Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6653",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"eHealth - Making Health Care Smarter",title:"eHealth",subtitle:"Making Health Care Smarter",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"eHealth has revolutionized health care and the practice of medicine. Internet technologies have given the most rural communities access to healthcare services, and automated computer algorithms are improving medical diagnoses and speeding up the delivery of care. Handheld apps, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence lead the way, creating a global healthcare solution that is smarter and more accessible. Read what leaders in the field are doing to advance the use of electronic technology to improve global health.",isbn:"978-1-78923-523-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-522-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-621-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71820",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"c65db68c389c911ae57b1181b3e0db07",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6653.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6859,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 27th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 16th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217926/images/system/217926.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Thomas F. Heston is a practicing primary care physician and Clinical Associate Professor at the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine at Washington State University, Spokane, Washington. After graduating from St. Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, Dr. Heston went on to do his internship at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina and a residency in Family Medicine at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. He has practiced rural family medicine in an underserved region of Idaho and subsequently as a hospitalist physician. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Family Physicians. He has practiced primary care medicine for more than 25 years. His primary research focus is the integration of technology into frontline medicine.",institutionString:"Washington State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Washington State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1015",title:"Healthcare Informatics",slug:"healthcare-informatics"}],chapters:[{id:"62005",title:"Introductory Chapter: Making Health Care Smart",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78993",slug:"introductory-chapter-making-health-care-smart",totalDownloads:573,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Thomas F. Heston",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62005",authors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],corrections:null},{id:"60985",title:"Terminology Services: Standard Terminologies to Control Medical Vocabulary. “Words are Not What they Say but What they Mean”",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75781",slug:"terminology-services-standard-terminologies-to-control-medical-vocabulary-words-are-not-what-they-sa",totalDownloads:689,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Luna, Carlos Otero, María L. Gambarte and Julia Frangella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60985",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"59921",title:"Multivariate-Stepwise Gaussian Classifier (MSGC): A New Classification Algorithm Tested Over Real Disease Data Sets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74703",slug:"multivariate-stepwise-gaussian-classifier-msgc-a-new-classification-algorithm-tested-over-real-disea",totalDownloads:419,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre Serra Barreto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59921",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59921",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"59953",title:"Moving towards Sustainable Electronic Health Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75040",slug:"moving-towards-sustainable-electronic-health-applications",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Sahr Wali, Karim Keshavjee and Catherine Demers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59953",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60580",title:"The Practice of Medicine in the Age of Information Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75482",slug:"the-practice-of-medicine-in-the-age-of-information-technology",totalDownloads:499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mark Dominik Alscher and Nico Schmidt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60580",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60580",authors:[{id:"23846",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominik",surname:"Alscher",slug:"dominik-alscher",fullName:"Dominik Alscher"}],corrections:null},{id:"60562",title:"Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74714",slug:"use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-delivery",totalDownloads:2029,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Sandeep Reddy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60562",authors:[{id:"230704",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandeep",surname:"Reddy",slug:"sandeep-reddy",fullName:"Sandeep Reddy"}],corrections:null},{id:"59933",title:"Phoebe Framework and Experimental Results for Estimating Fetal Age and Weight",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74883",slug:"phoebe-framework-and-experimental-results-for-estimating-fetal-age-and-weight",totalDownloads:511,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Loc Nguyen, Truong-Duyet Phan and Thu-Hang T. Ho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59933",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60777",title:"Using Patient Registries to Identify Triggers of Rare Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76449",slug:"using-patient-registries-to-identify-triggers-of-rare-diseases",totalDownloads:456,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Feras M. Ghazawi, Steven J. Glassman, Denis Sasseville and Ivan V.\nLitvinov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60777",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"59717",title:"Real-Time Tele-Auscultation Consultation Services over the Internet: Effects of the Internet Quality of Service",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74680",slug:"real-time-tele-auscultation-consultation-services-over-the-internet-effects-of-the-internet-quality-",totalDownloads:539,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sinchai Kamolphiwong, Thossapon Kamolphiwong, Soontorn\nSaechow and Verapol Chandeeying",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59717",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"59925",title:"Exploring the Interrelationship of Risk Factors for Supporting eHealth Knowledge-Based System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75033",slug:"exploring-the-interrelationship-of-risk-factors-for-supporting-ehealth-knowledge-based-system",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Geletaw Sahle Tegenaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59925",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7952",title:"Smart Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2d80535e2d71781a0cd3e2c0597a375",slug:"smart-healthcare",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8332",title:"Telehealth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9601c901f7fe3803ae69dbd571feba",slug:"telehealth",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5172",title:"Mobile Health Technologies",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebed3ce9b26add7630f52aed7ea68983",slug:"mobile-health-technologies-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wilfred Bonney",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24511",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",surname:"Bonney",slug:"wilfred-bonney",fullName:"Wilfred Bonney"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1813",title:"Medical Informatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9491881d167f70982dd1da2f504ffe0e",slug:"medical-informatics",bookSignature:"Shaul Mordechai and Ranjit Sahu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",surname:"Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5926",title:"Breast Imaging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"532651aded5c421961d536865d05ecea",slug:"breast-imaging",bookSignature:"Cherie M. Kuzmiak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96708",title:"Dr.",name:"Cherie M.",surname:"Kuzmiak",slug:"cherie-m.-kuzmiak",fullName:"Cherie M. Kuzmiak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9134",title:"Recent Advances in Digital System Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff00a5718f23cb880b7337b1c36b5434",slug:"recent-advances-in-digital-system-diagnosis-and-management-of-healthcare",bookSignature:"Kamran Sartipi and Thierry Edoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9158",title:"Sports Science and Human Health",subtitle:"Different Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e9d3cc22773ce656e50633f8f1721f4",slug:"sports-science-and-human-health-different-approaches",bookSignature:"Daniel Almeida Marinho, Henrique P. Neiva, Christopher P. Johnson and Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177359",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Almeida",surname:"Marinho",slug:"daniel-almeida-marinho",fullName:"Daniel Almeida Marinho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6714",title:"Assistive Technologies in Smart Cities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efe4929060be9f8e0006311a7feef8bd",slug:"assistive-technologies-in-smart-cities",bookSignature:"Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez and Marcelo Gitirana Gomes Ferreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184021",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Rafael",surname:"Garcia Ramirez",slug:"alejandro-rafael-garcia-ramirez",fullName:"Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"69566",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",title:"Corrigendum to: A Brief Overview of Ophthalmic Ultrasound Imaging",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69566.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69566",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69566",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69566",chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7870",leadTitle:null,title:"Muscle Cells",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The three different types of muscle tissue found in the animal kingdom are cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. The muscle cells are not only complex but also fascinating. In recent years there has been substantial advances in our understanding of muscle cell biology, especially in areas of molecular anatomy, basic physiology, understanding disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. Consequently, this book mainly focuses not only on the biology of myocytes, but also on all-encompassing disciplines pertaining to muscle tissue, such as fundamental physiology, molecular mechanisms of diseases, muscle regeneration, etc. for all three types of muscle, namely, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. As a result, the goal of this book is to consolidate the recent advances in the area of muscle biology/diseases/regeneration covering a broad range of interrelated topics in a timely fashion and to disseminate that knowledge in a lucid way to a greater scientific audience. This book will prove highly useful for students, researchers, and clinicians in muscle cell biology, exercise physiology/science, stem cell biology, developmental biology, cancer biology, pathology, oncology, as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This quick reference will benefit anyone desiring a thorough knowledge pertaining to recent advances in muscle biology in the context of health and disease.",isbn:"978-1-78923-968-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-967-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-010-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77689",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",numberOfPages:180,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64634d90d737661d1e606cac28b79969",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7870.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2925,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 6th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 5th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 26th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 25th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",biography:"Mani T. Valarmathi is presently an assistant professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. He began his scientific career as a cancer geneticist, but soon became captivated with the emerging and translational fields of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. After completing his Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry at the University of Madras, he received his MBBS in Medicine and Surgery and MD in Pathology from the University of Madras, as well as his PhD in Medical Biotechnology from All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. For over 15 years, he has had extensive experience in research on various types of stem cells, including adult, embryonic (pluripotent), and induced pluripotent stem cells. Currently, his research work focuses on generating three-dimensional vascularized tissues and/or organs for implantation purposes. He is a member of many prestigious national and international professional societies and scientific organizations, such as ISSCR, TERMIS, AACR, ASIP, ACS, ESC, ISHR, ASGCT, and AHA.",institutionString:"The University of Alabama at Birmingham",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Alabama at Birmingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1064",title:"Human Anatomy",slug:"human-anatomy"}],chapters:[{id:"66964",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:343,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]},{id:"66080",title:"Excitability of Vascular Smooth Muscle",slug:"excitability-of-vascular-smooth-muscle",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"273990",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra V.",surname:"Ulyanova",slug:"alexandra-v.-ulyanova",fullName:"Alexandra V. Ulyanova"}]},{id:"66388",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:315,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"68901",title:"Noncoding RNAs in the Cardiovascular System: Exercise Training Effects",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-the-cardiovascular-system-exercise-training-effects",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"60681",title:"Dr.",name:"Edilamar Menezes",surname:"de Oliveira",slug:"edilamar-menezes-de-oliveira",fullName:"Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira"},{id:"144084",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tiago",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"tiago-fernandes",fullName:"Tiago Fernandes"},{id:"277999",title:"MSc.",name:"Noemy",surname:"Pereira",slug:"noemy-pereira",fullName:"Noemy Pereira"},{id:"278002",title:"MSc.",name:"Camila",surname:"Gatto",slug:"camila-gatto",fullName:"Camila Gatto"}]},{id:"67281",title:"Inflammatory Muscle Diseases",slug:"inflammatory-muscle-diseases",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"283757",title:"Prof.",name:"Doris Hissako",surname:"Sumida",slug:"doris-hissako-sumida",fullName:"Doris Hissako Sumida"},{id:"294070",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando Yamamoto",surname:"Chiba",slug:"fernando-yamamoto-chiba",fullName:"Fernando Yamamoto Chiba"},{id:"294072",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Sara De Lima Coutinho",surname:"Mattera",slug:"maria-sara-de-lima-coutinho-mattera",fullName:"Maria Sara De Lima Coutinho Mattera"}]},{id:"62090",title:"Leucine and Its Importance for Cell Signalling Pathways in Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting",slug:"leucine-and-its-importance-for-cell-signalling-pathways-in-cancer-cachexia-induced-muscle-wasting",totalDownloads:498,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"242462",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Cristina Cintra",surname:"Gomes-Marcondes",slug:"maria-cristina-cintra-gomes-marcondes",fullName:"Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes"},{id:"243467",title:"Dr.",name:"Lais Rosa",surname:"Viana",slug:"lais-rosa-viana",fullName:"Lais Rosa Viana"},{id:"243468",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre Gustavo",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"andre-gustavo-oliveira",fullName:"Andre Gustavo Oliveira"},{id:"243470",title:"Dr.",name:"Bread",surname:"Cruz",slug:"bread-cruz",fullName:"Bread Cruz"},{id:"243471",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Rossi Valentim",slug:"rafael-rossi-valentim",fullName:"Rafael Rossi Valentim"},{id:"243472",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Alberto",surname:"Ferreira Ramos",slug:"luiz-alberto-ferreira-ramos",fullName:"Luiz Alberto Ferreira Ramos"},{id:"243767",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalia Angelo Da Silva",surname:"Miyaguti",slug:"natalia-angelo-da-silva-miyaguti",fullName:"Natalia Angelo Da Silva Miyaguti"},{id:"243768",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Sarah Christine",surname:"Pereira De Oliveira",slug:"sarah-christine-pereira-de-oliveira",fullName:"Sarah Christine Pereira De Oliveira"}]},{id:"62824",title:"Adipose Tissue Remodeling during Cancer Cachexia",slug:"adipose-tissue-remodeling-during-cancer-cachexia",totalDownloads:538,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"242418",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Luiz",surname:"Batista Júnior",slug:"miguel-luiz-batista-junior",fullName:"Miguel Luiz Batista Júnior"},{id:"297029",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",surname:"Henriques",slug:"felipe-henriques",fullName:"Felipe Henriques"}]},{id:"70415",title:"Current Approaches in Immunoassay Methods Focus on Skeletal Muscle Proteins",slug:"current-approaches-in-immunoassay-methods-focus-on-skeletal-muscle-proteins",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c215f02d4268e4b7cccdaea141ec8647",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7329",title:"Histology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9af2e2fd8f28c4d1b8b9510c3d73e1ec",slug:"histology",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Vonnie D.C. Shields",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9413",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c44b3dd87ad50bb95ac035e5bf5ea54",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",bookSignature:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo, Anell Olivos-Meza and Arie M. Rijke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235976",title:"M.D.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Suarez-Ahedo",slug:"carlos-suarez-ahedo",fullName:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5933",title:"Human Anatomy",subtitle:"Reviews and Medical Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30fc0e64308e5905986edf17b56080d5",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",bookSignature:"Alina Maria Sisu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5933.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138775",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alina Maria",surname:"Sisu",slug:"alina-maria-sisu",fullName:"Alina Maria Sisu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"40068",title:"A Description of the Transport Critical Current Behavior of Polycrystalline Superconductors Under the Applied Magnetic Field",doi:"10.5772/50429",slug:"a-description-of-the-transport-critical-current-behavior-of-polycrystalline-superconductors-under-th",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/40068.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40068",totalDownloads:1498,totalViews:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 24th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 4th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 17th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/40068",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/40068",book:{slug:"superconductors-materials-properties-and-applications"},signatures:"C.A.C. Passos, M. S. Bolzan, M.T.D. Orlando,\r\nH. Belich Jr, J.L. Passamai Jr., J. A. Ferreira and E. V. L. de Mello",authors:[{id:"143311",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Passos",fullName:"Carlos Passos",slug:"carlos-passos",email:"cacpassos@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149031",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcio",middleName:null,surname:"Bolzan",fullName:"Marcio Bolzan",slug:"marcio-bolzan",email:"fisicobolzan@yahoo.com.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149032",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",fullName:"Marcos Orlando",slug:"marcos-orlando",email:"mtdorlando@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149033",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Belich Jr",fullName:"Humberto Belich Jr",slug:"humberto-belich-jr",email:"belichjr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149034",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Passamai Jr",fullName:"Jose Luis Passamai Jr",slug:"jose-luis-passamai-jr",email:"passamaijr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149035",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Jose Ferreira",slug:"jose-ferreira",email:"carlosaugustocp@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149036",title:"Dr.",name:"Evandro",middleName:null,surname:"De Mello",fullName:"Evandro De Mello",slug:"evandro-de-mello",email:"evandro@if.uff.br",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2184",title:"Superconductors",subtitle:"Materials, Properties and Applications",fullTitle:"Superconductors - Materials, Properties and Applications",slug:"superconductors-materials-properties-and-applications",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Gabovich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2184.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142100",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gabovich",slug:"alexander-gabovich",fullName:"Alexander Gabovich"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40029",title:"Field-Induced Superconductors: NMR Studies of λ–(BETS)2FeCl4",slug:"field-induced-superconductors-nmr-studies-of-bets-2fecl4",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guoqing Wu and W. Gilbert Clark",authors:[{id:"142881",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Guoqing Wu",slug:"guoqing-wu"},{id:"149295",title:"Prof.",name:"W. G.",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",fullName:"W. G. Clark",slug:"w.-g.-clark"}]},{id:"40025",title:"X-Ray Spectroscopy Studies of Iron Chalcogenides",slug:"x-ray-spectroscopy-studies-of-iron-chalcogenides",totalDownloads:2571,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chi Liang Chen and Chung-Li Dong",authors:[{id:"146575",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chi-Liang Chen",slug:"chi-liang-chen"},{id:"146584",title:"Dr.",name:"Chung-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Chung-Li Dong",slug:"chung-li-dong"}]},{id:"40028",title:"Defect Structure Versus Superconductivity in MeB2 Compounds (Me = Refractory Metals) and One-Dimensional Superconductors",slug:"defect-structure-versus-superconductivity-in-meb2-compounds-me-refractory-metals-and-one-dimensional",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"A.J.S. Machado, S.T. Renosto, C.A.M. dos Santos, L.M.S. Alves and Z. Fisk",authors:[{id:"119525",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira Dos Santos",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Moreira Dos Santos",slug:"carlos-alberto-moreira-dos-santos"},{id:"146807",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Jefferson",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Antonio Jefferson Machado",slug:"antonio-jefferson-machado"},{id:"149045",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergio Tuan",middleName:null,surname:"Renosto",fullName:"Sergio Tuan Renosto",slug:"sergio-tuan-renosto"},{id:"149047",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Fisk",fullName:"Zachary Fisk",slug:"zachary-fisk"}]},{id:"40027",title:"Improvement of Critical Current Density and Flux Trapping in Bulk High-Tc Superconductors",slug:"improvement-of-critical-current-density-and-flux-trapping-in-bulk-high-tc-superconductors",totalDownloads:2427,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mitsuru Izumi and Jacques Noudem",authors:[{id:"143456",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Izumi",fullName:"Mitsuru Izumi",slug:"mitsuru-izumi"},{id:"146605",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Noudem",fullName:"Jacques Noudem",slug:"jacques-noudem"}]},{id:"40026",title:"Superconducting Magnet Technology and Applications",slug:"superconducting-magnet-technology-and-applications",totalDownloads:4280,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Qiuliang Wang, Zhipeng Ni and Chunyan Cui",authors:[{id:"13242",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiuliang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qiuliang Wang",slug:"qiuliang-wang"},{id:"153840",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhipeng",middleName:null,surname:"Ni",fullName:"Zhipeng Ni",slug:"zhipeng-ni"},{id:"153841",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunyan",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Chunyan Cui",slug:"chunyan-cui"}]},{id:"40030",title:"Development and Present Status of Organic Superconductors",slug:"development-and-present-status-of-organic-superconductors",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gunzi Saito and Yukihiro Yoshida",authors:[{id:"17739",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Yukihiro Yoshida",slug:"yukihiro-yoshida"},{id:"20755",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunzi",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",fullName:"Gunzi Saito",slug:"gunzi-saito"}]},{id:"40062",title:"Pseudogap and Local Pairs in High-Tc Superconductors",slug:"pseudogap-and-local-pairs-in-high-tc-superconductors",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Andrei L. Solovjov",authors:[{id:"147358",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrei",middleName:"L\\'Vovich",surname:"Solovjov",fullName:"Andrei Solovjov",slug:"andrei-solovjov"}]},{id:"40023",title:"Magnetic Texturing of High-Tc Superconductors",slug:"magnetic-texturing-of-high-tc-superconductors",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Laureline Porcar, Patricia de Rango, Daniel Bourgault and Robert Tournier",authors:[{id:"147993",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Tournier",fullName:"Robert Tournier",slug:"robert-tournier"}]},{id:"40063",title:"Eilenberger Approach to the Vortex State in Iron Pnictide Superconductors",slug:"eilenberger-approach-to-the-vortex-state-in-iron-pnictide-superconductors",totalDownloads:1680,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I. Zakharchuk, P. Belova, K. B. Traito and E. Lähderanta",authors:[{id:"146017",title:"MSc.",name:"Polina",middleName:null,surname:"Belova",fullName:"Polina Belova",slug:"polina-belova"},{id:"150751",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Safonchik",fullName:"Mikhail Safonchik",slug:"mikhail-safonchik"},{id:"150752",title:"Prof.",name:"Erkki",middleName:null,surname:"Lahderanta",fullName:"Erkki Lahderanta",slug:"erkki-lahderanta"},{id:"150753",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Traito",fullName:"Konstantin Traito",slug:"konstantin-traito"}]},{id:"40024",title:"Effective Models of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices",slug:"effective-models-of-superconducting-quantum-interference-devices",totalDownloads:1142,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"R. De Luca",authors:[{id:"144825",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"De Luca",fullName:"Roberto De Luca",slug:"roberto-de-luca"}]},{id:"40064",title:"Microwave Absorption by Vortices in Superconductors with a Washboard Pinning Potential",slug:"microwave-absorption-by-vortices-in-superconductors-with-a-washboard-pinning-potential",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Valerij A. Shklovskij and Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy",authors:[{id:"142856",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:"V.",surname:"Dobrovolskiy",fullName:"Oleksandr Dobrovolskiy",slug:"oleksandr-dobrovolskiy"},{id:"143229",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerij",middleName:null,surname:"Shklovskij",fullName:"Valerij Shklovskij",slug:"valerij-shklovskij"}]},{id:"40065",title:"dc Josephson Current Between an Isotropic and a d-Wave or Extended s-Wave Partially Gapped Charge Density Wave Superconductor",slug:"dc-josephson-current-between-an-isotropic-and-a-d-wave-or-extended-s-wave-partially-gapped-charge-de",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexander M. Gabovich, Suan Li Mai,\nHenryk Szymczak and Alexander I. Voitenko",authors:[{id:"142100",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gabovich",fullName:"Alexander Gabovich",slug:"alexander-gabovich"}]},{id:"40066",title:"Composite Structures of d-Wave and s-Wave Superconductors (d-Dot): Analysis Using Two-Component Ginzburg-Landau Equations",slug:"composite-structures-of-d-wave-and-s-wave-superconductors-d-dot-analysis-using-two-component-ginzbur",totalDownloads:1868,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masaru Kato, Takekazu Ishida, Tomio Koyama and Masahiko Machida",authors:[{id:"148057",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaru",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",fullName:"Masaru Kato",slug:"masaru-kato"}]},{id:"40067",title:"Flux-Periodicity Crossover from hc/e in Normal Metallic to hc/2e in Superconducting Loops",slug:"flux-periodicity-crossover-from-hc-e-in-normal-metallic-to-hc-2e-in-superconducting-loops",totalDownloads:1167,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Florian Loder, Arno P. Kampf and Thilo Kopp",authors:[{id:"148348",title:"Dr.",name:"Florian",middleName:null,surname:"Loder",fullName:"Florian Loder",slug:"florian-loder"},{id:"148849",title:"Prof.",name:"Arno",middleName:null,surname:"Kampf",fullName:"Arno Kampf",slug:"arno-kampf"},{id:"148850",title:"Prof.",name:"Thilo",middleName:null,surname:"Kopp",fullName:"Thilo Kopp",slug:"thilo-kopp"}]},{id:"40068",title:"A Description of the Transport Critical Current Behavior of Polycrystalline Superconductors Under the Applied Magnetic Field",slug:"a-description-of-the-transport-critical-current-behavior-of-polycrystalline-superconductors-under-th",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"C.A.C. Passos, M. S. Bolzan, M.T.D. Orlando,\r\nH. Belich Jr, J.L. Passamai Jr., J. A. Ferreira and E. V. L. de Mello",authors:[{id:"143311",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Passos",fullName:"Carlos Passos",slug:"carlos-passos"},{id:"149031",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcio",middleName:null,surname:"Bolzan",fullName:"Marcio Bolzan",slug:"marcio-bolzan"},{id:"149032",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",fullName:"Marcos Orlando",slug:"marcos-orlando"},{id:"149033",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Belich Jr",fullName:"Humberto Belich Jr",slug:"humberto-belich-jr"},{id:"149034",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Passamai Jr",fullName:"Jose Luis Passamai Jr",slug:"jose-luis-passamai-jr"},{id:"149035",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Jose Ferreira",slug:"jose-ferreira"},{id:"149036",title:"Dr.",name:"Evandro",middleName:null,surname:"De Mello",fullName:"Evandro De Mello",slug:"evandro-de-mello"}]},{id:"40069",title:"Path-Integral Description of Cooper Pairing",slug:"path-integral-description-of-cooper-pairing",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Jacques Tempere and Jeroen P.A. Devreese",authors:[{id:"144306",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Tempere",fullName:"Jacques Tempere",slug:"jacques-tempere"}]},{id:"40070",title:"Theory of Ferromagnetic Unconventional Superconductors with Spin-Triplet Electron Pairing",slug:"theory-of-ferromagnetic-unconventional-superconductors-with-spin-triplet-electron-pairing",totalDownloads:1402,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dimo I. Uzunov",authors:[{id:"146187",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimo",middleName:"I.",surname:"Uzunov",fullName:"Dimo Uzunov",slug:"dimo-uzunov"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4535",title:"Superconductors",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76b077f4e902ec5e2f51692ed7ff5222",slug:"superconductors-new-developments",bookSignature:"Alexander Gabovich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142100",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Gabovich",slug:"alexander-gabovich",fullName:"Alexander Gabovich"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47965",title:"Superconductivity and Physical Properties in the KxMoO2-δ",slug:"superconductivity-and-physical-properties-in-the-kxmoo2-",signatures:"L. M. S. Alves, B. S. de Lima, M. S. da Luz and C. A. M. dos Santos",authors:[{id:"172541",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Leandro Alves",slug:"leandro-alves"}]},{id:"47862",title:"Characterization of the Electronic Structure of Spinel Superconductor LiTi2O4 using Synchrotron X-ray Spectroscopy",slug:"characterization-of-the-electronic-structure-of-spinel-superconductor-liti2o4-using-synchrotron-x-ra",signatures:"Chi-Liang Chen and Chung-Li Dong",authors:[{id:"146575",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chi-Liang Chen",slug:"chi-liang-chen"},{id:"146584",title:"Dr.",name:"Chung-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Chung-Li Dong",slug:"chung-li-dong"}]},{id:"47838",title:"A Fluorine-Free Oxalate Route for the Chemical Solution Deposition of YBa2Cu3O7 Films",slug:"a-fluorine-free-oxalate-route-for-the-chemical-solution-deposition-of-yba2cu3o7-films",signatures:"Luis De Los Santos Valladares, Juan Carlos González, Angel\nBustamante Domínguez, Ana Maria Osorio Anaya, Henry Sanchez\nCornejo, Stuart Holmes, J. Albino Aguiar and Crispin H.W. Barnes",authors:[{id:"171849",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"De Los Santos Valladares",fullName:"Luis De Los Santos Valladares",slug:"luis-de-los-santos-valladares"}]},{id:"47783",title:"Gap Structures of A-15 Alloys from the Superconducting and Normal-State Break-Junction Tunnelling",slug:"gap-structures-of-a-15-alloys-from-the-superconducting-and-normal-state-break-junction-tunnelling",signatures:"Toshikazu Ekino, Alexander M. Gabovich, Akira Sugimoto, Yuta\nSakai and Jun Akimitsu",authors:[{id:"142100",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gabovich",fullName:"Alexander Gabovich",slug:"alexander-gabovich"},{id:"162395",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Ekino",fullName:"Toshikazu Ekino",slug:"toshikazu-ekino"},{id:"172280",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Sugimoto",fullName:"Akira Sugimoto",slug:"akira-sugimoto"},{id:"172281",title:"Mr.",name:"Yuta",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Yuta Sakai",slug:"yuta-sakai"},{id:"172282",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Akimitsu",fullName:"Jun Akimitsu",slug:"jun-akimitsu"}]},{id:"47744",title:"New Prospective Applications of Heterostructures with YBa2Cu3O7-x",slug:"new-prospective-applications-of-heterostructures-with-yba2cu3o7-x",signatures:"M. I. Faley, O. M. Faley, U. Poppe, U. Klemradt and R. E. Dunin-\nBorkowski",authors:[{id:"24663",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:"I.",surname:"Faley",fullName:"Michael Faley",slug:"michael-faley"}]},{id:"47785",title:"High Critical Current Density MgB2",slug:"high-critical-current-density-mgb2",signatures:"Wenxian Li and Shi-Xue Dou",authors:[{id:"10861",title:"Prof.",name:"Shi-Xue",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",fullName:"Shi-Xue Dou",slug:"shi-xue-dou"},{id:"171918",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenxian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wenxian Li",slug:"wenxian-li"}]},{id:"48107",title:"Spintronics Driven by Superconducting Proximity Effect",slug:"spintronics-driven-by-superconducting-proximity-effect",signatures:"Guoxing Miao",authors:[{id:"172545",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoxing",middleName:null,surname:"Miao",fullName:"Guoxing Miao",slug:"guoxing-miao"}]},{id:"48065",title:"The Superconducting Order Parameter in High-Tc Superconductors – A Point-Contact Spectroscopy Viewpoint",slug:"the-superconducting-order-parameter-in-high-tc-superconductors-a-point-contact-spectroscopy-viewpoin",signatures:"M. Tortello and D. Daghero",authors:[{id:"172497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Tortello",fullName:"Mauro Tortello",slug:"mauro-tortello"},{id:"173092",title:"Dr.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Daghero",fullName:"Dario Daghero",slug:"dario-daghero"}]},{id:"48041",title:"How to Distinguish the Mixture of Two D-wave States from Pure D-wave State of HTSC",slug:"how-to-distinguish-the-mixture-of-two-d-wave-states-from-pure-d-wave-state-of-htsc",signatures:"Peter Brusov and Tatiana Filatova",authors:[{id:"171973",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Brusov",fullName:"Peter Brusov",slug:"peter-brusov"}]},{id:"47925",title:"Measurements of Stationary Josephson Current between High- Tc Oxides as a Tool to Detect Charge Density Waves",slug:"measurements-of-stationary-josephson-current-between-high-tc-oxides-as-a-tool-to-detect-charge-densi",signatures:"Alexander M. Gabovich, Mai Suan Li, Henryk Szymczak and\nAlexander I. Voitenko",authors:[{id:"142100",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gabovich",fullName:"Alexander Gabovich",slug:"alexander-gabovich"}]},{id:"48262",title:"Impurity Effects in Iron Pnictide Superconductors",slug:"impurity-effects-in-iron-pnictide-superconductors",signatures:"Yuriy G. Pogorelov, Mario C. Santos and Vadim M. Loktev",authors:[{id:"172456",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Pogorelov",fullName:"Yuriy Pogorelov",slug:"yuriy-pogorelov"},{id:"172471",title:"Prof.",name:"Vadim",middleName:null,surname:"Loktev",fullName:"Vadim Loktev",slug:"vadim-loktev"},{id:"172472",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Mario Santos",slug:"mario-santos"}]},{id:"48044",title:"Theory of Flux Cutting for Type-II Superconducting Plates at Critical State",slug:"theory-of-flux-cutting-for-type-ii-superconducting-plates-at-critical-state",signatures:"Carolina Romero-Salazar and Omar Augusto Hernández-Flores",authors:[{id:"172449",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Salazar",fullName:"Carolina Romero-Salazar",slug:"carolina-romero-salazar"},{id:"172453",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Flores",fullName:"Omar Augusto Hernández-Flores",slug:"omar-augusto-hernandez-flores"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73719",title:"TIP Aquaporins in Plants: Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94165",slug:"tip-aquaporins-in-plants-role-in-abiotic-stress-tolerance",body:'
1. Introduction
Aquaporins (aqua-pore, AQP), which are members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) superfamily, facilitate the bidirectional flux of water and non-aqua substrates across the cell membranes [1, 2, 3, 4]. These transmembrane proteins form pores in the lipid bilayers of archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants, non-mammalian metazoans and mammals including humans. In plants, the first AQP Noduline-26 (GmNOD26) was identified in soybean (Glycina max L.) [5], whereas their ability to conduct water in plants was demonstrated for the first time for an Arabidopsis tonoplast intrinsic protein homologue (AtTIP1; 1, gamma-TIP) via its heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes [6]. In higher plants, MIPs are divided into five evolutionarily distinct subfamilies in terms of the similarities of their amino acid sequence and intercellular localisation: plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin-26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and X intrinsic proteins / uncharacterised-intrinsic proteins (XIPs) [7]. In turn, the TIP subfamily can be further divided into different subgroups. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the TIP subfamily has been divided into five subgroups from TIP1 to TIP5. Each subgroup is then again divided into different isoforms. In Arabidopsis, the TIP subfamily consists of 11 isoforms. Some of these have synonymous name such as TIP1;1 (gamma-TIP, γ-TIP, RB7), TIP1;2 (gamma-TIP2, γ-TIP2), TIP2;1 (delta-TIP, δ-TIP), TIP3;1 (alpha-TIP, α-TIP) and TIP3;2 (beta-TIP, β-TIP) [8].
Water, whose transport is facilitated by aquaporins and, among them TIPs, is their most important substrate. TIPs are responsible for precisely regulating the movement of not only water, but also some small neutral molecules that have great physiological significance such as glycerol, urea, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formamide [7]. The transport of these substrates was predicted using a bioinformatic analysis and some of them have also been proven experimentally by using their in vitro expression in yeast or in a Xenopus oocyte system in which the expression of gene of interest led to, for example, an increase water permeability (Table 1).
The transport of different substrates by TIPs, which was demonstrated via their in vitro expression in yeast or oocytes.
+ transport of the substrate has been confirmed, − transport of the substrate has been excluded.
The central vacuole occupies most of the intracellular space of most mature plant cells [25]. The plant vacuole plays important roles not only in space filling, but also in osmotic adjustment, storage and digestion [26, 27]. TIPs form channels in the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) that basically function as regulators of the intracellular water flow, which implies that they have a role in regulating cell turgor. It has been proposed that the presence of a specific TIP isoform may define the function of the vacuole and that specific TIP proteins could be used as markers for the different types of vacuoles that occur in different tissue types or in response to developmental and environmental stimuli [28, 29]. Vacuoles whose tonoplast contains TIP2;1 (delta-TIP, δ-TIP) are used by plant cells to store pigments and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) [28]. Moreover, in vegetative tissues, the lytic or degradative vacuoles (LVs) are marked by the presence of TIP1;2 (gamma-TIP, γ-TIP) [26, 28, 30]. TIP1;2 may be expressed primarily at the time when the large central vacuoles are being formed during cell enlargement [30], while the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in mature seeds are marked by the presence of TIP3;1 (alpha-TIP, α-TIP) [26, 31, 32].
TIP proteins are most abundant in the tonoplast, but some isoforms have also been detected in the chloroplast, e.g. on the luminal site of the thylakoid, the chloroplast membranes or the envelope fraction using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Such a location was detected for TIP1;1, TIP1;2 and TIP2;1 in Arabidopsis [33, 34, 35].
2. Structure and diversity of TIPs
Although it has been suggested that AQPs and, among them, TIPs are multifunctional proteins, their structure is unique across all kingdoms of life. Despite their sequence diversity, all TIPs have a similar structure that consists of six transmembrane helices (TM1 to TM6) with five connecting inter-helical loops (LA to LE) and two half helices that contain one highly conserved Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA) motif each of which forms its functional pore (Figure 1). The hydrophobic NPA motif is located at the first intracellular (loop B) and the third extracellular loop (loop E) and the overlap in the middle of the lipid bilayer (‘hourglass’ model) and forms two hemipores that generate a narrow part of the channel [7, 36]. A second filter region is the aromatic/Arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter, which includes four amino acids (aa), which are located at the non-cytosolic end of the pore [37]. These two constriction regions are very important for the transport selectivity of the channel, which have been predicted based on structural knowledge combined with simulation studies [38, 39]. Both filters at the pore “mouth” constitute barriers to the passage of inorganic cations (such as Na+ and K+) and protons [39]. The NPA motif not only plays a role in regulating membrane transport but also in protein localisation [40]. The substrate selectivity of AQPs is controlled by the amino acid residues of the NPA and ar/R filters as well as another conserved region, which is known as the Froger’s residues, which consist of five conserved residues [41]. This region enables the aquaglyceroporins that transport glycerol from the AQPs that facilitate the transport of water to be distinguished [39].
Figure 1.
The structure of aquaporin as represented by the crystal structure of spinach SoPIP2;1 (PDB 1Z98). The view from different sides of the holoprotein, which consists of four monomers. (a) the side view, (b) the tetrameric assembly from the cytoplasmic side. Each monomer functions as a single channel pore.
All MIP sequences take on a typical hour-glass MIP helical fold with six transmembrane helices and two half-helices [42]. This fold has been maintained during evolution via its conservation around 40 positions within the transmembrane region [42]. The stability of the functionally important half-helix is modulated by a stabilising intra-helical salt-bridge interaction and/or two helix destabilising residues, glycine and proline, which was demonstrated by an analysis of the loop E region of 1468 MIP sequences and their structural models from six different groups of organisms [43]. In the cell membrane, MIPs are grouped as homotetramers that are located in the lipid bilayer (Figure 1). Each monomer functions independently as a single channel pore [44]. In plants, the only the crystal structure of the MIPs for two species is currently available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB: http://www.pdb.org), the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) aquaporin SoPIP2;1 was in its closed confirmation at a 2.1 Å resolution and its open confirmation at a 3.9 Å resolution [45] and the Arabidopsis aquaporins AtPIP2;4 at a 3.7 Å resolution [46] all of which were determined using X-ray diffraction, which showed their structural identity. However, the functions and regulation of the majority of the MIP channels have not yet been fully characterised [42].
A large number of MIP genes and, among them TIP genes, have been identified in the genomes of different plant species. In plants, the MIP family contains around 2008 members while the TIP subfamily contains 585 members from different plant species, which have been deposited in the MIPDB [47, 48]. The length of the TIP sequences ranges from 55 to 780 aa. Plants typically contain a large number of AQPs genes and among them the TIP genes, when are compared with for example humans, ranges from 6 to 35 in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), respectively (Table 2) [49, 50]. The molecular weights of the TIP subfamily members ranges from 25 to 28 kDa [47].
The number of AQP isoforms in the selected plant species.
Based on the Ensemble Plants Database.
The number of Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins (TIP) has been marked in bold.
3. Study of the tissue- and developmental-dependent expression of TIPs
Aquaporins are postulated to be the main water transporter protein in plants. However their presence and expression may vary among plant species, tissues and time during development. In plants, AQPs are present in almost all organs, including the roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, dry seeds [60], pollen [13, 61, 62, 63], anther and specific cells such as the guard cells [64, 65]. Moreover, some TIPs are expressed in specific tissues, e.g. AtTIP5;1 was localised in the pollen mitochondria, which are probably involved in the remobilisation of N via the transport of mitochondrial urea to the cytoplasm [61] as well as in a time-specific manner, e.g. the RsTip1;1 (gamma-VM23) gene expression was high not only in the hypocotyls but also in the developing tap roots and young growing leaves and the pattern of its expression was connected with cell elongation [22] (Table 3).
The expression of the selected TIP genes in different plant tissues.
4. Study of the expression of TIPs under abiotic stress or phytohormone treatment, and their role in maintaining cell homeostasis under stress conditions
The gene expression is the process in which gene information is converted into a protein [7]. Analysing the gene expression profiles is a prerequisite for determining the physiological function of a gene [71]. The function of AQPs can generally be modified in two ways: by regulating the gene expression, which leads to changes in protein abundance or by changing its permeability – gating. However, it should be kept in mind that changes in the mRNA expression level often reflect the protein abundance, but that this is not necessarily strictly connected in any cell or tissue [37]. In term, AQP trafficking and activity could be affected by the post-translational modifications (PTMs), like deamination, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination and acetylation [37]. Water homeostasis is fundamental for cell survival [72]. AQP facilitate the transport of water and play roles in response to abiotic stress conditions during which the cell homeostasis is disturbed. Different studies have suggested that a low abundance of the AQP proteins reduces the water permeability of membranes and that a high abundance of them increases it. Although it can be assumed that all AQPs are able to transport water, an experimental study was performed for only a few members of the TIP subfamily in different plant species (Table 1). The expression of TIPs may be affected by different environmental conditions, including drought, salinity and cold and this has been investigated in many plant species. Comparative transcriptome studies using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which is a next generation sequencing technology, could lead to the discovery of a differential expression of multiple aquaporin homologues in different tissues and/or in different conditions of growth, e.g. under abiotic stress. The transcriptome defines as a set of coding and non-coding RNA molecules that are present in a single cell or a population of cells [73]. Nowadays, RNA-seq technology is used more and more frequently [74, 75]. On the other hand, the reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technique still serves as the method of choice to perform the expression analysis of specific genes in many researches.
Abiotic stresses, which have a significant impact on the plants, are involved in changes at the transcriptome, cellular and physiological levels. When the stress is prolonged, plant growth and productivity are severely diminished [76, 77]. The response of plants is very complicated and many mechanisms are initiated simultaneously to restore cellular homeostasis and promote survival [78]. Aquaporins are thought to be responsive to the stress signalling pathways and are also thought to be involved in the stress-coping mechanisms such as altering the tissue hydraulic conductivity [79, 80]. Drought and salinity are two major factors that significantly limit plant growth and productivity [81, 82]. The huge yield losses caused by drought stress ranging 45–92 (%) have been reported in major field crops like maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) [83]. Cold is also often associated with climate change [84]. Drought, salinity and freezing stresses cause a changing water status in plant cells and all of these result in cellular dehydration [85]. In order to improve the tolerance of crop plants to unfavourable environmental conditions, a detailed understanding of their stress responses is required.
4.1 Drought, salinity and cold stress
Aquaporins are responsible for precisely regulating the movement of water and therefore may play a crucial role in the drought-stress response as well as in drought-stress tolerance [78]. A transcriptome analysis of the leaf and root tissues in plant species revealed significant changes in the expression of the TIP genes in response to drought stress. Under drought stress, when water is limited, the down-regulation of the TIP genes can lead to a decrease in the water permeability of the tonoplast in order to avoid water loss and to minimise the water flow through the cell membranes in order to prevent the further loss of leaf turgor. This expression pattern has been shown in many studies. In Nicotiana glauca, the NgMIP2 and NgMIP3 genes, which are homologous to TIP, were down-regulated in leaves under drought stress when the leaves were wilting, usually three to four days after water was withheld [86] and in Arabidopsis, the levels of AtTIP1;1, AtTIP1;2, AtTIP2;1 and AtTIP2;2 were more than four-fold down-regulated after 12 days of drought [87]. In contrast to these results, the expression level of AtTIP1;1 and AtTIP2;1 under drought treatment was up-regulated, but the time that the stress was applied was only 24 hours [88]. Moreover, in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the expression of five HvTIP aquaporins in leaves: HvTIP1;1, HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;1, HvTIP2;2 and HvTIP2;3 was down-regulated after ten days of severe drought treatment [89]. In turn, in Festuca species, the transcript level of the TIP1;1 aquaporin decreased in leaves after 11 days of a water deficit [90]. The possible functional role of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) TIPs in in regulating the water balance has been explored by measuring the TIP gene expression in leaf and root tissues that had been subjected to drought [91]. In root tissue, the expression of three CsTIP genes (CaTIP1;1, CsTIP2;1, CsTIP4;1) decreased as the severity of the drought stress increased. In the leaf, a similar expression profile of their expression was obtained only for of CaTIP1;1 [91]. By contrast, the level of TIP expression increased in response to drought in some plant species. In soybean (Glycine max), transcriptome analysis data revealed that under dehydration stress, the expression of GmTIP2;1, GmTIP1;7 and GmTIP1;8 was up-regulated. The authors suggested that these three genes are probably the major AQPs that are involved in the stress response [75].
Interestingly, the expression profile of TIP genes can be compared for cultivars that have contrasting responses to drought stress under control and stress conditions. In two cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) that have contrasting drought stress phenotypes, the gene expression of FaTIPs in the roots was analysed [79]. During severe drought stress, the FaTIPs were only up-regulated in the drought-tolerant cultivar. This was connected with a gradual stomatal closure in this cultivar, which was further associated with conservative water use [79]. In turn, in soybean (Glycine max), the difference in gene expression was investigated using RNA-seq and it was found that the expression level of seven TIP genes (GmTIP2;1, 2;2, 2;3, 2;4, 2;5, 3;2 and 5;1) in the leaves was lower in the slow-wilting soybean lines, but that it increased in the fast-wilting soybean lines after drought stress [74]. Slow wilting is an important physiological parameter that is used in stress tolerance studies of plants. A cultivar-specific TIP expression under drought has also been observed in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) [92]. In this study, the expression of PvTIP1;1 and PvTIP4;1 decreased under drought compared to the control conditions in two cultivars, which has different phenotypes in terms of their tolerance to drought and yield at harvest, which were determined by time that was required for the plants to wilt after withholding water. Interestingly, the gene expression of PvTIP4;1 during drought was cultivar specific with greater down-regulation of these gene in the drought-tolerant cultivar [92]. The differences in the relative water content (RWC) and water potential of leaves between these cultivars indicate that there is greater prevention of water loss in the tolerant cultivar during drought, which may be associated with the rapid and adequate down-regulation of the AQPs [92]. However, it should be kept in mind that the adaptive mechanism for reducing the effects of water deficit stress in which the TIP or other AQP expression is changed should be further analysed by a functional characterisation of these candidate genes or proteins [52].
The regulation of water transport has been postulated as being the most important and the best recognised function of all of the AQPs including TIPs under drought stress. A second important function could be their involvement in the movement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include the unstable, highly reactive molecules that are produced during abiotic stress, e.g. drought [83, 93]. This activity makes the AQPs important players in both the redox signalling network and in H2O2 detoxification [94]. TIPs can facilitate the movement of H2O2 across the membranes that have already been shown by their in vitro expression in the yeast or oocyte (Table 1). In barley under drought stress, the expression of the HvTIP3;1 gene increase 5000-fold compared to their expression under optimal water conditions [89].
Soil salination and a high salt accumulation affects the growth, development and metabolism and yield of plants [95]. A wide range of physiological and biochemical alterations in plants are induced by salinity, which causes a lower water potential in the soil solution, ionic disequilibrium and also a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [96]. Salinity stress leads to changes in the expression profiles of the TIP genes, which was shown in many plant species. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plants were treated with 100 mm NaCl, which led to osmotic stress. Macroarray experiments with gene-specific tags were performed to investigate the expression of all of the AQPs including the TIP subfamily in roots that had been under salt treatment for 24 hours [97]. The AtTIP1;1, AtTIP1;2, AtTIP2;2 and AtTIP2;3 genes were highly expressed in the roots and their expression was maximally reduced at 6 h of treatment and remained low until 24 h of treatment, except for AtTIP1;1. In turn, in Festuca arundinacea, the plants were exposed to salt stress by irrigating them with 250 mM NaCl solution over 21 days, which resulted in an increase in the abundance of the FaTIP1;1 transcript in two contrasting salt tolerance genotypes compared to the control conditions. This increase was noticed earlier on day six of the NaCl treatment in the high-salt tolerant (HST) genotypes and later on day 11 in the low-salt tolerant (LST) genotype [90].
Similar to water and salt stresses, cold stress is an important abiotic stress factor that significantly limits plant growth and development [98]. In Festuca pratensis, cold acclimation was associated with a lower transcript level of the FpTIP1;1 gene in the leaves in both the high and low frost-tolerant genotypes. The authors concluded that the down-regulation of these isoforms during the exposure to cold may be one of the cold-acclimation components that prevents frost-induced cellular dehydration [90]. A similar pattern of expression was observed in roots in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cold treatment. A 4°C treatment caused a decrease in the transcript level of the OsTIP1;1 and OsTIP2;2 genes. The mRNA levels of these genes started to decrease after 48 hours and continued to decrease after 72 hours of a chilling treatment [57]. One more example of a change in the expression of the TIP member genes comes from the cold treatment of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The GhTIP1;1 transcripts mainly accumulated in the roots and hypocotyls under normal conditions, but were dramatically up-regulated in the cotyledons and down-regulated in the roots within a few hours after the cotton seedlings had been cold treated [99].
4.2 Phytohormone treatment
Phytohormones play vital roles in the ability of plants to acclimatise to varying environments, by mediating growth, development, and nutrient allocation [100]. Interestingly, it has been shown that the TIPs expression is also altered by phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), gibberellins (GA), and jasmonates (JA). Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth regulator that plays an essential role in the abiotic stress response mainly during water stress [101]. It regulates the movement of the stomatal guard cells [102]. Jasmonates act as stress hormones that play an important role in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses [103]. In general, JA inhibits plant growth and modulate many growth and developmental processes of plants including root, shoot and leaf growth, trichome and tuber formation, fruit ripening and leaf senescence [104]. The gibberellins stimulate the growth of most organs via cell elongation and also respond to abiotic stresses [105]. Cytokinins play a role in regulating plant growth, development and their acclimation to environmental stresses [106, 107].
Cytokinin has been reported to influence the expression of the aquaporin genes. The expression of PgTIP1 from ginseng (Panax ginseng) was positively regulated by applying cytokinin in suspension-cultured hormone-autotrophic ginseng cells [108]. Methyl jasmonate treatment caused a decrease in the nitrogen content in barley leaves, which was associated with an increased expression of the four tonoplast aquaporin genes (HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;2, HvTIP4;1 and HvTIP4;2), which are predicted to transport the nitrogen compounds from the vacuole to the cytosol. The up-regulation of the nitrogen-transporting HvTIPs may lead to a vacuolar unloading of ammonia and urea, which could both be remobilised when the nitrogen content in barley leaves decreases [109]. In barley, the changes in the expression of all of the investigated HvTIPs in response to MeJA treatment were associated with the presence of the cis-regulatory elements in their promotor regions, which are recognised by the jasmonate-related transcription factors [109]. Other types of elements that possibly participate in the response to phytohormones in the HvTIP promotor regions such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GA) and auxin were also identified [89]. In barley, the effect of ABA and GA on the expression of the HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;1, HvTIP2;2, HvTIP2;3 and HvTIP4;1 genes after 24 hours of treatment was studied in both the shoots and roots using quantitative real-time RT-PCR [110]. Interestingly, the exogenous application of ABA increased the expression of HvTIP2;1 and HvTIP4;1, while the GA-treatment led to an increase of HvTIP1;2 and HvTIP4;1 in the roots compared to the control conditions. However, in the shoots, the ABA treatment decreased the expression of HvTIP1;2, while the GA treatment led to the up-regulation of HvTIP4;1 [110].
5. Genetic manipulation of the TIP-encoding genes
The tonoplast intrinsic proteins genes have been reported to be involved in the increasing the abiotic stress tolerance in several plant species using genetic modification technology (Table 4). It was shown that manipulations of the expression of the TIP-encoding genes in plants could have the potential to improve their abiotic stress tolerance (Table 4). In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), overexpression of SlTIP2;2 has been shown to substantially improve the water homeostasis under drought stress. Conversely, this overexpression also promoted more prodigal water use [111]. Another gene, TIP1;1, was artificially manipulated in a few studies via genetic engineering (Table 4). It is not only believed to be play an important role during plant growth and development, but also to be beneficial for growth under stress when it is overexpressed. The overexpression of the PgTIP1;1 gene from Panax ginseng in Arabidopsis led to a general acceleration of plant development, which included a faster growth, precocious flowering and a higher accumulation of biomass compared to the wild type (wt), or the accumulation of more Na+ under salt stress and also caused a superior performance under drought stress compared to wt [85, 108]. The authors concluded that PgTIP1;1 plays an important role in the growth and development of plant cells and suggested that regulating it in the water movement across the tonoplast has a great impact on plant vigour under favourable growth conditions and also in the responses of plants to drought, salt and cold stresses [85]. Therefore, TIP1;1 might be a potential target in biotechnology and agriculture. It was interesting to determine whether silencing this gene would have the opposite effect on growth in control and stress condition. First, it was shown that the down-regulation of AtTIP1;1 using RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in early senescence and plant death [112]. However, later research using transposon insertion did not confirm these results [113]. A single mutant (tip1;1–1) that had been generated using transposon insertion showed any significant effect on the metabolism or elemental composition of the plants. Additionally, a double mutant in the AtTIP1;1 and AtTIP1;2 genes (tip1;1–1 tip1;2–1) had a small increase in its anthocyanin content and a decrease in its catalase activity, but showed no changes in its water status. Moreover, the mutant was alive and thriving [113].
TIP name/species
Method/expression in species
Phenotype
References
AQUA1 (TIP) Populus alba L.
OX Populus alba
Increased plant growth rate and water use efficiency under excess Zn conditions
Increased drought tolerance due to the ability of plant to regulate its transpiration under drought stress conditions, improved CO2 uptake and a balanced nutrient supply
Acceleration of plant development, with faster growth, precocious flowering and a higher accumulation of biomass, increased seed size and seed mass, greatly increased growth rate
AtTIP1;1 -mutant AtTIP1;2 and AtTIP1;2 -double mutant Arabidopsis thaliana
KO Transposon insertion
Single mutant -no significant effect on the metabolism or elemental composition of the plants Double mutant -minor increase in the anthocyanin content, and a decrease in catalase activity, no changes in the water status, mutant alive and thriving
It is believed that aquaporins and, among them, the tonoplast intrinsic proteins may be important players in the plant water relations at the cell, tissue, organ and whole plant levels. TIP proteins could have a vast impact on the acquisition of knowledge about plant tolerance against abiotic stress and could serve as a target sequence for genetic modifications. A drawback in this approach is that in the genome of each plant species, many genes encode the same subgroup of isoforms. It is possible that some of these have a redundant function. Taken together, TIPs probably play complex and diversified roles in the response of plants to abiotic stresses depending on TIP isoforms and the type and degree of stress treatment.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, SONATA project 2015/19/D/NZ1/03441.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"aquaporins, tonoplast intrinsic proteins, abiotic stress, drought, salinity, cold, phytohormones, gene expression analysis, cis-regulatory motifs, plants",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73719.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73719.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73719",totalDownloads:83,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 27th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 23rd 2020",datePrePublished:"October 22nd 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins (TIP) are one of five subfamilies of aquaporins in higher plants. Plants typically contain a large number of TIP genes, ranging from 6 to 35 compared to humans. The molecular weight of the TIP subfamily members ranges from 25 to 28 kDa. Despite their sequence diversity, all TIP monomers have the same structure, which consists of six transmembrane helices and five inter-helical loops that form an hourglass shape with a central pore. Four monomers form tetramers, which are functional units in the membrane. TIPs form channels in the tonoplast that basically function as regulators of the intracellular water flow, which implies that they have a role in regulating cell turgor. TIPs are responsible for precisely regulating the movement of not only water, but also some small neutral molecules such as glycerol, urea, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and formamide. The expression of TIPs may be affected by different environmental stresses, including drought, salinity and cold. TIPs expression is also altered by phytohormones and the appropriate cis-regulatory motifs are identified in the promotor region of the genes encoding TIPs in different plant species. It was shown that manipulating TIP-encoding genes expression in plants could have the potential to improve abiotic stress tolerance.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73719",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73719",signatures:"Marzena Małgorzata Kurowska",book:{id:"10363",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shah Fahad, Dr. Shah Saud, Prof. Yajun Chen, Dr. Chao Wu and Dr. Depeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10363.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"194771",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Structure and diversity of TIPs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Study of the tissue- and developmental-dependent expression of TIPs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Study of the expression of TIPs under abiotic stress or phytohormone treatment, and their role in maintaining cell homeostasis under stress conditions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Drought, salinity and cold stress",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Phytohormone treatment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Genetic manipulation of the TIP-encoding genes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Maurel C, Chrispeels MJ. Aquaporins. A molecular entry into plant water relations. Plant Physiol. 2001;125(1):135-138. DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.1.135 PMID: 11154316'},{id:"B2",body:'Li C, Wang W. Molecular Biology of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;969:1-34. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1057-0'},{id:"B3",body:'Sutka M, Amodeo G, Ozu M. Plant and animal aquaporins crosstalk: what can be revealed from distinct perspectives. Biophys Rev. 2017; 9(5):545-562. DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0313-3'},{id:"B4",body:'Bezerra-Neto JP, de Arau´ jo FC, Ferreira-Neto JRC, da Silva MD, Pandolfi V, Aburjaile FF, et al. Plant Aquaporins: Diversity, Evolution and Biotechnological Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2019; 20 (4):368-395. DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666181102095910'},{id:"B5",body:'Fortin MG, Morrison NA, Verma DP. Nodulin-26, a peribacteroid membrane nodulin is expressed independently of the development of the peribacteroid compartment. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987;15(2):813-824. DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.2.813'},{id:"B6",body:'Maurel C, Reizer J, Schroeder JI, Chrispeels MJ. The vacuolar membrane protein gamma-TIP creates water specific channels in Xenopus oocytes, EMBO J. 1993;12: 2241-2247'},{id:"B7",body:'Kapilan R, Vaziri M, Zwiazek JJ. Regulation of aquaporins in plants under stress. Biol Res. 2018; 16; 51 (1):4. DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0152-0'},{id:"B8",body:'Quigley F, Rosenberg JM, Shachar-Hill Y, Bohnert HJ. From genome to function: the Arabidopsis aquaporins. Genome Biol. 2002;3(1). DOI: 10.1186/gb-2001-3-1'},{id:"B9",body:'Liu LH, Ludewig U, Gassert B, Frommer WB, von Wirén N. Urea transport by nitrogen-regulated tonoplast intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2003;133(3):1220-1228. DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.027409'},{id:"B10",body:'Klebl F, Wolf M, Sauer N. A defect in the yeast plasma membrane urea transporter Dur3p is complemented by CpNIP1, a Nod26-like protein from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), and by Arabidopsis thaliana delta-TIP or gamma-TIP. FEBS Lett. 2003;547(1-3):69-74. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00671-9'},{id:"B11",body:'Loqué D, Ludewig U, Yuan L, von Wirén N. Tonoplast intrinsic proteins AtTIP2;1 and AtTIP2;3 facilitate NH3 transport into the vacuole. Plant Physiol. 2005;137(2):671-680. DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.051268'},{id:"B12",body:'Bienert GP, Møller AL, Kristiansen KA, et al. Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(2):1183-1192. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M603761200'},{id:"B13",body:'Soto G, Alleva K, Mazzella MA, Amodeo G, Muschietti JP. AtTIP1;3 and AtTIP5;1, the only highly expressed Arabidopsis pollen-specific aquaporins, transport water and urea. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(29):4077-4082. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.002'},{id:"B14",body:'Besse M, Knipfer T, Miller A, Verdeil JL, Jahn TP, Fricke W. Developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. J Exp Bot. 2011; 62(12):4127-42. DOI: 10. 1093/jxb/err175'},{id:"B15",body:'Jahn TP, Møller AL, Zeuthen T, et al. Aquaporin homologues in plants and mammals transport ammonia. FEBS Lett. 2004;574(1-3):31-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.004'},{id:"B16",body:'Holm LM, Jahn TP, Møller AL, et al. NH3 and NH4+ permeability in aquaporin-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Pflugers Arch. 2005;450(6):415-428. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-005-1399-1'},{id:"B17",body:'Bertl A, Kaldenhoff R. Function of a separate NH3-pore in Aquaporin TIP2;2 from wheat. FEBS Lett. 2007;581(28):5413-5417. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.034'},{id:"B18",body:'Bárzana G, Aroca R, Bienert GP, Chaumont F, Ruiz-Lozano JM. New insights into the regulation of aquaporins by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in maize plants under drought stress and possible implications for plant performance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2014;27(4):349-363. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-09-13-0268-R'},{id:"B19",body:'Gu R, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yuan L. Isolation and characterization of three maize aquaporin genes, ZmNIP2;1, ZmNIP2;4 and ZmTIP4;4 involved in urea transport. BMB Rep. 2012;45(2):96-101. DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.2.96'},{id:"B20",body:'Lopez F, Bousser A, Sissoëff I, Hoarau J, Mahé A. Characterization in maize of ZmTIP2-3, a root-specific tonoplast intrinsic protein exhibiting aquaporin activity. J Exp Bot. 2004;55(396):539-541. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/052'},{id:"B21",body:'Li GW, Peng YH, Yu X, et al. Transport functions and expression analysis of vacuolar membrane aquaporins in response to various stresses in rice. J Plant Physiol. 2008;165(18):1879-1888. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.05.002'},{id:"B22",body:'Higuchi T, Suga S, Tsuchiya T, et al. Molecular cloning, water channel activity and tissue specific expression of two isoforms of radish vacuolar aquaporin. Plant Cell Physiol. 1998;39(9):905-913. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029453'},{id:"B23",body:'Sarda X, Tousch D, Ferrare K, et al. Two TIP-like genes encoding aquaporins are expressed in sunflower guard cells. Plant J. 1997;12(5):1103-1111. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12051103.x'},{id:"B24",body:'Gerbeau P, Güçlü J, Ripoche P, Maurel C. Aquaporin Nt-TIPa can account for the high permeability of tobacco cell vacuolar membrane to small neutral solutes. Plant J. 1999;18(6):577-587. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00481.x'},{id:"B25",body:'Marty F. Plant vacuoles. Plant Cell. 1999;11(4):587-600. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.4.587'},{id:"B26",body:'Paris N, Stanley CM, Jones RL, Rogers JC. Plant cells contain two functionally distinct vacuolar compartments. Cell. 1996;85(4):563-572. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81256-8'},{id:"B27",body:'Wink M. The plant vacuole: a multifunctional compartment. J. Exp. Bot. (supplement), 44, 231-246 (1993).'},{id:"B28",body:'Jauh GY, Fischer AM, Grimes HD, Ryan CA Jr, Rogers JC. delta-Tonoplast intrinsic protein defines unique plant vacuole functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(22):12995-12999. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12995'},{id:"B29",body:'Jauh GY, Phillips TE, Rogers JC. Tonoplast intrinsic protein isoforms as markers for vacuolar functions. Plant Cell. 1999;11(10):1867-1882. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.10.1867'},{id:"B30",body:'Ludevid D, Höfte H, Himelblau E, Chrispeels MJ. The Expression Pattern of the Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein gamma-TIP in Arabidopsis thaliana Is Correlated with Cell Enlargement. Plant Physiol. 1992;100(4):1633-1639. DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.4.1633'},{id:"B31",body:'Johnson KD, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ. An abundant, highly conserved tonoplast protein in seeds. Plant Physiol. 1989;91(3):1006-1013. DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.3.1006'},{id:"B32",body:'Hoh B, Hinz G, Jeong BK, Robinson DG. Protein storage vacuoles form de novo during pea cotyledon development. J Cell Sci. 1995;108 ( Pt 1):299-310.'},{id:"B33",body:'Zybailov, B.L.; Rutschow, H.; Friso, G.; Rudella, A.; Emanuelsson, O.; Sun, Q.; Van Wijk, K.J. Sorting Signals, N-Terminal Modifications and Abundance of the Chloroplast Proteome. PLoS ONE 2008; 3, e1994. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001994.'},{id:"B34",body:'Ferro, M.; Brugière, S.; Salvi, D.; Seigneurin-Berny, D.; Court, M.; Moyet, L.; Ramus, C.; Miras, S.; Mellal, M.; Le Gall, S.; et al. AT_CHLORO, a comprehensive chloroplast proteome database with subplastidial localization and curated information on envelope proteins. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 2010; 9, 1063-84. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M900325-MCP200.'},{id:"B35",body:'Simm, S.; Papasotiriou, D.G.; Ibrahim, M.; Leisegang, M.S.; Müller, B.; Schorge, T.; Karas, M.; Mirus, O.; Sommer, M.S.; Schleiff, E. Defining the core proteome of the chloroplast envelope membranes Front. Plant Sci. 2013; 4, 11. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00011'},{id:"B36",body:'Jung JS, Preston GM, Smith BL, Guggino WB, Agre P. Molecular structure of the water channel through aquaporin CHIP. The hourglass model. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(20):14648-14654.'},{id:"B37",body:'Fox AR, Maistriaux LC, Chaumont F. Toward understanding of the high number of plant aquaporin isoforms and multiple regulation mechanisms. Plant Sci. 2017;264:179-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.021'},{id:"B38",body:'Sui H, Han BG, Lee JK, Walian P, Jap BK. Structural basis of water-specific transport through the AQP1 water channel. Nature. 2001;414(6866):872-878. DOI: 10.1038/414872a'},{id:"B39",body:'Wu B, Steinbronn C, Alsterfjord M, Zeuthen T, Beitz E. Concerted action of two cation filters in the aquaporin water channel. EMBO J. 2009;28(15):2188-2194. DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.182'},{id:"B40",body:'Guan XG, Su WH, Yi F, et al. NPA motifs play a key role in plasma membrane targeting of aquaporin-4. IUBMB Life. 2010;62(3):222-226. DOI: 10.1002/iub.311'},{id:"B41",body:'Froger A, Tallur B, Thomas D, Delamarche C. Prediction of functional residues in water channels and related proteins. Protein Sci. 1998;7(6):1458-1468. DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560070623'},{id:"B42",body:'Verma RK, Gupta AB, Sankararamakrishnan R. major intrinsic protein superfamily: channels with unique structural features and diverse selectivity filters. Methods Enzymol. 2015a;557:485-520. DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.006'},{id:"B43",body:'Verma RK, Prabh ND, Sankararamakrishnan R. Intra-helical salt-bridge and helix destabilizing residues within the same helical turn: Role of functionally important loop E half-helix in channel regulation of major intrinsic proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015b;1848(6):1436-1449. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.013'},{id:"B44",body:'Gomes D, Agasse A, Thiébaud P, Delrot S, Gerós H, Chaumont F. Aquaporins are multifunctional water and solute transporters highly divergent in living organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788(6):1213-1228. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.009'},{id:"B45",body:'Törnroth-Horsefield S, Wang Y, Hedfalk K, et al. Structural mechanism of plant aquaporin gating. Nature. 2006;439(7077):688-694. DOI: 10.1038/nature04316'},{id:"B46",body:'Wang H, Schoebel S, Schmitz F, Dong H, Hedfalk K. Characterization of aquaporin-driven hydrogen peroxide transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2020;1862(2):183065. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183065'},{id:"B47",body:'Data base for Major Intrinsic Proteins, http://mipdb.genouest.org/e107_plugins/mipdb_project/project.php, Accessed: 2020-07-23'},{id:"B48",body:'El Karkouri K, Gueuné H, Delamarche C. MIPDB: a relational database dedicated to MIP family proteins. Biol Cell. 2005;97(7):535-543. doi:10.1042/BC20040123'},{id:"B49",body:'Sun H, Li L, Lou Y, Zhao H, Gao Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of aquaporin gene family in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Mol Biol Rep. 2016;43(5):437-450. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-3973-3'},{id:"B50",body:'Yuan D, Li W, Hua Y, King GJ, Xu F, Shi L. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Aquaporin Gene Family and Transcriptional Responses to Boron Deficiency in Brassica napus. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1336. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01336'},{id:"B51",body:'Hove RM, Ziemann M, Bhave M. Identification and Expression Analysis of the Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Aquaporin Gene Family. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128025. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128025'},{id:"B52",body:'Madrid-Espinoza J, Brunel-Saldias N, Guerra FP, Gutiérrez A, Del Pozo A. Genome-Wide Identification and Transcriptional Regulation of Aquaporin Genes in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Stress. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(10):497. DOI: 0.3390/genes9100497'},{id:"B53",body:'Zhu YX, Yang L, Liu N, et al. Genome-wide identification, structure characterization, and expression pattern profiling of aquaporin gene family in cucumber. BMC Plant Biol. 2019;19(1):345. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1953-1'},{id:"B54",body:'Singh RK, Shweta S, Muthamilarasan M, Rani R, Prasad M. Study on aquaporins of Setaria italica suggests the involvement of SiPIP3;1 and SiSIP1;1 in abiotic stress response. Funct Integr Genomics. 2019;19(4):587-596. DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-00653-0'},{id:"B55",body:'Bari A, Farooq M, Hussain A, Tahir ul Qama Mr, Waseem Abbas M, Mustafa G, Karim A, Ahmed I, Hussain T. Genome-Wide Bioinformatics Analysis of Aquaporin Gene Family in Maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology 2018;6:2. DOI: 0.4172/2329-9002.1000197'},{id:"B56",body:'Venkatesh J, Yu JW, Park SW. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the Solanum tuberosum aquaporins. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2013;73:392-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.025'},{id:"B57",body:'Sakurai J, Ishikawa F, Yamaguchi T, Uemura M, Maeshima M. Identification of 33 rice aquaporin genes and analysis of their expression and function. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005;46(9):1568-1577. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci172'},{id:"B58",body:'Azad AK, Ahmed J, Alum MA, et al. Genome-Wide Characterization of Major Intrinsic Proteins in Four Grass Plants and Their Non-Aqua Transport Selectivity Profiles with Comparative Perspective. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157735. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157735'},{id:"B59",body:'Reuscher S, Akiyama M, Mori C, Aoki K, Shibata D, Shiratake K. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of aquaporins in tomato. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79052. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079052'},{id:"B60",body:'Vander Willigen C, Postaire O, Tournaire-Roux C, Boursiac Y, Maurel C. Expression and inhibition of aquaporins in germinating Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 2006;47(9):1241-1250. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcj094'},{id:"B61",body:'Soto G, Fox R, Ayub N, Alleva K, Guaimas F, Erijman EJ, Mazzella A, Amodeo G, Muschietti J. TIP5;1 is an aquaporin specifically targeted to pollen mitochondria and is probably involved in nitrogen remobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2010; 64, 1038-1047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04395'},{id:"B62",body:'Pérez Di Giorgio JA, Barberini ML, Amodeo G, Muschietti JP. Pollen aquaporins: What are they there for? Plant Signal Behav. 2016;11(9):e1217375. DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1217375'},{id:"B63",body:'Sato R, Maeshima M. The ER-localized aquaporin SIP2;1 is involved in pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 2019;100(3):335-349. DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00865-3'},{id:"B64",body:'Rodrigues O, Reshetnyak G, Grondin A, et al. Aquaporins facilitate hydrogen peroxide entry into guard cells to mediate ABA- and pathogen-triggered stomatal closure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(34):9200-9205. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704754114'},{id:"B65",body:'Ding L, Chaumont F. Are Aquaporins Expressed in Stomatal Complexes Promising Targets to Enhance Stomatal Dynamics?. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:458. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00458'},{id:"B66",body:'Höfte H, Hubbard L, Reizer J, Ludevid D, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ. Vegetative and Seed-Specific Forms of Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein in the Vacuolar Membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1992;99(2):561- DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.2.561'},{id:"B67",body:'Daniels MJ, Chaumont F, Mirkov TE, Chrispeels MJ. Characterization of a new vacuolar membrane aquaporin sensitive to mercury at a unique site. Plant Cell. 1996;8(4):587-599. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.8.4.587'},{id:"B68",body:'Rodrigues MI, Takeda AA, Bravo JP, Maia IG. The Eucalyptus Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein (TIP) Gene Subfamily: Genomic Organization, Structural Features, and Expression Profiles. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1810. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01810570. doi:10.1104/pp.99.2.561'},{id:"B69",body:'Liu Q, Umeda M, Uchimiya H. Isolation and expression analysis of two rice genes encoding the major intrinsic protein. Plant Mol Biol. 1994;26(6):2003-2007. DOI: 10.1007/BF00019511'},{id:"B70",body:'Yamamoto YT, Taylor CG, Acedo GN, Cheng CL, Conkling MA. Characterization of cis-acting sequences regulating root-specific gene expression in tobacco. Plant Cell. 1991;3(4):371-382. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.4.371'},{id:"B71",body:'Singh RK, Deshmukh R, Muthamilarasan M, Rani R, Prasad M. Versatile roles of aquaporin in physiological processes and stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2020;149:178-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.009'},{id:"B72",body:'Nesverova V, Törnroth-Horsefield S. Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Mammalian Aquaporins. Cells. 2019;8(2):82. DOI: 10.3390/cells8020082'},{id:"B73",body:'Yang, I.; Kim, S. Analysis of whole transcriptome sequencing data: Workflow and software. Genom. Inform.2015, 13, 119-125. DOI: 10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.119'},{id:"B74",body:'Song L, Nguyen N, Deshmukh RK, et al. Soybean TIP Gene Family Analysis and Characterization of GmTIP1;5 and GmTIP2;5 Water Transport Activity. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1564. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01564'},{id:"B75",body:'Zhang DY, Kumar M, Xu L, et al. Genome-wide identification of Major Intrinsic Proteins in Glycine soja and characterization of GmTIP2;1 function under salt and water stress Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4106. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04253-z'},{id:"B76",body:'Atkinson NJ, Urwin PE. The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: from genes to the field. J. Exp. Bot. 2014;63, 3523-43. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers100'},{id:"B77",body:'Osakabe Y, Osakabe K, Shinozaki K, Tran LS. Response of plants to water stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2014; DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00086'},{id:"B78",body:'Golldack D, Li C, Mohan H, Probst N. Tolerance to drought and salt stress in plants, unraveling the signaling networks. Front. Plant Sci. 2014; DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00151.'},{id:"B79",body:'Merlaen B, De Keyser E, Ding L, Leroux O, Chaumont F, Van Labeke MC. Physiological responses and aquaporin expression upon drought and osmotic stress in a conservative vs prodigal Fragaria x ananassa cultivar. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2019;145:95-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.030'},{id:"B80",body:'Qiao Y, Ren J, Yin L, Liu Y, Deng X, Liu P, Wang S. Exogenous melatonin alleviates PEG-induced short-term water deficiency in maize by increasing hydraulic conductance. BMC Plant Biol. 2020;14,20(1):218. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02432-1'},{id:"B81",body:'Cominelli E, Conti L, Tonelli C, Galbiati M. Challenges and perspectives to improve crop drought and salinity tolerance. N Biotechnol. 2013;30(4):355-361. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.001'},{id:"B82",body:'Singh B, Kukreja S, Goutam U. Milestones achieved in response to drought stress through reverse genetic approaches. F1000Res. 2018;7:1311. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15606.1'},{id:"B83",body:'Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, Sadia S, NasimW, Adkins S, Saud S, Ihsan MZ, Alharby H,Wu C,Wang D, Huang J. Crop production under drought and heat stress: Plant responses and Management Options. Front Plant Sci. 2017; 8:1147. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01147'},{id:"B84",body:'Dolferus R. To grow or not to grow: a stressful decision for plants. Plant Sci. 2014;229:247-261. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.10.002'},{id:"B85",body:'Peng Y, Lin W, Cai W, Arora R. Overexpression of a Panax ginseng tonoplast aquaporin alters salt tolerance, drought tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Planta. 2007;226(3):729-740. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0520-4'},{id:"B86",body:'Smart LB, Moskal WA, Cameron KD, Bennett AB. MIP genes are down-regulated under drought stress in Nicotiana glauca. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001; 42(7):686-93. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce085'},{id:"B87",body:'Alexandersson E, Fraysse L, Sjo¨ vall-Larsen S, Gustavsson S, Fellert M, Karlsson M, et al. Whole gene family expression and drought stress regulation of aquaporins. Plant Mol Biol. 2005; 59(3):469-84. DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-0352-1'},{id:"B88",body:'Feng ZJ, Xu SC, Liu N, Zhang GW, Hu QZ, Xu ZS, et al. Identification of the AQP members involved in abiotic stress responses from Arabidopsis. Gene. 2018; 10;646:64-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.048'},{id:"B89",body:'Kurowska MM, Wiecha K, Gajek K, Szarejko I. Drought stress and re-watering affect the abundance of TIP aquaporin transcripts in barley. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226423. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226423'},{id:"B90",body:'Pawłowicz I, Rapacz M, Perlikowski D, Gondek K, Kosmala A. Abiotic stresses influence the transcript abundance of PIP and TIP aquaporins in Festuca species. J Appl Genet. 2017; 58(4):421-435. DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0403-8'},{id:"B91",body:'Miniussi M, Del Terra L, Savi T, Pallavicini A, Nardini A. Aquaporins in Coffea arabica L.: Identification, expression, and impacts on plant water relations and hydraulics. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2015;95:92-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.024'},{id:"B92",body:'Zupin M, Sedlar A, Kidrič M, Meglič V. Drought-induced expression of aquaporin genes in leaves of two common bean cultivars differing in tolerance to drought stress. J Plant Res. 2017;130(4):735-745. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0920-x'},{id:"B93",body:'Choudhury, F.K.; Rivero, R.M.; Blumwald, E.; Mittler, R. Reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress and stress combination. Plant J. 2017, 90, 856-867. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13299'},{id:"B94",body:'Bienert GP, Chaumont F. Aquaporin-facilitated transmembrane diffusion of hydrogen peroxide. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1840(5):1596-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.017 PMID:24060746'},{id:"B95",body:'Nabati J., Kafi M., Nezami A., Moghaddam P.R., Ali M., Mehrjerdi M.Z. Effect of salinity on biomass production and activities of some key enzymatic antioxidants in Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Pak. J. Bot. 2011;43:539-548.'},{id:"B96",body:'Kamran M, Parveen A, Ahmar S, et al. An Overview of Hazardous Impacts of Soil Salinity in Crops, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Amelioration through Selenium Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21(1):148. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010148'},{id:"B97",body:'Boursiac Y, Chen S, Luu DT, Sorieul M, van den Dries N, Maurel C. Early effects of salinity on water transport in Arabidopsis roots. Molecular and cellular features of aquaporin expression. Plant Physiol. 2005;139(2):790-805. DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.065029'},{id:"B98",body:'Afzal Z, Howton TC, Sun Y, Mukhtar MS. The Roles of Aquaporins in Plant Stress Responses. J Dev Biol. 2016;4(1):9. DOI: 10.3390/jdb4010009'},{id:"B99",body:'Li DD, Tai FJ, Zhang ZT, et al. A cotton gene encodes a tonoplast aquaporin that is involved in cell tolerance to cold stress. Gene. 2009;438(1-2):26-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.02.023'},{id:"B100",body:'Fahad S, Hussain S, Matloob A, Khan FA, Khaliq A, Saud S, Hassan S, Shan D, Khan F, Ullah N, Faiq M, Khan MR, Tareen AK, Khan A, Ullah A, Ullah N, Huang J. Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: A review. Plant Growth Regul. 2014; 75(2):391-404. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-014-0013-y'},{id:"B101",body:'Yoshida T, Christmann A, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Grill E, Fernie AR. Revisiting the Basal Role of ABA - Roles Outside of Stress. Trends Plant Sci. 2019;24(7):625-635. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.008'},{id:"B102",body:'Cai S, Chen G, Wang Y, et al. Evolutionary Conservation of ABA Signaling for Stomatal Closure. Plant Physiol. 2017;174(2):732-747. DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01848'},{id:"B103",body:'Jang G, Yoon Y, Choi YD. Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid Integrates Multiple Responses in Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(1):305. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010305'},{id:"B104",body:'Yang J, Duan G, Li C, et al. The Crosstalks Between Jasmonic Acid and Other Plant Hormone Signaling Highlight the Involvement of Jasmonic Acid as a Core Component in Plant Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Front Plant Sci. 2019;10:1349. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01349'},{id:"B105",body:'Colebrook EH, Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. The role of gibberellin signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress. J Exp Biol. 2014;217:67-75. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089938.'},{id:"B106",body:'Lubovská Z, Dobrá J, Storchová H, Wilhelmová N, Vanková R. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase overexpression modifies antioxidant defense against heat, drought and their combination in Nicotiana tabacum plants. J Plant Physiol. 2014;171(17):1625-1633. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.021'},{id:"B107",body:'Ullah A, Manghwar H, Shaban M, et al. Phytohormones enhanced drought tolerance in plants: a coping strategy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(33):33103-33118. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5'},{id:"B108",body:'Lin W, Peng Y, Li G, et al. Isolation and functional characterization of PgTIP1, a hormone-autotrophic cells-specific tonoplast aquaporin in ginseng. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(5):947-956. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl255'},{id:"B109",body:'Kurowska MM, Daszkowska-Golec A, Gajecka M, Kościelniak P, Bierza W, Szarejko I. Methyl Jasmonate Affects Photosynthesis Efficiency, Expression of HvTIP Genes and Nitrogen Homeostasis in Barley. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4335. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124335'},{id:"B110",body:'Ligaba A, Katsuhara M, Shibasaka M, Djira G. Abiotic stresses modulate expression of major intrinsic proteins in barley (Hordeum vulgare). C R Biol. 2011; 334(2):127-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.11.005 PMID: 21333943'},{id:"B111",body:'Sade N, Vinocur BJ, Diber A, et al. Improving plant stress tolerance and yield production: is the tonoplast aquaporin SlTIP2;2 a key to isohydric to anisohydric conversion?. New Phytol. 2009;181(3):651-661. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02689.x'},{id:"B112",body:'Ma S, Quist TM, Ulanov A, Joly R, Bohnert HJ. Loss of TIP1;1 aquaporin in Arabidopsis leads to cell and plant death. Plant J. 2004;40(6):845-859. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02265.x'},{id:"B113",body:'Schüssler MD, Alexandersson E, Bienert GP, et al. The effects of the loss of TIP1;1 and TIP1;2 aquaporins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2008;56(5):756-767. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03632.x'},{id:"B114",body:'Ariani A, Francini A, Andreucci A, Sebastiani L. Over-expression of AQUA1 in Populus alba Villafranca clone increases relative growth rate and water use efficiency, under Zn excess condition. Plant Cell Rep. 2016;35(2):289-301. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1883-9'},{id:"B115",body:'Xin S, Yu G, Sun L, Qiang X, Xu N, Cheng X. Expression of tomato SlTIP2;2 enhances the tolerance to salt stress in the transgenic Arabidopsis and interacts with target proteins. J Plant Res. 2014;127(6):695-708. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0658-7'},{id:"B116",body:'An, J.; Hu, Z.; Che, B.; Chen, H.; Yu, B.; Cai, W. Heterologous expression of Panax ginseng PgTIP1 confers enhanced salt tolerance of soybean cotyledon hairy roots, composite, and whole plants. Front. Plant Sci., 2017, 8, 1232. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01232'},{id:"B117",body:'Martins, C.P.S.; Neves, D.M.; Cidade, L.C.; Mendes, A.F.S.; Silva,D.C.; Almeida, A.A. F.; Coelho-Filho, M.A.; Gesteira, A.S.; Soares-Filho, W.S.; Costa, M.G.C. Expression of the citrus CsTIP2;1 gene improves tobacco plant growth, antioxidant capacity and physiological adaptation under stress conditions. Planta, 2017, 245(5), 951-963. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2653-4'},{id:"B118",body:'Khan, K.; Agarwal, P.; Shanware, A.; Sane, V.A. Heterologous expression of two jatropha aquaporins imparts drought and salt tolerance and improves seed viability in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6), e0128866. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128866'},{id:"B119",body:'Pang, Y.; Li, L.; Ren, F.; Lu, P.; Wei, P.; Cai, J.; Xin, L.; Zhang, J.; Chen, J.; Wang, X. Overexpression of the tonoplast aquaporin At-TIP5;1 conferred tolerance to boron toxicity in Arabidopsis. J. Genet. Genomics., 2010, 37(6), 389-397. DOI: 10.1016/S1673-8527(09)60057-6'},{id:"B120",body:'Feng, Z.J.; Xu, S.C.; Liu, N.; Zhang, G.W.; Hu, Q.Z.; Xu, Z.S.; Gong, Y.M. Identification of the AQP members involved in abiotic stress responses from Arabidopsis. Gene, 2018, 646, 64-73 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.048'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Marzena Małgorzata Kurowska",address:"marzena.kurowska@us.edu.pl",affiliation:'
University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10363",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shah Fahad, Dr. Shah Saud, Prof. Yajun Chen, Dr. Chao Wu and Dr. Depeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10363.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"194771",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"191011",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",middleName:null,surname:"Giovambattista",email:"agiovamba@gmail.com",fullName:"Andrés Giovambattista",slug:"andres-giovambattista",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Dietary and Hormonal Factors Involved in Healthy or Unhealthy Visceral Adipose Tissue Expansion",slug:"dietary-and-hormonal-factors-involved-in-healthy-or-unhealthy-visceral-adipose-tissue-expansion",abstract:"White adipose tissue (WAT) expansion is related to the development of metabolic disorders found in obesity. WAT expansion is the result of generation of new adipose cells by activation of adipogenesis and/or the increase in adipose cell size (hypertrophy). The balance between these two processes determines whether WAT expansion occurs predominantly by hyperplasia, which means the increase in the number of adipocytes, or hypertrophy. Hypertrophic adipocytes are characterized by changes in adipokine secretion pattern, insulin resistance and altered lipid metabolism, which is the reason why WAT-hypertrophic expansion is considered unhealthy. Conversely, the generation of new mature adipocytes by adipogenesis contributes to reduction of the development of hypertrophic adipocytes and therefore maintain normal WAT functions, leading to healthy hyperplastic expansion. The adipogenic capacity of adipose tissue depends on the adipogenic potential and the number of adipocyte precursor cells. Different factors are known to regulate adipogenic process and adipose tissue function, contributing to a healthy or unhealthy expansion that occurs under positive energy balance. This chapter discusses the role of fructose intake and glucocorticoids and testosterone as regulators of adipose tissue function and expansion.",signatures:"María Guillermina Zubiría, Ana Alzamendi, Luisina Ongaro, Eduardo\nSpinedi and Andrés Giovambattista",authors:[{id:"191011",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"Giovambattista",fullName:"Andrés Giovambattista",slug:"andres-giovambattista",email:"agiovamba@gmail.com"},{id:"191724",title:"Dr.",name:"María Guillermina",surname:"Zubiría",fullName:"María Guillermina Zubiría",slug:"maria-guillermina-zubiria",email:"gzubiria@imbice.gov.ar"},{id:"191729",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Alzamendi",fullName:"Ana Alzamendi",slug:"ana-alzamendi",email:"aalzamendi@imbice.gov.ar"},{id:"191731",title:"Dr.",name:"Luisina",surname:"Ongaro Gambino",fullName:"Luisina Ongaro Gambino",slug:"luisina-ongaro-gambino",email:"luisinaongaro@gmail.com"},{id:"191733",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Spinedi",fullName:"Eduardo Spinedi",slug:"eduardo-spinedi",email:"spinedi@cenexa.org"}],book:{title:"Adiposity",slug:"adiposity-epidemiology-and-treatment-modalities",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"47029",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",surname:"Margina",slug:"denisa-margina",fullName:"Denisa Margina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"53819",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodoro",surname:"Durá-Travé",slug:"teodoro-dura-trave",fullName:"Teodoro Durá-Travé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"190631",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",surname:"Hamasaki",slug:"hidetaka-hamasaki",fullName:"Hidetaka Hamasaki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190631/images/4586_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Center For Global Health and Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"190818",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Thibodeau",slug:"paul-thibodeau",fullName:"Paul Thibodeau",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oberlin College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"190820",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Flusberg",slug:"stephen-flusberg",fullName:"Stephen Flusberg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191542",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce",surname:"King",slug:"bruce-king",fullName:"Bruce King",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Clemson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"191896",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornel",surname:"Chirita",slug:"cornel-chirita",fullName:"Cornel Chirita",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"191898",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",surname:"Negreș",slug:"simona-negres",fullName:"Simona Negreș",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191899",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreea Letiția",surname:"Arsene",slug:"andreea-letitia-arsene",fullName:"Andreea Letiția Arsene",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191900",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Moroșan",slug:"elena-morosan",fullName:"Elena Moroșan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5763},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10365},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15784}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118187},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9796",title:"Cancers of Childhood and Adolescence - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c90c97b84629336aa5af2e9797f4cf2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dariusz Borys",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9796.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91258",title:"Prof.",name:"Dariusz",surname:"Borys",slug:"dariusz-borys",fullName:"Dariusz Borys"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. S Firstenberg and Dr. Vikas Yellapu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10324",title:"Asthma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"555c180ed3eefc77d38259cc57bd8dfe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Svetlana P. Chapoval",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10324.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70021",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana P.",surname:"Chapoval",slug:"svetlana-p.-chapoval",fullName:"Svetlana P. Chapoval"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10703",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"74951b49bbb62ec0de58ef39b777256b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10703.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10704",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias - Translational Approach from Pathophysiology to Advanced Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e5d67464d929fda6d8c83ec20c4138a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Endre Zima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10704.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201263",title:"Dr.",name:"Endre",surname:"Zima",slug:"endre-zima",fullName:"Endre Zima"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10705",title:"Healthcare Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8e9561a91e5f7771932aa5d49c3b687",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amit Agrawal and Dr. Srinivas Kosgi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10705.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10706",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10707",title:"Primary Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdb1aeb61b1eb116c1bdb09d25593686",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:55},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5221},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"482",title:"Pharmacology",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-pharmacology",parent:{title:"Analytical Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:13,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-pharmacology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3415",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:"Molecular Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d77817cb9a189cf33ca0ea47bdfdf8c",slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",bookSignature:"Ana Varela Coelho and Catarina de Matos Ferraz Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84892",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Varela",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-varela-coelho",fullName:"Ana Varela Coelho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45040",doi:"10.5772/55982",title:"Matrix Effects in Mass Spectrometry Combined with Separation Methods — Comparison HPLC, GC and Discussion on Methods to Control these Effects",slug:"matrix-effects-in-mass-spectrometry-combined-with-separation-methods-comparison-hplc-gc-and-discussi",totalDownloads:4816,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Luigi Silvestro, Isabela Tarcomnicu and Simona Rizea Savu",authors:[{id:"94158",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestro",slug:"luigi-silvestro",fullName:"Luigi Silvestro"}]},{id:"44881",doi:"10.5772/54484",title:"A Short Overview of the Components in Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation for Proteomics Analyses",slug:"a-short-overview-of-the-components-in-mass-spectrometry-instrumentation-for-proteomics-analyses",totalDownloads:2803,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Diogo Ribeiro Demartini",authors:[{id:"160425",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:"Ribeiro",surname:"Demartini",slug:"diogo-demartini",fullName:"Diogo Demartini"}]},{id:"44893",doi:"10.5772/55221",title:"Mass Spectrometry Strategies for Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates",slug:"mass-spectrometry-strategies-for-structural-analysis-of-carbohydrates-and-glycoconjugates",totalDownloads:3969,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Guilherme L. Sassaki and Lauro Mera de Souza",authors:[{id:"161071",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Sassaki",slug:"guilherme-sassaki",fullName:"Guilherme Sassaki"},{id:"167021",title:"Dr.",name:"Lauro",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",slug:"lauro-souza",fullName:"Lauro Souza"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45040",title:"Matrix Effects in Mass Spectrometry Combined with Separation Methods — Comparison HPLC, GC and Discussion on Methods to Control these Effects",slug:"matrix-effects-in-mass-spectrometry-combined-with-separation-methods-comparison-hplc-gc-and-discussi",totalDownloads:4813,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Luigi Silvestro, Isabela Tarcomnicu and Simona Rizea Savu",authors:[{id:"94158",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestro",slug:"luigi-silvestro",fullName:"Luigi Silvestro"}]},{id:"44861",title:"Tandem MS and NMR: An Efficient Couple for the Characterization of Saponins",slug:"tandem-ms-and-nmr-an-efficient-couple-for-the-characterization-of-saponins",totalDownloads:2345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Rita Laires, Kamila Koci, Elisabete Pires, Catarina Franco, Pedro\nLamosa and Ana V. Coelho",authors:[{id:"84892",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Varela",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-varela-coelho",fullName:"Ana Varela Coelho"}]},{id:"44893",title:"Mass Spectrometry Strategies for Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates",slug:"mass-spectrometry-strategies-for-structural-analysis-of-carbohydrates-and-glycoconjugates",totalDownloads:3968,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Guilherme L. Sassaki and Lauro Mera de Souza",authors:[{id:"161071",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Sassaki",slug:"guilherme-sassaki",fullName:"Guilherme Sassaki"},{id:"167021",title:"Dr.",name:"Lauro",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",slug:"lauro-souza",fullName:"Lauro Souza"}]},{id:"45033",title:"Post-Translational Modification Profiling of Burn-Induced — Insulin Resistance and Muscle Wasting",slug:"post-translational-modification-profiling-of-burn-induced-insulin-resistance-and-muscle-wasting",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Xiao-Ming Lu, Ronald G. Tompkins and Alan J. Fischman",authors:[{id:"160187",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",middleName:"J",surname:"Fischman",slug:"alan-fischman",fullName:"Alan Fischman"},{id:"161352",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"xiao-ming-lu",fullName:"Xiao-Ming Lu"},{id:"161353",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Tompkins",slug:"ronald-tompkins",fullName:"Ronald Tompkins"}]},{id:"44881",title:"A Short Overview of the Components in Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation for Proteomics Analyses",slug:"a-short-overview-of-the-components-in-mass-spectrometry-instrumentation-for-proteomics-analyses",totalDownloads:2803,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Diogo Ribeiro Demartini",authors:[{id:"160425",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:"Ribeiro",surname:"Demartini",slug:"diogo-demartini",fullName:"Diogo Demartini"}]},{id:"44905",title:"Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Study of Antimalarial Agents",slug:"contribution-of-mass-spectrometry-to-the-study-of-antimalarial-agents",totalDownloads:1836,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-molecular-characterization",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Molecular Characterization"},signatures:"Ana Raquel Sitoe, Francisca Lopes, Rui Moreira, Ana Coelho and\nMaria Rosário Bronze",authors:[{id:"84892",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Varela",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-varela-coelho",fullName:"Ana Varela Coelho"},{id:"161452",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bronze",slug:"maria-bronze",fullName:"Maria Bronze"},{id:"162336",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sitoe",slug:"ana-sitoe",fullName:"Ana Sitoe"},{id:"162337",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisca",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",slug:"francisca-lopes",fullName:"Francisca Lopes"},{id:"162338",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",slug:"rui-moreira",fullName:"Rui Moreira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-pharmacology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/191011/andres-giovambattista",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"191011",slug:"andres-giovambattista"},fullPath:"/profiles/191011/andres-giovambattista",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()