\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-057-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-056-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-058-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",bookSignature:"Prof. Christophe Hano and Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",keywords:"Plant Description, Botany, Phylogeny, Genome, Phytochemical Analysis, Extraction, Phytochemical Diversity, Phytochemical Analysis, Extraction, Phytochemical Diversity, Biotechnological Production, Traditional Medicinal Uses",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 22nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Assistant Professor at the University of Orleans at Research INRAE Lab LBLGC USC1328 and a member of the Cosm'ACTIFS Research Group (CNRS GDR3711). He authored and co-authored more than 100 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters in internationally renowned journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung in Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture in college. Dr. Chen's research interests are bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published over 60 research papers, reviewed over 260 manuscripts, and edited at least 150 papers in international peer-review journals.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313856/images/system/313856.jpg",biography:"Dr. Christophe Hano (male, 1978), who completed his PhD in 2005 in Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, is now Assistant Professor at the University of Orleans at Research INRAE Lab LBLGC USC1328 and a member of the Cosm'ACTIFS Research Group (CNRS GDR3711). His research career has focused on applied plant metabolism and plant biotechnology. He has written more than 100 scientific papers, reviews and book chapters in internationally renowned journals and edited one book as well as a variety of journal topical issues on plant secondary metabolism, including polyphenols. He is Academic, Assistant Editor and/or Editorial Board Member of several renowned Q1 Journals in Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology (including Plos ONE, Biomolecules, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, Frontiers in Plant Science, Cosmetics). He was reviewers for more than 500 papers for ca 35 International Journals, and recognized scientific expert for several national and international Institutions. Currently, he is developing research projects aimed at studying plant secondary metabolism to lead to the development of natural products with interests in pharmacology or cosmetics. His research focuses on the green extraction and analytical methods applied to plant polyphenols, elucidation of biosynthetic mechanisms of plant natural products and their exploitation by metabolic engineering approaches. He was a leader (project manager) in 6 scientific projects and major investigator in several more. In this context he conducts research projects in cooperation with industrial companies and he coordinates in the European Le Studium® Consortium Action on the bioproduction of bioactive extracts for cosmetic applications through plant cell in vitro cultures. In this context, he explores the potential of the Loire Valley Flora Area for cosmetic applications. (Cited over 1450 times; H=20; i10=44; orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0151).",institutionString:"Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures INRA USC1328",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"332229",title:"Dr.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031RJmlQAG/Profile_Picture_1600760167494",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung in Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture in college. Dr. Chen's research interests are bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published over 60 research papers, reviewed over 260 manuscripts, and edited at least 150 papers in international peer-review journals.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"184402",firstName:"Romina",lastName:"Rovan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184402/images/4747_n.jpg",email:"romina.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"5330",title:"I'm Sorry to Say, But Your Understanding of Image Processing Fundamentals Is Absolutely Wrong",doi:"10.5772/6042",slug:"im_sorry_to_say__but_your_understanding_of_image_processing_fundamentals_is_absolutely_wrong",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/5330.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5330",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5330",totalDownloads:1877,totalViews:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/5330",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/5330",book:{slug:"brain_vision_and_ai"},signatures:"Emanuel Diamant",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3777",title:"Brain, Vision and AI",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Brain, Vision and AI",slug:"brain_vision_and_ai",publishedDate:"August 1st 2008",bookSignature:"Cesare Rossi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3777.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5762",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesare",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",slug:"cesare-rossi",fullName:"Cesare Rossi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5326",title:"Visual Perception of Semi-transparent Blotches: Detection and Restoration",slug:"visual_perception_of_semi-transparent_blotches__detection_and_restoration",totalDownloads:2202,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V. Bruni, A. J. Crawford, A. Kokaram and D. Vitulano",authors:[null]},{id:"5327",title:"Computing the Vulnerable Phase in a 2D Discrete Model of the Hodgkin-Huxley Neuron",slug:"computing_the_vulnerable_phase_in_a_2d_discrete_model_of_the_hodgkin-huxley_neuron",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dragos Calitoiu, B. John Oommen and Doron Nussbaum",authors:[null]},{id:"5328",title:"Bio-inspired Connectionist Modelling: An Application to Visual Perception of Motion",slug:"bio-inspired_connectionist_modelling__an_application_to_visual_perception_of_motion",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudio Castellanos Sanchez and Pedro Luis Sanchez Orellana",authors:[null]},{id:"5329",title:"Cell Pattern Generation in Artificial Development",slug:"cell_pattern_generation_in_artificial_development",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Arturo Chavoya",authors:[null]},{id:"5330",title:"I'm Sorry to Say, But Your Understanding of Image Processing Fundamentals Is Absolutely Wrong",slug:"im_sorry_to_say__but_your_understanding_of_image_processing_fundamentals_is_absolutely_wrong",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emanuel Diamant",authors:[null]},{id:"5331",title:"Multiple Image Objects Detection, Tracking, and Classification using Human Articulated Visual Perception Capability",slug:"multiple_image_objects_detection__tracking__and_classification_using_human_articulated_visual_percep",totalDownloads:3483,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"HeungKyu Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"5332",title:"Consideration of Various Noise Types and Illumination Effects for 3D Shape Recovery",slug:"consideration_of_various_noise_types_and_illumination_effects_for_3d_shape_recovery",totalDownloads:2882,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aamir Saeed Malik and Tae-Sun Choi",authors:[null]},{id:"5333",title:"Cooperative Intelligent Agents for Speeding up the Replication of Complement-Based Self- Replicated, Self-Assembled Systems (CBSRSAS)",slug:"cooperative_intelligent_agents_for_speeding_up_the_replication_of_complement-based_self-_replicated_",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mostafa M. H. Ellabaan",authors:[null]},{id:"5334",title:"Investigating the Performance of Rule-based Models with Increasing Complexity on the Prediction of Trip Generation and Distribution",slug:"investigating_the_performance_of_rule-based_models_with_increasing_complexity_on_the_prediction_of_t",totalDownloads:2276,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elke Moons, Geert Wets and Marc Aerts",authors:[null]},{id:"5335",title:"Laban Movement Analysis Using a Bayesian Model and Perspective Projections",slug:"laban_movement_analysis_using_a_bayesian_model_and_perspective_projections",totalDownloads:4411,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Joerg Rett, Jorge Dias and Juan-Manuel Ahuactzin",authors:[null]},{id:"5336",title:"Video System in Robotic Applications",slug:"video_system_in_robotic_applications",totalDownloads:1804,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vincenzo Niola, Cesare Rossi, Sergio Savino and Salvatore Strano",authors:[null]},{id:"5337",title:"Multiple Object Permanence Tracking: Maintenance, Retrieval and Transformation of Dynamic Object Representations",slug:"multiple_object_permanence_tracking__maintenance__retrieval_and_transformation_of_dynamic_object_rep",totalDownloads:2058,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jun Saiki",authors:[null]},{id:"5338",title:"Ranking and Extraction of Relevant Single Words in Text",slug:"ranking_and_extraction_of_relevant_single_words_in_text",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joao Ventura and Joaquim Ferreira da Silva",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3765",title:"Computer Vision",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc81a923de25eb06b36c6f06b7114cf2",slug:"computer_vision",bookSignature:"Xiong Zhihui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3765.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134278",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhihui",surname:"Xiong",slug:"zhihui-xiong",fullName:"Zhihui Xiong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5198",title:"Behavior Fusion for Visually-Guided Service Robots",slug:"behavior_fusion_for_visually-guided_service_robots",signatures:"Mohamed Abdellatif",authors:[null]},{id:"5199",title:"Dynamic Omnidirectional Vision Localization Using a Beacon Tracker Based on Particle Filter",slug:"dynamic_omnidirectional_vision_localization_using_a_beacon_tracker_based_on_particle_filter",signatures:"Zuoliang Cao, Xianqiu Meng and Shiyu Liu",authors:[null]},{id:"5203",title:"Paracatadioptric Geometry using Conformal Geometric Algebra",slug:"paracatadioptric_geometry_using_conformal_geometric_algebra",signatures:"Carlos Lopez-Franco",authors:[null]},{id:"5225",title:"Treating Image Loss by Using the Vision/Motion Link:",slug:"treating_image_loss_by_using_the_vision_motion_link_",signatures:"David Folio and Viviane Cadenat",authors:[null]},{id:"5222",title:"Nonlinear Stable Formation Control Using Omnidirectional Images",slug:"nonlinear_stable_formation_control_using_omnidirectional_images",signatures:"Christiano Couto Gava, Raquel Frizera Vassallo, Flavio Roberti and Ricardo Carelli",authors:[null]},{id:"5221",title:"Dealing with Data Association in Visual SLAM",slug:"dealing_with_data_association_in_visual_slam",signatures:"Arturo Gil, Oscar Reinoso, Monica Ballesta and David Ubeda",authors:[null]},{id:"5220",title:"Precise and Robust Large-Shape Formation Using Uncalibrated Vision for a Virtual Mold",slug:"precise_and_robust_large-shape_formation_using_uncalibrated__vision_for_a_virtual_mold",signatures:"Biao Zhang, Emilio J. Gonzalez-Galvan, Jesse Batsche, Steven B. Skaar, Luis A. Raygoza and Ambrocio Loredo",authors:[null]},{id:"5219",title:"Humanoid with Interaction Ability Using Vision and Speech Information",slug:"humanoid_with_interaction_ability_using_vision_and_speech_information",signatures:"Junichi Ido, Ryuichi Nisimura, Yoshio Matsumoto and Tsukasa Ogasawara",authors:[null]},{id:"5224",title:"Development of Localization Method of Mobile Robot with RFID Technology and Stereo Vision",slug:"development_of_localization_method_of_mobile_robot_with_rfid_technology_and_stereo_vision",signatures:"Songmin Jia, Jinbuo Sheng and Kunikatsu Takase",authors:[null]},{id:"5223",title:"An Implementation of Humanoid Vision - Analysis of Eye Movement and Implementation to Robot",slug:"an_implementation_of_humanoid_vision_-_analysis_of_eye_movement_and_implementation_to_robot",signatures:"Kunihito Kato, Masayuki Shamoto and Kazuhiko Yamamoto",authors:[null]},{id:"5202",title:"Methods for Postprocessing in Single-Step Diffuse Optical Tomography",slug:"methods_for_postprocessing_in_single-step_diffuse_optical_tomography",signatures:"Alexander B. Konovalov, Vitaly V. Vlasov, Dmitry V. Mogilenskikh, Olga V. Kravtsenyuk and Vladimir V. Lyubimov",authors:[null]},{id:"5201",title:"Towards High-Speed Vision for Attention and Navigation of Autonomous City Explorer (ACE)",slug:"towards_high-speed_vision_for_attention_and_navigation_of_autonomous_city_explorer__ace_",signatures:"Tingting Xu, Tianguang Zhang, Kolja Kühnlenz and Martin Buss",authors:[null]},{id:"5200",title:"New Hierarchical Approaches in Real-Time Robust Image Feature Detection and Matching",slug:"new_hierarchical_approaches_in_real-time_robust_image_feature_detection_and_matching",signatures:"M. Langer and K.-D. Kuhnert",authors:[null]},{id:"5218",title:"Image Acquisition Rate Control Based on Object State Information in Physical and Image Coordinates",slug:"image_acquisition_rate_control_based_on_object_state_information_in_physical_and_image_coordinates",signatures:"Feng-Li Lian and Shih-Yuan Peng",authors:[null]},{id:"5217",title:"Active Tracking System with Rapid Eye Movement Involving Simultaneous Top-down and Bottom-up Attention Control",slug:"active_tracking_system_with_rapid_eye__movement_involving_simultaneous_top-down_and_bottom-up_attent",signatures:"Masakazu Matsugu, Kan Torii and Yoshinori Ito",authors:[null]},{id:"5216",title:"Parallel Processing System for Sensory Information Controlled by Mathematical Activation-Input-Modulation Model",slug:"parallel_processing_system_for_sensory_information_controlled_by_mathematical_activation-input-modul",signatures:"Masahiko Mikawa, Takeshi Tsujimura and Kazuyo Tanaka",authors:[null]},{id:"5215",title:"Development of Pilot Assistance System with Stereo Vision for Robot Manipulation",slug:"development_of_pilot_assistance_system_with_stereo_vision_for_robot_manipulation",signatures:"Takeshi Nishida, Shuichi Kurogi, Koichi Yamanaka, Wataru Kogushi and Yuichi Arimura",authors:[null]},{id:"5214",title:"Camera Modelling and Calibration - with Applications",slug:"camera_modelling_and_calibration_-_with_applications",signatures:"Anders Ryberg, Anna-Karin Christiansson, Bengt Lennartson and Kenneth Eriksson",authors:[null]},{id:"5213",title:"Algorithms of Digital Processing and the Analysis of Underwater Sonar Images",slug:"algorithms_of_digital_processing_and_the_analysis_of_underwater_sonar_images",signatures:"S.V. Sai, A.G. Shoberg and L.A. Naumov",authors:[null]},{id:"5212",title:"Indoor Mobile Robot Navigation by Center Following Based on Monocular Vision",slug:"indoor_mobile_robot_navigation_by_center_following_based_on_monocular_vision",signatures:"Takeshi Saitoh, Naoya Tada and Ryosuke Konishi",authors:[null]},{id:"5211",title:"Temporal Coordination among Two Vision-Guided Vehicles: A Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Approach",slug:"temporal_coordination_among_two_vision-guided_vehicles__a_nonlinear_dynamical_systems_approach",signatures:"Cristina P Santos and Manuel Joao Ferreira",authors:[null]},{id:"5210",title:"Machine Vision: Approaches and Limitations",slug:"machine_vision__approaches_and_limitations",signatures:"Moises Rivas Lopez, Oleg Sergiyenko and Vera Tyrsa",authors:[null]},{id:"5209",title:"Image Processing for Next-Generation Robots",slug:"image_processing_for_next-generation_robots",signatures:"Gabor Sziebig, Bjørn Solvang and Peter Korondi",authors:[null]},{id:"5208",title:"Projective Reconstruction and Its Application in Object Recognition for Robot Vision System",slug:"projective_reconstruction_and_its_application_in_object_recognition_for_robot_vision_system",signatures:"Ferenc Tél and Béla Lantos",authors:[null]},{id:"5207",title:"Vision-based Augmented Reality Applications",slug:"vision-based_augmented_reality_applications",signatures:"Yuko Uematsu and Hideo Saito",authors:[null]},{id:"5206",title:"Catadioptric Omni-directional Stereo Vision and Its Applications in Moving Objects Detection",slug:"catadioptric_omni-directional_stereo_vision_and_its_applications_in_moving_objects_detection",signatures:"Xiong Zhihui, Chen Wang and and Zhang Maojun",authors:[null]},{id:"5205",title:"Person Following Robot with Vision-based and Sensor Fusion Tracking Algorithm",slug:"person_following_robot_with_vision-based_and_sensor_fusion_tracking_algorithm",signatures:"Takafumi Sonoura, Takashi Yoshimi, Manabu Nishiyama, Hideichi Nakamoto, Seiji Tokura and Nobuto Matsuhira",authors:[null]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71709",title:"C▬H Activation Strategies for Heterofunctionalization and Heterocyclization on Quinones: Application in the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90930",slug:"c-h-activation-strategies-for-heterofunctionalization-and-heterocyclization-on-quinones-application-",body:'Inspired by quinone’s reactive electrophilic character, easily accessible oxidation states [1], ubiquitous natural presence [2], and important roles played in living systems (phosphorylation to electron transfer process) [3], chemists tried to mimic its acts through synthetic equivalents consisting of biologically active compounds [4], natural product analogs [5], and functional materials [6]. Consequently, several methods were developed for the synthesis of quinone derivatives. Depending upon the basic subunits (Figure 1), quinones are classified as benzoquinone (BQ), naphthoquinone (NQ), anthraquinone (AQ), and polyquinones (PQ).
Selected biologically important quinone molecules [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
Current, statistics on number of publications (Figure 2) appeared during the past two decades, ever growing research highlights, interests, importance, and applications of quinone chemistry [18].
Trends in the number of publications on quinones in the last 20 years based on the web of science data.
The construction of carbon▬carbon (C▬C) bond or carbon▬hetero atom (C▬X) bond on quinone has been reported either using pre-functionalized starting materials or direct functionalization of C▬H bonds [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. The first step in C▬H functionalization is activation, followed by the formation of an intermediate carbon-metal (C▬M) bond, and final replacement with a functional group (FG). C▬H activation reaction is advantageous as it is straightforward and atom economic and does not require pre-functionalization [31]. Some typical steps involved in C▬H activation reaction mechanisms are oxidative addition, σ-bond metathesis, electrophilic activation, 1,2-addition, and metalloradical. C▬H activation is a difficult process as it involves breaking of C▬H bond having high energy (CH4, 100 kcal/mol; benzene, 110 kcal/mol) and high pKa value (>40). In case of quinones, it is further more difficult, [32, 33, 34] as it interacts with transition metal reagents, such as Pd (Heck-type reaction), through redox reaction and ligand [35, 36] formation. The report made by Baran et al., in 2011, on coupling of quinones with boronic acids [25] for the formation of C▬C bond, and by Poulsen et al., in 2018, for heterofunctionalization on quinone [26], is a notable example on C▬H activation reactions on quinones. Approaches for functionalization of quinone can be broadly classified as Lewis acid (MX3)-promoted nucleophilic addition of electron-rich arenes [27, 28, 29, 30], transition metal-catalyzed addition of aryl radicals generated from pre-functionalized starting material [31, 32], and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of halo-quinones [33, 34, 35, 36, 37].
Conventional methods for the heterofunctionalization (HF) of quinones involves pre-functionalization of C▬H bond to form organo-halide [33, 34, 35, 36, 37] (Cl, Br, and I) or organo-boronic acid (▬B(OH)2) [38] or organo-metallic (SnBu3) [39, 40] starting materials and finally to heterofunctionalization (Figure 3). Pre-functionalization combined with separation and purification leads to additional steps, generates waste, and lowers the efficiency drastically.
Conventional heterofunctionalization vs. C▬H activation approach.
The arylation (C▬C bond formation) of quinone is one of the thoroughly studied reactions using several aryl coupling partners with and without a directing group [32]. Poulsen and coworker’s [26] demonstration of the synthesis of natural product stronglylophorine-26, an inhibitor of cancer cell invasion, via C▬H heterofunctionalization of quinone (Figure 4) sets a good example on the importance of direct C▬H heterofunctionalization reaction of quinones.
Example on direct C▬H heterofunctionalization of quinone.
The undirected C▬H functionalizations are much common in quinone chemistry. The presence of a directing group (DG) is helpful in achieving site-specific C▬H functionalization of quinone. However, the development of efficient synthetic approaches for site-specific C▬H functionalization of quinones is challenging [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. This could be achieved either by manipulation of the reagent used or the presence of a directing group. For example, Junior and coworkers [41] demonstrated Rh-catalyzed C5 and C2 site-selective C▬H halogenation of naphthoquinone (Figure 5). Similarly, by changing the type of reagent TBAI-TBHP [43] or RuCl2(p-cymene)-PIFA [47], hydroxyl group was introduced on quinone at C-2 or C-5 position (Figure 5) site specifically.
Site-selective C▬H functionalization on quinone or aryl ring.
The electrophilic character of quinone enables it to undergo facile nucleophilic attack using electron-rich nucleophilic species such as amino (R-NH2), hydroxyl (R-OH), and thiol (R-SH) groups, as in the case of classical Michael addition [48]. Using p-benzoquinone most of the nucleophilic reaction leads to the forms mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted benzoquinone and most of the times hydroquinones.
In continuation of our interest on the development of C▬H activation methodologies [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55], we have developed methods for C▬H functionalization of quinones [51, 52, 53, 54, 55]. A review article covering C▬H activation of quinone with main emphasis on C▬C bond-forming reactions has been reported [32]. C▬H heterofunctionalization of quinone has been carried out using various catalytic systems, consisting of metal/nonmetal catalysts, organocatalyst, photocatalyst, etc. By choosing appropriate catalysts/reagents/additives, we can change the reaction pathway like radical/electrophilic/nucleophilic, etc. (Figure 6). For example, recently we developed an I2-DMSO system [54] for C▬H/S▬H and FeCl3-K2S2O8 system [55] for C▬H/C▬H radical cross-coupling reactions, which normally occurs via Michael and Friedel-Crafts pathway.
Heterofunctionalization strategies.
Under this chapter we summarized C▬H activation strategies used in heterofunctionalization and heterocyclization of quinones and its application in the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles during the past decade.
Aminoquinone derivatives find prominent application in medicinal chemistry and are good building blocks for many heterocyclic compounds [56]. C▬N bond-forming reactions are of great importance in quinone chemistry, and in general, oxidative coupling and nucleophilic substitution reactions are involved [57, 58, 59, 60, 61]. It has been intensively studied using pre-functionalized quinones [62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68]. Hence, we covered some of the important C▬N bond formation methodologies through C▬H activation strategies which are given below.
Amines undergo smooth conjugate addition to p-quinones in polar solvents at ambient temperature in the absence of a catalyst and additives. Baruah et al., in 2007, synthesized a series of 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)1,4-quinones from the reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) with different amines under aerobic condition [69]. The reaction was found to be exceptionally selective and leads to only 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)1,4-benzoquinones of the corresponding amine (Figure 7). 2,5-Isomer is formed exclusively due to electrostatic reasons. This is further evident from the fact that 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) on reaction with amines gives monosubstituted derivatives. In another study, Yadav et al. [70] studied H2O-accelerated C▬H amination to form highly substituted benzoquinone. In this reaction, water played a dual role of simultaneously activating the p-quinone and amine.
Bis(alkyl/arylamino) benzoquinone synthesis.
Molecular iodine-promoted direct C▬H amination of NQ under ultrasonic irradiation was developed by Liu and Ji [71]. The method employs cheap, nontoxic molecular iodine as the catalyst; the desired products were obtained in moderate to excellent yield (Figure 8). In mechanism, molecular iodine activates the carbonyl group of the NQ to give intermediate (A) and is followed by amine attack at unsaturated position to give the initial addition product (B) which tautomerizes to form hydroquinone (C), which subsequently undergoes rapid oxidation finally to form quinone system [71].
Iodine-promoted direct C▬H amination on NQ.
Garden et al., in 2011, developed Cu(II)-catalyzed amination of NQ by oxidative coupling with derivatives of aniline (Figure 9). The best isolated yield was obtained in the presence of catalytic amount of copper, and the hydrated Cu(II) acetate shortens reaction time and reduces side-product formation. The study on the mechanism shows that Michael addition of anilines to NQ is facilitated by Cu(II) salt. The copper▬hydroquinone (Cu▬HQ) complex interacts directly with oxygen to give the quinone product or could pass through sequential one electron oxidation steps where the resulting Cu(I) species would then be reoxidized to Cu(II) by oxygen. The mechanistic proposal was supported by ESI-MS experiment, to find that the only copper species reliably observed was the copper cation as the isotopologues Cu(I)(ACN)2 + (m/z 145) and Cu(I)(ACN)2 + (m/z 147) in an approximately 2:1 ratio [72].
Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling with anilines.
Heterogeneous SiO2-supported HClO4 catalyst promoting highly efficient and clean conjugate addition of primary and secondary amines with NQ was described by Upendra et al. [73]. Under the catalytic-ultrasonication condition, corresponding 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were obtained in moderate to high yields without using any solvent (Figure 10). The proposed mechanism of this reaction includes two steps such as addition and oxidation. Nucleophilic addition of amines to HClO4-SiO2-activated naphthoquinone (A) leads to adduct (B). Further, the adduct (B) oxidized to afford NQ as final product. The authors also described a possibility of aerobic oxidation of hydroquinone (HNQ).
HClO4-SiO2-supported C▬N bond on naphthoquinone.
A base-promoted C(sp2)-H sulfonamidation of 1,4-naphthoquinones via [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction using sulfonyl azides was reported by Ramanathan and Pitchumani [74]. The straightforward, atom, and step-economic protocol provided desired product in moderate to good yield (Figure 11). The active alkene moiety of quinone undergoes a thermal azide-alkene [3 + 2] cycloaddition followed by proton abstraction, ring opening, and elimination of a nitrogen molecule to form sulfonamidation products. Moreover, they successfully used phosphoryl azide for ▬NH2 transfer on NQ and Menadione under optimal condition.
K2CO3 promoted 1,4-quinone sp2 C▬H sulfonamidation.
Recently, Chen et al. [75] developed an efficient protocol for the preparation of aminated naphthoquinone starting from NQ and nitro compounds. In the presence of Zn/AcOH system, the nitro compounds were reduced to the corresponding amines (Figure 12). Lewis acid Zn(OAc)2·2H2O, 1,4-naphthoquinone is activated to generate the complex, and the intermediate reacts with aniline through 1,4-nucleophilic addition to give the adduct (A). Then, compound (A) can be oxidized to afford product in the presence of molecular oxygen along with losing a proton and the Lewis acid.
Zn(II) catalyzed amination using nitro compounds.
Some of the amination reactions, including multicomponent reactions, which lead to the formation of quinone-fused nitrogen heterocycles are described under the Section 3.1.
Thioethers are common building blocks, found in numerous biologically active compounds and in medicinally useful natural products [76]. The C▬S bond construction via direct functionalization of C▬H bond with sulfenylating reagents is an important reaction. Several metal and metal-free catalysts are developed for coupling of quinones with various sulfenylating reagents.
Coupling of arylsulfonyl salts with quinones in the presence of Pd(OAc)2-K2CO3 system was developed by Ge et al. [77]. Pd directed C▬sulfone to form quinone by C▬S coupling (Figure 13). Mechanistic study shows that initially oxidative addition of Pd with sulfonyl chloride affords intermediate species A which is followed by carbopalladation to form intermediate B. After β-H elimination, intermediate B released the coupling product to complete the catalytic cycle.
Pd-catalyzed direct C▬sulfone formation on quinone.
In another study, Huang et al., in 2016, developed reaction with [Cp*IrCl2]2-AgSbF6 [78] system. Like palladium-catalyzed carbopalladation on sulfonyl chloride, here Ir(I) to form carboiridation (Figure 14). Further similar way, β-H elimination leads to the final product.
Ir-catalyzed C▬S coupling of quinones with sulfonyl chloride.
CuI-PPh3 catalytic system was used for the synthesis of quinonyl thioethers [79]. It was reported to produce sulfonyl-quinones when palladium catalyst was used [77]. In this reaction arylsulfonyl chloride (PhSCl) was formed on reaction with PPh3 (Figure 15) which on reaction with intermediate B (which might have been formed with the help of base through Baylis-Hillman process) produced arylthioquinone derivatives.
Cu-PPh3-promoted sulfenylation of quinones.
In 2015 Chou et al. [80] used silver catalyst system for the reaction of various aryl disulfides to synthesize a variety of quinonyl aryl thioether moderate to high yields. The authors carried out some control experiments to predict the plausible mechanism. Studies indicate that the reaction is initiated by active disulfide-silver intermediates formed through interactions of the silver with aryl disulfides in DMSO (Figure 16).
Silver-catalyzed direct thiolation of quinones.
Furthermore, under metal-free conditions, various sulfenylating reagents such as [bmim]BF4-arylsulfinic acids [81], NH4I-sodium arylsulfinates [82], and H2O-arylsulfonyl hydrazides [83] systems gave sulfonyl hydroquinones.
Notably, I2-DMSO system [54] for the thiomethylation of quinone was recently developed by us (Figure 17). Based on the verification experiments, we proposed plausible radical pathway. At 120°C, DMSO decomposes to CH3SH and CH2O. Meanwhile, iodine releases two iodine radicals at high temperature that reacts with CH3SH to yield methylthiyl radical (A). The addition of methylthiyl radical (A) to naphthoquinone results in the formation of radical intermediate (B) which should loose H● to another iodine radical leading to the formation of the product.
I2-DMSO-promoted thiomethylation on quinone.
Moreover, very recently, CuI-O2 [84] and Co(OAc)2-O2 [26] systems were utilized for direct thiol addition to quinone to form ether. In addition, there are limited reports available for the conversion of hydroquinone to quinone followed by in situ C▬S bond formation. Notably, under metal-free condition Runtao et al. [85] utilized S-alkylisothiouronium salts on hydroquinone for the synthesis of quinonyl thioether. In another study, laccase-catalyzed thiol Michael addition on naphthohydroquinone [86] and hydroquinone [87, 88] was observed. Less selectivity and poor yield are the main drawbacks of these enzymatic reactions.
Naturally occurring quinone molecules, containing C▬O link, such as byrsonimaquinone, balsaminone A, maturone and lambertelinare, are biologically important. Several methods for the construction of C▬O bond through the activation of C▬H bonds on quinone have developed rapidly. However, this research area is less explored than C▬N and C▬S bond formation as oxygen has lower nucleophilicity than nitrogen and sulfur. In this section, we discuss the formation of the C▬O bond through C▬H functionalization.
In 2007, Tamura et al. [89] developed a simple method for the synthesis of dibenzofuranquinones, which is the core structure of the natural products balsaminone A, utilizing a novel oxidative cyclization of the quinone-arenols under the special condition (Figure 18). As an application of this method to natural product synthesis, a facile synthesis of violet-quinone was demonstrated.
Oxidative cyclization of quinone-arenols.
Coupling of propargyl carbonate with quinone through Claisen rearrangement to furanonaphthoquinones (FNQ) was recently established by Zhiyu et al. [90] (Figure 19). Though two groups have reported the synthesis of FNQ, both of these methods had several disadvantages. The first method reported by Perez et al. [91] needs use of Cs2CO3, CsI, and CuI as mediator. The second method reported by da Silva Emery et al. [92] employs CuI as catalyst, which still required rigorous condition of refluxing for 24 h.
Synthesis of Furano-naphthoquinone.
Weitz reported a useful method for the introduction of hydroxy group through a sequence of in situ Weitz-Scheffer-type epoxidation/epoxide cleavage reaction with H2O2/Na2CO3/H2SO4 [93]. In 2013, Schwalbe showed that brominated naphthoquinones could be hydroxylated with nucleophilic substitution under KOH/MeOH [94]. In 2016, Martins has accomplished the Suzuki coupling reactions between 2-hydroxy-3-iodo-1,4-naphthoquinone and boronic acids to prepare several 2-hydroxy-3-aryl-1,4-naphthoquinones by palladium catalyst [37]. In general most of the existing methods suffer from the requirement for strong alkaline or acidic conditions, metal catalysts, pre-halogenation, and fairly limited substrate scope.
Recently, hydroxylation of naphthoquinone derivatives using tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as a catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant was disclosed by Wang and coworkers [35]. This methodology allowed direct installation of hydroxyl groups on the quinone ring which was used for the synthesis of the corresponding substituted lawsone derivatives (Figure 20). Interestingly, parvaquone and lapachol were synthesized by this methodology.
Hydroxylation of naphthoquinone derivatives.
Poulsen et al. [26] disclosed powerful methods for oxidative p-quinone functionalization using Co(OAc)2 and Mn(OAc)3·2H2O with a collection of O, N, and S-nucleophiles, wherein oxygen was used as the terminal oxidant (Figure 21). Preliminary mechanistic observations and synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product strongylophorine-26 for the first time were presented.
Oxidative C▬H functionalization of p-quinone with alcohols.
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) constitute one of the most efficient tools in modern synthetic organic chemistry, since they have all features that contribute to an ideal synthesis. Features of this type of reaction are (i) high atom efficiency, (ii) quick and simple implementation, (iii) time and energy saving, (iv) environment friendly, and (v) offer a target and diversity-oriented synthesis. Under this section we have classified some of the multicomponent reaction which let the formation of multiple heterofunctionalization of quinones but not heterocyclization.
Hong et al., in 2017, reported Ag(I)-mediated one-pot multicomponent reaction in which BQ, diarylphosphine oxides, and imines underwent regioselective CDC reaction to undergo dual C▬H/P▬H (phosphination) and C▬H/N▬H (amination) on 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), and the desired products were obtained in moderate yield (Figure 22). Under the optimized condition when 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) instead of BQ, and aniline instead of corresponding imine was used, lowering of yield of the desired product was observed. Moreover, interestingly a competitive side reaction, namely, hydrophosphinylation reaction was observed in the absence of Ag(I). In this strategy Ag(I) plays versatile role such as a mediator and oxidant. The authors characterized the X-ray crystal structures of several new functionalized quinone derivatives [95].
Ag-mediated regioselective phosphination and amination.
Based on the control experiments, Ag(I)-mediated mechanism was proposed. Firstly, Ag(I) ions coordinate with BQ oxygen atom, rendering BQ to act as a better electrophile for diarylphosphine oxides, which is presumably released from the adduct (A). After the formation of intermediate (B), deprotonation takes place with the assistance of CO32−, and then two electrons transfer from the intermediate to two AgI ions to give monosubstituted product (C) along with two equivalents of AgO species. Further, nucleophilic attack of aniline at the three positions of (C) forms intermediate (D) which subsequently forms 2,3-disubstituted intermediate (E) by deprotonation with the assistance of CO32−. Yuan et al. [96] also reported C▬P and C▬N bond formation on quinone under the same conditions.
One-pot three-component strategy for the direct thioamination of 1,4-naphthoquinone with thiols and amines was recently disclosed by Bing et al. [84]. This approach employed a catalytic amount of CuI as a catalyst and molecular oxygen as a green oxidant. Various 2-amino-3-thio-1,4-naphthoquinones products could be synthesized in moderate to good yields. This catalytic method represents a step-economic and convenient method for the difunctionalization of 1,4-naphthoquinone. Based on the systematic control experiment, the authors proposed the plausible mechanism shown in Figure 23. First, the Michael addition of 1,4-naphthoquinone and thiol gave intermediate (A), which was immediately oxidized to intermediate (B) by Cu(I)/O2. Further, the oxidative addition of amine and CuI afforded the Cu(II) species (C), which then reacted with intermediate (B) giving Cu(III) species (D). Finally, intermediate (D) underwent reductive elimination producing the desired product.
Cu-catalyzed thioamination on quinone.
Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), or sulfur (S) atoms are of tremendous importance [97, 98]. C▬X bond formation on quinone gives heterofunctionalized quinones which are very important in organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry, especially due to their striking biological activities [1]. Mitomycin C is an approved quinone-based anticancer drug having pyrrolidine ring [99]. Several other heterofused/linked quinone molecules show good pharmacological properties [100, 101, 102]. Structure activity relationship studies from quinonoid compounds showed that the position and increasing the number of heteroatoms are important factors to achieve biological activities [103]. In general, heterocyclization strategies on quinone is mainly classified into three, namely, C▬X bond formation, C▬C bond formation, and cascade C▬C and C▬X bonds formations (Figure 24).
Heterocyclization approaches on quinone.
Selections of suitable intermediates for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds are very important. Quinones are important intermediate for the assembly of heterocycles. There are several C▬H activation methods which are disclosed for the synthesis of valuable heterocyclic compounds such as phenazine, carbazole, indole, phenothiazine, benzothiophene, benzofuran, cumarin, chromene, etc.
Hybrid molecules are based on the principle of combining partial or whole structures in order to create new and possibly more active molecular entities [104, 105, 106]. Hybrid molecules can incorporate two or more pharmacophore which lead to the generation of new bioactive compound which show both the activities or altogether a new kind of bioactivity. This is useful to achieve activity on “multiple targets” of a biological system, and this is called multicomponent therapeutic strategy [107].
To achieve synthesis of hybrid organic molecules, different strategies have been adopted time to time [105]. Quinones display wide variety of biological activity, hence combining quinone skeleton with another bioactive heterocycle should basically provide a hybrid organic molecules which may show some valuable biological activity profiles. Some of the interesting quinone-heterocycle-fused hybrid molecules found in the literature are shown in Figure 25. There were several strategies developed for the synthesis of quinone-based hybrid molecules [108, 109, 110, 111].
Selected quinone-heterocycle hybrid molecules.
Recently, Mancini et al. [112] selected different compounds acting as inhibitors of the cancer protein targets tubulin, human topoisomerase II, and ROCK1 (Figure 26). The synthesized quinone-hybrid molecules displayed good and sometimes better growth inhibition GI50 than the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, the Topo II inhibitor podophyllotoxin, and the tubulin inhibitor combretastatin A-4.
Quinone-heterocycle hybrids showing anticancer activity.
In this direction in the forthcoming sections, we have listed out methods known for the synthesis of quinone-heterocycle hybrid molecules and some of its importance.
The oxidative coupling reactions of NH isoquinolones with 1,4-benzoquinone proceeded efficiently to form spiro compounds through C▬C and C▬N bond in the presence of an Ir(III) catalyst (Figure 27) [113]. Cu(OAc)2·H2O was used as external oxidant for substrates such as NQ and other substituted 1,4-benzoquinone. The authors performed preliminary mechanistic experiments and a catalytically competent five-membered iridacycle was isolated and structurally characterized, thus revealing a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle. The first step of mechanism is likely to be a C(sp2)-H activation process affording a five-membered iridacycle intermediate A. The coordination of BQ to A delivers intermediate B. The migratory insertion of the coordinated BQ into the Ir▬C bond leads to intermediate C which on protonation by HOAc forms intermediate D. Subsequent iridation occurs at the α-position to afford iridacycle I, which undergoes a C▬N reductive elimination to afford the final product and Cp*Ir(I). Cp*Ir(I) is oxidized by BQ in the presence of HOAc to Cp*Ir(Oac)2 for the next catalytic cycle.
Ir(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of NH isoquinolones.
In another study, an Rh-catalyzed substrate-tunable oxidative annulation and spiroannulation reaction of 2-arylindoles with benzoquinone was reported by Shenghai et al. [114]. Mechanistic study revealed that Rh(III)-catalyzed dual N▬H/C▬H bond cleavage of indole occurs to afford a rhodacycle (A). Further, the coordination of BQ to A yields (B), which undergoes a migratory insertion of the coordinated BQ into the Rh▬C bond to furnish (C). Further (C) undergoes a selective Rh▬C protonolysis with one equivalent of HOAc to afford the key intermediate (D).
Subsequently, the promotion of nucleophilic attack by Et3N, the tertiary α-C atom on the Rh center, generates I, which undergoes a C▬N reductive elimination to give the desired product and a Rh(I) species. The Rh(I) species is oxidized to the active Rh(III) catalyst by BQ in the presence of HOAc (Figure 28).
Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of NH indoles.
Cu(II)-catalyzed sequential C,N-difunctionalization reaction between naphthoquinone and β-enaminones [115] which leads to the formation of indaloquinone. New C▬C and C▬N bonds are easily formed in the reaction course. Cu(II) salt plays a dual role as Lewis acid and oxidative catalyst, and O2 acts as the terminal oxidant. Based on the experimental results, a plausible reaction pathway was suggested by the authors as shown in Figure 29.
Cu(II)-catalyzed NQ sequential C,N-difunctionalization.
First, nucleophilic attack of α-carbon atom of β-enaminone to Cu2+ complexed NQ followed by tautomerization and oxidation by Cu2+ results in the formation of intermediate (A). Further, intramolecular Michael addition takes place. Finally, oxidative aromatization affords cyclic product. To complete the catalytic cycle, molecular oxygen was involved for the oxidation of Cu(I) and regeneration of Cu(II).
Chen and Hong [116] reported Pd(II)-catalyzed ortho-CH functionalization of amido-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinone with primary and tertiary amines (Figure 30). The reaction occurred through an intramolecular rearrangement followed by oxidation process, which lead to the formation of imidazole and pyrrole ring-fused quinone derivatives. In another study, Franco and coworkers [117] performed oxidative free-radical reaction of quinone with either aldehydes or simple ketones in the presence of Mn(OAc)3 to afford a series of indole-naphthoquinone-fused heterocycles [117].
Pd/Mn-catalyzed C▬H functionalization of amino NQ derivatives.
Mito et al., in 2016, developed a method for benzo[f]indole-4,9-diones from inactivated naphthoquinone with α-aminoacetals [118]. This reaction underwent via intramolecular nucleophilic attack of aminoquinones to aldehydes. Based on the detailed mechanistic studies, the authors proposed the plausible mechanism represented in Figure 31.
Ultrasound-assisted one-pot synthesis.
Haiming and coworkers [119] developed a simple protocol for the synthesis of highly functionalized 3-hydroxycarbazoles by acetic acid-promoted annulation of electron-rich anilines and quinones (Figure 32). This chemistry, although tolerant of various quinones, is sensitive to both steric and electronic elements on the anilines, as well as the steric hindrance introduced to the quinones. Although the yields are generally moderate, this reaction nevertheless provides a single-step alternative to prepare various otherwise difficult to make densely substituted 3-hydroxycarbazoles under mild conditions. Similarly to Nenitzescu indole synthesis, the mechanism of this carbazole formation is believed to involve a C▬C bond formation by a Michael-type nucleophilic addition of aniline to quinone, followed by intramolecular cyclization and dehydration.
Annulation of electron-rich anilines and quinones.
In another study, a sequential Michael addition and intramolecular cyclization reaction of ketones and 1,4-benzoquinones by using triethyl orthoformate as an additive (Figure 33). In the presence of Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst, triethyl orthoformate may be utilized to convert enolizable ketone into ethyl vinyl ether. As a result, nucleophilicity increases. This reaction is a simple way to obtain 5-hydroxybenzofurans. The authors used this methodology to synthesize some important 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives [120].
Synthesis of benzofurans from ketones and 1,4-benzoquinones.
Wang et al. [121] developed Pd(OAc)2/BQ catalytic system for ring contraction reactions which allow 2-hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinones to convert into various phthalides. The significance of phthalide and fulvene scaffolds as structural units should render this method attractive for both medicinal chemistry and synthetic ring contraction reactions chemistry, paving the way for efficient synthesis of other complex cyclic systems (Figure 34). Moreover, they utilized phthalides as versatile synthetic intermediates toward many other useful synthetic building blocks.
Synthesis of phthalides via ring contraction reactions.
Peddinti et al., in 2014, reported [122] Michael addition of the 1,4-benzoxazinone derivatives, a novel class of vinylogous carbamates to the Michael acceptors. 1,4-Benzoxazinone derivative undergoes Michael addition with p-quinone in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, and subsequent cyclization affords corresponding products (Figure 35).
TFA-catalyzed Michael addition reaction for cumarin.
A nucleophilic addition of terminal alkynes to 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone afforded the corresponding quinols containing an alkyne unit [123], which were converted to phenols via mild Zn-mediated reduction. After proper protection of the free phenolic OH group, under metal-free system, 5-endo-dig iodocyclization allowed facile access to a number of 3-iodobenzofurans (Figure 36).
5-Endo-dig iodocyclization reaction for 3-iodobenzofurans.
After successful establishment of kinetic controlled, Rh(III)-catalyzed annulation of C▬H bonds with quinones for chemo-selective synthesis of dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones [124] and phenanthridinones [125], Yang and coworkers [126] demonstrated a three-component cascade reaction for 6H-benzo[c]chromenes. Similarly, this reaction involved Rh(III)-catalyzed annulation of aryl ketone O-acyloximes, quinones, and acetone (Figure 37).
Rh(III)-catalyzed annulation for benzochromenes.
In another report [127], the synthesis of diverse dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]furans starting from 1,4-naphthoquinones and olefins in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was reported. The reaction was based on the CAN-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,4-naphthoquinones. This methodology was also used to synthesize the biologically important natural product furomollugin in only two steps (Figure 38).
CAN-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,4-naphthoquinones.
The applications of MCRs have been sequenced with multiple ring-forming reactions that leads thereby to the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic scaffolds. MCRs on quinones were used for the generation of quinone-fused heterocycles.
Seven mild basic ionic liquids [128] made out of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-en-8-ium acetate, pyrrolidinium acetate, pyrrolidinium formate, piperidinium acetate, piperidinium formate, N-methylimidazolium formate, and 3-hydroxypropanaminium acetate were used as catalyst for three-component coupling of aldehyde, malononitrile, and 2-hydroxynaphthoquinone for the formation of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[g]chromene and hydroxyl naphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives under ambient and solvent-free conditions (Figure 39). The main advantages of this protocol are mild, solvent-free conditions, ecofriendly catalysts and easy to work-up procedure. Similar reaction was also reported by Javanshir et al. [129] and Manisankar et al. [130] using organocatalyst and copper catalyst, respectively.
Three-component synthesis of functionalized 4H-pyrans.
Notably, Cao and coworkers [131] developed one-pot, pseudo-four-component reaction of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, aromatic amine, and formaldehyde in aqueous media under ultrasound irradiation (Figure 40) naphthoquinone-fused oxazine derivatives under this operationally simple and efficient condition.
Synthesis of naphthoquinone-fused oxazine derivatives.
A proposed mechanism shows that amination reaction occurred first between the formaldehyde and amine, followed by H2O elimination to furnish intermediate A which was then attacked by 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to furnish an intermediate B, which further reacted with formaldehyde and eliminated H2O to produce intermediate C. At last the final product was formed through an intramolecular cyclization process.
Afshin and coworkers [132] developed L-proline-catalyzed one-pot, two-step, five-component reaction for the synthesis of novel 1,4-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrido[2,3-c]phenazines by the condensation reaction of 2-hydroxynaphoquinone, aromatic 1,2-diamines, aldehydes, ammonium acetate, and ethyl acetoacetate under conventional heating in solvent-free conditions. In this domino transformation, six bonds and two new rings such as phenazine and 1,4-dihydropyridine are efficiently formed (Figure 41). High yields, short reaction time, operational simplicity, easy work-up procedure, avoidance of hazardous or toxic catalysts, and organic solvents are the main advantages of this green methodology.
Synthesis of phenazine-dihydropyridine molecules.
In another study [133], catalyst-free synthesis of aminouracils bearing naphthoquinone in DMF system was developed by Jamaledini et al. [133]. Further it was used as intermediate for the synthesis of uracil-phenazine linked heterocycles via condensation reaction with various vicinal diamines, in chloroform under reflux condition (Figure 42).
Synthesis of uracil-phenazine molecules.
Copper-catalyzed, TEMPO-mediated straightforward synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted naphtho[2,1-b]thiophene-4,5-diones via cross-dehydrogenative thienannulation was reported [134]. The reaction proceeded via in situ generated naphthalene-1,2-diones by dearomatization of β-naphthols, followed by oxidative heteroannulation with α-enolic dithioesters chemoselectively (Figure 43).
Synthesis of benzothiophene-phenazine molecules.
Further, the naphtho[2,1-b]thiophene-4,5-diones undergo L-proline-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) with ortho-phenylenediamine enabling formation of pentacyclic benzo[a]thieno[3,2-c]phenazine derivatives in good yields under solvent-free conditions.
Interestingly, Lee and coworkers [134] reported one-pot synthesis of benzofuran-2(3H)-one derivatives from nitriles. This result underscore the high potential of the Blaise reaction intermediate as an amphiphilic organozinc complex for forming carbon▬carbon bonds and provides a divergent synthetic platform toward heterocycles (Figure 44).
Tandem Blaise-Nenitzescu reaction forbenzofuran-2(3H)-ones.
CAN-catalyzed three-component reaction between primary amines, β-dicarbonyl compounds, and functionalized or unfunctionalized naphthoquinones was reported by Menendez et al. [62]. The enamine formation Michael addition-intramolecular imine formation domino sequence starting from amines, β-dicarbonyl compounds, and quinones, in a three-component variation of the Nenitzescu indole synthesis (Figure 45). Further, protocol was extended to the synthesis of linear benzo[f]indolequinones by using pre-functionalized quinones as the starting materials. Moreover, the benzo[g]indole derivatives were transformed into 9,12-dihydro-8H-azepino[1,2-a]benzo[g]-indoles, a new class of fused indole derivatives, using a C-alkylation/ring-closing metathesis strategy.
CAN-catalyzed three-component domino sequences.
Recent advances in the direct heterofunctionalization and heterocyclization of quinones were summarized in this chapter. Most of the C▬hetero bond formation on quinone occurred via Michael addition in the presence/absence of a metal catalyst. Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were another important strategy for the direct functionalization of quinones. These reactions allowed for the construction of not only simple coupling products but also many important biologically active compounds. Moreover, the formation of C▬O bond on quinone was less explored than C▬N and C▬S bond formation; it may be due to the fact that oxygen has lower nucleophilicity than nitrogen and sulfur, and lack of suitable synthetic reagents that can tolerate the presence of oxygen functional groups. However, due to the unique electronic property of quinones, the types of direct functionalization remain limited, and great efforts are still needed in the future.
AKTP would like to thank UGC-RFSMS (F.No.25-1/2014-2015 (BSR)/7-22/2007-(BSR) Dated: 13.03.2015), New Delhi, for the award of the fellowship for Ph.D.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5699},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15652}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:57},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5146},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"186",title:"Medical Genetics",slug:"medical-genetics",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:33,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1241,numberOfWosCitations:538,numberOfCrossrefCitations:301,numberOfDimensionsCitations:798,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medical-genetics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7850",title:"Mitochondria and Brain Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4cb9b34e45c6177ede9cf78fbda4b82",slug:"mitochondria-and-brain-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros Baloyannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7850.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:"J",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7536",title:"Modern Medical Genetics and Genomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0809faf783cd9332a668976694b69931",slug:"modern-medical-genetics-and-genomics",bookSignature:"Israel Gomy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126844",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Gomy",slug:"israel-gomy",fullName:"Israel Gomy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7174",title:"Muscular Dystrophies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef83cb33d9124009cf47c62c1c55e387",slug:"muscular-dystrophies",bookSignature:"Kunihiro Sakuma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8171",title:"Genes and Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"209b5cea5cbc980442ef0c22782b3792",slug:"genes-and-cancer",bookSignature:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8171.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7566",title:"Gene Expression and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5e33453f41aee5b90bc6f6301820b89",slug:"gene-expression-and-control",bookSignature:"Fumiaki Uchiumi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47235",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uchiumi",slug:"fumiaki-uchiumi",fullName:"Fumiaki Uchiumi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8303",title:"Gene Regulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"717b32b5becef8d895adf106c5a3099d",slug:"gene-regulation",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8303.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6684",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"326a9354db0c23d8a26659e8a0c26872",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",bookSignature:"Hervé Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6060",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66c079bd70478fcc63072a8a42da4c33",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",bookSignature:"Eylem Taskin, Celal Guven and Yusuf Sevgiler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6136",title:"Advances in Research on Down Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb344b182e5c95b23d749f5ad1f2dcf3",slug:"advances-in-research-on-down-syndrome",bookSignature:"Subrata Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6136.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5977",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0630b237f31a5aab756bccf1101c70",slug:"genetic-polymorphisms",bookSignature:"Narasimha Reddy Parine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185797",title:"Dr.",name:"Narasimha Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Parine",slug:"narasimha-reddy-parine",fullName:"Narasimha Reddy Parine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5524",title:"Progress in Understanding Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0824b5219d5a8bdee3f2fc04c27a7bb7",slug:"progress-in-understanding-cystic-fibrosis",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5232",title:"Restricted Growth",subtitle:"Clinical, Genetic and Molecular Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c604493aaeaf8258adc42b2d7dc9b22d",slug:"restricted-growth-clinical-genetic-and-molecular-aspects",bookSignature:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas- Aguayo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:33,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"22712",doi:"10.5772/22527",title:"DNA Damage Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Markers",slug:"dna-damage-caused-by-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-mechanisms-and-markers",totalDownloads:8189,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-dna-repair",title:"Selected Topics in DNA Repair",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in DNA Repair"},signatures:"Balam Muñoz and Arnulfo Albores",authors:[{id:"48058",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnulfo",middleName:null,surname:"Albores",slug:"arnulfo-albores",fullName:"Arnulfo Albores"},{id:"52340",title:"Dr.",name:"Balam",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"balam-munoz",fullName:"Balam Muñoz"}]},{id:"23717",doi:"10.5772/22161",title:"The Multifaceted Complexity of Genetic Diseases: A Lesson from Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum",slug:"the-multifaceted-complexity-of-genetic-diseases-a-lesson-from-pseudoxanthoma-elasticum",totalDownloads:3020,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"advances-in-the-study-of-genetic-disorders",title:"Advances in the Study of Genetic Disorders",fullTitle:"Advances in the Study of Genetic Disorders"},signatures:"Daniela Quaglino, Federica Boraldi, Giulia Annovi and Ivonne Ronchetti",authors:[{id:"46557",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Quaglino",slug:"daniela-quaglino",fullName:"Daniela Quaglino"},{id:"46569",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Boraldi",slug:"federica-boraldi",fullName:"Federica Boraldi"},{id:"46570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Annovi",slug:"giulia-annovi",fullName:"Giulia Annovi"},{id:"46573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Ronchetti",slug:"ivonne-ronchetti",fullName:"Ivonne Ronchetti"}]},{id:"43394",doi:"10.5772/52807",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Down Syndrome Brain",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-mechanisms-in-down-syndrome-brain",totalDownloads:2025,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"down-syndrome",title:"Down Syndrome",fullTitle:"Down Syndrome"},signatures:"Jie Lu and Volney Sheen",authors:[{id:"40911",title:"Dr.",name:"Volney",middleName:null,surname:"Sheen",slug:"volney-sheen",fullName:"Volney Sheen"},{id:"47427",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"jie-lu",fullName:"Jie Lu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"16787",title:"Designing Lentiviral Gene Vectors",slug:"designing-lentiviral-gene-vectors",totalDownloads:13430,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"viral-gene-therapy",title:"Viral Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Viral Gene Therapy"},signatures:"Oleg Tolmachov, Tanya Tolmachova and Faisal A. Al-Allaf",authors:[{id:"28112",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:"E",surname:"Tolmachov",slug:"oleg-tolmachov",fullName:"Oleg Tolmachov"},{id:"71555",title:"Dr.",name:"Faisal A.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Allaf",slug:"faisal-a.-al-allaf",fullName:"Faisal A. Al-Allaf"},{id:"71556",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Tolmachova",slug:"tanya-tolmachova",fullName:"Tanya Tolmachova"}]},{id:"23721",title:"Bernard Soulier Syndrome: A Genetic Bleeding Disorder",slug:"bernard-soulier-syndrome-a-genetic-bleeding-disorder",totalDownloads:3834,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-the-study-of-genetic-disorders",title:"Advances in the Study of Genetic Disorders",fullTitle:"Advances in the Study of Genetic Disorders"},signatures:"Basma Hadjkacem, Jalel Gargouri and Ali Gargouri",authors:[{id:"51640",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",slug:"ali-gargouri",fullName:"Ali Gargouri"}]},{id:"41856",title:"Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome",slug:"hutchinson-gilford-progeria-syndrome",totalDownloads:4030,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"genetic-disorders",title:"Genetic Disorders",fullTitle:"Genetic Disorders"},signatures:"Jean-Ha Baek, Tomás McKenna and Maria Eriksson",authors:[{id:"45285",title:"Mr.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"McKenna",slug:"tomas-mckenna",fullName:"Tomás McKenna"},{id:"156739",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",slug:"maria-eriksson",fullName:"Maria Eriksson"},{id:"156913",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Ha",middleName:null,surname:"Baek",slug:"jean-ha-baek",fullName:"Jean-Ha Baek"}]},{id:"17707",title:"Scalable Technology to Produce Pharmaceutical Grade Plasmid DNA for Gene Therapy",slug:"scalable-technology-to-produce-pharmaceutical-grade-plasmid-dna-for-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:3163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"gene-therapy-developments-and-future-perspectives",title:"Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Gene Therapy - Developments and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Odalys Ruiz, Miladys Limonta, Jorge Valdés, Martha Pupo and Eduardo Martnez",authors:[{id:"33539",title:"Dr.",name:"Odalys",middleName:"Hernández",surname:"Ruiz",slug:"odalys-ruiz",fullName:"Odalys Ruiz"},{id:"37053",title:"MSc.",name:"Miladys",middleName:null,surname:"Limonta",slug:"miladys-limonta",fullName:"Miladys Limonta"},{id:"37054",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Valdés",slug:"jorge-valdes",fullName:"Jorge Valdés"},{id:"37055",title:"MSc.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Pupo",slug:"martha-pupo",fullName:"Martha Pupo"},{id:"37056",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Martnez",slug:"eduardo-martnez",fullName:"Eduardo Martnez"}]},{id:"16794",title:"Pharmacokinetic Study of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Progress and Challenges",slug:"pharmacokinetic-study-of-viral-vectors-for-gene-therapy-progress-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"viral-gene-therapy",title:"Viral Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Viral Gene Therapy"},signatures:"Xianxing Xu, Yang Jingwen and Cheng Yuanguo",authors:[{id:"42478",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"xianxing-xu",fullName:"Xianxing Xu"},{id:"51927",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanguo",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yuanguo-cheng",fullName:"Yuanguo Cheng"},{id:"81776",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingwen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jingwen-yang",fullName:"Jingwen Yang"}]},{id:"41370",title:"Genetic Diseases Associated with Protein Glycosylation Disorders in Mammals",slug:"genetic-diseases-associated-with-protein-glycosylation-disorders-in-mammals",totalDownloads:3689,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"genetic-disorders",title:"Genetic Disorders",fullTitle:"Genetic Disorders"},signatures:"Yoshiaki Nakayama, Naosuke Nakamura, Daisuke Tsuji, Koji Itoh and Akira Kurosaka",authors:[{id:"65159",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakayama",slug:"yoshiaki-nakayama",fullName:"Yoshiaki Nakayama"}]},{id:"49407",title:"Methods of Transfection with Messenger RNA Gene Vectors",slug:"methods-of-transfection-with-messenger-rna-gene-vectors",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"gene-therapy-principles-and-challenges",title:"Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Gene Therapy - Principles and Challenges"},signatures:"Oleg E. Tolmachov and Tanya Tolmachova",authors:[{id:"28112",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:"E",surname:"Tolmachov",slug:"oleg-tolmachov",fullName:"Oleg Tolmachov"},{id:"71556",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Tolmachova",slug:"tanya-tolmachova",fullName:"Tanya Tolmachova"}]},{id:"65382",title:"Gene Regulation in Ruminants: A Nutritional Perspective",slug:"gene-regulation-in-ruminants-a-nutritional-perspective",totalDownloads:921,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"gene-expression-and-control",title:"Gene Expression and Control",fullTitle:"Gene Expression and Control"},signatures:"Johan S. Osorio and Sonia J. Moisa",authors:[{id:"255256",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Osorio",slug:"johan-osorio",fullName:"Johan Osorio"},{id:"263702",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Moisa",slug:"sonia-moisa",fullName:"Sonia Moisa"}]},{id:"41379",title:"Increased Fetal Nuchal Translucency Thickness and Normal Karyotype: Prenatal and Postnatal Outcome",slug:"increased-fetal-nuchal-translucency-thickness-and-normal-karyotype-prenatal-and-postnatal-outcome",totalDownloads:10140,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"down-syndrome",title:"Down Syndrome",fullTitle:"Down Syndrome"},signatures:"Ksenija Gersak, Darija M. Strah and Maja Pohar-Perme",authors:[{id:"53853",title:"Prof.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Gersak",slug:"ksenija-gersak",fullName:"Ksenija Gersak"},{id:"88543",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Pohar-Perme",slug:"maja-pohar-perme",fullName:"Maja Pohar-Perme"},{id:"88544",title:"M.D.",name:"Darija",middleName:"Mateja",surname:"Strah",slug:"darija-strah",fullName:"Darija Strah"}]},{id:"17917",title:"Suicide Gene Therapy by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Thymidine Kinase (HSV-TK)",slug:"suicide-gene-therapy-by-herpes-simplex-virus-1-thymidine-kinase-hsv-tk-",totalDownloads:5162,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"targets-in-gene-therapy",title:"Targets in Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Targets in Gene Therapy"},signatures:"Dilip Dey and Gregory R.D. Evans",authors:[{id:"31805",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory R. D.",middleName:null,surname:"Evans",slug:"gregory-r.-d.-evans",fullName:"Gregory R. D. Evans"},{id:"42527",title:"Dr",name:"Dilip",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"dilip-dey",fullName:"Dilip Dey"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medical-genetics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/188431/cristina-martinez",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"188431",slug:"cristina-martinez"},fullPath:"/profiles/188431/cristina-martinez",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()