds resulting from the huge interest of tourists, so-called “overtourism”, causes negative effects, and instead of contributing to the presentation and sustainability of valuable monuments, it leads to its degradation [7]. The authors cite a number of examples and offer recommendations for overcoming such situations. One of the causes of excessive tourism can be cruising destinations, if the distribution of visitors is not properly dosed. On the other hand, tours on the Danube Corridor can be seen as having great potential as an opportunity, which has contributed to the strategic planning of 9 new locations for passenger ports, in addition to the existing 5, primarily in the immediate vicinity of cultural and historical sites: “In the Podunavlje area in Serbia, significant attractions are located in vibrant urban centers such as Belgrade and Novi Sad, with seven fortresses from north to east downstream, including Bač, Petrovaradin, Beograd, Smederevo, Ram, Golubac, and Kladovo (Fetislam). There are also 21 archeological sites, the most significant of which are the Vinča and Lepenski Vir sites from prehistoric times, along with the city of Viminacium, Emperor Trajan’s road, bridge and stone board with inscriptions from the Roman period. Apart from these landmarks, two national parks (Fruška Gora and Ðerdap), several other parks, special nature reserves, nature monuments, and areas with significant characteristics are situated in the surrounding areas and are protected areas” [8].
Participation of the public and stakeholders in the planning process itself, and the harmonization of the needs of contemporary life and development of tourism with the limitations arising from protection regimes are also significant issues: “Most studies on community participation in tourism planning only advocate the importance of the concept and/or identify barriers without articulating the required actions or strategies to actually promote community participation. Six strategies emerged as major prerequisites to achieve full and active community participation in tourism planning associated with protected areas are: public awareness and education; capacity building; creation of linkages; use of appropriate participation methods; involvement of appropriate local community organisations and decentralisation and coordination of relevant management organisations” [9]. Proper implementation of the participation procedure and transparency of the planning process are the guarantee of quality implementations of plans in the future [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The general conclusion is that some global topics, as well as practical experience, can be used with certain adjustments to the situation and systemic frameworks in the Republic of Serbia.
3. System of sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia
The basic framework for the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia is determined by the Law on Cultural Property [15] and the Law on Planning and Construction [16]. In accordance with the Law on Cultural Property, cultural heritage is made up of objects and creations of material and spiritual culture of general interest, which are under appropriate protection. They are divided into movable and immovable cultural heritage. Depending on the physical, artistic, cultural and historical characteristics, immovable cultural heritage is: cultural monuments (buildings/architectural objects or units), whole cultural and historical spatial units (part of an urban or rural settlement in which there are multiple cultural assets), archeological sites and landmarks (space related to an event or person of significance in history).
According to their significance, they can be: uncategorized cultural heritage, cultural heritage of great importance and cultural heritage of exceptional importance. Cultural heritage of exceptional importance has one of the following characteristics: special significance for the social, historical and cultural development of the people; it testifies to crucial historical events and personalities; it presents unique examples of the creativity of its time; it has a great influence on the development of society, culture, technology and science; or it has exceptional artistic and esthetic value. Cultural heritage of great importance has one of the following characteristics: it is significant for a certain area or period; it testifies to the phenomena or conditions of social, cultural and historical development; it testifies to significant events and prominent figures in history.
When an architectural object is declared as immovable cultural heritage, its protected environment is determined, which has the same protection status as the object itself.
These elements indicate the dominant aspect of protecting cultural heritage. However, the issue of their sustainable development (presentation, use), spatial aspects and integration with other activities and functions in space are determined by the Law on Planning and Construction. As basic principles in the arrangement and use of space, the law defines the protection and sustainable use of immovable cultural heritage, and the preservation of customs and traditions, as well as the specifics of the landscape.
The system of planning documents consists of the spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia, regional spatial plans and spatial plans for special purpose areas adopted at the national or regional level, as well as the spatial plans of local self-government units and urban plans adopted at the local level. Each of the listed plans in the hierarchy must be harmonized with the higher order plan (wider area).
The spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia is the basic planning document for spatial development, which has a strategic development function, and contains measures for the protection, arrangement and improvement of cultural heritage (scale of graphic attachments 1: 300,000). Regional spatial plans are prepared for larger spatial units of an administrative character and are focused on regional development goals and projects (scale of graphic attachments 1: 50,000). Spatial plans for special purpose areas are prepared for areas of national interest that require a special regime of organization, arrangement, use and protection of space, and especially for areas of cultural and historical units and environmental value. Their specificity is that they can contain all the detailed elements of urban plans (different sizes, up to 1: 1,000) and that they are directly implemented by applying the rules of arrangement and construction, with the possibility of resolving property relations if necessary.
Bearing in mind the basic elements of this system, the authors conducted research on a case study of three spatial plans which in terms of their methodology and content make up the planning system of protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage in Serbia.
Further, the paper presents only some of the key elements that indicate the aspect of protecting immovable cultural heritage and its surroundings in plans, while the analysis included the entire spatial plans and the documentation on which their development was based.
4. Analysis of the sustainable development and protection of the cultural heritage in spatial plans
4.1 Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035
The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035 [17] concerns the entire territory of Serbia, which covers 88,488 km2. As one of the important aspects of spatial development, it deals with cultural heritage. According to the available information of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments from 2020 [18], it consists of a total of 2592 immovable cultural assets of various types and significance (Table 1, Figure 1).
Importante Cultural assets
Exceptional importante
Great importante
Untategorized tultural assets
Total
Cultural monument
155
512
1566
2233
Spatial cultural/historieal unit
11
28
47
86
Arclieological site
18
25
151
194
Landmark
16
17
46
79
Total
200
582
1810
2592
Table 1.
Immovable cultural assets in Serbia by type and category in 2020.
Figure 1.
Thematic map of the protection of immovable cultural heritage in the spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035. Source: Spatial plan of the republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035 – Draft, Ministry of Construction, transport and infrastructure, April 2021.
In addition to these, there are 12 sites (or 6 entries) under UNESCO protection in Serbia: Stari Ras medieval complex of monuments and Sopoćani Monastery, 4 medieval monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo and Metohija (Visoki Dečani, Patriarchate of Peć, Bogorodica Ljeviška, Gračanica), the remains of the Felix Romuliana Palace (Gamzigrad) and three sites of medieval tombstones known as the Stećak tombstones. In addition, 11 more sites have been suggested for entry: 1 monastery, 3 national parks and 1 nature reserve, 1 archeological site, 1 historical location, 1 settlement, 1 fortress, 1 rare natural phenomenon, and one cultural belt (the Danubian Limes).
The general aim of spatial development in the field of the protection, arrangement and use of cultural heritage is the affirmation of cultural heritage as a valuable resource for sustainable development and as a factor of national and regional, urban and rural identity. Some of its specific objectives are the development of an integrative and territorial approach to the protection, arrangement and sustainable use of cultural heritage as well as the introduction of a typological approach, and the characterization of space at the level of areas, settlements and smaller units.
This spatial plan treats cultural heritage as an inseparable part of the living environment (natural and created), seeing it in correlation with its immediate environment and the way it fits into the functions that meet the needs of modern users. The following are recommended: applying the concept of protection in urban planning, introducing contextual analysis and valorizing building stock, and the spatial audits of individual locations. In order to preserve the identity of urban and rural settlements in Serbia, it is necessary to protect, present and affirm the material remains and influences of various civilizations that inhabited the Balkan Peninsula (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and modern European civilizations, including the socialist period).
Bearing in mind that this is a national planning document that is indirectly implemented through other spatial plans, this plan defines a set of guidelines for the lower levels of planning.
Guidelines for cultural monuments - chronological and topographic gaps should be a priority in the valorization and revalorization of cultural monuments which, perhaps more than other immovable cultural heritage, provide a cross-section of complex civilizational trends in the area. Their preservation, study, restoration and popularization will be performed in a coordinated and integrated manner through the process of spatial and sectoral planning (in tourism, the protection of cultural monuments, etc.).
Guidelines for spatial cultural/historical units - when determining spatial cultural/historical units and their treatment in planning documents, it is necessary to respect the criteria of scientific assessments with regard to the artistic, cultural, historical and other values of the immovable cultural heritage that belong to the unit. Alongside the protection, arrangement and sustainable use of cultural heritage, it is necessary to include categories in accordance with international recommendations and standards [19, 20], such as: historic buildings and ensembles; urban and rural settlements/historic towns and villages; agricultural, industrial and technological properties; military properties; cultural landscapes, parks and gardens; cultural routes; burial monuments and sites; modern heritage, etc.
Within the current planning procedures, it is necessary to valorize the wider environment of cultural heritage in order to determine the space that is relevant for experiencing and presenting it. In that sense, it is necessary to protect the appearance, scenery, spatial configuration of the entire area, landscape and units that belong to the protection zones. Cultural heritage can be spatially connected by defining cultural areas and cultural routes at the international, national, regional and local levels.
Guidelines for archeological sites - indicate an approach to site protection which must be adapted to the site’s specific characteristics. For sites in areas that are not developed, there is an option of implementing protection by preparing a planning document. No construction or buried infrastructure can be planned in these areas. Preventive archeological research is also recommended as part of the planning process in response to proposed development solutions that could jeopardize archeological resources. Preventive archeological research should also be carried out in order to identify and record elements of archeological heritage that would be abandoned and/or destroyed as a result of development, especially when it comes to the construction of dams, roads, railways and other similar structures.
Guidelines for landmarks - it is necessary to conduct a revalorization of both already identified landmarks and landmarks whose memorial and historical value is dominant. As traces of historical events, all immovable cultural heritage of this kind should be treated equally.
The concept of the protection, arrangement and sustainable use of landscapes can be added to the mentioned elements in the planned treatment of immovable cultural heritage. One of the key elements in this is the protection and sustainable use of natural resources, natural and cultural assets, and their connection in space (local, regional, national ecological and cultural networks).
Depending on the degree and type of modification, the dominant processes that control a given space, and the character of human influence on the landscape, the territory of Serbia is classified into natural and cultural landscapes.
Cultural landscapes are divided into rural and urban landscapes, depending on the character of the modification of the landscape structure, the predominant manner of land use, the network, the type of settlement and the population density. Rural landscapes, in a structural sense, show natural characteristics that are close to the landscape. They have a lower population density and extensive land use, and rural settlements are an organic part of the natural environment. Urban landscapes are completely modified natural or rural landscape that are formed and function in relation to the needs of the urban way of life. They are zones of urban development (metropolitan areas, agglomerations, urban centers of the development axis).
Cultural landscapes may belong to the following categories: (1) designed cultural landscapes; (2) organic and relict cultural landscapes; and (3) associative cultural landscapes that possess esthetic, symbolic and spiritual value for the human community.
The spatial plan further defines guidelines for achieving the target quality of rural and urban areas. In rural areas, sustainable development is based on recognizing, protecting and improving their specific character, existing value and landscape capacities. In the development of spatial and urban plans, it is necessary to ensure: the preservation of the landscape pattern based on the specific composition and configuration, land use, the ratio of built and open space, regulation of construction and landscaping in accordance with tradition; an appropriate purpose of space and protection of the local identity; the integral protection of cultural and natural heritage and their adequate presentation for tourism, taking protection regimes into account; the affirmation and creation of the architectural identity of a settlement, based on the preservation and revitalization of traditional architecture, as well as on new construction that increases attractiveness; the formation of an ethno settlement as a museum of rural vernacular architecture, which is typical for the character of the landscape and its use for tourist purposes; prescribing morphological, ecological and landscape-shaping rules of arrangement and rules of construction.
The development of urban landscapes is based on the fact that these will continue to be the landscapes with the greatest dynamic of change. In the development of spatial and urban plans, it is necessary to provide: regulated construction and spatial planning in accordance with the target quality and character of the landscape, the specifics of the development of the urban landscape as a whole and development of individual settlements; directed expansion of urban settlements and planned construction in accordance with the demands of preserving cultural and natural heritage, the rational use of urban construction land and giving priority to urban renewal, recycling and construction within the already existing urban matrix; the preservation of open spaces and elements of nature in urban centers, the activation of abandoned and devastated spaces and the formation of a network of public spaces that connect natural and cultural assets.
4.2 Regional spatial plan of the Kolubara and Mačva administrative districts
The Regional Spatial Plan of the Kolubara and Mačva Administrative Districts [21] covers an area of 5,746 km2, i.e. an area of 14 local government units. One of its basic aims is to define the protection, preservation and presentation of cultural assets, in order for them to be included in the tourist offer and to establish a regional and local cultural identity.
In the area of the spatial plan a total of 219 immovable cultural assets are protected, of which 7 are of exceptional importance, 20 of great importance and 192 are uncategorized (of which there are 190 cultural monuments, 6 spatial cultural/historical units, 16 archeological sites and 7 landmarks).
Its main aim is elaborated through a number of specific objectives, such as: establishing integrative protection and cultural property management; undertaking urgent action to conserve, restore and revitalize the most valuable and most endangered heritage; determining and arranging the protected environment surrounding the immovable cultural heritage; integrating the protection and presentation of cultural assets in the development of the tourist offer of an area (transit and touring of cultural routes).
The basic planning commitment is the adequate protection of cultural heritage, which includes taking general measures. For archeological sites - categorizing the most valuable sites; more efficiently protecting cave archeological sites within the integral protection of natural areas of river canyons; infrastructural equipping and arranging the space covered by archeological sites; establishing archeological parks for individual sites; and determining the zones of archeological sites of regional significance.
For cultural monuments - complete technical protection, along with the renovation of individual buildings; preserving the basic properties and constructive, stylistic and typological characteristics, especially of buildings of sacral and technical architecture; presenting cultural monuments without disturbing their cultural and historical properties; recording and valorizing immovable cultural heritage, with priority given to valorizing vernacular buildings, commercial buildings, technical culture buildings and newer urban architecture; recording, valorizing and determining cultural monuments dedicated to the liberation wars of the Republic of Serbia, primarily during World War I; bringing sacral cultural monuments to an exclusively sacral purpose and liturgical needs; etc.
For spatial cultural/historical units - revalorizing and determining the categorization of individual units, as well as re-examining the validity of the boundaries of the wider protection zone for the old bazaar (City of Valjevo); implementing measures for the technical protection of a whole village (Bebića Luka), remediating and reconstructing buildings of vernacular architecture, with the introduction of modern construction and architectural elements that do not violate the integrity and authenticity of the buildings or the whole unit; defining the degree of reconstructive and remedial interventions and conservation conditions for the technical protection and presentation of buildings within individual cultural and historical units; defining restricted traffic zones and pedestrian zones in urban areas; etc.
For landmarks - intensive and systematic research and documenting of landmarks, memorials, cemeteries and tombstones; identifying commercial users; stimulating the construction of a complex within the area of a landmark to which endangered objects of vernacular architecture would be transferred; removing unplanned objects in the wider protection zone of the landmark; etc.
In addition, the basic planning commitment is to adequately present and affirm the immovable cultural assets as generators of tourism and overall development. The plan singles out particular heritage and areas that should enjoy special treatment, regardless of their current status of protection. This refers to the characteristic objects and traditions that are part of the architectural heritage - vernacular architecture (design elements, building materials, method of use), traditions and the intangible associations connected with them.
A special role in the integration of a comprehensive tourist offer is played by the possibility of forming “cultural routes” which will present immovable and intangible cultural heritage, and make connections with other types of tourist offers. Two cultural trails of international importance are planned, one through the towns of Sabac and Loznica and the other which partly follows the course of the Drina River. In addition, the plan identifies potential cultural routes of national, interregional, regional and local significance, such as the routes insurgents took during the First and Second Serbian Uprising, routes of battles and victims during the First World War, rural life through time, old mining routes and more.
This plan does not define more detailed measures, rules of arrangement or construction in the vicinity of cultural heritage, neither does it define any significant elements regarding the implementation of these solutions.
4.3 Spatial plan for the special purpose area of the landscape of outstanding features: Ovčar-Kablar Gorge
This spatial plan [22] covers a total area of 97.5 km2, i.e., the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge landscape of outstanding features (protected natural heritage) and the Ovčar-Kablar Monasteries (22.8 km2 of protected area, 74.7 km2 of unprotected area).
Unlike the previously analyzed plans, which were prepared for administratively determined areas and in which the protection and development of cultural heritage is only one of many aspects, the following are the specific focus of this spatial plan:
The Ovčar-Kablar Gorge landscape of outstanding features, protected as a natural asset, with a level III protection regime on an area of about 1,700 ha and a level II protection regime on about 550 ha within six separate spatial units;
The buildings and surroundings of the cultural monuments of great importance (monasteries) and other cultural/historical heritage within the unit of the Ovčar-Kablar Monasteries (future spatial cultural/historical units);
Spaces with the purpose of: (1) tourism, recreation and sports, especially paragliding on Ovčar Mountain; (2) integral presentations of the most attractive areas, especially the Zagrađe meander zone of the West Morava River, which is considered to be a center of cultural, natural and tourist potential.
In the area of the spatial plan, in the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, there are 11 shrines (nine active monasteries), which is why it is often called the Serbian Mount Athos. Four monasteries have the status of established cultural monuments, which are categorized as immovable cultural heritage of great importance.
It is envisaged that the sustainable development of the special purpose areas will be based on the protection, improvement and use of natural and cultural heritage, the development of tourism, sports and recreation and the functional integration of the protected area and the wider environment.
This ensures the permanent and integrated protection of the buildings and surroundings of cultural monuments and other cultural and historical heritage, as well as their traffic and infrastructural arrangement and equipment, the creation of other spatial conditions for their presentation to the public, and the development of religious tourism.
The spatial plan analytically determines the space for declaring the future spatial, cultural and historical unit of Ovčar-Kablar Monasteries as immovable cultural heritage. It establishes measures of protection within three regimes that are spatially identified as: level I protection regime (strict protection) – courtyard of the cultural monument, with a total area of about 1.12 ha; level II protection regime (ambiental protection) – the courtyard and surroundings of the other monasteries, with a total area about 66.66 ha; level III protection regime (general protection) - the remainder of the Ovčar-Kablar Monasteries unit, with an area of about 2,211.22 ha.
The main measures in the level I protection regime are: banning the construction of facilities, except for the reconstruction, extension and maintenance of monastic housing and auxiliary facilities, technical protection, restoration and maintenance of church buildings, and the reconstruction and maintenance of energy and communal infrastructure; prohibiting other works, except for the appropriate landscape and horticultural arrangement, and protection from the harmful effects of water and landslides; controlled visits to church festivals and cultural events.
The main measures of the level II protection regime are: banning the construction of facilities, except for monastic farm facilities; the reconstruction and maintenance of traffic, energy and communal infrastructure; maintaining weekend facilities; the prohibition of works, except for agriculture, forestry, landscaping and protection from the harmful effects of water and landslides; conducting archeological, natural and other research; arranging and maintaining hiking and other walking trails; banning activities, except for church festivals, cultural events, controlled tourist visitor movement, hiking and cycling, limited and controlled motor vehicle traffic, etc.
The main measures of the level III protection regime are largely in line with the measures established for the level III protection regime for natural heritage, which include: banning the construction of facilities that may cause damage or destroy the material contents of the cultural heritage or may have adverse effects on the landscape features; banning the opening of quarries and the exploitation of mineral resources other than thermal waters and banning or restricting the use of other natural resources.
Archeological sites and buildings of vernacular architecture are an important segment of cultural heritage, and their properties, chronology and significance can be judged with certainty only on the basis of systematic archeological research or the appropriate research of their architecture and construction, as well as their cultural and historical features. For these reasons, detailed and systematic research of the overall cultural heritage of the protected area is recommended.
The cultural and religious tourism zone is formed by all of the monastery complexes with level I and II protection regimes, including the access roads, and the hiking, and bicycle paths that connect them. In the cultural and religious tourism zone, the reconstruction and equipping of the existing parking lots and construction of new ones on the access roads is planned, as well as equipping the local, forest and field roads with signs. For monasteries along the river, providing access from the water area should be considered, which can be done by setting up a pier for adequate vessels.
In the area of the monastery, which is covered by a detailed planning elaboration (Figure 2), the basic purpose of the space is religious buildings and complexes. This primary purpose also includes the detailed purposes of the courtyard and the monastery farm. Within the detailed purpose of the courtyard, there are temples, bell towers and monastery residences - residential buildings with accompanying auxiliary buildings. The detailed purpose of the monastery farm covers economic and agricultural buildings and areas of the monastery. The immediate surroundings of the monastery largely consist of monastery forests, in which no construction is allowed.
Figure 2.
Map of the detailed planning of the Blagoveštenje monastery. Source: Regulation on determining the spatial plan for the special purpose area of Ovčar-Kablar Gorge landscape of exceptional features (official gazette, No. 46/19).
Having these protection regimes in mind, the plan gives more detailed rules of arrangement and construction, which mostly refer to roads and infrastructure systems, while all further rules relating to cultural monuments are determined through conditions set by the competent protection institute.
5. Discussion on the implementation of sustainable development and protection for the cultural heritage in spatial plans
In order to consider the issues of implementing the sustainable development and protection of cultural assets in the spatial plans analyzed, the authors use and build on previous research on the implementation model for spatial plans [11, 12, 23], as follows:
The theoretical definition that the model of implementation of a spatial plan is a simplified representation of a set of related planning decisions on actions in the future, which reflects logical, functional and time coherent planning action, depending on the type and methods of planning;
The model of implementation has its own elements, which are determined by a set of planning actions in the broadest possible sense, starting from general decisions, through relatively firm target propositions, to very definite statements in terms of content, time and space. The elements of the model go beyond the plan itself as a document (phase of the planning process), and in addition to the mentioned planning elements, they also include “postplanning elements” defined by the plan (carried out later) and all the necessary elements of monitoring;
Depending on the type and method of planning, several types of spatial plan implementation models have been singled out, and the implementation model of spatial protection has been analyzed and applied in practice for the purpose of spatial protection.
According to the authors, the research presented in this paper has a special significance, because it refers to the issues of sustainable development and protection of cultural property that have not been subject to such analyses so far. Previous analyses of the implementation model have included protected areas of natural resources and water sources, but not protected areas of cultural heritage.
Furthermore, in their analysis, the authors thematically separate and analyze three aspects (Table 2), namely: (1) the protection of cultural heritage and its environment in a narrower sense (P); (2) the development of cultural heritage, i.e. primarily those elements related to the rules of their arrangement, presentation and inclusion in tourist activities (D); and (3) integrating the protection and development of cultural assets into landscape planning and protection (L).
Spatial Plans
I Planning elements
II Post-planning elements
III Monitoring eL
Strategic framework
General goals
Specific goals
Planning solutions
Dynamic framework
Measures and instruments
Participants (subjects)
Monitoring system
Evaluation (indicators)
Institutional and organzational aspects
Priority planning solutions (4 years)
Medium-term and long-term stages
Planning-programming
Organizational
Normative-legal
Financial
1.
Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035
P D L
P D L
P D L
P D L
P D
P D L
P D L
P L
P L
P
P
P
2.
Regional Spatial Plan of the Kolubara and Mačva Administrative Districts
P D
P D
PD
P D
P D
P D
P
P D
P D
3.
Spatial Plan for the Special Purpose Area “Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura”
P D L
P D L
P D
P D
P D
P D
P D L
P D
P
P
P – protection, D – development, L – landscape.
Table 2.
Elements of the implementation model for the protection and development of landscapes in the spatial plans analyzed.
The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia has applied the largest number of elements of the implementation model, those relating both to protection and to developing cultural heritage and landscape planning (a total of 27 elements). The specificity this plan is the large number of recognized elements relating to landscapes from all three plans, as well as the definition of the monitoring elements that are missing in other plans. Therefore, it can be concluded that a general approach has been applied in this plan, which is justified having in mind that it belongs to the national level of planning.
In The Regional Spatial Plan for the area of Kolubara and Mačva administrative districts, the fewest elements of the implementation model were applied (a total of 17 elements). The specificity of this plan is that it does not integrate the protection and development of cultural heritage in the planning and protection of landscapes, that is, there is a complete lack of any elements related to the theme of landscapes. Elements of the protection and development of cultural heritage are equally applied in this plan. Since this type of plan is focused on the goals and projects of regional development, i.e. the regional approach to planning, further elaboration on all missing elements is possible and necessary through the local level of planning.
In The Spatial Plan for the Special Purpose Area of the Landscape of Outstanding Features Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, a combination of the implementation elements of all three aspects (a total of 21 elements) was applied. However, the fewest elements are related to the integration of cultural heritage in landscape planning and protection, and they refer only to the general strategic framework, general goals, and planning and program measures for implementation, indicating that these were not sufficiently considered. Elements that relate to the protection and development of cultural goods are relatively evenly distributed. This kind of approach to planning can be characterized as special (as indicated by the name and subject of the plan) and is determined by the need to protect and plan the development of both the protected natural area and the future protected area of cultural monuments.
After analyzing all three plans, the basic conclusion is that general planning elements (strategic framework, goals, planning solutions) are dominant, that there are fewer post-planning elements (dynamics, implementation measures), and that there is a marked lack of elements related to the implementation of monitoring. Further analysis in this direction is not necessary, as it would be largely focused on the legislative framework, procedures and assessment of the quality of the plans, which is not the subject of this paper.
In the opinion of the authors, the most important conclusion concerns the relationship between aspects of protecting cultural heritage, its sustainable development and its integration into planning and protecting landscapes. Out of all these elements recognized in the plans, most concern the protection of cultural heritage, of which there are 31, followed by the elements of development (rules of arrangement, presentation and tourism), of which there are 23, but only 11 elements concerning the integration of cultural heritage in landscape planning and protection. This points towards the basic conclusion of the research, that protecting cultural assets and their environment in the narrower sense dominates the planning practice of Serbia, which is in itself justified and necessary. However, this does not sufficiently consider and plan for the sustainable development of cultural heritage, because there is insufficient elaboration of elements that would indicate the rules of construction and spatial planning in their environment, along with their unification and further planning development integrated with tourism (cultural routes, tourist areas, etc.). This is even more pronounced when considering the aspect of integrating the protection and development of cultural heritage into the planning and protection of landscapes, which is not developed in the practice of planning in Serbia. Indeed, it is considered only in a general and declarative manner, and only in individual cases.
6. Conclusions
Alongside the starting point that spatial (and urban) planning is of key importance for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage, this paper aimed to, based on the analysis of previous experiences, point out the need and possibilities for further improving the spatial planning process.
The fact is that in the current practice, cultural heritage is not clearly articulated as a development resource, and the connection and harmonization of policies for protection, arrangement and use of cultural heritage has not been achieved, especially in the case of the cultural landscapes and areas mentioned here. The Law on Cultural Property is not sufficiently harmonized with international recommendations, and does not recognize categories of the cultural landscape. The plans mainly include data on the number and category of cultural assets, as well as measures for their protection, obtained from the competent protection services.
The case study of three spatial plans confirmed the basic hypothetical assumptions of the research, that the methods used to plan areas of cultural heritage differ depending on the type and level of the spatial plan. The plans identify aspects of protection and the sustainable development of cultural heritage, and also in part their integration with landscape planning, but with obvious important shortcomings.
A key conclusion was reached based on this analysis, namely that there is no dominant and developed concept of protecting cultural heritage that has evolved into a system of comprehensive and adequate planning for its sustainable development. Therefore, in the coming period, it is necessary to improve planning methods and techniques in order to fully consider the sustainable development of cultural heritage in spatial plans. The first step in this can be the detailed planning and definition of all of the necessary rules for the arrangement and construction of space (urbanistic rules) in the vicinity of cultural heritage (protected or wider), the application of which would enable the construction of traffic and infrastructure systems, tourist facilities and infrastructure, and even those elements which reinforce the very aspect of protection from new activities in the environment. This would enable adequate presentation of cultural heritage, and the spatial connection and definition of cultural areas and cultural routes at the international, national, regional and local levels.
Such spatial planning would be a really key instrument in the implementation of European policies, which emphasize a contextual approach and expansion with regard to the subject of protection, from individual monuments to wider spatial units, as well as the need to integrate conservation and protection strategies with development and planning documents, and others.
In addition to the above, it can be further concluded that the lack of integration between protection policy and the development of cultural heritage in the planning and protection of landscapes is even more pronounced. It is interesting to note that the analysis indicated that this type of integration is only found in the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia, i.e., at the national level of planning. The planning and protection of landscapes are not considered in other spatial plans. This further raises issues and needs for improvement, not only with regard to planning, but also legal regulations that should make integrated aspects of protection and development of cultural assets mandatory in landscape planning.
Based on the examples analyzed here, one gets the impression that in practice only the integration of the protection and development of cultural heritage with the protection of natural heritage has been truly achieved, that is, the integration of different aspects of protection.
Finally, all the above findings presented by the authors in this paper need to be further researched and scientifically shaped. The shortcoming of this research could be its small scientific sample of three spatial plans. With an increase in the number of spatial plans analyzed, i.e. the number of cultural assets and the area where they are located, it is certain that the research results would be more precise and significant. Indeed, that is the imperative of the planner in the period ahead.
Finally, in the opinion of the authors, this analysis of models and elements of implementing plans also highlights those general shortcomings in the plans that need to be eliminated and solved by improving planning methodology. This relates not only to the issue of the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage, but also to numerous other aspects and subjects of planning (the economy, traffic, settlement networks, regional development, rural development, etc.). It especially refers to the concretization of planning solutions, determination of priorities, measures and instruments of implementation, and in particular elements for monitoring the implementation of spatial plans. The more precisely defined the implementation framework of spatial plans, the greater their role in integrating the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage with other aspects of development.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Cultural heritage, spatial plan, protection, sustainable development, landscape, implementation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78130.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78130.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78130",totalDownloads:145,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 31st 2021",dateReviewed:"June 24th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 17th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 17th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The starting point in this paper is the position that spatial and urban planning has a key role in sustainable development and the protection of cultural heritage. The planning method used in areas of cultural heritage differs depending on the type and level of the spatial plan. It is possible to identify aspects of protection and sustainable development in plans, with the protection of cultural heritage dominating in practice. Research was carried out on a case study of three spatial plans at different levels, which both in terms of their methodology and content make up the planning system for the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage in Serbia. The comparative analysis of the plans includes three aspects: protection, the sustainable development of cultural heritage, and the integration of cultural heritage into the planning and protection of landscapes. The implementation models of the spatial plans were considered. The main conclusion of the paper is that the concept of protecting cultural heritage has not evolved into a system of comprehensive and adequate planning for its sustainable development, nor is it sufficiently integrated with the planning and protection of landscapes. The paper provides guidelines for improving both the methodology of spatial planning and the concept of the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in spatial plans.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78130",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78130",signatures:"Nebojša Stefanović and Nataša Danilović Hristić",book:{id:"10660",type:"book",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Heritage - New Paradigm",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-621-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-620-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-622-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Literature review",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. System of sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Analysis of the sustainable development and protection of the cultural heritage in spatial plans",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021 to 2035",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Regional spatial plan of the Kolubara and Mačva administrative districts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Spatial plan for the special purpose area of the landscape of outstanding features: Ovčar-Kablar Gorge",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Discussion on the implementation of sustainable development and protection for the cultural heritage in spatial plans",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'European Spatial Development Perspective ESDP (Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union), Agreed at the Informal Council of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning, Potsdam, may 1999. – Published by the European Commission'},{id:"B2",body:'Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent", 12th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT), September 2000, Hanover'},{id:"B3",body:'Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020, 2011'},{id:"B4",body:'Vlami, V., Kokkoris, I. P., Zogaris, S., Cartalis, C., Kehayias, G., Dimopoulos, P. Cultural landscapes and attributes of “culturalness” in protected areas: An exploratory assessment in Greece. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 595, 2017: 229-243, ISSN 0048-9697, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.211'},{id:"B5",body:'Levin, N., Lechner A. M., Brown, G. An evaluation of crowdsourced information for assessing the visitation and perceived importance of protected areas. Applied Geography 79 (2017): 115-126 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.12.009'},{id:"B6",body:'Bartula, M., Radun, M. Visitor management planning as a tool for sustainable tourism in protected areas in Serbia. Tourism in function of development of the Republic of Serbia, Tourism and Rural Development (TISC 2020) – Thematic proceedings I: 77-93'},{id:"B7",body:'Hristov, M., Danilović Hristić, N., Stefanović, N. Impact of Overtourism on Urban Life. Spatium International Review, No …, 2021: …'},{id:"B8",body:'Danilović Hristić, N.; Stefanović, N.; Milijić, S. (2020) Danube River Cruises as a Strategy for Representing Historical Heritage and Developing Cultural Tourism in Serbia. Sustainability, Special Issue "Cultural and Creative Tourism Developments: Past, Present and Future" 12, 10297: 1-19 DOI: 10.3390/su12241029, ISSN 2071-1050'},{id:"B9",body:'Bello, F. G., Lovelock, B., Carr, N. Enhancing community participation in tourism planning associated with protected areas in developing countries: Lessons from Malawi. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2018, Vol. 18(3): 309-320 DOI: 10.1177/1467358416647763'},{id:"B10",body:'Danilović Hristić, N., Stefanović N. The Role of Public Insight in Urban Planning Process: Increasing Efficiency and Effectiveness. Spatium International Review, 30, 2013: 33-39, ISSN 14 50-569X'},{id:"B11",body:'Stefanović, N., Danilović Hristić, N., Milijić, S. (2015) Implementation Model of Planning Rules in Spatial Plans. Spatium International Review, 33, ISSN 14 50-569X, No. 33, 2015: 62-68 DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1533062S'},{id:"B12",body:'Stefanović N., Danilović Hristić, N., Krunić, N. (2017) Comparative analysis of elements and models of implementation in local-level spatial plans in Serbia. Spatium International Review, No 37: 58-67. DOI:10.2298/SPAT1737058S'},{id:"B13",body:'Stefanović N., Danilović Hristić, N., Srnić D. (2018) A Methodological Framework for the Integrated Planning of the Protection and Development of the Natural Resource Areas in Serbia - Case Study of the Spatial Plans for the Special Purpose Area for the Protected Natural Areas. Spatium International Review, No 40: 25-32. DOI: 10.2298/SPAT18400255'},{id:"B14",body:'Graovac, A., Danilović Hristić, N., Stefanović N. Technical and Logical Methods for Improving the Process of Urban Planning in Serbia, SPATIUM International Review, No 38, 2017: 27-34. DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1738027G'},{id:"B15",body:'Law on Cultural Heritage, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 71/94, 52/11-and other laws, 99/11-and other laws, 6/20-and other laws. Original in Serbian [Zakon o kulturnim dobrima, "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije" br. 71/94, 52/11dr. zakon 99/11dr. zakon, 6/20dr. zakon.]'},{id:"B16",body:'Law on Planning and Construction, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 72/09, 81/09-amendment, 64/10-US, 24/11, 121/12, 42/13-US, 50/13-US, 98/13-US, 132/14, 83/18, 31/19, 37/19-and other laws, 9/20. Original in Serbian [Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji, "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije" br. 72/09, 81/09-ispravka, 64/10-US, 24/11, 121/12, 42/13-US, 50/13-US, 98/13-US, 132/14, 83/18, 31/19, 37/19-dr. zakon 9/20.]'},{id:"B17",body:'Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2021. to 2035. – Draft, Ministry of civil engineering, traffic and infrastructure, April 2021, Belgrade. Original in Serbian [Prostorni plan Republike Srbije od 2021. do 2035. godine – Nacrta, Ministarstvo građevinarstva, saobraćaja i infrastrukture, april 2021, Beograd]'},{id:"B18",body:'Conditions of the Republic Institute for Cultural Heritage Protection, 2020'},{id:"B19",body:'Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, UNESCO, 2011'},{id:"B20",body:'The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps-an Action Plan for the Future, An Analysis by ICOMOS, 2004'},{id:"B21",body:'Regional Spatial Plan of the Kolubara and Mačva Administrative Districts, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 12/14. Original in Serbian [Regionalni prostorni plan za područje Kolubarskog i Mačvanskog upravnog okruga, "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije" br. 12/14]'},{id:"B22",body:'Spatial Plan for the Special Purpose Area of the Landscape of Outstanding Features "Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura", Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 46/19. Original in Serbian [Prostorni plan područja posebne namene predela izuzetnih odlika „Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura“, "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije" br. 46/19]'},{id:"B23",body:'Stefanović, N., Josimović, B., Danilović Hristić, N. (2018) Models of Implementation of Spatial Plans – Theoretical Approach and Case Studies for Spatial Plans for the Special Purpose Area, In: Ergen, Y. (Ed.) An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning, IntechOpen, London, Chapter 4, pp. 59-81, ISBN 978-1-78984-835-9, Print ISBN: 978-1-78984-834-2, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78242'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Nebojša Stefanović",address:null,affiliation:'
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Institute of Architecture and Urban and Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. 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This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development"},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",scope:"
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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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