Specific ensembles and associated energy functions.
\n\n
\n\nThe research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community\'s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 285417. The publishing of this book was funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilot programme. ',isbn:"978-953-51-3376-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3375-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4699-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68449",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"search-and-rescue-robotics-from-theory-to-practice",numberOfPages:262,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e1ca88810595580ec90815aab3f1ec9a",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:"August 23rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6181.jpg",numberOfDownloads:228678,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:46,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:44,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:14,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:119,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 10th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 31st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 27th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 25th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 24th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:'
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\n\nThe research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community\'s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 285417. The publishing of this book was funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilot programme.',editors:null,equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1250",title:"Rescue Robot",slug:"rescue-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"56152",title:"Introduction to the Use of Robotic Tools for Search and Rescue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69489",slug:"introduction-to-the-use-of-robotic-tools-for-search-and-rescue",totalDownloads:23946,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Modern search and rescue workers are equipped with a powerful toolkit to address natural and man-made disasters. This introductory chapter explains how a new tool can be added to this toolkit: robots. The use of robotic assets in search and rescue operations is explained and an overview is given of the worldwide efforts to incorporate robotic tools in search and rescue operations. Furthermore, the European Union ICARUS project on this subject is introduced. The ICARUS project proposes to equip first responders with a comprehensive and integrated set of unmanned search and rescue tools, to increase the situational awareness of human crisis managers, such that more work can be done in a shorter amount of time. The ICARUS tools consist of assistive unmanned air, ground, and sea vehicles, equipped with victim-detection sensors. The unmanned vehicles collaborate as a coordinated team, communicating via ad hoc cognitive radio networking. To ensure optimal human-robot collaboration, these tools are seamlessly integrated into the command and control equipment of the human crisis managers and a set of training and support tools is provided to them to learn to use the ICARUS system.",signatures:"Geert De Cubber, Daniela Doroftei, Konrad Rudin, Karsten Berns,\nAnibal Matos, Daniel Serrano, Jose Sanchez, Shashank Govindaraj,\nJanusz Bedkowski, Rui Roda, Eduardo Silva and Stephane Ourevitch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56152",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56152",authors:[{id:"206420",title:"Dr.",name:"Geert",surname:"De Cubber",slug:"geert-de-cubber",fullName:"Geert De Cubber"}],corrections:null},{id:"56037",title:"User-Centered Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69483",slug:"user-centered-design",totalDownloads:22377,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The successful introduction and acceptance of novel technological tools are only possible if end users are completely integrated in the design process. However, obtaining such integration of end users is not obvious, as end‐user organizations often do not consider research toward new technological aids as their core business and are therefore reluctant to engage in these kinds of activities. This chapter explains how this problem was tackled in the ICARUS project, by carefully identifying and approaching the targeted user communities and by compiling user requirements. Resulting from these user requirements, system requirements and a system architecture for the ICARUS system were deduced. An important aspect of the user‐centered design approach is that it is an iterative methodology, based on multiple intermediate operational validations by end users of the developed tools, leading to a final validation according to user‐scripted validation scenarios.",signatures:"Daniela Doroftei, Geert De Cubber, Rene Wagemans, Anibal Matos,\nEduardo Silva, Victor Lobo, Guerreiro Cardoso, Keshav Chintamani,\nShashank Govindaraj, Jeremi Gancet and Daniel Serrano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56037",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56037",authors:[{id:"82804",title:"Ms.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Doroftei",slug:"daniela-doroftei",fullName:"Daniela Doroftei"},{id:"153104",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Lobo",slug:"victor-lobo",fullName:"Victor Lobo"}],corrections:null},{id:"56050",title:"Unmanned Aerial Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69490",slug:"unmanned-aerial-systems",totalDownloads:22738,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Unmanned aerial platforms are a means to gather efficiently valuable aerial information to support the crisis manager for further tactical planning and deployment. They can provide continuous support to the coordinators and operators by scanning blocked sectors or establish an communication network. This chapter describes how aerial platforms were tailored to search and rescue (SAR) requirements, including the localisation and tracking of victims. In order to meet the end user demands, complementary platforms are proposed. A small long‐endurance solar aeroplane is used to provide the largest and fastest area coverage at the highest view, and therefore enabling the mapping functionality and potential detection of victims with operation times span up to a day. Complementary to the aeroplane, two rotary‐wing systems were deployed. A large coaxial‐quadrotor was used for outdoor delivery task and detailed close range inspection. Its ability to fly close to the terrain enables a thorough search for victims in a well‐defined sector. A smaller multicopter was used for inspection of the indoor environment. It is able for victim detection in collapsed buildings. Thus, autonomous functionality for precise localisation and positioning was developed to decrease the operator workload.",signatures:"Rudin Konrad, Daniel Serrano and Pascal Strupler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56050",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56050",authors:[{id:"212085",title:"Mr.",name:"Konrad",surname:"Rudin",slug:"konrad-rudin",fullName:"Konrad Rudin"}],corrections:null},{id:"56080",title:"Unmanned Ground Robots for Rescue Tasks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69491",slug:"unmanned-ground-robots-for-rescue-tasks",totalDownloads:24081,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes two unmanned ground vehicles that can help search and rescue teams in their difficult, but life-saving tasks. These robotic assets have been developed within the framework of the European project ICARUS. The large unmanned ground vehicle is intended to be a mobile base station. It is equipped with a powerful manipulator arm and can be used for debris removal, shoring operations, and remote structural operations (cutting, welding, hammering, etc.) on very rough terrain. The smaller unmanned ground vehicle is also equipped with an array of sensors, enabling it to search for victims inside semi-destroyed buildings. Working together with each other and the human search and rescue workers, these robotic assets form a powerful team, increasing the effectiveness of search and rescue operations, as proven by operational validation tests in collaboration with end users.",signatures:"Karsten Berns, Atabak Nezhadfard, Massimo Tosa, Haris Balta and\nGeert De Cubber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56080",authors:[{id:"212086",title:"Prof.",name:"Karsten",surname:"Berns",slug:"karsten-berns",fullName:"Karsten Berns"}],corrections:null},{id:"56139",title:"Unmanned Maritime Systems for Search and Rescue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69492",slug:"unmanned-maritime-systems-for-search-and-rescue",totalDownloads:22742,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The development of maritime unmanned tools for search and rescue operations is not a trivial task. A great part of maritime unmanned systems developed did not target such application, being more focused on environmental monitoring, surveillance or defence. In opposition to these applications, search and rescue operations need to take into account relevant issues such as the presence of people or other vessels on the water. Building upon user requirements and overall integrated components for assisted rescue and unmanned search operations (ICARUS) system architecture, this chapter addresses the development of unmanned maritime systems. It starts with an overview of the approach where a two‐tier solution was adopted to address safety issues and then proceeds to detail each of the developed technologies.",signatures:"Aníbal Matos, Eduardo Silva, José Almeida, Alfredo Martins, Hugo\nFerreira, Bruno Ferreira, José Alves, André Dias, Stefano Fioravanti,\nDaniele Bertin and Victor Lobo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56139",authors:[{id:"153104",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Lobo",slug:"victor-lobo",fullName:"Victor Lobo"},{id:"12282",title:"Dr.",name:"Aníbal",surname:"Matos",slug:"anibal-matos",fullName:"Aníbal Matos"}],corrections:null},{id:"56126",title:"Interoperability in a Heterogeneous Team of Search and Rescue Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69493",slug:"interoperability-in-a-heterogeneous-team-of-search-and-rescue-robots",totalDownloads:22696,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Search and rescue missions are complex operations. A disaster scenario is generally unstructured, time‐varying and unpredictable. This poses several challenges for the successful deployment of unmanned technology. The variety of operational scenarios and tasks lead to the need for multiple robots of different types, domains and sizes. A priori planning of the optimal set of assets to be deployed and the definition of their mission objectives are generally not feasible as information only becomes available during mission. The ICARUS project responds to this challenge by developing a heterogeneous team composed by different and complementary robots, dynamically cooperating as an interoperable team. This chapter describes our approach to multi‐robot interoperability, understood as the ability of multiple robots to operate together, in synergy, enabling multiple teams to share data, intelligence and resources, which is the ultimate objective of ICARUS project. It also includes the analysis of the relevant standardization initiatives in multi‐robot multi‐domain systems, our implementation of an interoperability framework and several examples of multi‐robot cooperation of the ICARUS robots in realistic search and rescue missions.",signatures:"Daniel Serrano López, German Moreno, Jose Cordero, Jose Sanchez,\nShashank Govindaraj, Mario Monteiro Marques, Victor Lobo,\nStefano Fioravanti, Alberto Grati, Konrad Rudin, Massimo Tosa,\nAnibal Matos, Andre Dias, Alfredo Martins, Janusz Bedkowski, Haris\nBalta and Geert De Cubber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56126",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56126",authors:[{id:"153104",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Lobo",slug:"victor-lobo",fullName:"Victor Lobo"},{id:"212087",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Serrano",slug:"daniel-serrano",fullName:"Daniel Serrano"}],corrections:null},{id:"56257",title:"Tactical Communications for Cooperative SAR Robot Missions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69494",slug:"tactical-communications-for-cooperative-sar-robot-missions",totalDownloads:22551,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes how the ICARUS communications (COM) team defined, developed and implemented an integrated wireless communication system to ensure an interoperable and dependable networking capability for both human and robotic search and rescue field teams and crisis managers. It starts explaining the analysis of the requirements and the context of the project, the existing solutions and the design of the ICARUS communication system to fulfil all the project needs. Next, it addresses the implementation process of the required networking capabilities, and finally, it explains how the ICARUS communication system and associated tools have been integrated in the overall mission systems and have been validated to provide reliable communications for real‐time information sharing during search and rescue operations in hostile conditions.",signatures:"José Manuel Sanchez, José Cordero, Hafeez M. Chaudhary, Bart\nSheers and Yudani Riobó",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56257",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56257",authors:[{id:"212088",title:"Mr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jose-sanchez",fullName:"Jose Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"56086",title:"Command and Control Systems for Search and Rescue Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69495",slug:"command-and-control-systems-for-search-and-rescue-robots",totalDownloads:22832,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The novel application of unmanned systems in the domain of humanitarian Search and Rescue (SAR) operations has created a need to develop specific multi-Robot Command and Control (RC2) systems. This societal application of robotics requires human-robot interfaces for controlling a large fleet of heterogeneous robots deployed in multiple domains of operation (ground, aerial and marine). This chapter provides an overview of the Command, Control and Intelligence (C2I) system developed within the scope of Integrated Components for Assisted Rescue and Unmanned Search operations (ICARUS). The life cycle of the system begins with a description of use cases and the deployment scenarios in collaboration with SAR teams as end-users. This is followed by an illustration of the system design and architecture, core technologies used in implementing the C2I, iterative integration phases with field deployments for evaluating and improving the system. The main subcomponents consist of a central Mission Planning and Coordination System (MPCS), field Robot Command and Control (RC2) subsystems with a portable force-feedback exoskeleton interface for robot arm tele-manipulation and field mobile devices. The distribution of these C2I subsystems with their communication links for unmanned SAR operations is described in detail. Field demonstrations of the C2I system with SAR personnel assisted by unmanned systems provide an outlook for implementing such systems into mainstream SAR operations in the future.",signatures:"Shashank Govindaraj, Pierre Letier, Keshav Chintamani, Jeremi\nGancet, Mario Nunez Jimenez, Miguel Ángel Esbrí, Pawel Musialik,\nJanusz Bedkowski, Irune Badiola, Ricardo Gonçalves, António\nCoelho, Daniel Serrano, Massimo Tosa, Thomas Pfister and Jose\nManuel Sanchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56086",authors:[{id:"212089",title:"Mr.",name:"Shashank",surname:"Govindaraj",slug:"shashank-govindaraj",fullName:"Shashank Govindaraj"}],corrections:null},{id:"56052",title:"ICARUS Training and Support System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69496",slug:"icarus-training-and-support-system",totalDownloads:22392,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ICARUS unmanned tools act as gatherers, which acquire enormous amount of information. The management of all these data requires the careful consideration of an intelligent support system. This chapter discusses the High-Performance Computing (HPC) support tools, which were developed for rapid 3D data extraction, combination, fusion, segmentation, classification and rendering. These support tools were seamlessly connected to a training framework. Indeed, training is a key in the world of search and rescue. Search and rescue workers will never use tools on the field for which they have not been extensively trained beforehand. For this reason, a comprehensive serious gaming training framework was developed, supporting all ICARUS unmanned vehicles in realistic 3D-simulated (based on inputs from the support system) and real environments.",signatures:"Janusz Będkowski, Karol Majek, Michal Pełka, Andrzej Masłowski,\nAntonio Coelho, Ricardo Goncalves, Ricardo Baptista and Jose\nManuel Sanchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56052",authors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"56145",title:"Operational Validation of Search and Rescue Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69497",slug:"operational-validation-of-search-and-rescue-robots",totalDownloads:22324,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes how the different ICARUS unmanned search and rescue tools have been evaluated and validated using operational benchmarking techniques. Two large‐scale simulated disaster scenarios were organized: a simulated shipwreck and an earthquake response scenario. Next to these simulated response scenarios, where ICARUS tools were deployed in tight interaction with real end users, ICARUS tools also participated to a real relief, embedded in a team of end users for a flood response mission. 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Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11350",leadTitle:null,title:"The Global Aspects of Coffee Production - Value Chains and Contribution to Sustainable Development",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCoffee is one of the most-traded commodities and highest-valued cash crops worldwide. Since coffee is mostly produced on small-scale holdings in developing countries, its production plays a vital role in the livelihoods of 25 million rural households in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. However, being an exported commodity, coffee is prone to the boom and bust cycles of the international market. Indeed, millions of small-scale coffee farmers in developing countries fell victim to a dramatic price plunge of coffee in the world market between 1999 and 2004, when prices fell to their lowest level in 100 years.
\r\n\r\n\tIn response to volatile market prices, credit constraints, and supply shocks, several alternative market channels—fairtrade, organic, Smithsonian bird-friendly, and Rainforest Alliance certification have been promoted as possible solutions. These certification schemes are based primarily on environmental and social parameters. Fair trade certification, for example, is aimed at improving the living conditions of operators of certified farms, and organic and bird-friendly certification schemes promote organic agriculture and preservation of bird species on certified farms.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to highlight the importance of coffee as a major exportable cash crop and its central role in the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in developing countries. However, sustainable development in the coffee sector requires increase in productivity, improvements in efficiency in the coffee value chain, and the contribution of coffee production to environmental sustainability. The book asks the question whether the alternative marketing channels such as third party certification schemes help achieve sustainable development in the coffee sector. There are chapters based on several case studies from major coffee producing countries which attempt to answer this question. The book concludes with providing actionable insights on the future course of action aligning with the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs).
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e7c0e7e4666c92463571b91a24d65298",bookSignature:"Prof. Pradyot Ranjan Jena",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11350.jpg",keywords:"Traditional Coffee Powerhouses, International Coffee Organization, Smallholder Coffee Farmers, Poverty, Value Chain, Green Bean, Importers, Fairtrade, Minimum Support Price, Organic Certification, Biodiversity, Technology Adoption",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 2nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A prolific researcher in development economics has vast experience in the studies of impact evaluation of development interventions in developing countries. Dr. Jena has worked as an Agriculture and Development Economist in Kenya and as a Research Fellow at the Leibniz University Hannover in Germany. He has served as the Associate Editor of Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems and Frontiers in Climate Change.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"429280",title:"Prof.",name:"Pradyot Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Jena",slug:"pradyot-ranjan-jena",fullName:"Pradyot Ranjan Jena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429280/images/system/429280.jpg",biography:'Dr. Pradyot Ranjan Jena is an Associate professor at School of Management, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, India. He has obtained his Ph.D. in Economics from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur in 2007. Before joining NITK, Surathkal in 2015, he worked as an Agriculture and Development Economist at International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi and as Research Fellow at Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade (IUW), Leibniz University of Hannover in Germany. Dr. Jena’s core research area of expertise is impact evaluation, food security and climate change. He led 10 national and international research projects funded by IFAD, CGIAR, Government of Australia, Indian Council of Social Science Research, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany and Poverty, Equity and Growth Network (PEGNet). He has published 40 research papers in SCI, Web of Science and SCOPUS indexed peer reviewed journals, international conference Proceedings and book chapters. Some of the journals in which he has published are World Development, Ecological Economics, Agricultural Economics, Food Security, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Economic Analysis and Policy, Environment Development and Sustainability, Environmental Management and Asian Development Review. Dr. Jena has published a book on the "Impact of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization on Air Pollution". Dr. Jena has served as a reviewer of reputed journals like World Development, Ecological Economics, Agricultural Economics, Applied Economic Perspective and Policy, Journal of Cleaner Production, Agribusiness, Environment and Development Economics, Regional Environmental Change, Food Security, Development Policy Review and , Journal of Agricultural Economics.\nHe has won the ARER BEST ADVISER AWARD by Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association in 2016 and is the Associate Editor of the Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems and Frontiers in Climate Change. He has chaired conference sessions in Tropentag conference in Germany from 2010 to 2012.',institutionString:"National Institute of Technology Karnataka",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Technology Karnataka",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"54810",title:"Membrane Thermodynamics for Osmotic Phenomena",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68406",slug:"membrane-thermodynamics-for-osmotic-phenomena",body:'A membrane is a selective barrier between two phases, i.e., a thin layer of material that separates solute and solvent materials when a driving force is applied across it. On membrane surfaces, flows of different thermodynamic phases are introduced and maintained quasi-steady with respect to time. These separation processes require driving forces mainly for mass transfer as gradients of physical quantities associated with the thermodynamic, flowing phases.
Separation implies collecting masses of the same particles/molecules in specific spatial locations, which is strongly correlated to diffusion phenomena. Nature tends to move from a higher energy to a lower energy state, or equivalently highly ordered to randomly disordered phases. The diffusion of solutes in a free (solvent) medium is a spontaneous tendency, which must be well understood to analyze the separation phenomena. On the other hand, if the solutes are spatially confined by permeable interfaces, through which only solvent molecules can pass, the solvents try to move from their high‐ to low‐concentration sides. This phenomena is called
Most pressure‐driven membrane separations aim to produce clean water (solvent) from concentrated solutions. These include ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) for particulate removal and reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) for ion removal. UF uses a finely porous membrane, which is usually antisymmetric, having a mean pore diameter between 1 and 100 nm. UF aims to separate water and microsolutes from macromolecules and colloids [1–3]. MF uses porous membranes to separate suspended particles with diameters between 0.1 and 10 µm [1, 3, 4]. MF’s filtration capacity is therefore between UF and conventional filtration methods. Based on the particle size, dominant diffusion mechanisms of these particulate matters include Brownian diffusion [5–9] and shear‐induced diffusion [10–12]. Ballistic motion of non‐Brownian particles (usually bigger than 10 µm) in MF can be treated as dynamics of inelastic granules. RO is a desalting process for water production using nonporous membranes that are permeable to water but essentially impermeable to salt. A pressurized feed stream containing dissolved salts contacts the feed‐side of the RO membrane, and salt‐depleted water is withdrawn as a low‐pressure permeate stream [13–16]. NF membranes have lower rejection ratio, i.e., 20–80% of sodium chloride, than that of RO, typically greater than 98–99%. NF resides therefore between UF and RO in terms of salt rejection capability. High hydraulic pressure is an essential component for RO and NF to overcome the osmotic pressure of seawater and brackish water, respectively [17–21].
The concentration (equivalently, osmotic pressure) gradient can be used, however, as a driving force for forward osmosis (FO) and pressure‐retarded osmosis (PRO) processes. FO extracts a solvent from the low‐ to high‐concentration sides of the solutes in order to equilibrate the concentrations [22–25]. PRO utilizes the extra gains of hydraulic pressure due to the amount of the transferred solvent for power generation [26–29]. Both pressure‐driven and osmosis‐driven processes aim to achieve a high flux, i.e., a large amount of water produced per unit time per unit membrane surface area. In order to achieve a steady high flux, increases and decreases in the osmotic pressure gradient need to be prevented in the pressure‐ and osmosis‐driven membrane processes, respectively. Therefore, maintaining a stable osmotic pressure is a primary issue in both types of processes.
The driving forces for membrane separations described above include gradients of the hydraulic pressure, solute concentration, solution temperature, and external electromagnetic field. In statistical mechanics, there are seven primary variables used to explain macroscopic thermodynamic phenomena. An ensemble is made using a set of three selected variables, and a specific energy function of the ensemble is described in terms of the three independent variables. As the membrane separations are coupled phenomena of momentum, mass, and heat transfer, a holistic understanding of statistical mechanics can significantly enhance design, analysis, and optimization of the membrane processes. In this chapter, we explain ensembles and energy functions in statistical mechanics, represent the osmotic pressure using Gibbs energy function of a weak (dilute) solution, and apply statistical laws to explain the separation phenomena using a solution‐diffusion model [30].
Statistical mechanics is the microscopic version of thermodynamics [31]. Macroscopic quantities, dealt within thermodynamics, can be fundamentally obtained at the microscopic level in statistical mechanics. There are seven variables in thermodynamics, which are energy
Consider two boxes in contact containing a certain number of particles in equilibrium, forming a closed system. Then, entropy
Since the energy is an additive scalar, the total energy of the entire system is the sum of the energies:
The total entropy can be similarly expressed, knowing that the entropy is a function of the energy:
Since the entropy is already maximized in the equilibrium state, it is independent of the energy variation, i.e.,
hence, we obtain
The derivative of the entropy
In the original definition, the magnitude of the temperature is too high so Boltzmann’s constant
as a condition for the equilibrium. It is worth noting that the internal energy
In fluid mechanics, pressure is often defined as the ratio of applied force per unit surface area of an object [32]:
where
External forces applied to the surface of a body.
where, without losing generality,
and dividing both sides of Eq. (10) by the area
Here, pressure definition can be extended from the normal force per unit area to the energy density in magnitude. Because energy
In the previous section, we used three thermodynamic variables of energy
and pressure
Because the derivative operand of both Eqs. (12) and (13) is the internal energy
which indicates that
If the system consists of different molecular species, i.e.,
where, for example,
In a closed system, the molecule numbers of multiple species can change simultaneously, keeping the total molecule number invariant. If the two systems in contact are at an equilibrium and molecules in the boxes can be exchanged, then the change of energy as per the number of exchanged molecules is equivalent to the chemical potential of the species. From Eq. (16), we can represent an extended version
If a thermodynamic system is completely controlled by the three variables of
Since the temperature is a more convenient variable to measure than the entropy
where the notation of the summation over the molecular species
where
If a thermodynamic system is completely described using
Similar to how we derived the Helmholtz free energy, we start from the infinitesimal difference of the internal energy
We add
where
is defined as the enthalpy as a function of
To have an ensemble that is independent of the number of particles, one can start from the infinitesimal change of Helmholtz free energy and use the identity of
Subtracting
where
is defined as the thermodynamic potential, varying with respect to
Finally, we replace
where
is defined as the Gibbs free energy varying with respect to
For the fixed number of particles, the infinitesimal change of the total chemical potential is
where
Keeping the homogeneity assumption, the Gibbs energy function is written as a sum of products of the chemical potentials and the particle numbers:
The thermodynamic potential is generally derived as
If the molecular interactions are strong, then Eq. (32) requires an extra coupling term proportional to
Ensemble | Energy functions and relationships |
---|---|
Microcanonical ( | Internal energy |
Canonical ( | Helmholtz energy |
Grand canonical ( | Thermodynamic potential |
Isothermal‐isobaric ( | Gibbs energy |
Isentropic‐isobaric ( | Enthalpy |
Specific ensembles and associated energy functions.
Consider a thermodynamic system in equilibrium, shown in Figure 2. The system is made by adding two identical systems, which are now in contact with each other. In this case, the seven thermodynamic variables change as follows:
Additive (extensive):
Nonadditive (intensive):
A closed system consisting of two identical boxes in a thermal equilibrium. The outer boundaries (gray) insulate mass and energy transfer from the environment, and each box has the same
As expected, the number of particles, volume, entropy, and energy are doubled by adding the two identical systems, and they are called
The independence of the temperature to the system size can be understood using its basic definition of Eq. (12) as the change ratio of
In the previous sections, we reviewed the five standard ensembles with their energy functions derived from three independent variables as
Internal energy
Helmholtz energy
Thermodynamic potential
Enthalpy
Gibbs energy
Among these energy functions,
Consider two heterogeneous systems in equilibrium. This is similar to the case shown in Figure 2, but boxes 1 and 2 are not thermodynamically identical. In each box, the internal energy is fully represented using
If the total number of particles
In equilibrium, the total entropy
As the internal energy of each box,
Substitution of Eq. (37) into (36) gives
which is simplified, if
for an isothermal environment. Note that Eqs. (38) and (39) consist of only intensive thermodynamic quantities. The chemical potential can be readily derived using Eq. (29) if the Gibbs energy is known.
Now we consider a dilute (or weak) solution, in which the number of dissolved molecules in the solvent is much less than that of the solvent molecules. Without losing generality for environmental engineering purposes, we set water as the solvent. Gibbs free energy of the weak solution of a single solute species is [31]
where
If the weak solution contains multiple species of solutes, then the Gibbs energy function is generalized as
One can easily calculate the chemical potentials for the solvent
and
respectively, where
Let’s consider an isothermal system consisting of two boxes (1 and 2) of the same size in contact. Box 1 (and 2) has the solute mole fraction
In this thermodynamic environment, the chemical potentials of water in the two boxes should be equal to each other from Eq. (39):
We assume that the pressure difference is small enough to use the weak solution approximation without drastic thermodynamic changes but large enough to maintain the balance between the two boxes. Then, we expand
at a fixed temperature
where
and finally denoted as
using
where
where
The solute concentration is much smaller than the solvent concentration.
Temperature gradient between the two boxes is zero.
The Gibbs free energy of a dilute solution is described using the weak solution approach.
If the solvent chemical potentials of boxes 1 and 2 are equal, then the solute chemical potentials should be also the same:
which leads to
Using the same approximation for the pressure difference, we derive
where
We treat the negative derivative of
where
which reduces to the identical result of Eq. (49):
The same result can be obtained in a slightly more mathematical way by directly using Eq. (55):
where
is used. If
where
is the logarithmic average of the solute mole fraction across the membrane interior. Employing Eq. (58) and
In this section, we mathematically proved that the osmotic pressure (of Eqs. (49), (60), and (66)) is valid for dilute solution consisting of weakly interacting molecules. Without losing generality, the absolute value of the osmotic pressure can be expressed as (similar to the ideal gas law)
Finally, it is worth noting that in Eq. (58),
Osmotic pressure schematic: two boxes separated by the semipermeable wall in the isothermal environment.
For pressure‐driven membrane processes such as RO and NF, the applied pressure should overcome the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane. In feed and permeate solutions, salts are dissolved as solutes in the solvent water. The hydraulic pressure generates solvent flow through the membrane, which may contribute to solute transport through the membrane surface. Water molecules, however, dissolve as solutes in the membrane material (as solvent). Due to the high density of the membrane, water molecules can migrate via diffusion from a higher concentration region to a lower concentration region. This normal diffusion is reversed by applying hydraulic pressure to the feed solution with a high concentration such as seawater. Water permeation through a RO membrane can be pictured as diffusion driven by the external hydraulic pressure, which allows us to neglect convective transport of solutes through the membrane. The phenomenological phase of water in the membrane leads to solute transport as Fickian, which is also closely related to the osmotic pressure gradient between two subsystems. The above‐mentioned mechanisms are included in
Consider a semipermeable membrane of thickness
where
In this model, the underlying assumptions are:
The water and solute molecules dissolve into a membrane material.
The solution is considered as Henrian for water.
The feed and permeate streams are immiscible with the membrane.
Substitution of Eq. (69) into Eq. (68) gives
where
where
Then, Eq. (71) is simplified to
Substitution of Eq. (73) into Eq. (70) provides
which is the governing equation of solvent transport through the membrane as a medium in which water and solutes can dissolve. Here,
which is a characteristic value of the membrane. It is challenging to predict or measure the diffusion coefficient
The solute transport through the membrane is also assumed to follow Fick’s law:
where
where
where
is the solute permeability through the membrane. Note that
A thermodynamic system has three types: open, closed, and isolated. In the open system, mass and heat can pass in and out of the system in contact with the environment. Only heat can be transferred between the closed system and the environment, and neither mass nor heat can be exchanged in the isolated system. Rigorously saying, all the filtration processes are open systems, having entering feed streams to be treated. Temperature gradients across the membrane are often negligible in the pressure‐ or osmosis‐driven filtration processes, but significant in thermal membrane processes such as membrane distillation processes [42–45]. To address the open filtration processes, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics (NESM) should be used [46–48]. To the best of our knowledge, the NESM still burgeons in pure theoretical physics. Therefore, general solutions for irreversible engineering processes are barely found. The minimum condition for us to use equilibrium filtration theory is that the filtration system is already in a steady state, in which no physical quantities vary explicitly with respect to time, i.e., mathematically,
where [ ] can hold any variables associated to the filtration system. The steady state is, in principle, far away from static equilibrium. Note that the osmotic pressure is derived from a pure equilibrium state, especially for the isobaric‐isothermal ensemble. This implies that the solution‐diffusion model becomes less accurate if fluid flows in the membrane channels are fast enough or almost turbulent.
To investigate the intrinsically nonequilibrium filtration processes, the irreversible thermodynamic models were developed using the Onsager2 reciprocal theorem [49]. Kedem and Katchalsky represented the local dissipation rate of free energy per unit volume as
for species
where
where
and
where
After some theoretical steps, Kedem and Katchalsky [50] derived
where
Here,
where
In our opinion,
which indicates that the solute flux
Furthermore, variations of
and substitution of Eq. (92) into Eq. (93) gives
which is valid for an arbitrary
Overall,
This work was financially supported by the R&D project of “Infrastructure Establishment of Thermal Energy Conversion and Desalination using Seawater Thermal Energy(2/3)” (PES9060) from Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO).
Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) is defined as an acoustic transfer function from sound acquired at a center point when a listener is absent to that acquired at the listener’s ear [1] in a free field (a field without any reflection). A sample of its illustration is depicted in Figure 1. As in Figure 1(a), a microphone is located at the center of a subject’s head with the subject absent. The output
Definition of head-related transfer function. (a) Obtaining the response
where
the
Computation of Eq. (3) eliminates the system functions of
The HRTF varies due to the sound source position and has strong individuality in both objective and subjective senses. Therefore a set of HRTFs is ideally acquired individually in all sound source directions. While a study considering the efficient sampling scheme of the HRTF measurement exists [2], data size of such set of HRTFs may become numerous. There also exist many datasets involving the HRTFs (HRIRs) of multiple subjects in multiple sound source directions [3, 4, 5, 6], but the individualization using these datasets seems difficult.
Virtual Auditory Displays (VADs), which is a device or an equipment for presentation of an audition in certain sound field to a listener, have been developed since 1990s [7]. On the other hand, the primitive form of the VADs was proposed in 1960s [1] and Morimoto
A possible approach to the compact representation for spatial variation of an individual HRTF is modeling. Haneda
Another promising method for the compact representation of HRTFs is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [16, 17]. In some studies, the PCA has an alternative name, the spatial feature extraction method [18, 19, 20]. Both have their theoretical basis on the PCA or the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). In these researches, the spatial variation of HRTFs is modeled by using small number of principal components or eigenvectors. Xie called the PCA adopted to the dataset(s) of HRTFs the Spatial PCA (SPCA) of HRTFs [19]. The author uses this name after Xie in this chapter. As a result of the SPCA, a HRTF in a certain direction is represented as the linear combination of relatively small number of fixed Principal Components (PCs), meaning that these components do not change according to the sound source positions against the listener. The coefficients for the PCs represent such variation. This property has a potential for effective real-time processing concerning their spatial variation due to dynamic factors. The VAD that can synthesize the HRTFs from multiple sound sources in real-time is currently available, for example by using the computational power of the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) [21].
Many researches have been carried out on the SPCA of HRTFs [16, 17, 18, 19, 20], but there are some differences among these studies. One of the obvious differences is the domain to execute the SPCA. Kistler
In this chapter, all domains dealt with the previous researches are picked up together and the compactness brought by the SPCA using each domain is compared.
The SPCA of HRTFs/HRIRs is outlined in this section. It is a matter of course that the SPCA of HRTFs/HRIRs is based on the PCA.
Spatial average of a certain set of
Covariance matrix, denoted as
It is noted that
The computed matrix
As a result, a set of the eigenvalues and principal components (PCs),
By using the matrix
As a result of the SPCA, the weight
where
In the above-mentioned procedure, the vectors and matrices are assumed to have complex values. The Hermitian transpose
The
The computed vector,
where
Five domains were applied to the assembly of the covariance matrix, based on the previous researches. Kistler
Domain | Name |
---|---|
HRIR | I |
HRTF | C |
Amplitude of HRTF | F |
Log-amplitude of HRTF | L |
Complex logarithm of HRTF | CL |
Names of five domains expressing modeling conditions for the SPCA.
The
where
Here the imaginary part of
where
The domains I, C, F, L and CL mean that
After the length of the vector
Then as in the domain F,
After the length of the vector
The following procedure is the same as the domain C.
A database of HRIRs of KEMAR HATS (Head And Torso Simulator) provided by Media lab. of MIT [26] was used. Liang
The initial delay in each response was extracted, then 256 sample points were taken as the data for the analysis, windowing with latter half of 512-points Blackman-Harris window function adjusting its peak at that of the HRIR. The SPCA was executed by constructing the covariance matrices from the HRIRs (called as domain I), the HRTFs (domain C), the amplitude of HRTFs (domain F), the log-amplitude of HRTFs (domain L), and the complex logarithm of HRTFs (domain CL). The HRTFs/HRIRs in all directions (710 directions×2 ears) were used, and the average vector (Eq. (4)) and the covariance matrix (Eq. (5)) were calculated in each case.
When the PCA is generally utilized for some data, the Cumulative Proportion of Variance (CPV),
Change in cumulative proportion of variance (CPV) with number of components in SPCA for five domains.
Reference values in the CPV, more than which all the corresponding PCs are discarded, varied in the previous studies. Kistler
Domain | CPV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.90 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.999 | |
I | 8 | 10 | 20 | 39 |
C | 4 | 6 | 11 | 20 |
F | 5 | 7 | 14 | 31 |
L | 6 | 11 | 32 | 78 |
CL | 2 | 4 | 12 | 39 |
The least number of PCs to cover the CPV in each case.
The CPV is known to be an effective criterion for the coverage of variance with a certain number of PCs. However, comparison of the CPVs among five domains is impossible since the covariance matrices as the target for the PCA are different from each other. Therefore, the reconstruction accuracy, defined as the accuracy between the original HRTFs/HRIRs and the ones reconstructed with a certain number of PCs in five domains. In this chapter, the following two measures were computed in order to evaluate the reconstruction accuracy for the SPCA in five domains in both time and frequency domains:
where
where
Calculating the SDRs for the domains F and L, the corresponding original impulse responses are ones constructed with its minimum phase approximation, which are different from the ones in the domains I, C and CL. It is noted that the SDRs in each domain were computed as how much the reconstructed impulse response differs from the desired one. Such a treatment was not related to the calculation of SDs since the SD is defined by using only magnitude of the original and the reconstructed HRTFs.
Examples of the changes of the SDR with the source direction are plotted in Figures 3–6. Figures 3–6 are figures for the SDR and the SD, respectively. For the elevation, elevation angles of 0°, 90° and − 90° respectively correspond to the horizontal plane, above and below the subject. The lines were plotted in these figures with 20° interval from −40° to 80°, namely the 6 lines are in each figure. For the azimuth angles, their arrangements are the same as the original data [26],
Change of SDR in source azimuth at various elevation in each cases with number of PCs set to the least value achieving the cumulative proportion of variance of 0.95 in
Change of SDR in source azimuth at various elevation in each cases with number of PCs set to the least value achieving the cumulative proportion of variance of 0.999 in
Change of SD in source azimuth at various elevation in each cases with number of PCs set to the least value achieving the cumulative proportion of variance of 0.95 in
Change of SD in source azimuth at various elevation in each cases with number of PCs set to the least value achieving the cumulative proportion of variance of 0.999 in
Seeing these figures, macroscopic tendency in the change of the SDR and SD with the number of PCs is similar: the larger CPV value brings about the larger SDR and smaller SD, and these values are roughly the same when the CPV values is set equal among five domains. In contrast, it should be emphasized that the values of SD for the domains L and CL are smaller than those in the other domains, as shown in Figure 5(d),(e) and 6(d),(e). The domains using the real and complex logarithm may give relatively smaller distortions in frequency domain.
Seeing the properties in time domain according to Figures 3 and 4, the values of SDR are gradually higher when the CPV value is larger. When the azimuth corresponds to the contralateral side (around 250° ∼ 300°) and especially at the lower elevation angles (less than 0°), the relatively smaller SDR values are found out also commonly in all domains In these azimuths and elevation angles, the relatively larger SD values are also observed, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. Xie stated the same points in his articles [19, 22]. In those range of directions, the HRIRs are very small in their energy because of the subject’s head making a “shadow” making the sound from the sound source hard to reach especially in the high frequency range [1]. As a result, the HRIRs in those directions are relatively difficult to be reconstructed with a small number of PCs.
In order to show the macroscopic tendencies of the relation between reconstruction accuracies and domains, accuracies in time and frequency domains with number of PCs set to
Changes of the average SDR and SD with number of component(s)
Changes of (a) average SDR and (b) average
In the previous section, the SDR and SD computed in five domains were compared. It was shown that the larger number of PCs brings about the accurate reconstruction of HRTFs and HRIRs in all domains. As differences in domains in the SPCA of HRTFs and HRIRs, the average SDR has the largest value in the domain C, and the average SD has the smallest value in the domains L and CL for almost any given number of components. Since the HRTFs and HRIRs are used for the sound signals at the listener’s both ears, it is essential to take their subjective evaluation into account. Most of the previous researches dealt with both the objective and subjective evaluation [17, 19, 27, 28]. However, three investigations can be found, in which the relation of the subjective evaluation to the SDR and SD values. Hanazawa
Domain | Average SDR > 20 dB | Average SD < 2 dB |
---|---|---|
I | 19 | 44 |
C | 7 | 22 |
F | 19 | 39 |
L | 25 | 14 |
CL | 25 | 14 |
The least number of components to achieve average SDR > 20 dB and average SD < 2 dB in each domain.
It is known that the frequency-domain spectral features in the HRTFs are important for the sound localization especially in the median plane [1, 32]. Iida
In this chapter, the SPCA of the HRTFs was introduced, and its dependency on the domains, in which the covariance matrices are calculated, was investigated. The following points are the summary of the findings in this chapter:
The SPCA can be carried out commonly for all domains,
For the domains except the domain I, the covariance matrices can be sized down to about 1/4 of the covariance matrix assembled for the domain I, according to the symmetric property of the frequency spectrum.
The domains I, C and F have relatively small numbers of PCs in order to achieve high time domain accuracy.
The domains L and CL have relatively small numbers of PCs in order to achieve high frequency domain accuracy.
Considering the influence on the subjective evaluation of the reconstructed HRTFs/HRIRs with their SPCA, the domains L and CL, bringing about relatively high accuracy in frequency domain, are more suitable for the SPCA of the HRTFs.
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It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2426,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83040",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Report: A Case Study in the Basque Country",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-and-social-report-a-case-study-in-the-basque-country",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105511",abstract:"This chapter illustrates the case of the Spanish company Telefónica SA, a world leader in the telecommunication industry. The main research question is to understand if social responsibility can play a main role in an uncertain scenario. Or better, understand how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be organized, managed, and measured to be considered a sustainable choice detached from any greenwashing policy. In terms of the socioeconomic environment with the combination of external social and economic conditions that influence the operation and preformation of an organization, the company should be a system not only capable of generating profits but at the same time contributing to society and environmental protection, integrating social responsibility as a strategic investment in the framework of their competitive strategy, in their management tools and their operations. The analysis of this case study aims to offer a model of CSR analysis and measurement tools such as the social report for managers who will have to face the important challenges of sustainable growth in compliance with the 2030 Agenda and SDGs paradigm (Sustainable Development Goals).",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Vincenzo Basile"},{id:"82771",title:"Making Sense of a Biochemistry Learning Process and Teacher’s Empathy: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Using Emoji Symbols",slug:"making-sense-of-a-biochemistry-learning-process-and-teacher-s-empathy-computer-supported-collaborati",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105927",abstract:"Teaching biochemistry concepts can be a challenging task, as it requires learners and teachers to integrate abstract concepts from chemistry and biology. Students struggle to grasp the molecular processes, as they find it difficult to visualize them. Incorporating Information Communication Technology (ICT) implementations during lessons is known to encourage learners’ involvement in a collaborative learning process and is especially effective when training preservice teachers (PSTs). In the current study, we describe an example in which the teacher plays an important role in creating the Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in this environment to encourage peer learning while coping with complicated material. We believe that one of the important components in guiding such peer work is the teacher’s ability to sense each group’s progress and to employ empathy in the classroom as a tool for coping with the difficulty and challenge of acquiring new knowledge and for creating a productive dialog between groups that disagree. In this example, the process of Information Communication Technology (ICT) implementation encouraged the preservice teachers (PSTs) to create an alternative set of symbols, which eventually served as a “language” and help them understand the biochemical processes.",book:{id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg"},signatures:"Dana Sachyani and Ilana Ronen"},{id:"83112",title:"Anomalies in Nigeria Presidential Election Data and the Way Forward",slug:"anomalies-in-nigeria-presidential-election-data-and-the-way-forward",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106657",abstract:"Nigeria presently runs a presidential system of government and the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is saddled with the responsibility of conducting elections, every four years. A fraud-free and credible election is a necessary ingredient to the growth of democracy. However, election fraud has become a major challenge in the Nigerian political system. Till date, reports show that elections in Nigeria have been marred with vote buying, falsification of results, underage voting, and the use of security forces to intimidate voters, among others. Hence, the authors suggest the need for transparency in the voting process and in the collation of results. There is also a need for an electoral reform to address the issue of electronic voting and electronic transmission of results. Electronic voting should be supported and encouraged by all stakeholders. The INEC, executive and legislative arms of government are advised to work in tandem to provide credible electoral process and improve on the conducts of elections in Nigeria. The chapter concludes with suggestion on the possibility of adopting election forensic techniques to address anomalies in Nigeria electoral results. The authors believe that this chapter contribution will be of great benefit to Nigeria and Africa as a whole.",book:{id:"11435",title:"Election and Democracy in the Digital Age - Status, Challenges, and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11435.jpg"},signatures:"Sunday Tunmibi and Wole Olatokun"},{id:"83121",title:"Social Media and Democracy",slug:"social-media-and-democracy",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106660",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the implications of freedom of speech regarding political discussions on social media platforms, such as Facebook. The paper will look at the following aspects: the occasion when social media users have to discuss politics as a hobby and as a means to keep their ideas out of the view of face-to-face social circles, to engage in social issues and even be part of protests, to discuss politicians’ public image, and attempt to change some users’ perception about it. Within social media, we witness debates or simple displays of emotions, allowing users to speak their minds and interact with other users, showing empathy toward them. The benefits of this are related to the therapeutic effects of speaking about what upsets them or angers them and finding like-minded users.",book:{id:"11435",title:"Election and Democracy in the Digital Age - Status, Challenges, and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11435.jpg"},signatures:"Irina-Ana Drobot"},{id:"83113",title:"Agoraphobic Dispositions towards Action Research: Teacher Education Students’ Perceptions and Experiences",slug:"agoraphobic-dispositions-towards-action-research-teacher-education-students-perceptions-and-experien",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106188",abstract:"One of the contemporary global education thrusts in teacher education is the generation of context-based theory through engagement in action research. While practicing in the classroom, the teacher education student is essentially in the laboratory creating procedural knowledge. Action research in the classroom involves reflective practice, which is indispensable to praxis. Despite the efficacy of action research in facilitating mathetics (learning how to learn), there are some militating situations that are fuelled by diehard traditional perceptions and practices. An exploration of teacher education students’ perceptions and experiences with action research was done with 16 informants who were selected purposively and exposed to in-depth interviews. The data were thematically analyzed and the findings were that some students develop agoraphobic dispositions toward action research due to some miseducative experiences that are largely attributed to traditional educational practices. The teacher education students are exposed to vices like technical rationality instead they should be oriented toward epistemic and pragmatic rationalities that are the linchpins of professional development. The experiences that precipitate agoraphobic dispositions in action research should be known and subsequently obliterated.",book:{id:"11481",title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice for STEAM and social sciences education",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg"},signatures:"Davison Zireva"},{id:"83099",title:"Values-Flow in Contextual Psychotherapy: The ‘What’, ‘Why’, and ‘How’ of Sustainable Values-Based Behaviour",slug:"values-flow-in-contextual-psychotherapy-the-what-why-and-how-of-sustainable-values-based-behaviour",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106594",abstract:"Flow - enjoyed and fully absorbed engagement in meaningful and contextually bounded activities - is widely underutilised in psychotherapy and mental health settings. Two gold standard therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), while powerful and effective in many ways, would benefit from systematic models that move from initiating positive change to sustaining meaningful change. This chapter introduces ‘Values-Flow’ – an approach aimed at building commitment and sustainable engagement in psychotherapy and values-based behaviour in working adults struggling with sub-optimal functioning. We first introduce Values-Flow and describe how it may benefit psychotherapy skills practice in everyday life. Next, we discuss why Values-Flow is relevant and enhances the practice of ACT and DBT strategies, helping to sustain engagement and creative practice of values-based actions outside of sessions. We then describe the ‘Values-Flow’ framework, which incorporates VIVA (Virtue, Involve, Vital, Accepting) and ARIA (Attend, Reflect, Inform, Act) tools that develop commitment for values-based practice in daily life. We conclude with a case-example of how Values-Flow can build commitment and sustainable engagement in homework completion in psychotherapy.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Cedomir Ignjatovic, Margaret L. Kern and Lindsay G. Oades"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:284},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"