Binding energy Eb (in (kcal/mol)) of CX[4]-gas complexes.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"544",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Anemia",title:"Anemia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides an up- to- date summary of many advances in our understanding of anemia, including its causes and pathogenesis, methods of diagnosis, and the morbidity and mortality associated with it. Special attention is paid to the anemia of chronic disease. Nutritional causes of anemia, especially in developing countries, are discussed. Also presented are anemias related to pregnancy, the fetus and the newborn infant. Two common infections that cause anemia in developing countries, malaria and trypanosomiasis are discussed. The genetic diseases sickle cell disease and thalassemia are reviewed as are Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, Fanconi anemia and some anemias caused by toxins. Thus this book provides a wide coverage of anemia which should be useful to those involved in many fields of anemia from basic researchers to epidemiologists to clinical practitioners.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0138-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6841-6",doi:"10.5772/1055",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"anemia",numberOfPages:482,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"6b166fa7f2a834360680a40d0f170dc3",bookSignature:"Donald S. 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Silverberg graduated from the Medical School University of Manitoba in 1962, and has completed his residency training in internal medicine and nephrology at the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota (1962-1966) and at the University of Lund, Sweden (1966-1967). He has been living in Israel and practicing nephrology since 1976, and currently works at the Tel Aviv Medical Center. During his scientific career, Dr. Silverberg has authored over 160 articles in peer-reviewed journals and has been on the editorial board of the Journal of Human Hypertension. At present he is on the editorial board of the Journal of Nephrology. Dr. Silverberg\\'s research interests include: IV iron and Erythropoietin in the anemia of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure and COPD, sleep apnea and hypertension.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"30536",title:"Morbidity and Mortality in Anemia",doi:"10.5772/29936",slug:"morbidity-and-mortality-in-anemia",totalDownloads:9691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Fawzia Ahmed Habib, Intessar Sultan and Shaista Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30536",authors:[{id:"79996",title:"Dr.",name:"Fawzia",surname:"Habib",slug:"fawzia-habib",fullName:"Fawzia Habib"},{id:"123290",title:"Prof.",name:"Intessar",surname:"Sultan",slug:"intessar-sultan",fullName:"Intessar Sultan"},{id:"123291",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaista",surname:"Salman",slug:"shaista-salman",fullName:"Shaista Salman"}],corrections:null},{id:"30537",title:"Erythrocyte: Programmed Cell Death",doi:"10.5772/30238",slug:"erythrocyte-programmed-cell-death",totalDownloads:3363,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Daniela Vittori, Daiana Vota and Alcira Nesse",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30537",authors:[{id:"81551",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Vittori",slug:"daniela-vittori",fullName:"Daniela Vittori"},{id:"86395",title:"Prof.",name:"Alcira",surname:"Nesse",slug:"alcira-nesse",fullName:"Alcira Nesse"},{id:"123446",title:"Mrs.",name:"Daiana",surname:"Vota",slug:"daiana-vota",fullName:"Daiana Vota"}],corrections:null},{id:"30538",title:"Phosphatidylserine Shedding from RBCs – A Mechanism of Membrane Modulation and Damage Control",doi:"10.5772/30575",slug:"phosphatidylserine-shedding-from-rbcs-a-mechanism-of-membrane-modulation-and-damage-control",totalDownloads:1788,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Eitan Fibach",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30538",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30538",authors:[{id:"83134",title:"Prof.",name:"Eitan",surname:"Fibach",slug:"eitan-fibach",fullName:"Eitan Fibach"}],corrections:null},{id:"30539",title:"Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/31404",slug:"anemia-caused-by-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:3495,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Yoshihito Iuchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30539",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30539",authors:[{id:"86978",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihito",surname:"Iuchi",slug:"yoshihito-iuchi",fullName:"Yoshihito Iuchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"30540",title:"Iron and Nitric Oxide in Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)",doi:"10.5772/28612",slug:"iron-and-nitric-oxide-in-anemia-of-chronic-disease-acd-",totalDownloads:3162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Adenike Faoziyat Sulaiman and Musbau Adewumi Akanji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30540",authors:[{id:"65667",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyomi",surname:"Adeyemi",slug:"oluyomi-adeyemi",fullName:"Oluyomi Adeyemi"},{id:"78789",title:"Mrs.",name:"Faoziyat",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"faoziyat-sulaiman",fullName:"Faoziyat Sulaiman"},{id:"123899",title:"Prof.",name:"Musbau",surname:"Akanji",slug:"musbau-akanji",fullName:"Musbau Akanji"}],corrections:null},{id:"30541",title:"Diagnostic Evaluation of Anaemia",doi:"10.5772/30631",slug:"diagnostic-evaluation-of-anaemia",totalDownloads:6064,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Vikrant Kale and Abdur Rahmaan Aftab",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30541",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30541",authors:[{id:"83294",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdur Rahman",surname:"Aftab",slug:"abdur-rahman-aftab",fullName:"Abdur Rahman Aftab"},{id:"122779",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikrant",surname:"Kale",slug:"vikrant-kale",fullName:"Vikrant Kale"}],corrections:null},{id:"30542",title:"How Can Cancer-Associated Anemia Be Moderated with Nutritional Factors and How Do Beta Vulgaris L. 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Rissanen, Markku Kankaanpää,\nMika P. Tarvainen and Pasi A. Karjalainen",authors:[{id:"121674",title:"Dr.",name:"Mika",middleName:null,surname:"Tarvainen",fullName:"Mika Tarvainen",slug:"mika-tarvainen"},{id:"121675",title:"Prof.",name:"Pasi",middleName:null,surname:"Karjalainen",fullName:"Pasi Karjalainen",slug:"pasi-karjalainen"},{id:"151355",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Saara",middleName:null,surname:"Rissanen",fullName:"Saara Rissanen",slug:"saara-rissanen"},{id:"155991",title:"Dr.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Kankaanpää",fullName:"Markku Kankaanpää",slug:"markku-kankaanpaa"}]},{id:"40120",title:"Distinction of Abnormality of Surgical Operation on the Basis of Surface EMG Signals",slug:"distinction-of-abnormality-of-surgical-operation-on-the-basis-of-surface-emg-signals",signatures:"Chiharu Ishii",authors:[{id:"17150",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Ishii",fullName:"Chiharu Ishii",slug:"chiharu-ishii"}]},{id:"40162",title:"EMG Decomposition and Artefact Removal",slug:"emg-decomposition-and-artefact-removal",signatures:"Adriano O. Andrade, Alcimar B. Soares, Slawomir J. Nasuto and Peter J. Kyberd",authors:[{id:"144937",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade"},{id:"159830",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcimar",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"Alcimar Soares",slug:"alcimar-soares"},{id:"159831",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Nasuto",fullName:"Slawomir Nasuto",slug:"slawomir-nasuto"},{id:"159832",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kyberd",fullName:"Peter Kyberd",slug:"peter-kyberd"}]},{id:"40109",title:"Sphincter EMG for Diagnosing Multiple System Atrophy and Related Disorders",slug:"sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders",signatures:"Ryuji Sakakibara, Tomoyuki Uchiyama, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Fuyuki Tateno, Tomonori Yamanishi, Masahiko Kishi and Yohei Tsuyusaki",authors:[{id:"151609",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuji",middleName:null,surname:"Sakakibara",fullName:"Ryuji Sakakibara",slug:"ryuji-sakakibara"}]},{id:"40119",title:"Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm",slug:"hand-sign-classification-employing-myoelectric-signals-of-forearm",signatures:"Takeshi Tsujimura, Sho Yamamoto and Kiyotaka Izumi",authors:[{id:"57769",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsujimura",fullName:"Takeshi Tsujimura",slug:"takeshi-tsujimura"}]},{id:"40110",title:"Proposal of a Neuro Fuzzy System for Myoelectric Signal Analysis from Hand-Arm Segment",slug:"proposal-of-a-neuro-fuzzy-system-for-myoelectric-signal-analysis-from-hand-arm-segment",signatures:"Gabriela Winkler Favieiro and Alexandre Balbinot",authors:[{id:"150369",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Balbinot",fullName:"Alexandre Balbinot",slug:"alexandre-balbinot"},{id:"150370",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Favieiro",fullName:"Gabriela Favieiro",slug:"gabriela-favieiro"}]},{id:"40132",title:"Design and Control of an EMG Driven IPMC Based Artificial Muscle Finger",slug:"design-and-control-of-an-emg-driven-ipmc-based-artificial-muscle-finger",signatures:"R.K. Jain, S. Datta and S. Majumder",authors:[{id:"62746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi Kant",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",fullName:"Ravi Kant Jain",slug:"ravi-kant-jain"}]},{id:"40122",title:"Application of Surface Electromyography in the Dynamics of Human Movement",slug:"application-of-surface-electromyography-in-the-dynamics-of-human-movement",signatures:"César Ferreira Amorim and Runer Augusto Marson",authors:[{id:"150135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Runer",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Marson",fullName:"Runer Marson",slug:"runer-marson"},{id:"151438",title:"PhD.",name:"César Ferreira",middleName:null,surname:"Amorim",fullName:"César Ferreira Amorim",slug:"cesar-ferreira-amorim"}]},{id:"40121",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: A New Approach to Aid Users of Myoelectric Prostheses",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-a-new-approach-to-aid-users-of-myoelectric-prostheses",signatures:"Alcimar Barbosa Soares, Edgard Afonso Lamounier Júnior, Adriano de Oliveira Andrade and Alexandre Cardoso",authors:[{id:"144937",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade"},{id:"151483",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcimar",middleName:"Barbosa",surname:"Soares",fullName:"Alcimar Soares",slug:"alcimar-soares"},{id:"158350",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgard",middleName:null,surname:"Lamounier",fullName:"Edgard Lamounier",slug:"edgard-lamounier"},{id:"158351",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",fullName:"Alexandre Cardoso",slug:"alexandre-cardoso"}]},{id:"40131",title:"Signal Acquisition Using Surface EMG and Circuit Design Considerations for Robotic Prosthesis",slug:"signal-acquisition-using-surface-emg-and-circuit-design-considerations-for-robotic-prosthesis",signatures:"Muhammad Zahak Jamal",authors:[{id:"151261",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Zahak",middleName:null,surname:"Jamal",fullName:"Zahak Jamal",slug:"zahak-jamal"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73231",title:"Possibility of Complexation of the Calix[4]Arene Molecule with the Polluting Gases: DFT and NCI-RDG Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93838",slug:"possibility-of-complexation-of-the-calix-4-arene-molecule-with-the-polluting-gases-dft-and-nci-rdg-t",body:'\n
The recognition of the electrostatic and magnetic properties in the selective guest in microscopic systems facilitates to know several anionic cationic or neutral guests’ complexes [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In this work, the CX[4] molecule is specified by its own chemical composition and the hydrophobic cavity form [6]. This molecule is characterized by specific parameters such as the diameter and the height, which facilitates the encapsulation of the cationic, anionic, neutral guests or small molecules [7, 8, 9]. Also, the cavity of the CX[4] molecule have attracted the researchers to test a new guest materials to be functional in the medical [10, 11, 12] or micro-biological field [13, 14]. In literature, we have noted that there are some works which discuss the encapsulation of the CX[4] with gases molecules (CH4, NH3 and C2H2) [15, 16, 17, 18]. In our work, we have studied the photo-physical properties of the CX[4]-gas complexes (CX[4]-NO3, CX[4]-NO2, CX[4]-CO2 and CX[4]-N2). We discuss the possibility of the encapsulation of these gases by the CX[4] molecule to show the sensibility of this molecule to the polluting gases outside or inside the cavity. We have chosen the NO3, NO2, CO2 and N2 gas as guest’s because they can be formed a dipole-dipole interactions and a CH…π hydrogen-bonding with the CX[4] molecule. By using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have described the dynamic stabilities of the endo-vs. exo-cavity of the CX[4]-gas complexes. The vibrational properties of the CX[4]-gas complexes have been studied. The Molecular electrostatic potential studies of these host-guests complexes have been performed. The Non-covalent interaction via RDG function are very important to know the nature of the interactions between the specific guests and the CX[4] molecule.
\nThe stable structures of the studied systems (CX[4] and CX[4]-gas) have been calculated with the DFT method by using the B3LYP [16, 19, 20, 21] coupled to the D3BJ (empirical Becke and Johnson damping dispersion corrections) in combination with the 6-31 + G(d) basis set, as implemented in GAUSSIAN 09 package [22] and the Gauss View [23] as a visual program. We have been calculated the binding energies of the CX[4]-gas take into account the Basis Set Superposition Error (BSSE) counterpoise (CP) correction energy of Boys and Bernardi [24].
\nThe binding energies are given by the following formula:
\nwhere ECX[4]-gas, ECX[4] and Egas are the total energies of host-guest and host or guest molecules. The electronic parameters of the studied complexes are very effective to show the sensibility of the specific gas inside or outside the cavity. We analyzed then the infrared spectrum of these complexes using the DFT/B3LYP-D3 method. The nature of the interaction between the CX[4] molecule and the pollutant gases is better explained using the Non covalent interaction via RDG analysis [25].
\nThe CX[4]-gas complexes have been optimized at the DFT/B3LYP-D3 (Figure 1). In this study, we have placed the NO3, NO2, CO2 and N2 gas in the exo or endo-cavity positions. Table 1 presents the Binding energy Eb (in (kcal/mol)) of CX[4]-gas complexes. The binding energy value of the CX[4]-CO2 is equal to 21.33 kcal/mol (see Figure 1). We show that, the CX[4]-CO2(endo) complex is more stable than that of CX[4]-CO2(exo). In addition, from the CX[4]-NO3 complex, the NO3 gas has placed in the endo or the exo-cavity position. In this situation, we have obtained a divergence in the case of the interaction of CX[4] with NO3 outside the cavity that is why, we have tested the case where the NO3 gas perpendicular to the 4-fold axis of CX[4] and a parallel position of the NO3 (NO3 parallel to the 4-fold axis). We have been noted a very weak energy of the CX[4]-NO3(perp.) complex in comparison with the CX[4]-NO3(paral.) complex. Moreover, we have noted that the interaction between the CX[4] molecule and the NO3(paral.) is stabilized by a low dipole moment. We have calculated two positions for the guest N2: the N2 gas located on the outside of cavity and this gas located perpendicular to the 4-fold axis of CX[4] molecule. We have shown that the CX[4]-N2(endo) has a very strongest energy, which explain that this geometry is more stable than CX[4]-N2(exo) (see Table 1). The binding energy (Eb) of the stable complex is equal to 18.90 kcal/mol. Finally, from the CX[4]-NO2(exo) complex, we note that the NO2 gas is located in the outside of the H-link network of the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The binding energy of the CX[4]-NO2(endo) complex is equal to 20.54 kcal/mol (see Table 1). As we see, The binding energy of the CX[4]-NO2(endo)complex is higher than that of CX[4]-CO2(exo/endo). Therefore, The CX[4]-NO2(endo) complex is more stable than others, which is explained by the lowest dipole moment.
\nOptimized geometries of the CX[4]-CO2(endo) (a), CX[4]-CO2(exo) (b), CX[4]-NO3(paral.) (c), CX[4]-NO3(perp.) (d), CX[4]-NO2(endo) (e), CX[4]-NO2(exo) (f*), CX[4]-NO2(exo) (g*), CX[4]-N2(endo) (h) and CX[4]-N2(exo) (i) complexes using B3LYP-D3BJ/6-31 + G(d) method (top view).
Complexes | \nEb\n | \nBSSE | \nEb (with BSSE) | \n
---|---|---|---|
CX[4]-NO3 (paral.)\n | \n24.62 | \n6.17 | \n\n |
CX[4]-NO3(perp.)\n | \n16.51 | \n6.05 | \n22.56 | \n
CX[4]-N2(exo)\n | \n16.89 | \n1.70 | \n18.59 | \n
CX[4]-N2(endo)\n | \n16.90 | \n1.80 | \n18.70 | \n
CX[4]-NO2(exo)f*\n | \n18.17 | \n1.82 | \n19.99 | \n
CX[4]-NO2(exo)g*\n | \n18.11 | \n1.80 | \n19.91 | \n
CX[4]-NO2(endo)\n | \n17.83 | \n2.71 | \n20.54 | \n
CX[4]-CO2(endo)\n | \n18.62 | \n2.71 | \n21.33 | \n
CX[4]-CO2(exo)\n | \n18.10 | \n2.71 | \n20.81 | \n
Binding energy Eb (in (kcal/mol)) of CX[4]-gas complexes.
The reorganization of the O…H stretching vibration has been calculated after the system perturbation with the pollutant gases. Moreover, The IR spectrum calculation of the four stable complexes is given in Figure 2. In literature, Furel et al. have been studied the experimental infrared spectrum of the CX[4] molecule. In this work, we have analyzed the stretching region of the IR spectrum between 2900 and 3500 cm−1, respectively 3254 (OH), 3168(OH asymmetric), 3045(Car.H), 2951 (asym.CH2), 2916 cm−1(sym.CH2). The infrared spectrum of the CX[4]-gas have been compared to the IR spectra of the free CX[4] molecule (See Figure 2). In addition, to take into account the an-harmonic effect our calculated frequencies scaled by 0.956. However, we have noted that, the CX[4]-CO2 is characterized by two peaks located in the vicinity of 3177 cm−1 and 3181 cm−1respectively. The CX[4]-N2 complex have the same results. These tow peaks are specified by the O-H asymmetric stretching vibration. We have shown that the frequency band located at 3160 cm−1 is corresponding to the O-H stretching vibration of the phenol O-H groups. Concerning the CX[4]-NO2 complex, we have noted the appearance of the two peaks in the neighborhood of 3170 cm−1 and 3193 cm−1. These peaks are corresponding to the vibrations of the O-H and O-H asymmetric bonds. Finally, we have shown a burst of the OH peak in the CX[4]-NO3 gas what form four peaks located in the vicinity of 2928 cm−1 (asym.CH2), 3100 cm−1(asym.OH), 3204 cm−1(OH) and 3298 cm−1(free OH) respectively. The noted values for the comparing of the red-shifted O-H vibration between the CX[4]-gas and the free CX[4]molecule are 44 cm−1, 24 cm−1 and 9 cm−1 for CX[4]-NO3, CX[4]-NO2, CX[4]-CO2 and CX[4]-N2 successively.
\nInfrared spectrum of the stable host-guests complexations (H-bonding region (the unit is cm−1)).
In Figure 3(a–d), we have been created the MEP map of the stable host-guests. These graphs indicate the relation between the supra-molecular structure and the physic-cal-chemical properties of the CX[4]-gas complexes. In this work, we have explained the more nucleophile or electrophile sites in these stable host-guests. The color code of the maps varying from −0.005 to 0.005 (isoval = 0.001). From Figure 3, we show that the electrophilic sites surrounded by N atoms and the nucleophilic sites surrounded by O atoms. In addition, these host-guests complexes are characterized by the existence of the positive charges located at the level of the phenolic branch. This part demonstrates how the MESP can explore the region of the unravel molecular interactions between the CX[4] molecule and these hosts.
\nMolecular electrostatic potential analysis of the CX[4]-CO2 (a), CX[4]-N2 (b), CX[4]-NO2 (c) and CX[4]-NO3 (d) complexes calculated by B3LYP-D3/6–31 + G(d) level.
\nFigure 4(a) shows the existence of a weak van der Waals (VdW) type interactions between CO2 gas and CX[4]. Concerning the CX[4]-N2 complex (Figure 4(b)), we show a green color between the guest and the host that indicates the existence of the weak Van der Waals interactions and the blue color at the lower edge level indicates the existence of the O-H-bonding type interactions. Also, we have shown clearly a red color located in the center of the phenol rings indicates a strong repulsion. The NCI-plots have been confirmed these results (see Figure 4). In addition, from CX[4]-NO2 (Figure 4(c)) complex, we find the existence of a red color which explain the steric effect interactions, blue color (hydrogen bonds type interactions) and a green color (week van der Waals type interactions). The type of majority bonds of the links between the NO3 gas and the CX[4] molecule is the weak VdW type interactions. The NCI-RDG analysis shows that the VdW type interactions and the hydrogen bonding interactions between the guest and the host are very necessary for the stability of the encapsulated complexes.
\nNCI-RDG plots of the electron density and its reduced gradient of the inclusion complexes for CX[4]-gas (CX[4]-CO2(a), CX[4]-N2(b), CX[4]-NO2(c) and CX[4]-NO3(d)). The iso-surfaces were constructed with RGD = 0.5a.u and the colors scaling from −0.01 to −0.01 a.u.
The CX[4] and the CX[4]-gas complexes have been optimized using the density functional theory (DFT). Our work has clearly explained the sensibility of the pollutant gas inside the cavity, which is very important in comparison with the gas located outside the cavity. The IR spectrum study has explained the role of the NO3 gas in the red-shifted of the O-H bonds in comparison with the other gases. The MEP results is clearly explained the charge distribution reactivity. The NCI-RDG analysis clearly shows the strong interactions of the gas NO3 and NO2 with the endo-cavity environments of the CX[4] molecule. Finally, the non-covalent interactions analyses show that the calix[4]arene maybe useful for encapsulated the pollutant gas in the future. The sensitivity of the calix[4]arene molecule for these polluting gases opens a way to test the interaction of CX[4] with other types of biological molecules (proteins).
\nThe authors acknowledge financial support from the Tunisian’s Ministry of high education and scientific research. In this work, we were granted access to the HPC resources of the FLMSN, ‘Fédération Lyonnaise de Modélisation et Sciences Numériques’, partner of EQUIPEX EQUIP@MESO and to the ‘Centre de calcul CCIN2P3’ at Villeurbanne, France.
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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