\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7556",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dyslipidemia",title:"Dyslipidemia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe, particularly among aging populations. Lipoprotein disorders, frequently encountered by clinicians, require early recognition and treatment. In this book, we assembled a group of world-renowned scholars in their field to address major areas in lipoprotein disorders that are imminently relevant to clinicians and other healthcare providers. Areas discussed include an overview of lipid metabolism, a complex topic, presented in a simplified and rational way. We also highlight recent developments in the field including dyslipidemias characterized by nontraditional lipid biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the role of dyslipidemia. Other chapters include the assessment of primary and secondary causes of dyslipidemia. Targets for treatment as well as the role of major therapeutic agents including statins and PCSK9 inhibitors are also discussed in light of the most recent guidelines by major international organizations. This is in addition to an overview of lifestyle and dietary modification as well as alternative options for dyslipidemia management. Furthermore, dyslipidemia in special populations is emphasized including various ethnic groups as well as those with HIV disease, chronic kidney disease, among others. The role of adiposity including brown fat together with highlights on lipidomics and dyslipidemias characterized by nontraditional lipid biomarkers is also highlighted. We believe that this volume will serve as a valuable resource, not only for clinicians and other healthcare providers, but for students and research scholars as well.",isbn:"978-1-83968-004-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-003-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-005-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76825",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dyslipidemia",numberOfPages:180,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dfd1faefe925f0f8335c42cdb36256c1",bookSignature:"Samy I. McFarlane",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7556.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11865,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 18th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 17th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"53477",title:null,name:"Samy I.",middleName:null,surname:"McFarlane",slug:"samy-i.-mcfarlane",fullName:"Samy I. McFarlane",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53477/images/system/53477.png",biography:"Dr. McFarlane is Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine/Endocrinology and Associate Dean at Downstate-Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.\nHe has extensive experience in clinical and translational research and served as the PI for the largest center in North America in the landmark Diabetes Reduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial. \nHe authored over 400 publications with more than 10,000 citations and an h-index of 47 with 330 highly influential citations (Semantic Scholar), with 57 h-index and 164 i10-index (google Scholar). Among these citations are those in major guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA), such as stroke guidelines (2018 and 2019), the Scientific Statement from the AHA on Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation 2020, and the 2021 SHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Collaborative Statement. \nDr. McFarlane is also the editor of several books on diabetes, hypertension, RAAS, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and related topics. He also edited the popular study guide, the First Aid for the Medicine Clerkship, by Mc Graw Hill and Co.® and the Resident Inpatient Selective Educational (RISE) Manual (2020 and 2022).\n\nDr. McFarlane is a three-term member of the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH-NIDDK) and served twice as chair of NIH-NIDDK U01 committees. He also served as chair of the clinical sub-committee of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Locally, he held several leadership positions including Medical Director of Clinical Research, Program Director and Chief of Endocrinology. He also served as Brooklyn District President of the American College of Physicians 2014-2016. \nDr. McFarlane served as the founding Associate Editor for Endocrine Today and a founding Editor-In-Chief, Section Editor, Lead Guest Editor and Editorial Board Member for several PubMed-indexed journals such as Clinical Practice, Current Diabetes reports, Current Hypertension reports, Current Cardiovascular reports and International Journal of Hypertension, in addition to several open access journals.\nHis research that addresses gender and racial health disparity has been widely cited including his work on obesity, as it relates to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer and bone mineral density, particularly among minority populations, has also been widely cited.\nDr. McFarlane is highly sought-after as a mentor where he focuses on promoting careers of his trainees, particularly the Underrepresented in Medicine (UiRM) scholars. During his tenure as one of five investigators/ mentors on the $2.5 million NIH grant, awarded to SUNY-Downstate (Women’s Health Research: from molecules to therapies), he mentored several scholars who pursued academic and leadership positions. He also served as the primary mentor for the NIH-funded Loan Repayment Program (LRP), that is designed to help retain scholars into biomedical research; something that is highly pertinent to minority trainees. Dr. McFarlane's research was also supported by the American Diabetes Association, the National Kidney Foundation, and other major organizations throughout the years.\nHe is the recipient of numerous awards and honors including recognition from the United States Army, the US Congress, Pioneer in Public Health, the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society and the Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine.",institutionString:"Downstate-Health Science University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"66265",title:"Introductory Chapter: Overview of Lipoprotein Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85094",slug:"introductory-chapter-overview-of-lipoprotein-metabolism",totalDownloads:1592,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angelina Zhyvotovska, Denis Yusupov and Samy I. McFarlane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66265",authors:[{id:"53477",title:null,name:"Samy I.",surname:"McFarlane",slug:"samy-i.-mcfarlane",fullName:"Samy I. McFarlane"},{id:"298681",title:"Dr.",name:"Denis",surname:"Yusupov",slug:"denis-yusupov",fullName:"Denis Yusupov"},{id:"298682",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelina",surname:"Zhyvotovska",slug:"angelina-zhyvotovska",fullName:"Angelina Zhyvotovska"}],corrections:null},{id:"66725",title:"Dyslipidemia and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Evaluation and Targets for Treatment of Dyslipidemia Based on Recent Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85772",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-its-role-in-the-pathogenesis-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-implications",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The clinical presentations of atherosclerotic disease are the result of a constellation of diverse metabolic and immunologic mechanisms ultimately set into motion by the formation of fatty acid streaks and the accompanying inflammatory cell activation, endothelial damage, smooth muscle proliferation, vascular fibrosis, and end-organ infarction and necrosis. At the heart of atherosclerosis are the byproducts of lipid metabolism, lipoproteins containing triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and the changes they undergo that eventually lead to macrophage activation, foam cell formation, and other downstream atherosclerotic changes. Understanding the functionality of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins in the cascade of atherosclerotic pathways has tremendous implications on current guidelines for the evaluation and targets in the management of dyslipidemia, and serves as the foundation for future investigations into targets of atherosclerotic therapies.",signatures:"Perry Wengrofsky, Justin Lee and Amgad N. Makaryus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66725",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66725",authors:[{id:"106536",title:"Dr.",name:"Amgad N.",surname:"Makaryus",slug:"amgad-n.-makaryus",fullName:"Amgad N. Makaryus"},{id:"292156",title:"Dr.",name:"Perry",surname:"Wengrofsky",slug:"perry-wengrofsky",fullName:"Perry Wengrofsky"},{id:"292157",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",surname:"Lee",slug:"justin-lee",fullName:"Justin Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"64903",title:"Dyslipidemia in Special Populations, the Elderly, Women, HIV, Chronic Kidney Disease and ESRD, and Minority Groups",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82831",slug:"dyslipidemia-in-special-populations-the-elderly-women-hiv-chronic-kidney-disease-and-esrd-and-minori",totalDownloads:873,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the management of dyslipidemia in special patient populations: the elderly, woman and pregnancy, renal disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and different racial/ethnic groups. In the elderly, dyslipidemia is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Consideration for potential atherosclerotic risk-reduction benefits, risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and patient preferences should precede the initiation of statin therapy. Data on pregnant women are lacking and need future research. Dyslipidemia and its effects on the cardiovascular system in chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and HIV are dynamic and multimodal. These conditions are states of chronic inflammation, where it is difficult to associate quantities of cholesterol types with outcomes. Among all racial groups, Asian Indians, Filipinos, and Hispanics are at a higher risk for dyslipidemia. Genetic differences in statin metabolism may explain this racial/ethnic difference.",signatures:"Amarpali Brar, Jeans M. Santana, Moro O. Salifu and Clinton D. Brown",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64903",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64903",authors:[{id:"261968",title:"M.D.",name:"Amarpali",surname:"Brar",slug:"amarpali-brar",fullName:"Amarpali Brar"},{id:"263925",title:"Dr.",name:"Clinton D.",surname:"Brown",slug:"clinton-d.-brown",fullName:"Clinton D. Brown"},{id:"263926",title:"Dr.",name:"Moro O.",surname:"Salifu",slug:"moro-o.-salifu",fullName:"Moro O. Salifu"},{id:"271942",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeans M.",surname:"Santana",slug:"jeans-m.-santana",fullName:"Jeans M. Santana"}],corrections:null},{id:"65757",title:"Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Goal Attainment with Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Insights from Thai Multicenter Study and Overview of the Major Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82355",slug:"prevalence-of-dyslipidemia-and-goal-attainment-with-lipid-lowering-therapy-insights-from-thai-multic",totalDownloads:2455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background Since the release in Thailand in 2001 of the Third Guidelines by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults or the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), there have been no nationwide studies on the proportion of dyslipidaemic patients who have achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. The authors therefore aimed to estimate the percentage achievement of LDL-C goals based on the modified NCEP ATP III guidelines in intermediate- to high-risk patients. Methods The authors conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional, epidemiological survey. Patients (1240) were selected consecutively from 50 hospitals across Thailand. Patients were included if they had been treated with statins for at least 3 months. Results Two-thirds were female, and the mean age was 61.7+69.5 years. The median duration of statin treatment was 21 months. Half (633/1240) of the patients achieved the LDL-C goal levels as defined by the NCEP guidelines (51.1%, 95% CI 48.3% to 53.8%). The very high-risk group had the lowest percentage achievement (11.6%; 95% CI 1.6% to 21.6%), compared with 54.2% (95% CI 50.9% to 57.4%) for the high-risk group and 47.0% (95% CI 41.1% to 52.8%) for the moderate-risk group. More males achieved the LDL-C goals than females (55.6% vs. 48.9%; P = 0.029). Conclusions Overall, 51.1% of the patients with cardiovascular risk, on statins treatment, achieved the NCEP ATP III LDL-C goal levels.",signatures:"Songkwan Silaruks, Charn Sriratanasathavorn, Petch Rawdaree, Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya, Bandit Thinkhamrop and Piyamitr Sritara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65757",authors:[{id:"256769",title:"Prof.",name:"Songkwan",surname:"Silaruks",slug:"songkwan-silaruks",fullName:"Songkwan Silaruks"},{id:"283455",title:"Dr.",name:"Charn",surname:"Sriratanasathavorn",slug:"charn-sriratanasathavorn",fullName:"Charn Sriratanasathavorn"},{id:"283456",title:"Dr.",name:"Petch",surname:"Rawdaree",slug:"petch-rawdaree",fullName:"Petch Rawdaree"},{id:"283457",title:"Dr.",name:"Rapeephon",surname:"Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya",slug:"rapeephon-kunjara-na-ayudhaya",fullName:"Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya"},{id:"283458",title:"Dr.",name:"Bandit",surname:"Thinkhamrop",slug:"bandit-thinkhamrop",fullName:"Bandit Thinkhamrop"},{id:"283459",title:"Prof.",name:"Piyamitr",surname:"Sritara",slug:"piyamitr-sritara",fullName:"Piyamitr Sritara"}],corrections:null},{id:"69909",title:"Postprandial Lipemia as Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89933",slug:"postprandial-lipemia-as-cardiovascular-disease-risk-factor",totalDownloads:804,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is characterized by prolonged and increased levels of lipids especially triglycerides (TG) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels after a meal. There are an increasing number of evidence that postprandial lipemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease because of its causative role in atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. This has serious implications because common dietary patterns are characterized by high fat content and meal consumption; hence, most will be in a postprandial state resulting to frequent and prolonged exposure to high lipid levels. The review will present the current evidences for the role of postprandial lipemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors, namely, diabetes and obesity. We will also present recommendations on the diagnosis and management of postprandial lipemia.",signatures:"Neil Francis Amba and Leilani B. Mercado-Asis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69909",authors:[{id:"299157",title:"Prof.",name:"Leilani B.",surname:"Mercado-Asis",slug:"leilani-b.-mercado-asis",fullName:"Leilani B. Mercado-Asis"},{id:"309025",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil Francis",surname:"Amba",slug:"neil-francis-amba",fullName:"Neil Francis Amba"}],corrections:null},{id:"65816",title:"Alternative Natural Management of Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82430",slug:"alternative-natural-management-of-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:854,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In hypercholesterolemic patients, besides therapeutic treatments, alternative treatments can be used such as lifestyle changes, e.g. avoiding smoking, regular exercise, and consuming a diet rich in fiber and low in trans saturated and saturated fats. There are also certain plant products, such as the gum residue guggulipid, that are used in India as a traditional medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Similarly, red yeast rice and rice bran oil have been observed to reduce elevated cholesterol levels. Other herbal products have also been investigated for their role in lowering cholesterol levels, as well as various other herbs and spices such as ginger and turmeric. Another herbal remedy available for reducing high cholesterol levels is the leaf extract of Cynara scolymus, commonly known as artichoke thistle. Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, or globe artichoke, is mainly cultivated as a food crop. It has an important effect on reducing plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels.",signatures:"Abdullah Glil Alkushi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65816",authors:[{id:"261081",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Glil Alkushi",slug:"abdullah-glil-alkushi",fullName:"Abdullah Glil Alkushi"}],corrections:null},{id:"64081",title:"The Role of Niacin in the Management of Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81725",slug:"the-role-of-niacin-in-the-management-of-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Niacin or nicotinic acid has been used for the management of dyslipidemia for over 50 years, and it is the first medication that has been shown to reduce both coronary disease events and mortality. It is unique among the various lipid therapies in that it can not only reduce all of atherogenic lipid fractions (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, non-HDL lipoproteins, and triglycerides), but is also the most effective agent for raising high-density lipoprotein (specifically Apolipoprotein A-1). It is also the only lipid therapy that can lower lipoprotein (a). Niacin also has non-lipid benefits that improve vascular health and reduce atherogenesis. Niacin therapy was initially hampered by a high incidence of side effects, especially flushing, but this has largely been overcome by extended-release formulations and dosing and administering properly. Despite the failure of two recent clinical trials to show benefit of combining niacin with statins, there are many trials that support using niacin as monotherapy or in combination with other lipid agents including statins. Niacin is also the cheapest lipid agent available, and with the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the world, it offers great value in the population-wide management of this health problem.",signatures:"Joseph M. Keenan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64081",authors:[{id:"255775",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Joseph M.",surname:"Keenan",slug:"joseph-m.-keenan",fullName:"Joseph M. Keenan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69010",title:"Novel Therapies for Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88477",slug:"novel-therapies-for-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:930,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multiple studies have shown a strong correlation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration and development as well as progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. Thus, the decrease of the LDL-C burden through lifestyle modification and/or pharmacological interventions unanimously demonstrated a decrease in cardiovascular events and mortality. To date, statins are considered the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration has shown consistency of treatment benefits across a wide patient population. However, new data are now revealing that a considerate patient population failed to achieve lipid goals solely on statins and a significant percentage cannot tolerate treatment. Therefore, extensive work has recently been done in generating novel LDL-C-lowering agents that would act through mechanisms different from statins. Among others, monoclonal antibodies to protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and ezetimibe seem particularly promising. Both PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies and ezetimibe have shown to be well tolerated and very effective at lowering LDL-C.",signatures:"Olta Tafaj Reddy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69010",authors:[{id:"295020",title:"Dr.",name:"Olta",surname:"Tafaj Reddy",slug:"olta-tafaj-reddy",fullName:"Olta Tafaj Reddy"}],corrections:null},{id:"68179",title:"Adipose Tissue Complexities in Dyslipidemias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87439",slug:"adipose-tissue-complexities-in-dyslipidemias",totalDownloads:729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adipose tissue is the largest organ in the human body and, in excess, contributes to dyslipidemias and the dysregulation of other vascular and metabolic processes. Adipose tissue is heterogeneous, comprised of several cell types based on morphology, cellular age, and endocrine and paracrine function. Adipose tissue depots are also regional, primarily due to sex differences and genetic variation. Adipose tissue is also characterized as subcutaneous vs. visceral. In addition, fatty deposits exist outside of adipose tissue, such as those surrounding the heart, or as infiltration of skeletal muscle. This review focuses on adipose tissue and its contribution to dyslipidemias. Dyslipidemias are defined as circulating blood lipid levels that are too high or altered. Lipids include both traditional and nontraditional species. Leaving aside traditional definitions, adipose tissue contributes to dyslipidemias in a myriad of ways. To address a small portion of this topic, we reviewed (a) adipose tissue location and cell types, (b) body composition, (c) endocrine adipose, (d) the fat-brain axis, and (e) genetic susceptibility. The influence of these complex aspects of adipose tissue on dyslipidemias and human health, illustrating that, once again, that adipose tissue is a quintessential, multifunctional tissue of the human body, will be summarized.",signatures:"Deborah R. Gustafson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68179",authors:[{id:"294635",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah R.",surname:"Gustafson",slug:"deborah-r.-gustafson",fullName:"Deborah R. Gustafson"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10488",title:"Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5815b21958b2b2d5b653771c3f0cc35c",slug:"renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system",bookSignature:"Samy I. McFarlane",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53477",title:null,name:"Samy I.",surname:"McFarlane",slug:"samy-i.-mcfarlane",fullName:"Samy I. 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\r\n\tClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated (Cas) protein is a system originated from bacteria that confer resistance to plasmids or phages and provides an adaptive immunity for the host. CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are transcribed from CRISPR locuses. Transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA) is partially complementary to and pairs with a pre-crRNA to form an RNA duplex cleaved by RNase III and a crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid acts as a guide for the endonuclease Cas, which cleaves the invading DNA. Currently, it has been successfully used in genome editing such as silencing, enhancing, or modification of specific genes. Plasmids are constructed to express crRNA and tracrRNA together as single-guide RNAs (sgRNA). By the Cas proteins and a specifically designed sgRNA, the organism’s genome can be cleaved at most locations with the only limitation being the availability of an NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence in the targeting site. Efficient genome engineering has been performed in human cells, bacteria, yeasts, zebrafish, nematodes, plants, animals, etc. These findings and their implications may be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted. In this book, we will explore the development of CRISPR-Cas encoding and its application in basic research.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-816-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-815-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-817-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",keywords:"crRNA, tracr RNA, sgRNA, PAM sequence, Encoding, Silencing, Enhancing, Modification, Genetic Engineering, Animal Model, Delivery Tool, CRISPR",numberOfDownloads:3,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 10th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 9th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 27th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Yuan-Chuan Chen completed his Ph.D. in Comparative Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), USA. 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He has participated in publishing many co-authored articles in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters in the fields of basic science, biomedicine, and related policy/regulation. He is now an assistant professor in Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taiwan. He is also an adjunct member in the biopharmaceutical division of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Taiwan) Revising Committee (9th edition) and has reviewed many materials for Pharmacopoeia revising. His research is focusing on the discovery, production, application, perspectives and challenges of biopharmaceuticals. He is interested in basic research, the development of agricultural/industrial products and human therapeutics using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. 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The swindler is impulsive or rational; following a behavioral economics guide, we can make a difference, or there will be a model of fraudulent behavior.
The Behavioral Theory develops elements that will be divided into beliefs, preferences, and information processing. You’ll also find terms you may be familiar with, such as loss aversion, short-termism, status quo bias, or social norms. However, you will also learn other new terms.
Richard Thaler explained that the man economic behaviour, demonstrated his reasonableness, this point is conditioned by his convictions, emotions and social environment, in addition to other facts, and is never logical reasoning.
In behavioral economics, the terms “standard” or “traditional” economic model or
The standard economic norm assumes that people decided to improve their well-being more adequately, (without caring about others) using emotional intelligence and processing all available information and remembering decision processes appropriately.
Choices are continuous over time and the most appropriate rules, regardless of context, convictions, and emotions, can represent different options.
However, the development of the economy in the new years has carried out an internal investigation that claimed that behavioral economics assumptions functioned normally in a linear decision process.
Appreciation of psychological and sociological facts in the game of rules is not a new economic cliche. I suggest hint loss could be of greater value than profit, even if the two decision paths have the same path.
Nevertheless, within the 1970s and 1980s, when economic behavior began to generate significant theoretical and proven processes, consistent and behavioral economics could be accepted worldwide.
The Fraud Triangle theory developed by criminologists Donald Cressey1 and Edwin Sutherland2 [1] explains the reasons why a person may commit fraud and determines three factors that are present at the time: pressure, opportunity, and justification or rationalization, creating the fraud triangle with its three elements (Figure 1).
The fraud triangle theory. Source: Donald Cressey and Edwin Sutherland.
The Diamond Theory of Fraud later came to be considered a more comprehensive theory in relation to the theory proposed by Cressey [2]. For Wolfe and Hermanson [3],3 the probability of occurrence of fraud may be due to the presence of four factors.
As everything evolves, so does fraud, and today it is a star with seven elements which is why the Star Fraud Theory is formulated, based on the theory of behavior and the formulation of the corresponding microeconomic theory of Fraud [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
“A false statement knowing the truth or concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his detriment” [13]4.
Fraud can compromise a company, either internally by company employees, managers, officers, or owners or externally by customers, suppliers, and other parties. Certainly is possible to commit fraud people and companies.
Internal fraud, called labor fraud, is defined as follows: “The use of personal work for a particular enrichment through the misuse or misapplication of the company’s means or assets.” In summary, this form of fraud succeeds when a server, director, or manager betrays the company. Scam artists are taking technological tools and a new approach to cover fraud diagrams. The forms used in these frauds are popularly divided into classes, to test and prove over time.
External fraud against a company is extensive in its forms, immodest sellers, corrupt customers and fake checks, stolen goods, and manoeuvers to extract money from the company through tricks or scams. Other examples include kidnapping, theft of confidential information, tax fraud, insurance scam, health scam, and loan scam.
Numerous fraudsters have also devised plans to defraud people. Identity theft,5 Ponzi schemes,6 phishing schemes,7 and advance payment scams are just a few of the criminal forms being taken to steal money from innocent victims.
The Fraud Triangle theory developed by criminologists Donald Cressey8 and Edwin Sutherland9 explains the reasons why a person may commit fraud and determines three factors that are present at the time: pressure, opportunity, and justification or rationalization.
in which the term P (fraud) represents the probability of occurrence of fraud, being a function (f) of the terms O, which represents the opportunity, I, which refers to individual intentions, and R, which represents the rationalization or attitude personal. In this context, it is highlighted that the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners10 (ACFE) defends that the Fraud Triangle Theory can be used effectively, in many cases, to understand why individuals commit fraudulent acts.
The Diamond Theory of Fraud later came to be considered a more comprehensive theory in relation to the theory proposed by Cressey [2]. For Wolfe and Hermanson [3], the probability of occurrence of fraud can be due to the presence of four factors; the diamond theory of fraud can be represented by the following equation:
in which the term P (fraud) represents the probability of fraud occurring, being a function (f) of the terms O, which represents the opportunity, I, which refers to individual intentions and R, which represents the rationalization or attitude personal and C, which represents ability (Figure 2).
The fraud diamond theory.
Greed.
Pride.
Arrogance.
The thought of the right to deserve everything.
First, it covets, because the executive can use his position and authority to get what he wants (money, status, title, and services); second, pride and arrogance; the executive who feels superior to others, and does not allow anyone to question or disqualify him. Finally, the executive who thinks that he has the right to everything and he deserves the best, and that is why he does everything possible to obtain it.
The International Framework for Professional Practice (IPPF) of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)12 defines fraud as follows [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]:
“Any illegal act characterized by deception, concealment or breach of trust. These acts do not require the application of a threat of violence or physical force. Fraud is perpetrated by individuals and organizations to obtain money, goods, or services, to avoid payments or losses of services, or to secure personal or business advantages”.
Fraud is perpetrated by a person, group of people, or organization for their own benefit and/or that of the criminal organization.
The most common types of fraud are:
Embezzlement of assets
Skimming occurs when an organization’s cash is stolen and its non-registration in its books and records.
Reimbursement of fictitious or inflated business expenses.
The fraud of the payment function false compensation claims.
Fraud in the financial statements involves the inclusion of false information.
Disbursement fraud for payment to service providers not rendered, fictitious, or overbilled amounts.
The presentation of falsified and adulterated information with the objective of obtaining some profit.
Bribery in all its forms, of acceptance of goods, personal favors to relatives or third parties.
Bribery through the acceptance of gifts, personal privileges, family, or third parties.
A conflict of interest, involving operations of the organization, as a supplier, customer, obtaining monetary, commercial, or reputational advantages, own, family and third parties.
Fraud is a type of corruption, with an income, it has behavioral characteristics, which is why we go through behavioral economics and convergence with a fraud economy model, to develop the model [31, 32, 33, 34, 35].
The fundamental elements of behavioral economics and their concepts are described below:
The inclination of the current, that is, the tendency to a certain behavior, where our choices are biased by these elements.
Rejection of loss
Short-term
Temporary instability
The slant of status quo
The social rules
Correspondence
It refers to the idea that a loss generates more discontent than happiness, which would generate a gain of the same magnitude.
The tendency to choose a smaller profit that is close in time versus a larger profit that is distant in time. It is related to a preference for immediate gratification.
The tendency to be impatient when choosing, between receiving benefits today or in the future, and choosing between benefits in two different periods in the future. Also known as “present bias”.
Our tendency is to maintain the normal state of affairs. This normal condition, or status quo, is taken as a degree of allusion.
This means that the value of an asset depends on the degree of beliefs that the person has.
Social rules are unwritten; they govern behavior within a society. A distinction is made between “descriptive rules”; these rules explain standardized behavior, sometimes not followed by individuals, and “prescriptive rules”, which are acceptable or desired behavior.
It is a social rule that implicates interchanges between people, answering to the acting of another acting equivalent. It can be assertive or adverse.
Elements of convictions\t\t
Readiness
Trust in plus
Surplus hopefulness
Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness
Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes
People make their judgments about the probability of a future event occurring, based on the ease with which an instance that represents it occurs.
It is the tendency to overestimate or exaggerate our own ability to satisfactorily complete a given task.
The bias of excess optimism makes us underestimate the probability of negative events and overestimate the probability of positive events.
This method explains the fact that the similarity between objects and facts often shapes economic decisions and the evaluation of uncertain events. The fundamental question is the speed of decision-making in this method; the faster the decision, this method will outline the similarity in the decision, being a mental appearance and a response of the brain.
There are two types of processes in behavioral economics:
“Automatical”—is defined as system 1, thinking is automatical.
“Reflexive”—is defined as system 1, thinking is reflexive.
System 1: its operation occurs automatically, without attempt and without control.
System 2: its operation occurs, more slowly and controlled, and is utilized in mental works.
In the case of the fraud economy, the concepts that have convergent characteristics with the behavioral economy will be analyzed.
Preferences. In fraudulent conduct, there is bias in the present, since the income obtained is the objective of the person who commits the act.
Convictions. Issues of belief have to do with the value structure of society, norms, the level of control and the effective punishment of the crime of Fraud. “Individuals with some degree of power are more likely to act fraudulently”
Information processing. The mental shortcut in the decision of a Fraud is given by the level of income and the level of impunity of the fraudster, his moral bias, the value structure of society, norms, and the level of control and the effective punishment of fraudulent conduct.
In fraudulent behavior, there are no losses, except the probability of punishment; the loss is taken as income, for not committing the crime. In a fraudulent behavior, the ability to commit it is analyzed, and the objective is immediate income.
Short-term. In fraudulent behavior, short-termism is essential, high income level and short-term.
Temporary instability. The crime of fraud has the objective of receiving benefits today, not in the future, except waiting for administrative collection times for public works, or public tenders, or private acts.
Social Rules. Here social norms influence fraudulent behavior related to the stock of the person’s moral rules, their moral bias, the value structure of society, norms, the level of control, and the effective punishment of the crime of fraud.
Correspondence. On the subject of reciprocity, the scammer gets benefits; it can be an income or benefits of privileges and obligations to do or not to do.
The slant of status quo. Fraud does not follow the bias of the status quo except the regulations or level of control; when they have a low level, the free path to commit the crime is perceived.
Trust in plus. In the scammer’s behavior, the aptitude to commit the scam is overestimated, and the objective is immediate income.
Hopefulness surplus. A regulatory system is combined with an effective control and punishment system, of the same scope, resulting in a surplus hopefulness.
Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness. Here the income is doubtful and uncertain, but the greater the profit from fraud, the greater the willingness to commit it, and the level of control, punishment, and reward is important at this point.
Framing effect (frame or framing). The presentation of the information does not matter, since the objective is fraudulent income.
Hassle factors. There are three factors that make the corruption decision uncomfortable: level of regulations, level of control, and level of effective punishment.
The dual process theory. In the crime of fraud, there is a third system that combines the one; it works automatically and quickly and slow and controlled, given the level of rules, level of control, and level of effective punishment, given as system 3. \tSystem 3: works reflexively but quickly in its response and depends on the income obtained and the levels of rules, control, and punishment of fraud.
Saliency. In a fraudulent behavior, the most important thing is the level of income that I am going to obtain in the fraud and the ease of obtaining it.
Automatical thinking and reflexive thinking system. Fraudulent conduct would be a system 3, with controls on punishment, prevention, and regulation.
Cognitive load. In the behavior of a swindler, there is a psychological overload as a difficult barrier to committing the crime.
“The dirty economy, drug trafficking, fraud, and corruption are contemporary plagues sheltered by that anti-value, the one that maintains that we are happier if we get rich, whatever it may be.”13
The time produces a process of change in the world, people and processes is changing, crimes too, corruption mutates, fraud mutates, then taking into account the previous theories, be the triangle of fraud by Donald Cressey and Edwin Sutherland, and the Fraud Diamond (Figure 3).
New fraud star theory. Source: self-made.
The Fraud Star Theory is based on seven elements:
Incentive
Opportunity
Rationalization
Capacity
External scope
Internal scope
Social/organizational culture
The individual is willing, overconfident, and over-optimistic to commit fraud.
The individual has an opportunity, with a status quo bias, to commit fraud.
The individual has a heuristic of representativeness, with an aversion to losses, rationalizing the situation to commit fraud.
The individual has the potential and the possibility of committing the crime, with overconfidence to commit the fraud.
The individual finds at the level of social norms, the level of social control and the level of effective punishment, where punishment is not perceived, to commit fraud.
The individual perceives an internal/external cultural/organizational system where the level of norms, the level of control, and the level of effective punishment, in the different organizations of society, public, and/or private, are not efficient in committing the crime of corruption, and as a consequence, social mechanisms of systemic corruption are perceived, leaving a free path to commit fraud.
The microeconomic model of the fraud economy has four elements:
Fraud disposable income.
Determinants of fraud demand.
Determinants of the offer of fraud.
Fraud income model.
In fraudulent conduct, there is no combination of two goods; there is only one good, but if there is a straight, straight line of regulations, control and punishment (Figure 4).
Rent of fraud: chart of norms, control and punishment of fraud, price, and quantity. Source: self-made.
Fraud is a superior good with increasing demand: but in a straight line it is constant, according to the level of income.
The level of income, the line away from the origin and a superior good, fraud.
The demand for fraud is constant and grows with higher income (Figure 5).
Higher fraud, growing well, and constant demand. Source: self-made.
Income level for fraud: income increases, the demand for fraud increases.
Expectations: if expectations increase, fraud increases.
Probability of committing fraud: if there is a greater probability, fraud increases.
Anti-scam rules level: if there is a high level of regulation, the number of acts decreases, especially in preventive rules.
Level of anti-scam control: if there is a high level of administration of crime prevention rules, the number of scams decreases, especially in the application of preventive rules.
Level of penalty against the scam and its efficiency. If the level of criminalization, judicial processes, sentences, arrests, and efficient execution of punishments increases, the level of scam decrease.
Stimuli to commit acts of scams: if the level of stimuli increases, the scam increases, for example: systemic corruption, economic recession, and high unemployment.
The offer of fraud is given, for an income, advantage of doing or not doing, and the concealment of information that the offeror obtains.
Needs for concessions, favorable conditions, or demands that should not be made: resistance to legal and regulatory mechanisms, favorable condition, and requirement to do or not to do
Income rank: increases the scammer’s profits, therefore increases the scam offering.
Expectations: if the chances of committing fraudulent scams increase, crime increases.
Possibility of committing crime:
Level of anti-scam rules: if there is a high level of rules, the number of scams decreases, especially in preventive regulation.
Level of anti-scam control: if there is a high level of control, the number of scams decreases, especially in taking preventive control measures.
Level of penalty against the scam and its efficiency. If the level of criminalization, judicial processes, sentences, arrests, and efficient execution of punishments increases, the level of scam decreases
Stimuli to commit acts of scams: if the level of stimuli increases, the scam increases, for example: systemic corruption, economic recession, and high unemployment.
How fraud income is explained
Standard level: What is the effective level of anti-fraud standardization?
Control level: What is the effective level of fraud control?
Level of effective punishment: What is the level of effective punishment of fraud?
According to the level of these three elements determines the fraud income; in its probability, if its level is low, we will have a higher fraud income.
For example, low level of standards, control, and punishment, 20%, high probability of fraud income:
Fraud Income = 100 × (0.20 + 0.20 + 0.20 = 0.60/3).
Fraud Income = 100 * (1–0.20) =.
Fraud Income = 100 * 0.80 = 80.
Fraud Income = $ 80.
Rent seeking, for example, fraud acts in both the public and private sectors, but if the government has a low level of regulations, control, and effective punishment of fraud, the scammer will look for that path to crime.
The behavioral economy model is a formal model, with basic concepts. The fraud economy generates some coincidences in its framework, but its system is not dual; it has a third system.
E- Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes.
There are two types of processes in behavioral economics:
“Automatical”—is defined as system 1, thinking is automatical.
“Reflexive”—is defined as system 1, thinking is reflexive.
System 1: its operation occurs automatically, without attempt and without control.
System 2: its operation occurs, more slowly and controlled, is utilized in mental works.
The microeconomic model of the fraud economy has four elements:
Fraud disposable income.
Determinants of fraud demand.
Determinants of the offer of fraud.
Fraud income model.
They do not function as a supply and demand of a common good but a superior good; the conclusions of the income model have three elements:
Level of anti-fraud rules.
Fraud control level.
Level of effective penalty of fraud.
Based on these three elements, the income from fraud is determined, not in a traditional microeconomic model.
The fraud market should not be analyzed as a traditional supply and demand model, since this market has particular characteristics and individual behavior, and therefore, the elements of behavioral economics, for the application of fraud, are an open discussion.
Fraudulent conduct is impulsive or rational?
The swindler is impulsive or rational; following a behavioral economics guide, we can make a difference, or there will be a model of fraudulent behavior.
The Behavioral Theory develops elements that will be divided into beliefs, preferences, and information processing. You’ll also find terms you may be familiar with, such as loss aversion, short-termism, status quo bias, or social norms. However, you will also learn other new terms.
Richard Thaler explained that the man economic behaviour, demonstrated his reasonableness, this point is conditioned by his convictions, emotions and social environment, in addition to other facts, and is never logical reasoning.
In behavioral economics, the terms “standard” or “traditional” economic model or
The standard economic norm assumes that people decided to improve their well-being more adequately, (without caring about others) using emotional intelligence and processing all available information and remembering decision processes appropriately.
Choices are continuous over time and the most appropriate rules, regardless of context, convictions, and emotions, can represent different options.
However, the development of the economy in the new years has carried out an internal investigation that claimed that behavioral economics assumptions functioned normally in a linear decision process.
Appreciation of psychological and sociological facts in the game of rules is not a new economic cliche. I suggest hint loss could be of greater value than profit, even if the two decision paths have the same path.
Nevertheless, within the 1970s and 1980s, when economic behavior began to generate significant theoretical and proven processes, consistent and behavioral economics could be accepted worldwide.
The Fraud Triangle theory developed by criminologists Donald Cressey1 and Edwin Sutherland2 [1] explains the reasons why a person may commit fraud and determines three factors that are present at the time: pressure, opportunity, and justification or rationalization, creating the fraud triangle with its three elements (Figure 1).
The fraud triangle theory. Source: Donald Cressey and Edwin Sutherland.
The Diamond Theory of Fraud later came to be considered a more comprehensive theory in relation to the theory proposed by Cressey [2]. For Wolfe and Hermanson [3],3 the probability of occurrence of fraud may be due to the presence of four factors.
As everything evolves, so does fraud, and today it is a star with seven elements which is why the Star Fraud Theory is formulated, based on the theory of behavior and the formulation of the corresponding microeconomic theory of Fraud [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
“A false statement knowing the truth or concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his detriment” [13]4.
Fraud can compromise a company, either internally by company employees, managers, officers, or owners or externally by customers, suppliers, and other parties. Certainly is possible to commit fraud people and companies.
Internal fraud, called labor fraud, is defined as follows: “The use of personal work for a particular enrichment through the misuse or misapplication of the company’s means or assets.” In summary, this form of fraud succeeds when a server, director, or manager betrays the company. Scam artists are taking technological tools and a new approach to cover fraud diagrams. The forms used in these frauds are popularly divided into classes, to test and prove over time.
External fraud against a company is extensive in its forms, immodest sellers, corrupt customers and fake checks, stolen goods, and manoeuvers to extract money from the company through tricks or scams. Other examples include kidnapping, theft of confidential information, tax fraud, insurance scam, health scam, and loan scam.
Numerous fraudsters have also devised plans to defraud people. Identity theft,5 Ponzi schemes,6 phishing schemes,7 and advance payment scams are just a few of the criminal forms being taken to steal money from innocent victims.
The Fraud Triangle theory developed by criminologists Donald Cressey8 and Edwin Sutherland9 explains the reasons why a person may commit fraud and determines three factors that are present at the time: pressure, opportunity, and justification or rationalization.
in which the term P (fraud) represents the probability of occurrence of fraud, being a function (f) of the terms O, which represents the opportunity, I, which refers to individual intentions, and R, which represents the rationalization or attitude personal. In this context, it is highlighted that the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners10 (ACFE) defends that the Fraud Triangle Theory can be used effectively, in many cases, to understand why individuals commit fraudulent acts.
The Diamond Theory of Fraud later came to be considered a more comprehensive theory in relation to the theory proposed by Cressey [2]. For Wolfe and Hermanson [3], the probability of occurrence of fraud can be due to the presence of four factors; the diamond theory of fraud can be represented by the following equation:
in which the term P (fraud) represents the probability of fraud occurring, being a function (f) of the terms O, which represents the opportunity, I, which refers to individual intentions and R, which represents the rationalization or attitude personal and C, which represents ability (Figure 2).
The fraud diamond theory.
Greed.
Pride.
Arrogance.
The thought of the right to deserve everything.
First, it covets, because the executive can use his position and authority to get what he wants (money, status, title, and services); second, pride and arrogance; the executive who feels superior to others, and does not allow anyone to question or disqualify him. Finally, the executive who thinks that he has the right to everything and he deserves the best, and that is why he does everything possible to obtain it.
The International Framework for Professional Practice (IPPF) of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)12 defines fraud as follows [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]:
“Any illegal act characterized by deception, concealment or breach of trust. These acts do not require the application of a threat of violence or physical force. Fraud is perpetrated by individuals and organizations to obtain money, goods, or services, to avoid payments or losses of services, or to secure personal or business advantages”.
Fraud is perpetrated by a person, group of people, or organization for their own benefit and/or that of the criminal organization.
The most common types of fraud are:
Embezzlement of assets
Skimming occurs when an organization’s cash is stolen and its non-registration in its books and records.
Reimbursement of fictitious or inflated business expenses.
The fraud of the payment function false compensation claims.
Fraud in the financial statements involves the inclusion of false information.
Disbursement fraud for payment to service providers not rendered, fictitious, or overbilled amounts.
The presentation of falsified and adulterated information with the objective of obtaining some profit.
Bribery in all its forms, of acceptance of goods, personal favors to relatives or third parties.
Bribery through the acceptance of gifts, personal privileges, family, or third parties.
A conflict of interest, involving operations of the organization, as a supplier, customer, obtaining monetary, commercial, or reputational advantages, own, family and third parties.
Fraud is a type of corruption, with an income, it has behavioral characteristics, which is why we go through behavioral economics and convergence with a fraud economy model, to develop the model [31, 32, 33, 34, 35].
The fundamental elements of behavioral economics and their concepts are described below:
The inclination of the current, that is, the tendency to a certain behavior, where our choices are biased by these elements.
Rejection of loss
Short-term
Temporary instability
The slant of status quo
The social rules
Correspondence
It refers to the idea that a loss generates more discontent than happiness, which would generate a gain of the same magnitude.
The tendency to choose a smaller profit that is close in time versus a larger profit that is distant in time. It is related to a preference for immediate gratification.
The tendency to be impatient when choosing, between receiving benefits today or in the future, and choosing between benefits in two different periods in the future. Also known as “present bias”.
Our tendency is to maintain the normal state of affairs. This normal condition, or status quo, is taken as a degree of allusion.
This means that the value of an asset depends on the degree of beliefs that the person has.
Social rules are unwritten; they govern behavior within a society. A distinction is made between “descriptive rules”; these rules explain standardized behavior, sometimes not followed by individuals, and “prescriptive rules”, which are acceptable or desired behavior.
It is a social rule that implicates interchanges between people, answering to the acting of another acting equivalent. It can be assertive or adverse.
Elements of convictions\t\t
Readiness
Trust in plus
Surplus hopefulness
Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness
Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes
People make their judgments about the probability of a future event occurring, based on the ease with which an instance that represents it occurs.
It is the tendency to overestimate or exaggerate our own ability to satisfactorily complete a given task.
The bias of excess optimism makes us underestimate the probability of negative events and overestimate the probability of positive events.
This method explains the fact that the similarity between objects and facts often shapes economic decisions and the evaluation of uncertain events. The fundamental question is the speed of decision-making in this method; the faster the decision, this method will outline the similarity in the decision, being a mental appearance and a response of the brain.
There are two types of processes in behavioral economics:
“Automatical”—is defined as system 1, thinking is automatical.
“Reflexive”—is defined as system 1, thinking is reflexive.
System 1: its operation occurs automatically, without attempt and without control.
System 2: its operation occurs, more slowly and controlled, and is utilized in mental works.
In the case of the fraud economy, the concepts that have convergent characteristics with the behavioral economy will be analyzed.
Preferences. In fraudulent conduct, there is bias in the present, since the income obtained is the objective of the person who commits the act.
Convictions. Issues of belief have to do with the value structure of society, norms, the level of control and the effective punishment of the crime of Fraud. “Individuals with some degree of power are more likely to act fraudulently”
Information processing. The mental shortcut in the decision of a Fraud is given by the level of income and the level of impunity of the fraudster, his moral bias, the value structure of society, norms, and the level of control and the effective punishment of fraudulent conduct.
In fraudulent behavior, there are no losses, except the probability of punishment; the loss is taken as income, for not committing the crime. In a fraudulent behavior, the ability to commit it is analyzed, and the objective is immediate income.
Short-term. In fraudulent behavior, short-termism is essential, high income level and short-term.
Temporary instability. The crime of fraud has the objective of receiving benefits today, not in the future, except waiting for administrative collection times for public works, or public tenders, or private acts.
Social Rules. Here social norms influence fraudulent behavior related to the stock of the person’s moral rules, their moral bias, the value structure of society, norms, the level of control, and the effective punishment of the crime of fraud.
Correspondence. On the subject of reciprocity, the scammer gets benefits; it can be an income or benefits of privileges and obligations to do or not to do.
The slant of status quo. Fraud does not follow the bias of the status quo except the regulations or level of control; when they have a low level, the free path to commit the crime is perceived.
Trust in plus. In the scammer’s behavior, the aptitude to commit the scam is overestimated, and the objective is immediate income.
Hopefulness surplus. A regulatory system is combined with an effective control and punishment system, of the same scope, resulting in a surplus hopefulness.
Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness. Here the income is doubtful and uncertain, but the greater the profit from fraud, the greater the willingness to commit it, and the level of control, punishment, and reward is important at this point.
Framing effect (frame or framing). The presentation of the information does not matter, since the objective is fraudulent income.
Hassle factors. There are three factors that make the corruption decision uncomfortable: level of regulations, level of control, and level of effective punishment.
The dual process theory. In the crime of fraud, there is a third system that combines the one; it works automatically and quickly and slow and controlled, given the level of rules, level of control, and level of effective punishment, given as system 3. \tSystem 3: works reflexively but quickly in its response and depends on the income obtained and the levels of rules, control, and punishment of fraud.
Saliency. In a fraudulent behavior, the most important thing is the level of income that I am going to obtain in the fraud and the ease of obtaining it.
Automatical thinking and reflexive thinking system. Fraudulent conduct would be a system 3, with controls on punishment, prevention, and regulation.
Cognitive load. In the behavior of a swindler, there is a psychological overload as a difficult barrier to committing the crime.
“The dirty economy, drug trafficking, fraud, and corruption are contemporary plagues sheltered by that anti-value, the one that maintains that we are happier if we get rich, whatever it may be.”13
The time produces a process of change in the world, people and processes is changing, crimes too, corruption mutates, fraud mutates, then taking into account the previous theories, be the triangle of fraud by Donald Cressey and Edwin Sutherland, and the Fraud Diamond (Figure 3).
New fraud star theory. Source: self-made.
The Fraud Star Theory is based on seven elements:
Incentive
Opportunity
Rationalization
Capacity
External scope
Internal scope
Social/organizational culture
The individual is willing, overconfident, and over-optimistic to commit fraud.
The individual has an opportunity, with a status quo bias, to commit fraud.
The individual has a heuristic of representativeness, with an aversion to losses, rationalizing the situation to commit fraud.
The individual has the potential and the possibility of committing the crime, with overconfidence to commit the fraud.
The individual finds at the level of social norms, the level of social control and the level of effective punishment, where punishment is not perceived, to commit fraud.
The individual perceives an internal/external cultural/organizational system where the level of norms, the level of control, and the level of effective punishment, in the different organizations of society, public, and/or private, are not efficient in committing the crime of corruption, and as a consequence, social mechanisms of systemic corruption are perceived, leaving a free path to commit fraud.
The microeconomic model of the fraud economy has four elements:
Fraud disposable income.
Determinants of fraud demand.
Determinants of the offer of fraud.
Fraud income model.
In fraudulent conduct, there is no combination of two goods; there is only one good, but if there is a straight, straight line of regulations, control and punishment (Figure 4).
Rent of fraud: chart of norms, control and punishment of fraud, price, and quantity. Source: self-made.
Fraud is a superior good with increasing demand: but in a straight line it is constant, according to the level of income.
The level of income, the line away from the origin and a superior good, fraud.
The demand for fraud is constant and grows with higher income (Figure 5).
Higher fraud, growing well, and constant demand. Source: self-made.
Income level for fraud: income increases, the demand for fraud increases.
Expectations: if expectations increase, fraud increases.
Probability of committing fraud: if there is a greater probability, fraud increases.
Anti-scam rules level: if there is a high level of regulation, the number of acts decreases, especially in preventive rules.
Level of anti-scam control: if there is a high level of administration of crime prevention rules, the number of scams decreases, especially in the application of preventive rules.
Level of penalty against the scam and its efficiency. If the level of criminalization, judicial processes, sentences, arrests, and efficient execution of punishments increases, the level of scam decrease.
Stimuli to commit acts of scams: if the level of stimuli increases, the scam increases, for example: systemic corruption, economic recession, and high unemployment.
The offer of fraud is given, for an income, advantage of doing or not doing, and the concealment of information that the offeror obtains.
Needs for concessions, favorable conditions, or demands that should not be made: resistance to legal and regulatory mechanisms, favorable condition, and requirement to do or not to do
Income rank: increases the scammer’s profits, therefore increases the scam offering.
Expectations: if the chances of committing fraudulent scams increase, crime increases.
Possibility of committing crime:
Level of anti-scam rules: if there is a high level of rules, the number of scams decreases, especially in preventive regulation.
Level of anti-scam control: if there is a high level of control, the number of scams decreases, especially in taking preventive control measures.
Level of penalty against the scam and its efficiency. If the level of criminalization, judicial processes, sentences, arrests, and efficient execution of punishments increases, the level of scam decreases
Stimuli to commit acts of scams: if the level of stimuli increases, the scam increases, for example: systemic corruption, economic recession, and high unemployment.
How fraud income is explained
Standard level: What is the effective level of anti-fraud standardization?
Control level: What is the effective level of fraud control?
Level of effective punishment: What is the level of effective punishment of fraud?
According to the level of these three elements determines the fraud income; in its probability, if its level is low, we will have a higher fraud income.
For example, low level of standards, control, and punishment, 20%, high probability of fraud income:
Fraud Income = 100 × (0.20 + 0.20 + 0.20 = 0.60/3).
Fraud Income = 100 * (1–0.20) =.
Fraud Income = 100 * 0.80 = 80.
Fraud Income = $ 80.
Rent seeking, for example, fraud acts in both the public and private sectors, but if the government has a low level of regulations, control, and effective punishment of fraud, the scammer will look for that path to crime.
The behavioral economy model is a formal model, with basic concepts. The fraud economy generates some coincidences in its framework, but its system is not dual; it has a third system.
E- Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes.
There are two types of processes in behavioral economics:
“Automatical”—is defined as system 1, thinking is automatical.
“Reflexive”—is defined as system 1, thinking is reflexive.
System 1: its operation occurs automatically, without attempt and without control.
System 2: its operation occurs, more slowly and controlled, is utilized in mental works.
The microeconomic model of the fraud economy has four elements:
Fraud disposable income.
Determinants of fraud demand.
Determinants of the offer of fraud.
Fraud income model.
They do not function as a supply and demand of a common good but a superior good; the conclusions of the income model have three elements:
Level of anti-fraud rules.
Fraud control level.
Level of effective penalty of fraud.
Based on these three elements, the income from fraud is determined, not in a traditional microeconomic model.
The fraud market should not be analyzed as a traditional supply and demand model, since this market has particular characteristics and individual behavior, and therefore, the elements of behavioral economics, for the application of fraud, are an open discussion.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of 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Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6920",title:"Cytogenetics",subtitle:"Past, Present and Further Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d72001eed508dfa72d9a68e1de28bb4b",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6920.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1721",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",subtitle:"Methodologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0087ed85088a960b84ae536fe7204ee9",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Padma Tirunilai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87653",title:"Prof.",name:"Padma",middleName:null,surname:"Tirunilai",slug:"padma-tirunilai",fullName:"Padma Tirunilai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30743",doi:"10.5772/35890",title:"Chromosomes as Tools for Discovering Biodiversity – The Case of Erythrinidae Fish Family",slug:"chromosomes-as-tools-for-discovering-biodiversity-the-case-of-erythrinidae-fish-family-",totalDownloads:2074,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Marcelo de Bello Cioffi, Wagner Franco Molina, Roberto Ferreira Artoni and Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo",authors:[{id:"92318",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Artoni",slug:"roberto-artoni",fullName:"Roberto Artoni"},{id:"106252",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Antonio Carlos",surname:"Bertollo",slug:"luiz-bertollo",fullName:"Luiz Bertollo"},{id:"106412",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"marcelo-cioffi",fullName:"Marcelo Cioffi"},{id:"134346",title:"Dr.",name:"Wagner",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",slug:"wagner-molina",fullName:"Wagner Molina"}]},{id:"30736",doi:"10.5772/34200",title:"\ufeffCytogenetic Analysis of Primary Cultures and Cell Lines: Generalities, Applications and Protocols",slug:"cytogenetic-from-primary-cultures-and-cell-lines-applications-protocols-and-nomenclature",totalDownloads:10286,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Sandra Milena Rondón Lagos and Nelson Enrique Rangel Jiménez",authors:[{id:"99161",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Rondón-Lagos",slug:"sandra-milena-rondon-lagos",fullName:"Sandra Milena Rondón-Lagos"},{id:"108130",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelson Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel Jimenez",slug:"nelson-enrique-rangel-jimenez",fullName:"Nelson Enrique Rangel Jimenez"}]},{id:"63313",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80486",title:"Cytogenetics in the Study of Chromosomal Rearrangement during Wheat Evolution and Breeding",slug:"cytogenetics-in-the-study-of-chromosomal-rearrangement-during-wheat-evolution-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1160,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Cytogenetic methods such as chromosome banding and in situ hybridization remain relevant in the post-genomic era, especially for allopolyploid species where genome duplication in some cases makes it difficult to assess the reorganization of chromosomes during evolution. In this review, we give a brief description of cytogenetic methods for the analysis of homoeological chromosomes in cereals. Emphasis is placed on the development of methods for the study of polyploid wheat and its progenitors and on tandem repeats and retrotransposons as markers to evaluate chromosome reorganization throughout evolution and breeding. The most effective cytological probes used for the identification of chromosomes in wheat and Triticeae species by fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization are described. Particular attention is paid to ribosomal genes used as markers in phylogenetic studies and for chromosome identification. Utility of these cytogenetic methods in the evaluation of breeding lines is demonstrated. A strategy for cytological analysis of wheat hybrids according to the degree of relationships between the species involved in crosses is also discussed.",book:{id:"6920",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Past, Present and Further Perspectives"},signatures:"Elena A. Salina and Irina G. Adonina",authors:null},{id:"30737",doi:"10.5772/36413",title:"Microtechnologies Enable Cytogenetics",slug:"microtechnologies-enable-cytogenetics-",totalDownloads:1642,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Dorota Kwasny, Indumathi Vedarethinam, Pranjul Shah, Maria Dimaki and Winnie E. Svendsen",authors:[{id:"108258",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Svendsen",slug:"winnie-svendsen",fullName:"Winnie Svendsen"},{id:"135599",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Kwasny",slug:"dorota-kwasny",fullName:"Dorota Kwasny"},{id:"135601",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranjul",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"pranjul-shah",fullName:"Pranjul Shah"},{id:"135602",title:"MSc.",name:"Indumathi",middleName:null,surname:"Vedarethinam",slug:"indumathi-vedarethinam",fullName:"Indumathi Vedarethinam"},{id:"135604",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dimaki",slug:"maria-dimaki",fullName:"Maria Dimaki"}]},{id:"71349",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91425",title:"Current Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Acute Myeloid Leukemia",slug:"current-cytogenetic-abnormalities-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia",totalDownloads:695,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently reported in the literature describing the presence of chromosomal rearrangements in important cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); the rate can reach 50–60% of cases of AML. Cytogenetic abnormalities represent an important prognosis factor, their analysis is crucial for AML; cytogenetic study permits to classify prognostic groups and indicate the treatment strategy and helps to improve the outcome of these patients and to increase their chances of cure. Hundreds of uncommon chromosomal aberrations from AML exist. This chapter summarizes chromosomal abnormalities that are common and classifies AML according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications from 2008 to 2016; we will discuss briefly gene mutations detected in normal karyotype (NK) AML by cutting-edge next-generation sequencing technology, like FLT3-ITD, nucleophosmin (NPM1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), and other additional mutations.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Mounia Bendari, Nisrine Khoubila, Siham Cherkaoui, Nezha Hda, Meryem Qachouh, Mouna Lamchahab and Asmaa Quessar",authors:[{id:"306239",title:"Dr.",name:"Mounia",middleName:null,surname:"Bendari",slug:"mounia-bendari",fullName:"Mounia Bendari"},{id:"306240",title:"Prof.",name:"Nisrine",middleName:null,surname:"Khoubila",slug:"nisrine-khoubila",fullName:"Nisrine Khoubila"},{id:"306242",title:"Prof.",name:"Siham",middleName:null,surname:"Cherkaoui",slug:"siham-cherkaoui",fullName:"Siham Cherkaoui"},{id:"306243",title:"Prof.",name:"Mouna",middleName:null,surname:"Lamhahab",slug:"mouna-lamhahab",fullName:"Mouna Lamhahab"},{id:"306244",title:"Prof.",name:"Meryem",middleName:null,surname:"Qachouh",slug:"meryem-qachouh",fullName:"Meryem Qachouh"},{id:"306245",title:"Dr.",name:"Nezha",middleName:null,surname:"Hda",slug:"nezha-hda",fullName:"Nezha Hda"},{id:"306246",title:"Prof.",name:"Asmaa",middleName:null,surname:"Quessar",slug:"asmaa-quessar",fullName:"Asmaa Quessar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63136",title:"Cytogenomic Microarray Testing",slug:"cytogenomic-microarray-testing",totalDownloads:1397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cytogenomic microarray testing allows the detection of submicroscopic genomic rearrangements, commonly denominated copy number variations (CNVs) that are implicated with many neurodevelopmental disorders, dysmorphic features, multiple congenital anomalies, hematological and solid tumors, and complex disorders and traits in both humans and animals. On the other hand, this approach is also widely used for the identification of structural variations that are applied as a biomarker in pharmacogenomics, agriculture, and animal selection and breeding. The chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has been applied for over a decade to screen for submicroscopic genomic gains and losses in DNA sample in both diagnostic and functional scenarios. Herein, we present an overview of the fundamental concepts of cytogenomics and its potential application in human genetic diagnosis, agrigenomics, mutagenesis, and pharmacogenomics.",book:{id:"6920",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Past, Present and Further Perspectives"},signatures:"Irene Plaza Pinto, Alex da Cruz, Emília Costa, Samara Pereira, Lysa\nMinasi and Aparecido da Cruz",authors:null},{id:"68521",title:"The Risk of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cases of Minor and Major Fetal Anomalies in the Second Trimester",slug:"the-risk-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-in-cases-of-minor-and-major-fetal-anomalies-in-the-second-trim",totalDownloads:886,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Currently, noninvasive intrauterine screening for most chromosome abnormalities is available, but ultrasound examinations also play an important role during pregnancy, by drawing the attention to the suspect of a possible abnormality. Fetal ultrasound disorders can be classified into two major groups: (1) Major abnormalities are actually diagnosed malformations that are often associated with certain chromosome abnormalities but may be associated with other disorders (multiplex malformation) and may occur as isolated disorders (e.g., cardiac disorders, duodenal atresia, omphalocele, cystic hygroma (CH)). (2) Minor anomalies (“soft markers”) are not abnormal in themselves but are mild abnormalities that may occur in normal pregnancy but also increase the risk of certain chromosome aberrations. The minor anomalies in the second trimester include thickened nuchal fold (NF), mild ventriculomegaly, pyelectasis, hyperechogenic bowels, hyperechogenic papillary muscle, and shorter long bones. Plexus choroid cyst which is classified as a minor marker does not increase the risk of Down syndrome but increases the risk of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). We want to emphasize the importance of screening of minor and major ultrasound abnormalities in detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the second trimester.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Artúr Beke and Aténé Simonyi",authors:[{id:"211641",title:"Dr.",name:"Artúr",middleName:null,surname:"Beke",slug:"artur-beke",fullName:"Artúr Beke"},{id:"302526",title:"MSc.",name:"Aténé",middleName:null,surname:"Simonyi",slug:"atene-simonyi",fullName:"Aténé Simonyi"}]},{id:"72977",title:"Introductory Chapter: Chromosomal Abnormalities",slug:"introductory-chapter-chromosomal-abnormalities",totalDownloads:663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",authors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}]},{id:"71339",title:"The Energy as a Determinant Factor in the Ethiopathogeny of Chromosomal Abnormalities. The Unsuspected Bioenergetic Role of Melanin",slug:"the-energy-as-a-determinant-factor-in-the-ethiopathogeny-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-the-unsuspecte",totalDownloads:643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the study of chromosomal abnormalities, in genetics, and in medicine in general, attention is rarely paid to the role of energy in the healthy subject and in the sick patient. The research on the chromosomal anomalies that are constantly published, does not mention the energy necessary for the biochemical processes involved in the function, replication and formation of genes, to be carried out in an adequate way. It seems that it is assumed that energy levels are always fine or at least did not have a significant role in the conditions associated with what we call chromosomal anomalies. A characteristic of the cell nucleus that has gone unnoticed is that it contains neither mitochondria nor ATP, much less glucose. Perhaps because of this, some researchers and clinicians come to think that the nucleus of cells does not require energy. The purpose of this work is to draw attention to the importance of energy levels in all the metabolic processes of the cell; and to make known that glucose is not an energy source, as it is only a source of carbon chains; and finally remark that our body, through melanin, can take energy directly from light.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Arturo Solis Herrera",authors:[{id:"280131",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Solis Herrera",slug:"arturo-solis-herrera",fullName:"Arturo Solis Herrera"}]},{id:"70204",title:"Impact of Biological Factors Related to Maternal Aging: Risk of Childbirth with Down Syndrome",slug:"impact-of-biological-factors-related-to-maternal-aging-risk-of-childbirth-with-down-syndrome",totalDownloads:796,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Maternal aging and different biological factors play an important role in the birth of Down syndrome baby. Hormones play a crucial role for the maintenance of female sex cycle and oocyte maturation. Disparity in the level of these hormones during menstrual cycle has profound effect on female reproductive system. Hormonal imbalance also affects meiotic process and integrity of spindle structure and leads to nondisjunction of chromosome. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play a crucial role in ovarian aging and nondisjunction of chromosomes. FSH stands as a hormonal indicator for ovarian aging, and its high level is responsible for aneuploid birth. 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