Topical hemostatic agents.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9660",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Inland Waters - Dynamics and Ecology",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Inland waters, lakes, rivers, and their connected wetlands are the most important and the most vulnerable sources of freshwater on the planet. The ecology of these systems includes biology as well as human populations and civilization. Inland waters and wetlands are highly susceptible to chemical and biological pollutants from natural or human sources, changes in watershed dynamics due to the establishment of dams and reservoirs, and land use changes from agriculture and industry. This book provides a comprehensive review of issues involving inland waters and discusses many worldwide inland water systems. The main topics of this text are water quality investigation, analyses of the ecology of inland water systems, remote sensing observation and numerical modeling methods, and biodiversity investigations.",isbn:"978-1-83968-295-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-294-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-296-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87463",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",numberOfPages:264,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7524,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 28th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 26th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280757/images/system/280757.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adam T. Devlin is a physical oceanographer who analyzes the fluctuations in tides and sea level on a global and regional level, with a special interest in the dynamics of the Western Pacific Ocean. He also studies the patterns of water level and meteorological changes using historical records and modern satellite data to better predict future flood scenarios and impacts on coastal populations and ecosystems. Dr. Devlin holds a Ph.D. in Applied Physics from Portland State University, an MS in Applied Physics from Appalachian State University, and a BS in Physics from the University of Oregon. He worked at the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2016 to 2019. Dr. Devlin joined the School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University as a distinguished research professor in May 2019.",institutionString:"Jiangxi Normal University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Jiangxi Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"179303",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiayi",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"jiayi-pan",fullName:"Jiayi Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179303/images/system/179303.jpg",biography:"Professor Jiayi Pan received his Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1996. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Delaware from 1999 to 2003, then worked at the University of Southern Mississippi, Oregon Health and Science University, and Portland State University in 2003-2004, 2004-2005, and 2005-2009, respectively. He joined the Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong as an associate professor in February 2009. Professor Jiayi Pan has been engaged in research on ocean remote sensing, air-sea interaction, estuarine dynamics, and internal wave dynamics for many years, and was the principal investigator (PI) or Co-PI for a number of research projects. In July 2019, he joined the School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University as a distinguished professor.",institutionString:"Jiangxi Normal University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Chinese University of Hong Kong",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94128/images/system/94128.png",biography:"Dr. Mohammad Manjur Shah obtained a Ph.D. from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India, in 2003. He is a pioneer in the field of insect parasitic nematodes and has presented his findings at several conferences and published articles in various international journals. He completed two post-doctoral fellowships under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, before joining Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano (YUMSUK), Nigeria, as an associate professor in 2015. Dr. Shah is the editor of six books and a reviewer for several scientific journals.",institutionString:"Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"850",title:"Limnology",slug:"limnology"}],chapters:[{id:"71438",title:"Microplastic Pollution in Portuguese Saltworks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91476",slug:"microplastic-pollution-in-portuguese-saltworks",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, microplastics are dispersed everywhere; from our oceans to our rivers, sediments, organisms, air, and even food resources. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the degree of contamination present in the Portuguese traditional table salts depending on their origin and type of salt. Fourteen samples were selected: seven from fleur de sel and seven from coarse salts, corresponding to seven distinct regions of the Portuguese territory. The concentration of microplastics, depending on salts’ origin, ranged between 595 and 5090 MPs/kg, in sea salt, and in Rio Maior’s well salt it varied from 3325 to 6430 MPs/kg. By salt type, the concentration of microplastics in the fleur de sel was 2320–6430 MPs/kg and in the coarse salt was 595–3985 MPs/kg. In the analyzed table salt, the most abundant anthropogenic particles were fibers (64%) and fragments (35%). The most predominant colors were transparent, blue, and black. The concentration of microplastics did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between fleur de sel samples within different regions. However, statistically significant differences were found between coarse salt samples from the various regions. The results, gathered from this study, demonstrate the high contamination within artisanal Portuguese table salts, thus, becoming crucial to develop more future research, leading to a better understanding of the health risks associated with salt consumption.",signatures:"Ana Sofia Soares, Carlos Pinheiro, Uirá Oliveira and Maria Natividade Vieira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71438",authors:[{id:"93642",title:"Prof.",name:"Natividade",surname:"Vieira",slug:"natividade-vieira",fullName:"Natividade Vieira"},{id:"316270",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Sofia",surname:"Soares",slug:"ana-sofia-soares",fullName:"Ana Sofia Soares"},{id:"316271",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Pinheiro",slug:"carlos-pinheiro",fullName:"Carlos Pinheiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"72894",title:"Systemic-Entropic Approach for Assessing Water Quality of Rivers, Reservoirs, and Lakes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93220",slug:"systemic-entropic-approach-for-assessing-water-quality-of-rivers-reservoirs-and-lakes",totalDownloads:371,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water is a nonrenewable resource, and its unsustainable use almost everywhere has led to a decrease in water quality. The development of water quality indices and the introduction of indexing methods used in assessing the quality of surface waters (pollution) are particularly relevant in recent years. As a result of anthropogenic pollution of the aquatic environment, the entropy of the system changes, which is not always taken into account in hydrochemical studies. This chapter analyzes dozens of freshwater quality indicators existing in science literature and presents the advantages of the water quality indicators developed by the author and colleagues: the geoecological evolving organized index (GEVORG), and the Armenian Water Quality Index. Water quality analyses have been tested for most of the rivers, reservoirs, and lakes of Armenia. It was found that the Armenian Water Quality Index has a linear relationship with most water quality indexes, and an inverse relationship with the Canadian Water Quality Index. The quality of river and reservoir water has been assessed according to the new standards for background concentrations.",signatures:"Gevorg Simonyan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72894",authors:[{id:"319079",title:"Dr.",name:"Gevorg",surname:"Simonyan",slug:"gevorg-simonyan",fullName:"Gevorg Simonyan"}],corrections:null},{id:"73503",title:"Effect of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem and Production of Fisheries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93784",slug:"effect-of-climate-change-on-aquatic-ecosystem-and-production-of-fisheries",totalDownloads:620,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The exploitation of nature for decades due to several anthropogenic activities has changed the climatic conditions worldwide. The environment has been polluted with an increase of greenhouse gases. The major consequences are global warming, cyclone, an increase in sea level, etc. It has a clear negative impact on the natural environment including aquatic ones. As a result, production of fish in the aquaculture system and marine system is greatly affected. Marine ecosystems like coral reefs are also destroyed. Decreased fish production has also affected the livelihood and economic condition of the fish farmers. So, corrective measures should be taken to reduce the climate changes for minimizing its effects on fish production. Using more eco-friendly substances, planting more trees, and preserving our nature are some steps to be taken. Awareness should also be generated among the common people.",signatures:"Satarupa Ghosh, Snigdha Chatterjee, Ghora Shiva Prasad and Prasanna Pal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73503",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73503",authors:[{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"},{id:"320711",title:"Ms.",name:"Satarupa",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"satarupa-ghosh",fullName:"Satarupa Ghosh"},{id:"320977",title:"Ms.",name:"Snigdha",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"snigdha-chatterjee",fullName:"Snigdha Chatterjee"},{id:"324049",title:"Mr.",name:"Ghora Shiva",surname:"Prasad",slug:"ghora-shiva-prasad",fullName:"Ghora Shiva Prasad"}],corrections:null},{id:"71892",title:"Designing River Diversion Constructed Wetland for Water Quality Improvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92119",slug:"designing-river-diversion-constructed-wetland-for-water-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Constructed wetlands are recognized as viable potential technology for reducing pollution load and improving quality of water and wastewater. The use of river diversion wetlands is gaining place for improving quality of river and stream water. However, the design criterion for this category of wetlands has not been fully established, and there is a need to optimize existing approach to enhance operational performance. This chapter presents a step-by-step approach for the design of a typical river diversion constructed wetland intended to remove some pollutants and improve river water quality. The approach focused mainly on water quality objective and outlined simple criteria, guidelines, and model equations for the design procedure of a new river diversion constructed wetland. The design of constructed wetlands is generally an iterative process based on empirical equations. Thus, this approach combines simple equations and procedure for estimating the amount of river water to be diverted for treatment so as to assist the designer in sizing the wetland system. The novel approach presented may be useful to wetland experts as some of the procedures presented are not popular in wetland studies. However, this may improve existing river diversion wetlands’ design and development.",signatures:"Sani Dauda Ahmed, Sampson Kwaku Agodzo and Kwaku Amaning Adjei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71892",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71892",authors:[{id:"255472",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sani Dauda",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sani-dauda-ahmed",fullName:"Sani Dauda Ahmed"},{id:"318998",title:"Prof.",name:"Sampson Kwaku",surname:"Agodzo",slug:"sampson-kwaku-agodzo",fullName:"Sampson Kwaku Agodzo"},{id:"318999",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwaku Amaning",surname:"Adjei",slug:"kwaku-amaning-adjei",fullName:"Kwaku Amaning Adjei"}],corrections:null},{id:"73246",title:"The Tourism Impacts of Lake Erie Hazardous Algal Blooms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93625",slug:"the-tourism-impacts-of-lake-erie-hazardous-algal-blooms",totalDownloads:391,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nutrient loading and warming waters can lead to hazardous algal blooms (HABs). Policymakers require cost-effective valuation tools to help understand impacts and prioritize adaptation measures. This chapter evaluates the tourism impacts of HABs in Western Lake Erie based on HABs that occurred in 2011 and 2014, both through a unique temporal and spatial specification of HAB severity as well as input/output analysis and decomposition of trips and profitability.",signatures:"Matthew Bingham and Jason Kinnell",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73246",authors:[{id:"150061",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Bingham",slug:"matthew-bingham",fullName:"Matthew Bingham"},{id:"150092",title:"Mr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Kinnell",slug:"jason-kinnell",fullName:"Jason Kinnell"}],corrections:null},{id:"73065",title:"Constructed Wetlands in Wastewater Treatment and Challenges of Emerging Resistant Genes Filtration and Reloading",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93293",slug:"constructed-wetlands-in-wastewater-treatment-and-challenges-of-emerging-resistant-genes-filtration-a",totalDownloads:821,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A wetland is a unique and distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail, and the primary distinctive factor of wetlands from other landforms or water bodies is the occurrence of adaptive vegetation of aquatic plants, characteristic to the unique hydric soil. A constructed wetland is an artificial shallow basin filled with substrate, usually soil or gravel, and planted with vegetation that has tolerance to saturated conditions. As much as the use of constructed wetland has been recommended in the treatment of various forms of wastewater, the system efficiency is a factor of very many natural and artificial factors, with the emerging pollutants and contaminants such as resistant genes being the most complicated contaminants to eliminate through the system. Indeed, the emerging pollutants in forms of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have remained prevalent in aquatic environments such as wetlands that receive ARG-loaded sewage. Therefore, this chapter covers a discussion on constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment and challenges of emerging contaminants, such as resistant genes filtration and reloading mechanisms, and provides recommendation for the proper handling and removal of such pollutants from the wetlands’ functional system.",signatures:"Donde Oscar Omondi and Atalitsa Caren Navalia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73065",authors:[{id:"316539",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Donde",slug:"oscar-donde",fullName:"Oscar Donde"},{id:"320769",title:"Ms.",name:"Caren",surname:"Atalitsa",slug:"caren-atalitsa",fullName:"Caren Atalitsa"}],corrections:null},{id:"71526",title:"Modeling Thermal Stratification Effects in Lakes and Reservoirs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91754",slug:"modeling-thermal-stratification-effects-in-lakes-and-reservoirs",totalDownloads:652,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A brief overview of characteristics of stratified water bodies is followed by an in-depth analysis of the governing equations for modeling hydrodynamics and water quality. Equations are presented for continuity or the fluid mass balance; x-momentum, y-momentum, and z-momentum equations; mass constituent balance equation; the heat balance equation for temperature; and the equation of state (relating density to temperature and concentration of dissolved and suspended solids). Additional equations and simplifications such as the water surface equation and changes to the pressure gradient term are shown. Many of the assumptions that are made in water quality models are discussed and shown. Typical water quality source-sink terms for temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, and nutrients are listed. A summary of some typical water quality models for lakes and reservoirs is shown. Two case studies showing how models can predict temperature and dissolved oxygen dynamics in stratified reservoirs are shown. The brief summary looks at ways to improve water quality and hydrodynamic models of lakes and reservoirs.",signatures:"Scott A. Wells",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71526",authors:[{id:"310604",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott A.",surname:"Wells",slug:"scott-a.-wells",fullName:"Scott A. Wells"}],corrections:null},{id:"71449",title:"Assessment of the CHIRPS-Based Satellite Precipitation Estimates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91472",slug:"assessment-of-the-chirps-based-satellite-precipitation-estimates",totalDownloads:897,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"At present, satellite rainfall products, such as the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product, have become an alternative source of rainfall data for regions where rain gauge stations are sparse, e.g., Northeast Brazil (NEB). In this study, continuous scores (i.e., Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R; percentage bias, PBIAS; and unbiased root mean square error, ubRMSE) and categorical scores (i.e., probability of detection, POD; false alarm ratio, FAR; and threat score, TS) were used to assess the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based observations on a pixel-to-station basis, during 01 January 1981 to 30 June 2019 over NEB. Results showed that CHIRPS exhibits better performance in inland regions (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.51, −3.71%, and 9.20 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.59, 0.44, and 0.40, respectively) than near the coast (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.36, −5.66%, and 12.43 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.32, 0.42, and 0.26, respectively). It shows better performance in the wettest months (i.e., DJF) than in the driest months (i.e., JJA) and is sensitive to both the warm-top stratiform cloud systems and the sub-cloud evaporation processes. Overall, the CHIRPS rainfall data set could be used for some operational purposes in NEB.",signatures:"Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Humberto Alves Barbosa, Tumuluru Venkata Lakshmi Kumar, Manoj Kumar Thakur and Catarina de Oliveira Buriti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71449",authors:[{id:"66233",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"humberto-barbosa",fullName:"Humberto Barbosa"},{id:"75701",title:"Dr.",name:"T. V. Lakshmi",surname:"Kumar",slug:"t.-v.-lakshmi-kumar",fullName:"T. V. Lakshmi Kumar"},{id:"291246",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Kumar Thakur",slug:"manoj-kumar-thakur",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Thakur"},{id:"291318",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",surname:"Paredes",slug:"franklin-paredes",fullName:"Franklin Paredes"},{id:"318058",title:"Dr.",name:"Catarina",surname:"Buriti",slug:"catarina-buriti",fullName:"Catarina Buriti"}],corrections:null},{id:"72111",title:"Improved Narrow Water Extraction Using a Morphological Linear Enhancement Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92311",slug:"improved-narrow-water-extraction-using-a-morphological-linear-enhancement-technique",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An improved water extraction method using a morphological linear enhancement technique is proposed to improve the delineation of narrow water features for the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) derived from remote sensing images. This method introduces a morphological white top-hat (WTH) transforming operation on the MNDWI to extract multi-scale and multidirectional differential morphological profiles and constructs a morphological narrow water index (MNWI). The MNWI can effectively enhance the local contrast of linear objects, allowing narrow water bodies to be easily separated from mountain shadows and other features. Furthermore, to accurately delineate surface water bodies, a dual-threshold segmentation method was also developed by combining an empirical threshold segmentation with the MNDWI for wide water bodies and an automatic threshold segmentation with the MNWI for narrow water bodies. This method was validated using three experimental datasets, which were taken from two different Landsat images. Our results demonstrate that narrow water bodies can be sufficiently identified, with an overall accuracy of over 90%. Most narrow streams or rivers keep a continuous shape in space, and the boundaries of the water bodies are accurately delineated as compared with the MNDWI method. Finally, the proposed method was used to extract the entire inland surface water of Fujian province, China.",signatures:"Wu Bo, Zhang Jinmu and Zhao Yindi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72111",authors:[{id:"315651",title:"Dr.",name:"Wu",surname:"Bo",slug:"wu-bo",fullName:"Wu Bo"},{id:"315907",title:"MSc.",name:"Jinmu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinmu-zhang",fullName:"Jinmu Zhang"},{id:"316155",title:"Dr.",name:"Yindi",surname:"Zhao",slug:"yindi-zhao",fullName:"Yindi Zhao"}],corrections:null},{id:"68302",title:"Stream Invertebrate Zoology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88283",slug:"stream-invertebrate-zoology",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For over a century, there has been strong interest in freshwater streams and rivers. Since the inception of studies on running waters, invertebrates have been a central theme. Early descriptive work in Scandinavia and New Zealand was followed by work in Europe, England, and then North America and Australia. Presently, there is a very significant interest worldwide including Asia, Central and South America, and Africa in freshwater invertebrates. Throughout, insects have dominated the focus on invertebrates. Although the major marine invertebrate groups are present in freshwaters, there are essentially no marine insects. A clear picture of the habitat and food requirements of running water invertebrates shows that they serve as important indicators of water quality and fisheries. Major paradigms, such as the River Continuum and functional feeding groups, have provided frameworks for studies of running water (lotic) invertebrates. Once stream and river research achieved an international status by separation from lake domination of the limnology discipline, there has been an avalanche of running water invertebrate research.",signatures:"Kenneth W. Cummins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68302",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68302",authors:[{id:"253196",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth W.",surname:"Cummins",slug:"kenneth-w.-cummins",fullName:"Kenneth W. Cummins"}],corrections:null},{id:"72884",title:"Review of Aquatic Biodiversity Dynamics in the Okavango Delta: Resilience in a Highly Fluctuating Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93259",slug:"review-of-aquatic-biodiversity-dynamics-in-the-okavango-delta-resilience-in-a-highly-fluctuating-env",totalDownloads:321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wetlands are key ecosystems of high biological diversity that provide valuable ecosystem services. These are particularly important in water stressed semi-arid countries, which enhances their vulnerability to degradation. The Okavango Delta, a key wetland in Botswana, is characterised by dynamic inter and intra specific interactions. There are dynamic biotic and abiotic interactions in the system that enhances its resilience. The flood pulse is the main factor mediating bio-physical dynamics in this system. Despite the various perturbations that have been experienced in the system, the Delta has always been able to absorb them and retain its character at the general ecosystem level. These notwithstanding, there have been some changes at the local scale where the Delta has shifted regimes and entered into altered states as a consequence of either channel or lagoon failure. Management of these systems should ensure that their dynamic characteristics are maintained, and this is enshrined within the panarchy concept. Adopting the resilience framework in natural resources management allows for flexibility in devising management strategies to respond to future unexpected events.",signatures:"Belda Quetina Mosepele and Ketlhatlogile Mosepele",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72884",authors:[{id:"320799",title:"Mrs.",name:"Belda Q.",surname:"Mosepele",slug:"belda-q.-mosepele",fullName:"Belda Q. 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Two dominant macroinvertebrate families were recorded; Baetidae and Chironomidae while, 53 macroinvertebrate taxa were identified across the rivers. The highest number of species (12) was recorded for Diptera, while, Hirudinea, Nematoda and Arachnida each had 1 species in the population. General diversity indices ranged from 2.02 to 2.78 with the least and highest recorded in Edion and Etuno Rivers, respectively. The fauna evenness index indicated that the water bodies had values less than 1.0. Meanwhile, Pollution tolerance index revealed spatial and seasonal variations in water quality conditions but only Edion River exhibited poor water quality in all the months of study.",signatures:"Abdul-Rahman Dirisu and John Ovie Olomukoro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72988",authors:[{id:"254967",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul-Rahman",surname:"Dirisu",slug:"abdul-rahman-dirisu",fullName:"Abdul-Rahman Dirisu"},{id:"325448",title:"Prof.",name:"John Ovie",surname:"Olomukoro",slug:"john-ovie-olomukoro",fullName:"John Ovie Olomukoro"}],corrections:null},{id:"69885",title:"Freshwater Invertebrates of Southwestern South America: Diversity, Biogeography, and Threats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89077",slug:"freshwater-invertebrates-of-southwestern-south-america-diversity-biogeography-and-threats",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge of invertebrates of rivers, lakes, and wetlands in western South America, from southern Peru to the Strait of Magellan in southern Chile. A characterization of the diverse groups of insects, mollusk crustaceans, and other smaller groups is presented, and a biogeographic analysis of them is made with emphasis on their main forcing factors, ecology, and threats in the Anthropocene. This fauna presents Gondwanic characteristics, with clear North–South latitudinal patterns, covering from the Desert of Atacama in the North, one of the most arid deserts of the world, to the rainy and cold regions of the southern end of South America. The central zone of this territory includes one of the global biodiversity “hot spots,” which currently presents serious threats associated with changes in habitat, introduction of invasive species, climate change, and overexploitation of aquatic resources.",signatures:"Claudio Valdovinos Zarges, Pablo Fierro and Viviana Olmos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69885",authors:[{id:"187083",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Valdovinos Zarges",slug:"claudio-valdovinos-zarges",fullName:"Claudio Valdovinos Zarges"},{id:"310213",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Fierro",slug:"pablo-fierro",fullName:"Pablo Fierro"},{id:"310214",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",surname:"Olmos",slug:"viviana-olmos",fullName:"Viviana Olmos"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5282",title:"Lake Sciences and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34ba6ce6df0e6f5c99263d7d80907861",slug:"lake-sciences-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"M.Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5282.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6401",title:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1a3b10b0841d76f15cfe65eff20e34c",slug:"achievements-and-challenges-of-integrated-river-basin-management",bookSignature:"Dejan Komatina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78248",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",surname:"Komatina",slug:"dejan-komatina",fullName:"Dejan Komatina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6888",title:"Limnology",subtitle:"Some New Aspects of Inland Water Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d42cb45185f853324e60b7284c7ea96",slug:"limnology-some-new-aspects-of-inland-water-ecology",bookSignature:"Didem Gökçe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",surname:"Gokce",slug:"didem-gokce",fullName:"Didem Gokce"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Through its 10 chapters the book contemplates the most relevant aspects of multiple pregnancy. Authors from all over the world have contributed to this book, bringing the best from their research experiences. The book give the reader a state-of-the-art update of multiple pregnancy.",isbn:"978-1-78985-080-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-079-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-764-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73973",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"multiple-pregnancy-new-challenges",numberOfPages:232,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f599a465410812da5aee0b247d427e9b",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7173.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:12180,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 22nd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 15th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 14th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 2nd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 1st 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr.",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35132/images/system/35132.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Julio Elito Junior PhD graduated in Medicine from Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) - Brazil in1989. He obtained his Master in 1995 and his Doctorate in 1997 both from UNIFESP. He is a specialist in laparoscopy (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2000) and has a PhD in reproductive medicine (2008). Due to the relevance of his research he obtained the title of Associate Professor of the Department of Obstetrics of UNIFESP (2006). He has experience in the field of Medicine, with emphasis in Gynecology and Obstetrics, acting mainly in the following subjects: ectopic pregnancy, methotrexate, ultrasonography, beta-hCG, polymorphisms, serological markers and multiple pregnancy. He has published a predictive score for medical treatment in ectopic pregnancy and reference charts for twins. He has published 68 articles in international and national journals, is a reviewer in several national and international journals, and a speaker at a number of national and international congresses. 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Control of bleeding wounds has always been a priority in managing injured patients, and providers have used numerous adjuncts to staunch bleeding for decades, with variable success. The earliest use of topical hemostatic agents dates from the end of the nineteenth century when thrombin was used by boxers and barbers to control bleeding from lacerations [1]. Almost a century before the clotting cascade was completely elucidated, in 1909 Bergel had described using topical fibrin to stop surgical bleeding [2, 3, 4]. Subsequently, surgeons utilized fibrinogen in plasma as well as bovine thrombin to assist in a variety of surgical scenarios, including nerve repair and skin grafting [5, 6]. Commercial products first became available in Europe in 1972, but the Food and Drug Administration did not approve fibrin sealants in the United States until 1998 [3]. Over the course of time, numerous other types of hemostatic agents have been developed, each unique in their load bearing capacity, biomechanical properties, handling, derivation, and application [7].
Cutaneous and mucous membrane bleeding are common presentations to emergency departments. Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in 2002 estimated that there were 7.27 million emergency department visits for lacerations, representing approximately 6.6% of all emergency department visits [8], and data from HCUP National Emergency Department Survey in 2013 estimated about 7 million emergency department visits or 5.2% of all visits for lacerations [9]. There are no data to quantify how many of these visits are associated with uncontrolled or major bleeding. The mainstays of treating bleeding remain the simple application of direct pressure with a pressure bandage and application of tourniquet if hemostasis is unable to be obtained. However, there are times that application of hemostatic agents can assist in bleeding control. In the modern era, with widespread use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, as well as physiologically induced coagulopathies from liver disease and uremia, development of topical hemostatic agents to assist in terminating complex bleeding scenarios has become important.
We will briefly review classes of tissue adhesives, topical hemostatic agents, and the best practice data regarding each in the setting of the emergency department. We will provide common clinical bleeding scenarios and the application of these materials in those situations.
Topical hemostatic agents generally fall into one of two categories: the physical agents that work by providing a physical substrate which promotes hemostasis and the biologically active agents that enhance coagulation at the site of action(Table 1). In the emergency department, topical hemostatic agents are primarily used as adjuvant therapy to direct pressure to stop persistent bleeding from lacerations and abrasions that are not amenable to suture control, such as distal fingertip avulsions, flap lacerations with avulsion of the flap, and skin tears in the elderly. As well, topical hemostatic agents can be used to assist with persistent bleeding from nasal mucosa, gingival tissue after tooth extraction, and from vascular bleeding sites such as persistently bleeding dialysis access sites or bleeding lower extremity varices.
Product | Manufacturer | |
---|---|---|
Gelatin matrix | Gelfoam® | Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA |
Surgifoam® | Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA | |
Floseal® | Baxter International, Deerfield, IL, USA | |
Oxidized regenerated cellulose | Surgicel® | Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA |
SafeGauze® | Medicom, Montreal, QC, Canada | |
Microporous polysaccharide spheres | Arista® AH | CR Bard Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA |
Microfibrillar collagen | Avitene® | CR Bard Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA |
Chitosan | HemCon® | Tricol Biomedical Inc., Portland, OR, USA |
Chitoflex® | Tricol Biomedical Inc., Portland, OR, USA | |
TraumaStat® | Ore-Medix, LLC Company, Lebanon, OR, USA | |
Celox® | Medtrade Products LLC., Crewe, UK | |
ChitoSAM® | Sam Medical, Tualatin, OR, USA | |
Axiostat® | Axio Biosolutions PVT LTD. Gujarat, India | |
Topical thrombin | Thrombin JMI® | Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA |
Tranexamic acid (TXA) | Multiple generics | |
Cyklokapron® 100 mg/ml | Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA | |
Erfa Tranexamic® 100 mg/ml | Erfa Canada 2012, Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada | |
Kaolin | QuickClot® | Z-Medica LLC., Wallingford, CT, USA |
Topical hemostatic agents.
Little data exists to suggest superiority of a single agent over others, and often selection of an agent is based on availability, familiarity with its use, patient and wound characteristics, and cost.
Gelfoam® and Surgifoam® are porcine derived, non-soluble, gelatin matrices that are in a compressed sponge form [10, 11]. They can be cut to appropriate size for application and when applied to bleeding sites are able to absorb 45 times their weight in whole blood. Floseal® is a combination of bovine-derived, liquid gelatin matrix and human-derived thrombin that is supplied in a syringe with an applicator tip that assists with mixing the components and application at the site of bleeding [12]. The mechanism of action of gelatin matrix is poorly understood but is thought to be due to its physical properties, providing a structural support for clot formation rather than a direct effect on the clotting cascade. In clinical use, these agents are appropriate for topical application to persistently bleeding sites, such as dental extraction sites, in the management of epistaxis, and in fingertip avulsion injuries. These agents typically have minimal tissue reaction and are absorbed within 6 weeks when placed within soft tissues or liquified and absorbed within 2–5 days when applied to bleeding mucosal sites.
Little data exists studying the efficacy of gelatin matrices for bleeding complications in the emergency department setting. In a small prospective, randomized study of patients who failed anterior packing for epistaxis, Floseal® application demonstrated equal rates of hemostatic control as repeat anterior packing by a specialist, and lower, but not statistically significant, rates of hospitalization [13]. A larger, prospective randomized sample of patients with epistaxis managed initially with Floseal® versus anterior packing demonstrated that Floseal® was associated with improved patient satisfaction and less rebleeding [14]. In a small convenience sample of patients presenting with posterior epistaxis, Floseal® was successfully used to control bleeding in 80% of patients at a significantly reduced cost when compared to surgery, posterior packing with hospital admission, and embolization [15].
Complications from gelatin matrix applications are reported to be minimal but include the potential to form a nidus for infection or abscess formation, foreign body reactions with encapsulation of reactive fluid, and toxic shock when used in nasal application.
Surgicel® is a sterile, knitted, absorbable fabric produced from plant cellulose. The mechanism of action of Surgicel® is poorly understood, but is thought to produce a mechanical scaffolding for clot formation rather than have a direct effect on the clotting cascade [16]. In clinical use, these agents are appropriate for topical application to persistently bleeding sites, such as dental extraction sites and in the management of epistaxis. As opposed to the gelatin matrices, which can be used wet or dried, the efficacy of Surgicel® is superior if it is applied dry to the area of bleeding, so it may not be appropriate for use with topical thrombin. As Surgicel® undergoes reaction with the tissue, it produces an acidic environment, which has been demonstrated to have in vivo bactericidal properties. The acidic environment that it produces may impair wound healing, perhaps making it a less optimal choice for controlling bleeding in large areas of tissue avulsion. Complications of its use have primarily reported to be localized tissue reactions.
Arista® AH is a powder hemostatic agent derived from plant polysaccharides. The mechanism of action of Arista® is poorly understood, but is thought to produce a mechanical scaffolding for clot formation rather than have a direct effect on the clotting cascade [17]. Its powdered form has limited use in an emergency department environment.
Avitene® is a microfibrillar collagen hemostat available as a sponge, sheet, and powder. The collagen matrix of Avitene® is thought to promote platelet activation, inducing clot formation [18]. Avitene® has been on the market for more than 40 years and has widespread applications in surgical hemostasis and epistaxis treatment.
Chitosan is a naturally occurring polycationic polysaccharide derived from multiple sources including shrimp, crabs, and certain fungi. The hemostatic mechanism of chitosan is incompletely understood, but is thought to include gelatinous aggregation of red blood cells, platelet activation, and contact system activation [19].
In a case series of 35 patients on antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants who failed initial management with cautery and nasal packing, 32 patients were successfully treated with application of a foam anterior pack wrapped in a chitosan sheet [20]. A small study of 40 patients on oral anticoagulation undergoing multiple tooth extractions compared a site treated with a chitosan pledget with a site treated with gauze and pressure and found decreased bleeding times and decreased postoperative pain in the chitosan treated site [21]. Another small study of 20 patients on oral anticoagulants undergoing dental extraction of multiple teeth found that the extraction sites treated with chitosan had shorter bleeding times than control extraction sites treated with a collagen matrix plug [22].
Thrombin is a protein which is part of the clotting cascade and has the effect of activating fibrinogen to fibrin, which is essential for clot formation, as well as activating platelets. Several formulations exist on the market, and thrombin can be of bovine or human origin. Topical thrombin can be applied to mucosal bleeding sites such as dental sites and epistaxis or can be applied topically. Additionally, topical thrombin can be used in conjunction with gelatin matrix sponges. No clinical trials comparing efficacy to other techniques have been published. Because these products are derived from other species or individuals, the primary complications include sensitivity reactions or rarely antibody formation against factor V, resulting in life-threatening bleeding complications [23].
Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine that inhibits fibrinolysis by reversibly blocking the interaction of plasminogen with the lysine fragments on fibrin. The intravenous formulation of TXA is typically 100 mg/ml, which is equivalent to a 10% solution. Intravenous TXA formulations can be used topically as adjuvant treatment for patients with epistaxis, oral bleeding, or bleeding from topical sites.
A randomized controlled trial of 216 patients who were randomized to receive an anterior nasal packing soaked in 5 ml of 10% solution versus lidocaine plus epinephrine found that those treated with TXA had more rapid resolution of bleeding and earlier emergency department discharge [24]. A study of 124 patients taking antiplatelet agents who were randomized to TXA versus anterior packing also found more rapid resolution of bleeding as well as decreased visits for rebleeding [25]. A retrospective analysis of oral bleeding in 542 patients demonstrated improvement in bleeding in patients treated with TXA-soaked gauze and compression over use of gauze alone [26]. A systematic review of 5 studies including 252 patients taking oral anticoagulants undergoing dental procedures found that TXA was significantly protective against bleeding with a RR of 0.13 (95% CI 0.05–0.36; p < 0.0001) [27]. In addition to using the intravenous formulation of TXA topically, a paste of TXA can be made by crushing several 650 mg TXA tablets and adding small aliquots of saline to form the paste.
Kaolin is an inorganic mineral that has been demonstrated to promote activation of Factor XII, which is the first step in the activation of the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade. Kaolin-impregnated gauze is primary developed for controlling hemorrhage from external wounds in non-compressible sites in the setting of military and civilian trauma.
Little data exists evaluating the effectiveness of kaolin gauze in humans. In swine models of uncontrolled hemorrhage, QuickClot® outperformed comparative hemostatic agents in terms of survival [28].
Although the manufacturer states that there are no complications with the use of QuickClot® because it is not biologically derived, there is a case report of thermal burn with its use [29].
When it comes to primary wound closure, skin adhesives have several advantages over traditional suture repair. They bond quickly, resulting in saved time on the part of the physician performing the repair, and they are less painful than standard suture repair [30, 31]. They do not require a second visit for suture removal, saving the patient time and reducing the burden to the health-care system [30]. The closure is strong, similar in strength to healed tissue at 7 days post-repair [30]. In addition, the closure with tissue adhesives is cosmetically similar to that achieved with standard suture closure [31]. Tissue adhesives are more expensive than suture materials, but that cost is offset by the inherent costs associated with physician time to suture, bandaging, and repeat visit for suture removal [32]. In a busy and unpredictable emergency department, this time saving is essential.
Unlike topical hemostatic agents, which are often natural polymers, tissue adhesives used for wound closure in the emergency department are primarily synthetic polymers [33]. This is largely due to their high tensile strength, flexibility, and ability to form mechanical bonds [33]. The three primary classes of tissue adhesives used for wound closure are polyurethane-based tissue adhesives, polyethylene glycol-based tissue adhesives, and cyanoacrylate synthetic glues [33].
Polyurethane-based tissue adhesives are not commonly used in emergency practice, although they do have applications in surgical practice. The isocyanate pre-polymers in the adhesive bond to the amines in tissue proteins, forming a urea bond [3]. Historically, there have been issues with polyurethane-based tissue adhesive toxicity (including thrombosis and hemolysis) and long setup time [3], but they are undergoing development currently using various concentrations of castor oil and other additives to optimize their surgical adhesive properties [34, 35]. Although there is currently some application of these adhesives in the operating theater in renal, plastics, and orthopedic surgery, they are not currently used for traumatic injuries typically seen in the emergency department. As they have shown promise in reducing seroma formation in surgical wounds, they may have applications for larger traumatic wounds in the future.
Polyethylene-based adhesives are not currently typically used in emergency practice. Like polyurethane-based adhesives, they are primarily used inside the body, with current uses most commonly related to sealing lung surgical sites and preventing dural leaks after neurosurgery [36]. These adhesives have a very fast setup time and are strong and biodegradable [36]. They have potential for emergency department application in the future.
Cyanoacrylate synthetic glues are by far the most common tissue adhesives used for wound repair in emergency departments (Table 2). These glues were initially developed during attempts to make a clear plastic. Initially, they were too brittle and caused significant inflammation to tissue but subsequently underwent tremendous redesign over the course of decades prior to their final approval by the FDA in the form of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate in the late 1990s [3, 30]. Cyanoacrylate glues are monomers that react upon contact with water on tissue in an exothermic reaction, causing them to polymerize across the wound edges, allowing healing to take place below. These agents are also antimicrobial, which is an additional advantage [3, 30, 32].
Product | Manufacturer | |
---|---|---|
Cyanoacrylate synthetic glues | Dermabond® | Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA |
Histoacryl® | BBraun, Melsungen, Germany | |
SurgiSeal® | Adhezion Biomedical LLC., Reading, PA, USA | |
Periacryl® | GluStitch, Delta, BC, Canada | |
Glu-Stitch® | GluStitch, Delta, BC, Canada | |
Indermil® | Surgical Specialties, Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia |
Tissue adhesives.
Cyanoacrylate glues have the tensile strength of 5-0 suture, and they reach their maximal bonding strength 2.5 min after application [30]. Given these properties, it stands to reason that wounds most appropriate for glue repair are wounds that would require a suture strength of 5-0 or 6-0. Therefore, cyanoacrylate synthetic glues are not recommended for wounds under tension such as those crossing joint lines, highly gaping wounds, or wounds in very moist areas of the body [30, 32]. It is acceptable to use tissue adhesive glue on wounds that require deep sutures to reduce tension and gaping on the wound, so long as after those sutures are placed, the wound would be appropriate for closure with 5-0 or 6-0 suture. Cosmetically, cyanoacrylate has similar outcomes to standard sutures in appropriately chosen lacerations but a slightly higher risk of dehiscence [30, 31].
Tissue adhesive should be applied to an appropriately cleaned and dry wound. The wound edges should be approximated, and the adhesive should be applied over the approximated edges three to four times [30]. The hydroxyl ions in the wound edges activate the adhesive and seal the wound. The adhesive should never be introduced into the wound. In addition to causing an exothermic reaction because of the amount of moisture, it creates a foreign body reaction, with tissue inflammation and poor healing [30, 32]. Tissue adhesives should therefore not be used on heavily contaminated wounds, bites, macerated wounds, or wounds that are complex and difficult to approximate [30, 31, 32].
Cyanoacrylate glues are used in oral surgery practice, but their use for dental injuries in the emergency department is currently off-label. Nevertheless, tissue adhesives have found a niche in emergency department management of dental injuries. In the setting of an acutely fractured tooth involving exposed dentin (which is extremely painful), standard of care is to cover the exposed fracture site with calcium hydroxide paste. If this is unavailable, some providers advocate for using cyanoacrylate glue to cover the exposed dentin, as it controls pain and can be removed without difficulty using a solvent in the dentist’s office [37, 38]. One study also evaluated the use of cyanoacrylate for pain control in carious teeth, which found it effective for pain control [38]. Cyanoacrylate has antimicrobial properties, which provides theoretical benefits in these settings. However, cyanoacrylate has not been studied for safety in these scenarios, nor has it been assessed for adverse events, only for pain control. Therefore, the physician needs to be aware that any use of cyanoacrylate in treatment of dental fractures in the emergency department setting is not evidence-based.
In patients with avulsed and replanted teeth or in those with subluxed teeth, cyanoacrylate can be useful in splinting the injured tooth.
Topical hemostatic agents, tissue adhesives, and sealants may have adverse effects usually related to the composition of the agent, location of placement of the agent, and the absorption times of the agent. Slowly degrading products can serve as a nidus for infection especially if excessive amounts are used. In many cases, these agents are used in confined places and can then lead to compression of surrounding structures. Many of the complications associated with these agents are related to surgical uses rather than emergency department applications [39].
Air embolism is a rare complication that has been reported with the use of injectable agents such as spray thrombin or fibrin sealant. Care must be taken when spraying these objects so as not to exceed recommended pressures and to spray at an appropriate distance from the affected tissue. There are no reported cases of air embolism secondary to use of an atomizer, as may be used with TXA [40, 41, 42].
Wound infection may be associated with the use of topical hemostatic agents. It is difficult to analyze the risk of infection due solely to hemostatic agents versus due to confounding factors. Adverse factors, such as type and location of wound, foreign body material in the wound, and etiology of the wound, all play a role in development of wound infection. If a patient has other systemic symptoms that need to be addressed and needs urgent or emergent wound closure, that too can play a role in development of wound infection. The risk of infection, as it relates to hemostatic agents, can be minimized by cleaning the wound thoroughly and removing excess topical agent after hemostasis is achieved.
Impaired wound healing may be due to failure to effectively close the wound, dehiscence of the wound repair, and excessive amounts of hemostatic agent being used. When excessive amount of agent is used, as in cyanoacrylate closure, increased metabolites can form and cause an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue which leads to poor wound healing [43].
Hypotension has been reported in some individuals receiving injections of bovine-derived products, such as thrombin. The hypotension is believed to occur with higher than normal concentrations of bovine thrombin but has been noted to be mostly transient lasting less than a minute. The hypotension does respond to epinephrine, if needed, and can be avoided by reducing the amount of bovine thrombin used and compression of injection sites [44, 45, 46].
Anaphylaxis and allergic reactions are also mostly related to bovine-derived products. These products must be avoided in individuals with a history of prior anaphylactic reactions to plasma products or IgA deficiency [47].
Infectious disease transmission is a potential complication when any products using blood components are used, and transmission may be more likely when hemostatic agents are used in an aerosolized form. Though there is a theoretical risk of viral transmission, including HIV and hepatitis, with topical hemostatic agents, there have been no reported cases in the last 20 years [48].
Vascular thrombosis is also a theoretical risk; however, there is no increased rate of vascular or graft thrombosis with the use of topical hemostatic agents. Great care must be taken not to inject these agents into a blood vessel or opened vessel [49, 50].
An immune-mediated bleeding diathesis can occur with the use of bovine thrombin preparations. The diathesis occurs due to development of a factor V deficiency secondary to an antibovine factor V antibody that cross-reacts with endogenous factor V. The risk of this complication can be reduced by using human thrombin. If patients have prior exposure to a bovine thrombin, antibodies may persist for years, and if known bovine thrombin should be avoided [51, 52].
Much of the literature found on uses of topical hemostatic agents for bleeding involves surgical and perioperative indications. However, different bleeding scenarios may present to the emergency department where topical adhesives and hemostatic agents may be of benefit. We will discuss some of these indications, including cutaneous bleeding, varicosity bleeding, AV fistula bleeding, post-tooth extraction bleeding, and epistaxis.
Approximately 6 million minor wounds are treated in emergency departments in the United States every year. Most cutaneous bleeding occurs due to lacerations of the skin. These lacerations can be caused by blunt or penetrating trauma to the epidermal and dermal layers. Management of these minor wounds has three goals: control of bleeding, avoidance of infection, and cosmetically acceptable, functional scars. Many factors contribute to management of these wounds. The wound must be assessed, and factors such as age of injury, mechanism of injury, extent of wound, neurovascular injury, and location of wound all play a role in determining the type of closure employed. Hemostasis of these wounds must be accomplished, and most times simple pressure for 10–15 min can achieve this. Persistent bleeding may require lidocaine with epinephrine injected or applied to the wound. In those cases where bleeding is difficult to stop, the direct application of surgical absorbable gelatin foam (Gelfoam®) to the wound is an alternative method of achieving hemostasis. Gelfoam®, however, should not be used in infected wounds or at the skin closure site because it may delay healing. After achieving hemostasis, wounds may require debridement, irrigation, and foreign body removal. Once the wound has been adequately assessed and prepared, primary closure with suture, staples, skin tape, or topical adhesive may be utilized. The most common topical adhesives used in the emergency department are cyanoacrylate synthetic glues. These offer tensile strength equivalent to 5-0 sutures. They have similar cosmetic outcomes to sutures but do have a slightly higher risk of dehiscence [53, 54, 55].
Varicose veins are dilated, elongated, tortuous, subcutaneous veins 3 mm or greater in diameter. They may involve the saphenous veins, saphenous tributaries, or superficial leg veins. Complications of varicose veins most commonly include superficial vein thrombosis and bleeding and, though uncommon, may require immediate attention. Varicose veins located near bony prominences are more prone to hemorrhage, and bleeding is usually due to minor trauma. Hemorrhage, in most cases, can be controlled with direct pressure and elevation of the leg. When these measures fail to sufficiently control bleeding, injections with lidocaine with epinephrine, suturing, and topical hemostatic agents may be helpful. Though no formal studies have specifically looked at topical agents to help with varicose bleeding, anecdotally, the use of topical thrombin, TXA, and absorbable gelatin foam may stop bleeding or control it until more definitive surgical interventions can be performed [56, 57].
Arteriovenous (AV) fistula is the vascular access preferred for long-term hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hemodialysis accesses are subject to complications such as clotting, stenosis, infection, and hemorrhage. Access complications are common among hemodialysis patients, but they are usually not life-threatening. Fatal vascular access hemorrhage is very rare with an incidence of only 0.4%, but when these patients present to the emergency department, various measures can be employed in order to control the bleeding until definitive measures can be taken, usually by a vascular surgeon. Most of the literature regarding fistula bleeding is related to intraoperative bleeding which can be controlled with suturing, topical thrombin, and cellulose gelatin foam. Extrapolating this data, one could conclude that emergency department management of AV fistula bleeding should involve direct pressure to the site of bleeding with the aid of topical thrombin products and gelatin foam products. Definitive treatment usually will involve suture repair done by a vascular surgeon either in the emergency department or operating room [58].
Post-extraction bleeding is a recognized, frequently encountered complication in dental practices. It is defined as bleeding that continues beyond 8–12 hours after dental extraction. The incidence of post-extraction bleeding varies from 0 to 26%. If post-extraction bleeding is not managed, complications can range from soft tissue hematomas to severe blood loss. Local causes of bleeding include soft tissue and bone bleeding. Systemic causes include platelet problems, coagulation disorders, or excessive fibrinolysis. There is a wide array of techniques suggested for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding, which include interventions aimed at both local and systemic causes. Many of these patients will present to the emergency department with their bleeding complications. In addition to treating systemic causes, many techniques can be employed to control the local etiologies of the bleeding. Surgical interventions mainly involve suturing of the site. In addition, nonsurgical hemostatic measures can be employed as well as combination therapy with surgical and nonsurgical techniques. Nonsurgical measures commonly include hemostatic agents such as oxidized cellulose, gel foam, thrombin, collagen fleeces, cyanoacrylate glue, acrylic or surgical splints, and local antifibrinolytic solutions, such as tranexamic acid mouthwash [59].
Epistaxis is a common problem encountered in the emergency department. It occurs in up to 60% of the general population; however, 10% or fewer seek medical attention. Epistaxis can be classified as anterior with the common source of bleeding being Kiesselbach’s plexus or posterior with the source being the sphenopalatine artery. Initial treatment at home or in the emergency department include conservative measures such as blowing the nose to remove clots, using vasoconstrictive sprays such as oxymetazoline, applying steady pressure for 10 minutes, placing cold compresses on the bridge of the nose, placing a cotton pledget in the nostril, and having the patient bend forward so as not to accumulate blood in the oropharynx. When these measures fail, more invasive measures can be used such as cautery, nasal packing with tampons, gauze, or balloon catheters. There has recently been more literature regarding the use of thrombogenic foams and gels as well as the use of TXA as an adjunct to these measures. Fibrin glue is a safe and effective addition and has been shown to be as effective as cautery and packing [60]. Thrombin gel, such as Floseal, was associated with an absolute 26% lower rebleeding rate compared with nasal packing and was easier to insert and judged more satisfactory by both providers and patients in a randomized trial of 70 patients with acute anterior nosebleeds [14]. In another prospective study, FloSeal® effectively controlled posterior bleeds in 8 of 10 patients whose initial packing failed [61]. Surgicel® and Gelfoam® are common conformable hemostatic materials and have been described in reviews or small case series as useful in nasal bleeding refractory to cautery [62]. These materials can be trimmed to an appropriate size and then applied directly to the bleeding source. Tranexamic acid has been studied for epistaxis and has shown some benefit in both short-term cessation of bleeding and decreasing rates of rebleeding. There was also a trend towards improved control of bleeding when directly compared to nasal packing alone. The delivery of TXA can be done by using an atomizer and/or saturating nasal tampons with topical application of 500 mg of the IV formulation (TXA 100 mg/ml). Care must be taken in patients with higher risk of systemic thrombosis as systemic absorption may be variable when TXA is applied to the nasal mucosa [63].
A number of products are available to assist in topical hemostasis. The choice of which product to use is based partly on availability as well as the particular application. Similarly, there are multiple tissue adhesives available on the market, but the provider will likely be limited to one or two different products.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Huang"},{id:"137785",title:"Prof.",name:"Zizheng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"zizheng-liu",fullName:"Zizheng Liu"}]},{id:"23051",doi:"10.5772/21341",title:"Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes",slug:"dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes",totalDownloads:48178,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:94,abstract:null,book:{id:"1351",slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta and Adwaita Konar",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",middleName:null,surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar"}]},{id:"12253",doi:"10.5772/10465",title:"Composites Based on Natural Fibre Fabrics",slug:"composites-based-on-natural-fibre-fabrics",totalDownloads:27524,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:81,abstract:null,book:{id:"3682",slug:"woven-fabric-engineering",title:"Woven 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The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordanting with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat subdued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. The fundamentals of natural dyes chemistry and some of the important research work are therefore discussed in this review article.",book:{id:"9203",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments"},signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",authors:[{id:"305259",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Gupta",slug:"virendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Virendra Kumar Gupta"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10578,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7068,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"296",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. 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He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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