The list of ENSO years as found in Lupo et al. [35] and references therein.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2176",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Speech Recognition Approaches with Case Studies",title:"Modern Speech Recognition",subtitle:"Approaches with Case Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses primarily on speech recognition and the related tasks such as speech enhancement and modeling. This book comprises 3 sections and thirteen chapters written by eminent researchers from USA, Brazil, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Ireland, Taiwan, Mexico, Slovakia and India. Section 1 on speech recognition consists of seven chapters. Sections 2 and 3 on speech enhancement and speech modeling have three chapters each respectively to supplement section 1. We sincerely believe that thorough reading of these thirteen chapters will provide comprehensive knowledge on modern speech recognition approaches to the readers.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0831-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5668-0",doi:"10.5772/2569",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"modern-speech-recognition-approaches-with-case-studies",numberOfPages:340,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"5b7bf5acf914b5a023b47d690de0da52",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",publishedDate:"November 28th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2176.jpg",numberOfDownloads:28236,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 20th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 18th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 18th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116136/images/system/116136.jpg",biography:"Dr.S.Ramakrishnan received his PhD degree in Information and Communication Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in 2007.He has 18 years of teaching experience and 1 year industry experience. He is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Information Technology, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India. He is an Associate Editor for IEEE Access and he is a Reviewer of 25 International Journals including 7 IEEE Transactions, 5 Elsevier Science Journals, 3 IET Journals, ACM Computing Reviews, Springer Journals, Wiley Journals, etc. He is in the editorial board of 7 International Journals. He is a Guest Editor of special issues in 3 International Journals including Telecommunication Systems Journal of Springer. He has published 165 papers in international, national journals and conference proceedings.\r\nDr.S.Ramakrishnan has published a book on Wireless Sensor Networks for CRC Press, USA and five books on Speech Processing, Pattern Recognition and Fuzzy Logic for InTech Publisher, Croatia and a book on Computational Techniques for Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. His areas of research include digital image processing, information security, and soft computing.",institutionString:"Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"568",title:"Computer Technology",slug:"human-computer-interaction-computer-technology"}],chapters:[{id:"41189",title:"Robust Speech Recognition for Adverse Environments",doi:"10.5772/47843",slug:"robust-speech-recognition-for-adverse-environments",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Chung-Hsien Wu and Chao-Hong Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41189",authors:[{id:"34462",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Hsien",surname:"Wu",slug:"chung-hsien-wu",fullName:"Chung-Hsien Wu"},{id:"147132",title:"Mr.",name:"Chao-Hong",surname:"Liu",slug:"chao-hong-liu",fullName:"Chao-Hong Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"41193",title:"Speech Recognition for Agglutinative Languages",doi:"10.5772/50140",slug:"speech-recognition-for-agglutinative-languages",totalDownloads:2438,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"R. Thangarajan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41193",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41193",authors:[{id:"10383",title:"Prof.",name:"Thangarajan",surname:"R",slug:"thangarajan-r",fullName:"Thangarajan R"}],corrections:null},{id:"41195",title:"A Particle Filter Compensation Approach to Robust Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/51532",slug:"a-particle-filter-compensation-approach-to-robust-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:1286,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Aleem Mushtaq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41195",authors:[{id:"144055",title:"Mr.",name:"Aleem",surname:"Mushtaq",slug:"aleem-mushtaq",fullName:"Aleem Mushtaq"}],corrections:null},{id:"41191",title:"Robust Distributed Speech Recognition Using Auditory Modelling",doi:"10.5772/49954",slug:"robust-distributed-speech-recognition-using-auditory-modelling",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ronan Flynn and Edward Jones",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41191",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41191",authors:[{id:"14937",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Jones",slug:"edward-jones",fullName:"Edward Jones"},{id:"145426",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronan",surname:"Flynn",slug:"ronan-flynn",fullName:"Ronan Flynn"}],corrections:null},{id:"41205",title:"Improvement Techniques for Automatic Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/49969",slug:"improvement-techniques-for-automatic-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:1597,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Santiago Omar Caballero Morales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41205",authors:[{id:"143276",title:"Dr.",name:"Santiago Omar",surname:"Caballero Morales",slug:"santiago-omar-caballero-morales",fullName:"Santiago Omar Caballero Morales"}],corrections:null},{id:"41209",title:"Linear Feature Transformations in Slovak Phoneme-Based Continuous Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/48715",slug:"linear-feature-transformations-in-slovak-phoneme-based-continuous-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:1067,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Jozef Juhár and Peter Viszlay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41209",authors:[{id:"34582",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Juhár",slug:"jozef-juhar",fullName:"Jozef Juhár"},{id:"148318",title:"MSc.",name:"Peter",surname:"Viszlay",slug:"peter-viszlay",fullName:"Peter Viszlay"}],corrections:null},{id:"41206",title:"Dereverberation Based on Spectral Subtraction by Multi-channel LMS Algorithm for Hands-free Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/48430",slug:"dereverberation-based-on-spectral-subtraction-by-multi-channel-lms-algorithm-for-hands-free-speech-r",totalDownloads:2708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Longbiao Wang, Kyohei Odani, Atsuhiko Kai, Norihide Kitaoka and Seiichi Nakagawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41206",authors:[{id:"1627",title:"Prof.",name:"Seiichi",surname:"Nakagawa",slug:"seiichi-nakagawa",fullName:"Seiichi Nakagawa"},{id:"130391",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihide",surname:"Kitaoka",slug:"norihide-kitaoka",fullName:"Norihide Kitaoka"},{id:"143850",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Wang",slug:"longbiao-wang",fullName:"Longbiao Wang"},{id:"149173",title:"Mr.",name:"Kyohei",surname:"Odani",slug:"kyohei-odani",fullName:"Kyohei Odani"},{id:"149174",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsuhiko",surname:"Kai",slug:"atsuhiko-kai",fullName:"Atsuhiko Kai"}],corrections:null},{id:"41190",title:"Improvement on Sound Quality of the Body Conducted Speech from Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Microphone",doi:"10.5772/47844",slug:"improvement-on-sound-quality-of-the-body-conducted-speech-from-optical-fiber-bragg-grating-microphon",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Masashi Nakayama, Shunsuke Ishimitsu and Seiji Nakagawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41190",authors:[{id:"10846",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunsuke",surname:"Ishimitsu",slug:"shunsuke-ishimitsu",fullName:"Shunsuke Ishimitsu"},{id:"20342",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiji",surname:"Nakagawa",slug:"seiji-nakagawa",fullName:"Seiji Nakagawa"},{id:"24353",title:"Dr.",name:"Masashi",surname:"Nakayama",slug:"masashi-nakayama",fullName:"Masashi Nakayama"}],corrections:null},{id:"41192",title:"Esophageal Speech Enhancement Using a Feature Extraction Method Based on Wavelet Transform",doi:"10.5772/49943",slug:"esophageal-speech-enhancement-using-a-feature-extraction-method-based-on-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:1885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alfredo Victor Mantilla Caeiros and Hector Manuel Pérez Meana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41192",authors:[{id:"6739",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",surname:"Perez-Meana",slug:"hector-perez-meana",fullName:"Hector Perez-Meana"},{id:"143606",title:"PhD.",name:"Alfredo Victor",surname:"Mantilla Caeiros",slug:"alfredo-victor-mantilla-caeiros",fullName:"Alfredo Victor Mantilla Caeiros"}],corrections:null},{id:"41194",title:"Cochlear Implant Stimulation Rates and Speech Perception",doi:"10.5772/49992",slug:"cochlear-implant-stimulation-rates-and-speech-perception",totalDownloads:6746,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Komal Arora",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41194",authors:[{id:"148554",title:"Dr.",name:"Komal",surname:"Arora",slug:"komal-arora",fullName:"Komal Arora"}],corrections:null},{id:"41207",title:"Incorporating Grammatical Features in the Modeling of the Slovak Language for Continuous Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/48506",slug:"incorporating-grammatical-features-in-the-modeling-of-the-slovak-language-for-continuous-speech-reco",totalDownloads:1197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ján Staš, Daniel Hládek and Jozef Juhár",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41207",authors:[{id:"34582",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Juhár",slug:"jozef-juhar",fullName:"Jozef Juhár"},{id:"145095",title:"PhD.",name:"Ján",surname:"Staš",slug:"jan-stas",fullName:"Ján Staš"},{id:"148937",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Hladek",slug:"daniel-hladek",fullName:"Daniel Hladek"}],corrections:null},{id:"41188",title:"Cross-Word Arabic Pronunciation Variation Modeling Using Part of Speech Tagging",doi:"10.5772/48645",slug:"cross-word-arabic-pronunciation-variation-modeling-using-part-of-speech-tagging",totalDownloads:2746,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Dia AbuZeina, Husni Al-Muhtaseb and Moustafa Elshafei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41188",authors:[{id:"147156",title:"Dr.",name:"Dia",surname:"Abuzeina",slug:"dia-abuzeina",fullName:"Dia Abuzeina"},{id:"147157",title:"Dr.",name:"Husni",surname:"Al-Muhtaseb",slug:"husni-al-muhtaseb",fullName:"Husni Al-Muhtaseb"},{id:"147158",title:"Prof.",name:"Moustafa",surname:"Elshafei",slug:"moustafa-elshafei",fullName:"Moustafa Elshafei"}],corrections:null},{id:"41208",title:"VOICECONET: A Collaborative Framework for Speech-Based Computer Accessibility with a Case Study for Brazilian Portuguese",doi:"10.5772/47835",slug:"voiceconet-a-collaborative-framework-for-speech-based-computer-accessibility-with-a-case-study-for-b",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nelson Neto, Pedro Batista and Aldebaro Klautau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41208",authors:[{id:"16995",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldebaro",surname:"Klautau",slug:"aldebaro-klautau",fullName:"Aldebaro Klautau"},{id:"146433",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",surname:"Neto",slug:"nelson-neto",fullName:"Nelson Neto"},{id:"160267",title:"BSc.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Batista",slug:"pedro-batista",fullName:"Pedro Batista"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1975",title:"Speech Enhancement, Modeling and Recognition- Algorithms and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5001fc052cc367bd092b2c412888a7b",slug:"speech-enhancement-modeling-and-recognition-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5883",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9939991547baa89659302f11765df7a3",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5380",title:"Pattern Recognition",subtitle:"Analysis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8295f3734b5a2292ab59813ccfe4579c",slug:"pattern-recognition-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5380.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5183",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:"Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d693acce19fca9cbf40d8f3f759e491d",slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7336",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a622b7f900b7e54df46961cd20ac4d0c",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"58",title:"Holography",subtitle:"Research and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"holography-research-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Joseph Rosen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/58.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16544",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Rosen",slug:"joseph-rosen",fullName:"Joseph Rosen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3327",title:"Holography",subtitle:"Basic Principles and Contemporary Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7589c5eb833076268ef362804d998cf5",slug:"holography-basic-principles-and-contemporary-applications",bookSignature:"Emilia Mihaylova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151277",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Mihaylova",slug:"emilia-mihaylova",fullName:"Emilia Mihaylova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5518",title:"Holographic Materials and Optical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b028b2c4c816f05035ff7fb7178fc04b",slug:"holographic-materials-and-optical-systems",bookSignature:"Izabela Naydenova, Dimana Nazarova and Tsvetanka Babeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5518.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32332",title:"Prof.",name:"Izabela",surname:"Naydenova",slug:"izabela-naydenova",fullName:"Izabela Naydenova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6120",title:"Human Computer Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f44cfcfc500c43f07872e78045ab51c",slug:"human_computer_interaction",bookSignature:"Ioannis Pavlidis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Pavlidis",slug:"ioannis-pavlidis",fullName:"Ioannis Pavlidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1960",title:"Semantics",subtitle:"Advances in Theories and Mathematical Models",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62b864d16ddca1c2e1373c63e01b4835",slug:"semantics-advances-in-theories-and-mathematical-models",bookSignature:"Muhammad Tanvir Afzal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108253",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Tanvir",surname:"Afzal",slug:"muhammad-tanvir-afzal",fullName:"Muhammad Tanvir Afzal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64730",slug:"erratum-spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",title:"Erratum - Spectrum Decision Framework to Support Cognitive Radio Based IoT in 5G",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64730.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64730",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64730",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64730",chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 5th 2018",book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 5th 2018",book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9563",leadTitle:null,title:"Military Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tInjury and Disease in Military Operation and Combat Action - Etiology, Pathogenesis, Countermeasures and Casualty care. Implementation of the modern conventional weapon systems and tactics causes newly emerging types of injuries besides those well-known from the past times. Along with this, a pervasive problem in the current nuclear era is a high risk of nuclear conflicts. Such incidents could produce dreadful injuries that must be contemplated for diagnostics and countermeasures.
\r\n\r\n\tThus, the book project is on the complex problems engendered by injuries due to direct singular or combined multi-factorial impacts, their ancillary effects and by disease related to military operations and combat actions. With this focus the specific objective of the book is to overview of current standpoints on: (i) classification, etiology and pathogenesis of combat-related injuries; (ii) body systems interactive effects, impairment of systems homeostasis and metabolic dysfunction due to the injury and diseases; and (iii) medical care, therapy as well as shirt-term and long-term prognosis of the outcomes.
\r\n\r\n\tMoreover, the book chapters are to encompass analyses and reports on: (i) the acute, early and long-term management of combat injury including point-of-injury, en route, and facility-based care; (ii) development of advanced modalities/diagnostics and biomedical countermeasures against stress impacts and injury during training and field operations; and (iii) data from computational biomedicine, simulation and modeling of combat impacts based on translational R&D.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-995-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-994-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-996-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b5c2bf5ae0656aff7775c2980a8b285",bookSignature:"Dr. Nikolai Gorbunov",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9563.jpg",keywords:"Penetrating Closed Trauma, Traumatic Laceration, Acute Hemorrhage, Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Shock, Acute Coagulopathy, Brain Injury, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Contusion, Acute Phase Response, Vascular and Brain Tissues, Acute Phase Response, Cell Biology of Trauma, Computational Biomedicine",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 2nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nikolai Gorbunov obtained his Ph.D. degree in Biology from the Russian Academy Sciences. He was a recipient of the NRC NAS, and the Department of Energy fellowship awards to pursue postdoctoral training in translational science at the University of Pittsburgh and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, USA. His translational research area has encompassed molecular pathology of trauma and countermeasures against acute radiation injury.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180960",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180960/images/system/180960.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gorbunov obtained his Ph.D. degree in Biology from the Russian Academy Sciences. Then, he was a recipient of the NRC NAS (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/rap/) and the Department of Energy fellowship awards to pursue postdoctoral training in translational science at the University of Pittsburgh and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (https://www.emsl.pnl.gov/emslweb Washington, USA). His translational research area has encompassed molecular pathology of trauma and countermeasures against acute radiation injury that was explored at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (http://wrair-www.army.mil) and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. His research interests are the disease-specific mechanisms driving alterations and defense responses in organelles, cells and tissues constituting biological barriers. With this perspective, the main objectives of his research are : i) to define the key components and pathways which regulate adaptive homeostasis and sustain intrinsic resistance to the harmful exposures and mediate recovery from the produced stress, cytotoxicity and damage; and (ii) to employ the acquired knowledge for advancement of injury-specific therapeutic modalities.",institutionString:"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"9699",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Lipović",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9699/images/4740_n.png",email:"iva.l@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5295",title:"Autophagy in Current Trends in Cellular Physiology and Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e16382542f283b73017bdb366aff66ad",slug:"autophagy-in-current-trends-in-cellular-physiology-and-pathology",bookSignature:"Nikolai V. Gorbunov and Marion Schneider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180960",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6207",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",subtitle:"Pathobiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Acute Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39555959a8969f3d06634703afd3231",slug:"traumatic-brain-injury-pathobiology-advanced-diagnostics-and-acute-management",bookSignature:"Nikolai V. Gorbunov and Joseph B. Long",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180960",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"22333",title:"HIV Recombination and Pathogenesis – Biological and Epidemiological Implications",doi:"10.5772/23819",slug:"hiv-recombination-and-pathogenesis-biological-and-epidemiological-implications",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22333.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22333",totalDownloads:1787,totalViews:78,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 30th 2010",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 26th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/22333",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/22333",book:{slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies"},signatures:"Nitin K. Saksena, Katherine A. Lau, Dominic E. Dwyer and Bin Wang",authors:[{id:"53887",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Saksena",fullName:"Nitin Saksena",slug:"nitin-saksena",email:"nitin.saksena@sydney.edu.au",position:null,institution:null},{id:"53890",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Dominic Dwyer",slug:"dominic-dwyer",email:"Dominic_dwyer@wmi.usyd.edu.au",position:null,institution:null},{id:"53893",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Bin Wang",slug:"bin-wang",email:"bin.wang@sydney.edu.au",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"278",title:"HIV and AIDS",subtitle:"Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",fullTitle:"HIV and AIDS - Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies",publishedDate:"October 26th 2011",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/278.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22330",title:"Functions of the Lentiviral Accessory Protein Nef During the Distinct Steps of HIV and SIV Replication Cycle",slug:"functions-of-the-lentiviral-accessory-protein-nef-during-the-distinct-steps-of-hiv-and-siv-replicati",totalDownloads:1430,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luciana J. Costa, Luiza M. Mendonça and Thatiane L. Sampaio",authors:[{id:"52335",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Luciana Costa",slug:"luciana-costa"},{id:"53874",title:"Ms",name:"Thatiane",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Thatiane Sampaio",slug:"thatiane-sampaio"},{id:"53875",title:"MSc.",name:"Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonça",fullName:"Luiza Mendonça",slug:"luiza-mendonca"}]},{id:"22331",title:"The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proteins and Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in HIV-1-Induced Oxidative Stress",slug:"the-role-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-hiv-1-proteins-and-antiretroviral-drug-therapy-in-hi",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche and Andréa Name Colado Simão",authors:[{id:"44594",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",middleName:"Maria Vissoci",surname:"Reiche",fullName:"Edna Reiche",slug:"edna-reiche"},{id:"53302",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Name Colado Simão",fullName:"Andrea Name Colado Simão",slug:"andrea-name-colado-simao"}]},{id:"22332",title:"HIV Toxins: Gp120 as an Independent Modulator of Cell Function",slug:"hiv-toxins-gp120-as-an-independent-modulator-of-cell-function",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Leonor Huerta and César N. Cortés Rubio",authors:[{id:"55989",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Huerta",fullName:"Leonor Huerta",slug:"leonor-huerta"},{id:"106494",title:"BSc.",name:"Cesar Noe",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Rubio",fullName:"Cesar Noe Cortes-Rubio",slug:"cesar-noe-cortes-rubio"}]},{id:"22333",title:"HIV Recombination and Pathogenesis – Biological and Epidemiological Implications",slug:"hiv-recombination-and-pathogenesis-biological-and-epidemiological-implications",totalDownloads:1787,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nitin K. Saksena, Katherine A. Lau, Dominic E. Dwyer and Bin Wang",authors:[{id:"53887",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Saksena",fullName:"Nitin Saksena",slug:"nitin-saksena"},{id:"53890",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Dominic Dwyer",slug:"dominic-dwyer"},{id:"53893",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Bin Wang",slug:"bin-wang"}]},{id:"22334",title:"Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in HIV/AIDS: A Structure Based Approach to the Design of New Therapeutics",slug:"insulin-like-growth-factor-system-in-hiv-aids-a-structure-based-approach-to-the-design-of-new-therap",totalDownloads:1417,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Monalisa Swain, Harsha Balaram and Hanudatta S. Atreya",authors:[{id:"34498",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanudatta",middleName:null,surname:"Atreya",fullName:"Hanudatta Atreya",slug:"hanudatta-atreya"},{id:"137418",title:"Dr.",name:"Monalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Swain",fullName:"Monalisa Swain",slug:"monalisa-swain"},{id:"137419",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsha",middleName:null,surname:"Balaram",fullName:"Harsha Balaram",slug:"harsha-balaram"}]},{id:"22335",title:"Cellular Restriction Factors: Exploiting the Body’s Antiviral Proteins to Combat HIV-1/AIDS",slug:"cellular-restriction-factors-exploiting-the-body-s-antiviral-proteins-to-combat-hiv-1-aids",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jenna N. Kelly, Jessica G.K. Tong, Clayton J. Hattlmann,Matthew W. Woods and Stephen D. Barr",authors:[{id:"34900",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Barr",fullName:"Stephen Barr",slug:"stephen-barr"},{id:"53419",title:"BSc",name:"Clayton",middleName:"James",surname:"Hattlmann",fullName:"Clayton Hattlmann",slug:"clayton-hattlmann"},{id:"53420",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenna",middleName:null,surname:"Kelly",fullName:"Jenna Kelly",slug:"jenna-kelly"},{id:"53421",title:"Ms.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Tong",fullName:"Jessica Tong",slug:"jessica-tong"},{id:"53422",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Woods",fullName:"Matthew Woods",slug:"matthew-woods"}]},{id:"22336",title:"Retroviral Host Cell Factors: TRIM5, APOBEC3G and Cyclophilins",slug:"retroviral-host-cell-factors-trim5-apobec3g-and-cyclophilins",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryuta Sakuma and Hiroaki Takeuchi",authors:[{id:"43714",title:"Dr",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",fullName:"Hiroaki Takeuchi",slug:"hiroaki-takeuchi"},{id:"62925",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuta",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",fullName:"Ryuta Sakuma",slug:"ryuta-sakuma"}]},{id:"22337",title:"HIV Without AIDS: The Immunological Secrets of Natural Hosts",slug:"hiv-without-aids-the-immunological-secrets-of-natural-hosts",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zachary Ende, Michelle Bonkosky and Mirko Paiardini",authors:[{id:"44774",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Paiardini",fullName:"Mirko Paiardini",slug:"mirko-paiardini"},{id:"49313",title:"Mr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Ende",fullName:"Zachary Ende",slug:"zachary-ende"},{id:"100055",title:"Ms.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Bonkosky",fullName:"Michelle Bonkosky",slug:"michelle-bonkosky"}]},{id:"22338",title:"Immunotherapies and Vaccines",slug:"immunotherapies-and-vaccines",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hermancia S. Eugene and Ted M. Ross",authors:[{id:"42281",title:"Dr.",name:"Ted",middleName:null,surname:"Ross",fullName:"Ted Ross",slug:"ted-ross"},{id:"55998",title:"Ms",name:"Hermancia",middleName:"Sulvina",surname:"Eugene",fullName:"Hermancia Eugene",slug:"hermancia-eugene"}]},{id:"22339",title:"HIV Envelope-Specific Antibody and Vaccine Efficacy",slug:"hiv-envelope-specific-antibody-and-vaccine-efficacy",totalDownloads:1653,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Egidio Brocca-Cofano, Peng Xiao and Marjorie Robert-Guroff",authors:[{id:"49442",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjorie",middleName:null,surname:"Robert-Guroff",fullName:"Marjorie Robert-Guroff",slug:"marjorie-robert-guroff"},{id:"51151",title:"Dr.",name:"Egidio",middleName:null,surname:"Brocca-Cofano",fullName:"Egidio Brocca-Cofano",slug:"egidio-brocca-cofano"},{id:"51152",title:"Dr.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Peng Xiao",slug:"peng-xiao"}]},{id:"22340",title:"Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in HIV Infection",slug:"role-of-cytokines-and-chemokines-in-hiv-infection",totalDownloads:4920,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vishwanath Venketaraman, Devin Morris, Clare Donohou, Andrea Sipin, Steven Kung, Hyoung Oh, Mesharee Franklin, John P. Murad, Fadi T. Khasawneh, Beatrice Saviola, Timothy Guilford and Clare Donahue",authors:[{id:"38414",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishwanath",middleName:null,surname:"Venketaraman",fullName:"Vishwanath Venketaraman",slug:"vishwanath-venketaraman"},{id:"54328",title:"Mr",name:"Devin",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",fullName:"Devin Morris",slug:"devin-morris"},{id:"54492",title:"Mr",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Donahou",fullName:"Clare Donahou",slug:"clare-donahou"},{id:"54493",title:"Ms",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Sipin",fullName:"Andrea Sipin",slug:"andrea-sipin"},{id:"54494",title:"Mr",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Kung",fullName:"Steven Kung",slug:"steven-kung"},{id:"54495",title:"Ms",name:"Mesharee",middleName:null,surname:"Franklin",fullName:"Mesharee Franklin",slug:"mesharee-franklin"},{id:"54496",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadi",middleName:"T.",surname:"Khasawneh",fullName:"Fadi Khasawneh",slug:"fadi-khasawneh"},{id:"54497",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Saviola",fullName:"Beatrice Saviola",slug:"beatrice-saviola"},{id:"54498",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:"Timothy",surname:"Guilford",fullName:"Frederick Guilford",slug:"frederick-guilford"},{id:"85942",title:"Mr.",name:"Hyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Hyoung Oh",slug:"hyoung-oh"},{id:"85943",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Murad",fullName:"John Murad",slug:"john-murad"}]},{id:"22341",title:"The Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in the Chemokine and their Receptors and Cytokines in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection",slug:"the-role-of-genetic-polymorphisms-in-the-chemokine-and-their-receptors-and-cytokines-in-the-human-im",totalDownloads:1680,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche, Marla Karine Amarante and Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe",authors:[{id:"44594",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",middleName:"Maria Vissoci",surname:"Reiche",fullName:"Edna Reiche",slug:"edna-reiche"},{id:"40685",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Angelica Ehara",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe",slug:"maria-angelica-ehara-watanabe"},{id:"53193",title:"Prof.",name:"Marla Karine",middleName:null,surname:"Amarante",fullName:"Marla Karine Amarante",slug:"marla-karine-amarante"}]},{id:"22342",title:"CXCL8 Regulation and Function in HIV Infections and Potential Treatment Strategies",slug:"cxcl8-regulation-and-function-in-hiv-infections-and-potential-treatment-strategies",totalDownloads:1792,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Per-Erik Olsson, Hazem Khalaf and Jana Jass",authors:[{id:"34483",title:"Dr.",name:"Per-Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Olsson",fullName:"Per-Erik Olsson",slug:"per-erik-olsson"},{id:"53971",title:"Dr.",name:"Hazem",middleName:null,surname:"Khalaf",fullName:"Hazem Khalaf",slug:"hazem-khalaf"},{id:"53972",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Jass",fullName:"Jana Jass",slug:"jana-jass"}]},{id:"22343",title:"Emerging Roles of Prostaglandins in HIV-1 Transcription",slug:"emerging-roles-of-prostaglandins-in-hiv-1-transcription",totalDownloads:1632,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nancy Dumais, Sandra C. Côté and Anne-Marie Ducharme",authors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais"},{id:"55043",title:"MSc",name:"Anne-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Ducharme",fullName:"Anne-Marie Ducharme",slug:"anne-marie-ducharme"},{id:"55182",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra C.",middleName:null,surname:"Côté",fullName:"Sandra C. Côté",slug:"sandra-c.-cote"}]},{id:"22344",title:"Pathology of HIV/AIDS: Lessons from Autopsy Series",slug:"pathology-of-hiv-aids-lessons-from-autopsy-series",totalDownloads:3623,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrey Bychkov, Shunichi Yamashita and Alexander Dorosevich",authors:[{id:"37437",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Bychkov",fullName:"Andrey Bychkov",slug:"andrey-bychkov"},{id:"52616",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Dorosevich",fullName:"Alexander Dorosevich",slug:"alexander-dorosevich"},{id:"110807",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunichi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Shunichi Yamashita",slug:"shunichi-yamashita"}]},{id:"22345",title:"HIV and Lung Cancer",slug:"hiv-and-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yusuke Okuma, Naoki Yanagisawa, Yukio Hosomi, Atsushi Ajisawa and Masahiko Shibuya",authors:[{id:"36991",title:"Dr",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Okuma",fullName:"Yusuke Okuma",slug:"yusuke-okuma"},{id:"37268",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Shibuya",fullName:"Masahiko Shibuya",slug:"masahiko-shibuya"},{id:"37399",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Ajisawa",fullName:"Atsushi Ajisawa",slug:"atsushi-ajisawa"},{id:"37400",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagisawa",fullName:"Naoki Yanagisawa",slug:"naoki-yanagisawa"},{id:"87049",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukio",middleName:null,surname:"Hosomi",fullName:"Yukio Hosomi",slug:"yukio-hosomi"}]},{id:"22346",title:"Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS",slug:"neuropsychiatric-manifestations-of-hiv-infection-and-aids",totalDownloads:3533,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Victor Obiajulu Olisah",authors:[{id:"46511",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Obiajulu",surname:"Olisah",fullName:"Victor Olisah",slug:"victor-olisah"}]},{id:"22347",title:"AIDS and Trauma",slug:"aids-and-trauma",totalDownloads:1243,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Erik Vakil, Caroline Zabiegaj-Zwick and AB (Sebastian) van As",authors:[{id:"38499",title:"Prof.",name:"Arjan Bastiaan",middleName:null,surname:"Van As",fullName:"Arjan Bastiaan Van As",slug:"arjan-bastiaan-van-as"},{id:"86574",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Zabiegaj-Zwick",fullName:"Caroline Zabiegaj-Zwick",slug:"caroline-zabiegaj-zwick"},{id:"86575",title:"BSc",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Vakil",fullName:"Erik Vakil",slug:"erik-vakil"}]},{id:"22348",title:"Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Sahara African",slug:"cutaneous-manifestations-of-hiv-aids-in-sub-sahara-african",totalDownloads:2841,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Innocent Ocheyana George and Dasetima Dandison Altraide",authors:[{id:"34543",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocent",middleName:"O.",surname:"George",fullName:"Innocent George",slug:"innocent-george"},{id:"51527",title:"Dr.",name:"Idasetima",middleName:null,surname:"Altrraide",fullName:"Idasetima Altrraide",slug:"idasetima-altrraide"}]},{id:"22349",title:"Benign and Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in HIV/AIDS",slug:"benign-and-malignant-lymphoproliferative-disorders-in-hiv-aids",totalDownloads:3029,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Etienne Mahe and Monalisa Sur",authors:[{id:"45354",title:"Prof.",name:"Monalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Sur",fullName:"Monalisa Sur",slug:"monalisa-sur"},{id:"60871",title:"Dr",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Mahe",fullName:"Etienne Mahe",slug:"etienne-mahe"}]},{id:"22350",title:"Sexual Dysfunctions",slug:"sexual-dysfunctions",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco de Tubino Scanavino",authors:[{id:"38865",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco de Tubino",middleName:null,surname:"Scanavino",fullName:"Marco de Tubino Scanavino",slug:"marco-de-tubino-scanavino"}]},{id:"22351",title:"AIDS Changed America with the Twin Breast Cancer Epidemic: Exploring the Consequences of Condomization",slug:"aids-changed-america-with-the-twin-breast-cancer-epidemic-exploring-the-consequences-of-condomizatio",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arne N. Gjorgov",authors:[{id:"36450",title:"Dr.",name:"Arne N.",middleName:null,surname:"Gjorgov",fullName:"Arne N. Gjorgov",slug:"arne-n.-gjorgov"}]},{id:"22352",title:"Transmission of HIV Through Blood – How To Bridge the Knowledge Gap",slug:"transmission-of-hiv-through-blood-how-to-bridge-the-knowledge-gap",totalDownloads:2517,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Smit Sibinga, Cees Th and John P. Pitman",authors:[{id:"35591",title:"Prof.",name:"Cees",middleName:"Th.",surname:"Smit Sibinga",fullName:"Cees Smit Sibinga",slug:"cees-smit-sibinga"},{id:"45186",title:"Mr",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pitman",fullName:"John Pitman",slug:"john-pitman"},{id:"137421",title:"Dr.",name:"Cees",middleName:null,surname:"Th",fullName:"Cees Th",slug:"cees-th"}]},{id:"22353",title:"Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection in the Amazon Region",slug:"molecular-epidemiology-of-hiv-1-infection-in-the-amazon-region",totalDownloads:1236,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto, Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado, Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak and Ricardo Ishak",authors:[{id:"47350",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Vallinoto",fullName:"Antonio Carlos Vallinoto",slug:"antonio-carlos-vallinoto"},{id:"53143",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Machado",slug:"luiz-fernando-machado"},{id:"53144",title:"Dr.",name:"null",middleName:null,surname:"Ishak",fullName:"null Ishak",slug:"null-ishak"},{id:"53145",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ishak",fullName:"Ricardo Ishak",slug:"ricardo-ishak"},{id:"137423",title:"Dr.",name:"Marluísa De Oliveira",middleName:null,surname:"Guimarães Ishak",fullName:"Marluísa De Oliveira Guimarães Ishak",slug:"marluisa-de-oliveira-guimaraes-ishak"}]},{id:"22354",title:"Saliva Testing as a Practical Tool for Rapid HIV Screening",slug:"saliva-testing-as-a-practical-tool-for-rapid-hiv-screening",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"H. Blake, P. Leighton and S. Sharma",authors:[{id:"40384",title:"Dr.",name:"Holly",middleName:null,surname:"Blake",fullName:"Holly Blake",slug:"holly-blake"},{id:"53919",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Leighton",fullName:"Paul Leighton",slug:"paul-leighton"},{id:"67077",title:"Mrs.",name:"Shilpi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Shilpi Sharma",slug:"shilpi-sharma"}]},{id:"22355",title:"HAART and Causes of Death in Perinatally HIV-1-Infected Children",slug:"haart-and-causes-of-death-in-perinatally-hiv-1-infected-children",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudia Palladino, Jose María Bellón, Francisco J. Climent, María del Palacio Tamarit, Isabel de José and Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández",authors:[{id:"92372",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Fernández",fullName:"Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández",slug:"ma-angeles-munoz-fernandez"},{id:"105141",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Palladino",fullName:"Claudia Palladino",slug:"claudia-palladino"},{id:"105144",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose María",middleName:null,surname:"Bellón",fullName:"Jose María Bellón",slug:"jose-maria-bellon"},{id:"105153",title:"Dr.",name:"María Del Palacio",middleName:null,surname:"Tamarit",fullName:"María Del Palacio Tamarit",slug:"maria-del-palacio-tamarit"},{id:"105154",title:"Prof.",name:"Mª Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"De José",fullName:"Mª Isabel De José",slug:"ma-isabel-de-jose"},{id:"105647",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Climent",fullName:"Francisco J. Climent",slug:"francisco-j.-climent"}]},{id:"22356",title:"Cannabinoids – Influence on the Immune System and Their Potencial Use in Supplementary Therapy of HIV/AIDS",slug:"cannabinoids-influence-on-the-immune-system-and-their-potencial-use-in-supplementary-therapy-of-hiv-",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alicja Szulakowska and Halina Milnerowicz",authors:[{id:"38853",title:"MSc",name:"Alicja",middleName:null,surname:"Szulakowska",fullName:"Alicja Szulakowska",slug:"alicja-szulakowska"},{id:"53359",title:"Prof.",name:"Halina",middleName:null,surname:"Milnerowicz",fullName:"Halina Milnerowicz",slug:"halina-milnerowicz"}]},{id:"22357",title:"Small Livestock, Food Security, Nutrition Security and HIV/AIDS Mitigation",slug:"small-livestock-food-security-nutrition-security-and-hiv-aids-mitigation",totalDownloads:3335,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John Cassius Moreki and Richard Dikeme",authors:[{id:"41593",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moreki",fullName:"John Moreki",slug:"john-moreki"},{id:"95821",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Dikeme",fullName:"Richard Dikeme",slug:"richard-dikeme"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5515",title:"HIV/AIDS",subtitle:"Contemporary Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"582947a2824374b53c1daae073d045f2",slug:"hiv-aids-contemporary-challenges",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53940",title:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Cancer",slug:"human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-and-cancer",signatures:"Lorena Loarca, Joseph A. Fraietta, Vanessa Pirrone, Zsofia Szep and\nBrian Wigdahl",authors:[{id:"174843",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Wigdahl",fullName:"Brian Wigdahl",slug:"brian-wigdahl"},{id:"192504",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Nonnemacher",fullName:"Michael Nonnemacher",slug:"michael-nonnemacher"}]},{id:"53406",title:"HIV-Associated Vasculopathy",slug:"hiv-associated-vasculopathy",signatures:"Ashraf Alqaqa",authors:[{id:"191722",title:"M.D.",name:"Ashraf",middleName:null,surname:"Alqaqa",fullName:"Ashraf Alqaqa",slug:"ashraf-alqaqa"}]},{id:"54127",title:"Anti-Retroviral–Based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Women: Recent Advances and Next Steps",slug:"anti-retroviral-based-hiv-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-women-recent-advances-and-next-steps",signatures:"Flavia Matovu Kiweewa, Kenneth K. Mugwanya and Francis\nKiweewa",authors:[{id:"192171",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Kiweewa Matovu",fullName:"Flavia Kiweewa Matovu",slug:"flavia-kiweewa-matovu"}]},{id:"53989",title:"Three Decades of HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Challenges Faced by Orphans in Tembisa, South Africa",slug:"three-decades-of-hiv-aids-pandemic-challenges-faced-by-orphans-in-tembisa-south-africa",signatures:"Pius Tangwe Tanga, Princess Khumalo and Priscilla Gutura",authors:[{id:"191844",title:"Prof.",name:"Pius",middleName:null,surname:"Tanga",fullName:"Pius Tanga",slug:"pius-tanga"},{id:"205766",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscilla",middleName:null,surname:"Gutura",fullName:"Priscilla Gutura",slug:"priscilla-gutura"},{id:"205767",title:"Dr.",name:"Princess",middleName:null,surname:"Khumalo",fullName:"Princess Khumalo",slug:"princess-khumalo"}]},{id:"52804",title:"Difficulties and Coping Strategies Experienced by Employed People with HIV in Japan: A Qualitative Study Comparing High and Low Sense of Coherence Groups",slug:"difficulties-and-coping-strategies-experienced-by-employed-people-with-hiv-in-japan-a-qualitative-st",signatures:"Tomoko Omiya, Yoshihiko Yamazaki, Megumi Shimada, Kazuko\nIkeda, Seiko Ishiuchi-Ishitani and Katsumi Ohira",authors:[{id:"191926",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoko",middleName:null,surname:"Omiya",fullName:"Tomoko Omiya",slug:"tomoko-omiya"},{id:"194989",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yamazaki",fullName:"Yoshihiko Yamazaki",slug:"yoshihiko-yamazaki"},{id:"194990",title:"Ms.",name:"Megumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",fullName:"Megumi Shimada",slug:"megumi-shimada"},{id:"194991",title:"Ms.",name:"Kazuko",middleName:null,surname:"Ikeda",fullName:"Kazuko Ikeda",slug:"kazuko-ikeda"},{id:"194992",title:"Ms.",name:"Seiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiuchi-Ishitani",fullName:"Seiko Ishiuchi-Ishitani",slug:"seiko-ishiuchi-ishitani"},{id:"194993",title:"Mr.",name:"Katsumi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohira",fullName:"Katsumi Ohira",slug:"katsumi-ohira"}]},{id:"53799",title:"The Contextual Environmental Factors Shaping Disclosure of HIV Status across Populations Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"the-contextual-environmental-factors-shaping-disclosure-of-hiv-status-across-populations-groups-in-s",signatures:"Sphiwe Madiba",authors:[{id:"191468",title:"Prof.",name:"Sphiwe",middleName:null,surname:"Madiba",fullName:"Sphiwe Madiba",slug:"sphiwe-madiba"}]},{id:"54126",title:"The Persistence of Stigma Linked with HIV/AIDS in Health‐Care Contexts: A Chronic Social Incapacity",slug:"the-persistence-of-stigma-linked-with-hiv-aids-in-health-care-contexts-a-chronic-social-incapacity",signatures:"Oscar Labra and Daniel Thomas",authors:[{id:"191776",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Labra",fullName:"Oscar Labra",slug:"oscar-labra"},{id:"195139",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Daniel Thomas",slug:"daniel-thomas"}]},{id:"54064",title:"Economic Globalization, HIV and AIDS and Gender Dimensions in the Lesotho Textiles and Garment Industry",slug:"economic-globalization-hiv-and-aids-and-gender-dimensions-in-the-lesotho-textiles-and-garment-indust",signatures:"Pius Tangwe Tanga, Haruna M. Bello, Tiisetso J. Makatjane and\nTumelo Tsikoane",authors:[{id:"191844",title:"Prof.",name:"Pius",middleName:null,surname:"Tanga",fullName:"Pius Tanga",slug:"pius-tanga"},{id:"205611",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiisetso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Makatjane",fullName:"Tiisetso J. Makatjane",slug:"tiisetso-j.-makatjane"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72703",title:"The Interannual and Interdecadal Variability in Tropical Cyclone Activity: A Decade of Changes in the Climatological Character",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93028",slug:"the-interannual-and-interdecadal-variability-in-tropical-cyclone-activity-a-decade-of-changes-in-the",body:'\nA decade ago, Lupo [1] found no statistically significant long-term trends in global tropical cyclone (TC) activity or in many of the regional basins, although detailed records for some parts of the globe (e.g., the Southern Hemisphere) have only been available since about 1980. This study looked at time series of varying lengths within each ocean basin. This same work showed that there was interannual variability in TC occurrences and intensities found in most ocean basins. However, there was little statistically significant interannual TC variability during the negative or cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but interannual TC variability with respect to El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was enhanced during the positive or warm phase of the PDO. Lupo [1] also showed some interannual variability in the length of the TC season in different basins as well.
\nOthers (e.g., [2], and references therein) found significant interdecadal TC variability in the Atlantic Region as related to teleconnections such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and relate these to a relative minimum in this region’s TC activity in the late twentieth century and a sharp increase in TC activity for the early twenty-first century. These results were consistent with the results of Lupo [1]. Camargo et al. [3] examine the climatological character of TC including long- and short-range variability in each ocean basin as well. This work is a comprehensive review of those that relate TC activity to intraseasonal phenomena such as the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), ENSO, the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO), and others.
\nSince Lupo [1], others have published results showing that there have been more recent increases in the number of stronger storms in both the Atlantic (e.g., [4, 5]) and the West Pacific basin [6]. The latter showed this trend has been occurring since 1998, but others have demonstrated that the trend has been present in the West Pacific since the 1970s (e.g., [7]). Globally, several studies (e.g., [8, 9]) have demonstrated an increase in the most intense storms and/or the associated precipitation rates [10]. The latest published study [11] examined the global frequency of intense TC from 1979 to 2017 and found statistically significant increases as well. Some have noted that these increases in intense TC are associated with basin-wide changes in the sea surface temperature patterns (e.g., [6]). Others (e.g., [12]) examined the rapid intensification of TC over the Atlantic Region during the latter part of the 20th century as related to climate variability and trends. Additionally, the IPCC [4] fifth assessment report demonstrated no general agreement about the relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic forcing to changes in TC intensity.
\nThe focus on the most intense TC during the last decade is likely due to the fact that many climatological studies have established well the general character of TC climatologies in the world’s ocean basins. Additionally, the contributing dynamics to TC formation, development, and decay are well known (e.g. [3, 13, 14], and references therein). At the turn of the twenty-first century, tropical cyclone (TC) activity and how this may change in the future were of great interest to the atmospheric science community (e.g., [15, 16]). Furthermore, there is interest in the observed and potential increase in rainfall rates [10]. Increases in intensity and rainfall rates could threaten vulnerable coastal areas.
\nThe consensus of several global and regional scenarios for TC activity continues to project that the annual frequency will remain similar to today or decrease throughout the twenty-first century, but the intensity will increase (e.g., [4]). This may be due to projected decreases in strong tropical convection, although the confidence in this particular projection is lower. Additionally, these TC projections have been identified as uncertain since high-resolution simulations struggle to adequately capture TC occurrence and intensity [17, 18]. Also, the actual count of TCs is dependent on the different detection methods [19].
\nHowever, as discussed above with reference to Lupo [1] and further in that publication, the available time series across each region of the globe is uneven, and the ability to observe TC has continuously improved. There have even been changes in the instrumentation during satellite era and some studies (e.g., [20]) were able to homogenize the most recent satellite-derived data in order to analyze trends in TC occurrence and intensity. Also, changes in the techniques used to determine TC character and intensity have occurred as well (e.g., [21, 22, 23]).
\nThe goal of this work is two-fold. The first is to examine the latest decade in TC activity in order to determine if there have been any major changes in global, regional, or subregional TC frequency since Lupo [1]. The activity of the latest decade will be placed into the context of previous activity going back to 1980 and recent studies where available. By going back to 1980, this work will present the occurrence and intensity of TC in every ocean basin (and sub-basin) where they occur over four decades and this work is one of only a few thus far (e.g., [11]). TC intensity was not available for all ocean basins until approximately 1980 (e.g., [1]). The techniques used here are the same as those found in Lupo [1] and earlier studies in order to facilitate comparisons to these older studies published by this group. The second will examine TC activity with respect to interdecadal variability, and in particular the PDO, in each region in order to determine whether the results of Lupo and Johnston [16] and Lupo [1] remained intact. While the examination of interannual and interdecadal variability of TC is not unique, the study of these quantities over the entire globe and in each TC basin and sub-basin for this recent 40-year period is the first as far as the authors are aware.
\nThe data and methods are similar to those used in Lupo [1] and references therein, and more detail regarding some of these subjects can be found there. This study will examine all the globe’s ocean basins and includes tropical storm occurrences as well. The global ocean basins (Figure 1) are as follows: the North Atlantic, East Pacific, West Pacific, North Indian, Southern Hemisphere (includes South Indian and the South Pacific), and the South Atlantic. Following Lupo and Johnston [16] and Lupo [1], the North Atlantic was divided into west and east along 45oW. The East Pacific is divided along 125oW and 20oN as in Collins [24, 25], while the West Pacific is divided up into 140oE and 20oN following Lupo [1]. The Indian Ocean in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere is divided into west and east along 75oE. The southwest and southeast Pacific are divided by 180o longitude. Both the Indian and SH sub-basin divisions followed Lupo [1]. TCs were assigned to the basin and sub-basin in which they first reached tropical storm status. A study of the background atmospheric and oceanic variables contributing to TC formation is not performed here as it is beyond the scope of this work.
\nThe globe with the borders of each subregion for the North Atlantic (G = Gulf of Mexico, and C = Caribbean), East Pacific (125oW 20oN), West Pacific (140oE 20oN), northern Indian (75oE), and southern hemisphere (75oE in the Indian and 180o in the Pacific).
The TC occurrence and intensity data for all basins since 1980 were downloaded via the UNISYS website (
Arithmetic means and correlations were analyzed, and means were tested for statistical significance using a two-tailed z-score test, assuming the null hypothesis (e.g., [32, 33]). Intensity distributions were also tested using a χ2 statistical test. These distributions were tested using the total sample climatology as the expected frequency and a subperiod as the observed frequency. The χ2 test was used to test the intensity distributions (TS and Category 1–5) of the most current decade against those of the previous 30 years as well as to examine the interannual or interdecadal variability of intensities. It has been hypothesized that using the climatological frequency as the “expected” frequency is more appropriate than using an approximated distribution since such analytical distributions (e.g., Poisson distribution) may not adequately represent real-world distributions (e.g., [34]). It should be cautioned that while statistical significance reveals strong relationships between two variables, it does not imply cause and effect. Conversely, relationships that are found to be strong, but not statistically significant may still have underlying causes due to some atmospheric forcing process or mechanism (e.g., [34]). The long-term trends were tested for statistical significance using analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA) and in particular the F-test [32, 33].
\nThe following descriptions can be found also in Lupo and Johnston [16]. The data were stratified by calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the tropical cyclone year is defined as the period beginning on July 1 and ending on June 30. For example, July 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019 was defined as 2019 since the majority of the SH TC season takes place from approximately December through April. We then analyzed the annual and monthly distributions of TC occurrence in order to find trends in TC season length or both the total sample and each intensity category.
\nThe Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index was used in this study. A list of El Niño (EN), La Niña (LN), and Neutral (NEU) years used here are shown in Table 1. A description of the JMA ENSO Index can be found on the Center for Oceanic and Atmospheric Prediction Studies website (
EN | \nNEU | \nLN | \n
---|---|---|
1982 | \n1979–1981 | \n1988 | \n
1986–1987 | \n1983–1985 | \n1998–1999 | \n
1991 | \n1989–1990 | \n2007 | \n
1997 | \n1992–1996 | \n2010 | \n
2002 | \n2000–2001 | \n2017 | \n
2006 | \n2003–2005 | \n\n |
2009 | \n2008 | \n\n |
2014–2015 | \n2011–2013 | \n\n |
2018 | \n2016 | \n\n |
\n | 2019 | \n\n |
The list of ENSO years as found in Lupo et al. [35] and references therein.
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a 50- to 70-year oscillation described in the late twentieth century (e.g., [38, 39]) within the Pacific Ocean basin. We define the epochs of the PDO as found in Lupo et al. [35] and these are also cataloged at COAPS. The positive phase persisted from 1977 to 1998, while the negative phase has persisted since 1999. The most recent negative phase encompasses the most recent two decades, while the decades of the 1980s and 1990s are largely characterized by the positive phase. Where the data exist before 1980 (the Atlantic and western Pacific Regions), we can use the results of Lupo and Johnston [16] to characterize the negative PDO years from 1947 to 1976.
\nAn in-depth discussion is found in Lupo [1] describing why these two teleconnections were used primarily to define interannual and interdecadal variability, in spite of the fact that many studies (e.g., [2, 3], and references therein) have shown for example that variability in the Atlantic Ocean Basin can be linked to teleconnections there. While the NAO-related variations in TC activity can make interpretation of PDO-related hurricane variability more difficult, there is substantial overlap between the PDO and the interdecadal modes of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) [35]. Nonetheless, ENSO is a main driver of interannual TC activity in many ocean basins as demonstrated by many studies (e.g., [3]), and since PDO can be shown to modulate ENSO behavior, the focus here will be on these teleconnections.
\nIn Lupo [1], tropical cyclone activity was examined within each ocean basin over different time periods. Here tropical cyclone activity since 1980 only was examined for each ocean basin and globally (Table A1). Globally, there has been no statistically significant trend in overall TC activity over the last 40 years and this is consistent with recent studies (e.g., [4]) (Tables A1f and 2, Figure 2a and b). There was also no significant difference in the TC intensity distributions when comparing those of the most recent decade versus the 1980–2009 period. A noteworthy change implied in the global data set was an increase in tropical storm activity since 2000 at the expense of weaker (Category 1 and 2) hurricanes. However, the most recent decade (2010–2019) did not show appreciable changes worldwide when compared with the previous decade (2000–2009) or with the 1980–2009 period. There was, however, a significant upward trend in the number of Category 3–5 and 4–5 storms significant at the 99% confidence level (Table 2) consistent with Elsner [6, 10], or Kossin et al. [11].
\n\n | ATL | \nEPAC | \nWPAC | \nNIND | \nSHEMI | \nGlobe | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS + Hur | \n0.202**\n | \n−0.003 | \n−0.044 | \n0.039**\n | \n−0.102**\n | \n0.129 | \n
Tot Hur | \n0.056*\n | \n−0.023 | \n−0.114**\n | \n0.040**\n | \n−0.044 | \n−0.085 | \n
Cat 3–5 | \n0.043*\n | \n0.007 | \n−0.007 | \n0.029**\n | \n0.044*\n | \n0.117**\n | \n
Cat4–5 | \n0.032*\n | \n0.034 | \n0.030 | \n0.017**\n | \n0.088**\n | \n0.202**\n | \n
A summary of the statistical significance for trends within each ocean basin.
The value given is the slope of the trend line. Statistically significant values are bold, while those marked with a *, ** are significant at the 95%, 99% confidence level, respectively.
The annual occurrence of (a) and (b) global, (c) and (d) Atlantic, (e) and (f) East Pacific, (g) and (h) West Pacific, (i) and (j) North Indian, and (k) and (l) Southern hemisphere tropical cyclones (left) hurricanes (right) from 1980 to 2019. The orange line is the linear trend line in each figure. The abscissa is years and the ordinate is annual occurrence.
An examination of each ocean basin demonstrates that only the ATL (Table A1a and Figure 2c and d) and NIND (Table A1d and Figure 2i and j). Regions experienced statistically significant increases for the trend in hurricane activity (at the 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively) and total TC activity (at the 99% confidence level in both regions) (Table 2). Both regions showed slightly more activity in the most recent decade (2010–2019). Testing the distribution of TC intensities in both regions showed no statistically significant difference between the distribution of these for the most recent decade versus 1980–2009 using the χ2 test. However, the ATL increases are most notable in the tropical storm category (Table A1a), but with little change in the weak hurricanes. In the NIND Region, however, these increases were noteworthy only for the number of hurricanes, especially major hurricanes (Category 3 and 4). In both of these regions, the increase in the trend for major hurricanes categories was significant at the 99% confidence level. A comparison to Klotzbach and Gray [2] or Lupo [1] showed that the ATL Region trends found here are consistent with those found for the late twentieth or early twenty-first century identified in those publications. Thus, this region has a longer history of increasing activity. In Lupo [1], the NIND Region showed little trend in TC activity. The upward trends in all categories for the NIND noted here (Table 2) could be a real phenomenon or a function of better detection and classification.
\nThe increases were offset by overall decreases in the WPAC (Table A1c and Figure 2g and h) and SHEMI Regions (Table A1e and Figure 2l and k), which would show decreases, but only the decrease in WPAC hurricanes and SHEMI total TC were significant at the 99% confidence level (Table 2). Both regions were less active in the most recent decade (2010–2019). In the WPAC (Table A1c), the results found here were complex but contradict the results cited in section one. Examining the major hurricanes, the trend was downward for the Category 3–5 TC, but upward for the Category 4–5 results. Neither trend was statistically significant (Table 2), and the significant downward trend was noteworthy in TC Category 1–2 (not shown). While this does not agree with studies like Zhao et al. [6], who have found an increase in intense TC over the WPAC, the decrease in weaker TC means that a greater percentage of WPAC TC was in the major category. During the past two decades, about 60% of TC were classified as major compared to 50% in the two decades prior to those (see also [1]). In spite of a greater ratio of more intense TC in the WPAC, the intensity distributions were not significantly different in either region when testing the intensity distributions.
\nIn the SHEMI, the number of total TCs has decreased significantly, but the number of Category 3–5 and Category 4–5 TCs increased and these trends were significant at the 95% and 99% confidence level respectively (Table 2). The overall decrease was driven by decreases in the number of TS and a decrease in Category 1–2 storms (Table A1e) significant at the 99% confidence level (not shown). The 2010–2019 decade showed decreases overall and in the number of hurricanes from the previous decade (2000–2009), and this decade was less active than the last decades of the twentieth century (Table A1e). The most recent decrease continued the overall decrease found in Lupo [1]. As for the WPAC however, the percentage of major hurricanes was higher (55%) for the early twenty-first century compared to the late twentieth century (43%).
\nThe EPAC Region showed very little trend throughout the period (Table A1b, Figure 2e and f) in any category, including no statistically significant trend in the major hurricane categories (Table 2). This result is similar to that of Lupo [1]. However, it was clear that the 2010–2019 period in the EPAC was more active than the previous two decades suggesting interdecadal variability. This will be studied below. Additionally, testing the distribution of TC intensities for this region shows that the distribution of TC from 2010 to 2019 was similar to that for the period 1980–2009 at the 95% confidence level when using the χ2 test (Figure 3). This is the only region in which the distributions were similar to an acceptable degree of confidence.
\nThe TC intensity distributions in the EPAC region for (a) 1980–2009 and (b) 2010–2019. The abscissa is TC intensity and the ordinate is annual occurrence.
In this section, the 2010–2019 results are partitioned by ENSO phase in order to compare these results to those of Lupo [1] and Lupo and Johnston [16]. As shown in Lupo et al. [35], this most recent decade was still classified as a negative PDO. Thus, to examine interannual variability, a comparison was made to the previous decade and interdecadal variability was examined by comparing to the decades of the 1980s and 1990s (Table A2). These decades were primarily positive PDO years (1977–1998). This study also provides an opportunity in some ocean basins to compare to the previous negative PDO epoch in order to determine whether the current negative PDO epoch is comparable or if there are differences that may be due to enhanced satellite coverage or if these differences could be physical. The results here were also compared by sub-basin within each global region.
\nAn examination of the Atlantic Region activity (Table A2a) demonstrates that there were more TCs observed during LN and NEU years during the latest decade, and this activity was consistent with that of the previous decade. A comparison to the activity during the 1980s and 1990s demonstrated that while there were more TCs overall (significant at the 95% confidence interval when testing the means), the ENSO variability was similar. During each decade, EL years were 30% (or greater) less active than during other years. Thus, there was no significant difference between ENSO variability across the positive phase of the PDO and the current negative phase in spite of a more active negative PDO phase when testing the means in Table A2a. Previous studies (e.g., [1]) showed similar results, with the exception that the negative PDO phase showed weaker ENSO-related variability. Additionally, the ENSO variability with respect to TC intensity distributions was similar in that the comparison of the EN years to all years in each phase of the PDO (Figure 4) and these were similar at the 90% confidence level. The LN year distributions were different from either the EN years or those overall, but not at standard levels of significance.
\nThe TC intensity distributions for (a) all PDO+ TC, (b) all PDO+ EN TC, (c) all PDO − TC, and (d) all PDO − EN TC in the ATL region.
A comparison of Table A2a to the results of Lupo and Johnston [16] demonstrated that both the current (since 1999) and the previous (1947–1976) negative PDO epoch were more active than the positive PDO epoch (1977–1998). This result is similar to that of Klotzbach and Gray [2], who also show the mid-twentieth century and early twenty-first century were more active times for TC occurrence in the Atlantic Region compared to the latter twentieth century. This also supports the contention of overlap between multi-decadal epochs of the PDO and Atlantic Region teleconnections described in Section 2.3. However, in Lupo and Johnston [16], the number of TCs reaching hurricane strength did not vary at all with respect to ENSO from 1947 to 1976. Their study did not include tropical storms. Thus, it would be difficult to state with certainty that the difference between the results above and the Lupo [1] study are real as they may be a result of not counting TS in the earlier study or the lack of satellite observations. The non-count of TS is supported since if TSs are not included in the current negative PDO period, the ENSO variability in this phase is much weaker.
\nAn examination of the regional occurrence of TC within the Atlantic over the latest decade (Table A2a) demonstrates that the western Atlantic is the most active sub-basin and that the ENSO variability within this region is minor. The Gulf and Caribbean sub-basin TC activity was also unchanged as EL years are much less active in these two areas. These results agree with the previous studies from this group and others (see [3]). The only substantial difference between the results presented here and the previous results was that the eastern Atlantic was significantly more active (at the 99% confidence level) even when considering the small sample size. This may be due to increased SSTs over this part of the Atlantic during the last decade (e.g., [40]). A comparison of the length of the TC season (not shown here) to previous results [1] would demonstrate that the Atlantic Region TC season may be beginning about 2 weeks earlier than June 1 as TCs were observed in May for 5 of the 10 years during this decade.
\nIn the East Pacific Region (Table A2b), the most recent decade shows ENSO variability that is opposite of the Atlantic Region, in that there are more TCs during EL years than during LN years due to the warmer sea surface temperatures there. This is similar to Collins [24] or Lupo [1]. There was also little difference in TC numbers across the positive and current negative PDO epoch, and their intensity distributions were similar, a result significant at the 95% confidence level (as in Figure 3). When taken together, the first two decades of the 40-year period show ENSO variability similar to the latter two decades in that there were about 30–35% fewer TC in LN years. When testing the means, this result was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Testing the TC intensity distributions demonstrates that LN years were similar to the overall distributions at the 95% confidence level during both phases of the PDO in a manner similar to Figure 3. Even the EN year TC intensity distributions are similar to the overall intensity distribution in the positive PDO phase at the 90% confidence level. Only the EN years TC intensity distribution during the negative phase of the PDO was different from the overall distribution, but not at statistically significant levels.
\nIn Table A2b, it is apparent that the East Pacific Region is dominated strongly by activity in the southeast quadrant and this has not changed across any decade or PDO epoch. TC occasionally form further up the Central American and North American coast in the northeast quadrant, but only during LN and NEU years, while TC formed rarely in the northwest quadrant. The southwest quadrant TC activity did account for about 16% of the East Pacific Region activity and the ENSO variability in this quadrant was similar to the previous decades and also similar to that of the southeast quadrant (e.g., Camargo et al. [3] and references therein). The only difference is that the most current decade showed stronger ENSO variability, but this was not statistically significant. Finally, there was no appreciable change in the length of the East Pacific TC season.
\nAs shown above, there has been a decrease in West Pacific hurricanes. Table A2c confirms that the TC activity of the most recent decades is less than that of the previous three decades, which can be assumed to be real since satellite coverage has been comprehensive since 1980. However, it is difficult to attribute this decrease to interdecadal variability when comparing to Lupo [1] since the TC activity from the 1940s through the 1970s occurred during an era with less satellite coverage. This same study concluded that there was no significant West Pacific Region interdecadal or interannual variability. Overall, LN years were 20% less active than EN years from 1980 to 2019. For this period and region, this is significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus, there is a strong correlation between the interannual variability within this region and the East Pacific Region (e.g., [3]). An examination of the TC intensity distributions (Figure 5) shows that the distribution of negative and positive PDO is similar at the 90% confidence level using the χ2 test. This is also true for the EN year TC distributions in relation to the intensity distributions for the positive or negative phase of the PDO (Figure 5).
\nAs in Figure 4, except for the West Pacific region.
\nTable A2c also demonstrates that the occurrence of TC by quadrant in the West Pacific over the most recent decade was similar to that found in the earlier decades and Lupo [1]. In short, the southwest quadrant is the most active and shows only marginal (insignificant) interannual and interdecadal variability. The southeast quadrant is associated with 30% less TC activity than the southwest, but very strong (statistically significant at the 95% confidence level) ENSO variability. There were two to four times more TCs in the southeast quadrant during EN years, a result that agrees with many studies (e.g., [1, 3]). The recent decreases noted above for the West Pacific Region overall was distributed among the four sub-basins, though as a percentage, the decrease was largest (approximately 35% less) for the northeast quadrant. Additionally, the active southeast quadrant in the West Pacific during EN years combined with the active southwest quadrant for the East Pacific supports the conclusions of Camargo et al. [3], Lupo [1] and others in that during El Nino years, the Pacific is active across the basin for EN years, while during LN years activity was centered closer to their respective quadrants for both regions. Like the East Pacific, there was no significant change noted in the length of the TC season here (not shown).
\nIn the North Indian Ocean Basin, there was an increase in the number of TC occurrences as shown above, and Table A2d suggests that this was driven primarily by increases in the western Indian Ocean Region including the Arabian Sea. This includes the number of major storms. Since the regional classification for the intensity of these storms began in 1977, there is no need to compare this region or the Southern Hemisphere results (this region began reporting intensity in 1980) to earlier results. Table A2d also demonstrated that EN years were slightly more active than other years, and this is opposite that of the previous three decades. Thus, there are no conclusions that can be drawn about ENSO variability, nor about the interdecadal variability. However, Ng and Chan [27] showed that there was strong variability on the 5-year timescale in this region linked to the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).
\nAn examination of TC intensity distributions (not shown) shows that regardless of how the results are stratified in the North Indian Ocean Region, the distributions are similar to the overall distribution at the 95% confidence level or higher. The only exception was the distribution of TC intensities in LN years during the positive phase of the PDO were different, but not at standard levels of significance. The reason for the lack of variability in TC intensities in this region may be the less frequent occurrence of storms in this region. Finally, there was no change in the TC season here (not shown) and this was identical to the results of Lupo [1] and references therein who showed that this region possessed a double peak in activity (May–June and October–December), which is associated with the annual migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
\nThe decrease in Southern Hemisphere variability shown in Table A2e for the most recent decade (2010–2019) continues the trend identified when comparing 2000–2009 or the previous two decades. Like the NIND Region, there are too few years to attribute these decreases to interdecadal variability as of yet. When examining the sub-basins, the decreases over the past two decades were primarily the result of fewer TC in the East Indian Ocean and to a lesser extent over the southwest Pacific. Additionally, during this decade, the TC season extends from October to April, which is similar to the previous decades [1]. Lastly, an examination of the distribution of TC intensities for the positive versus negative PDO demonstrated the distributions were different, but not at standard levels of significance.
\nThe overall interannual variability during the most recent decade showed more TC during EL years, which was counter to the results of the previous three decades (Table A2e). This variability, however, was not significant at acceptable levels of confidence. Lupo et al. (2011) found weak ENSO-related variability, which was marginally significant with more TC occurring during LN years. Examining the sub-basins exposed an error in assigning the ENSO year in Lupo [1] (see their Table 17) for these values only. The overall results were consistent between this study and the Lupo’s [1] study. The distribution of TC intensities during EN and LN years compared to the negative PDO years showed these distributions were similar at the 99% and 95% confidence level, respectively. During PDO positive years, the same comparison showed similarity at the 95% and 90% confidence level, respectively (not shown).
\nA discussion of the SHEMI sub-basin results (Table A2e) demonstrates that TC numbers in the West Indian Ocean Basin demonstrate the most current decade was slightly more active than the previous 30 years. EL years were more active over all decades than LN years observing nearly double the TC activity. This is then opposite to what was reported by Lupo [1] as that study reported more TC in LN years. The East Indian Ocean Basin saw the largest decreases as in the previous 30 years, as 11.3 TC events per year were reported. Here, the results show that for the latest decade only 7.7 TCs per year were observed, representing a decrease of about 33%. This was nearly equal to the total decrease in SEMI TC overall. More importantly, in the previous 30 years, LN season TC outnumbered EN season TC by more than two to one. For the latest decade, LN years experienced only 20% more TCs per season. This preference for LN years as in the West Indian Ocean Basin was of the opposite sense reported in Lupo [1]. However, the results presented here now agree with results for the East Indian and West Pacific numbers reported for these regions in earlier studies (e.g., [3], and references therein).
\nOnly in the southwest Pacific were the observed TCs and their interannual variability in the current decade consistent with those of the previous 30 years, showing a slight preference for LN years. Thus, the coding error of Lupo [1] did not have a major impact on the results reported for this sub-basin only. The southeast Pacific was the least active TC region of the SHEMI outside of the South Atlantic, and the occurrences of TC in the latest decade were consistent with the previous three. The latest decade showed only a slight preference for TC occurrences in EL years, and this was consistent with the three previous decades except that the previous decades saw stronger disparities between annual TC occurrences in EL years versus LA years. The ENSO variability in this sub-basin was opposite to what was reported in Lupo [1].
\nGlobally, there were 79.5, 90, and 92 TCs that occurred during LN, NEU, and EN years, respectively, during the last decade. This compares to 82, 91.3, and 85.7 TCs occurring during these years over the previous decade, respectively. The comparative numbers for the 1980–1999 period revealed there were 83.3, 88.8, and 85.6 TCs that occurred per LN, NEU, and EL year, respectively. Thus, the most recent decade demonstrates slightly different ENSO variability from that of the previous three decades, but this difference is not statistically significant. Over the entire 40-year period, these TC occurrence numbers were 81.8, 89.7, and 87.4, during LN, NEU, and EN years respectively.
\nIn this chapter, the global tropical cyclone activity for 2010–2019 was examined and compared firstly to the TC activity of the previous decade (2000–2009) and then to those occurring from 1980 to 1999. By doing so, we compared the results here to the previous results reported in works such as Camargo et al. [3] or Lupo [1]. The data sources used here were the same as those used in that study. The definitions for the TC season, basins, sub-basins, and internannual and internannual variability were identical to those used in Lupo and Johnston [16] and Lupo [1]. The statistical tests used here can be found in standard statistics text books.
\nGlobal TC activity in general during the latest decade was very similar to that of the previous decade and within most sub-basins there were broad similarities as well. However, this study found some key differences from Lupo [1]. The following results are new here.
\nThese are:
Globally, there were no statistically significant increases or decreases in overall global TC activity although the trend in the number of storms has shown increases. The number of intense storms (Category 3–5) showed a statistically significant increase over the 40-year period similar to IPCC [4], Kossin et al. [11], and others. The number of TSs also increased, but this was not statistically significant. These increases in these TCs were found in most global basins. Only the number of Category 1 and 2 storms decreased, especially since 2000.
In the ATL Region, the number of TCs during 2010–2019 was similar to 2000–2009. The overall 40-year trend was upward in the total number of TCs, hurricanes only, and intense hurricanes. These were all statistically significant. The interannual variability over the latest four decades was similar in that there were more TCs during LN years (about 30% more). Additionally, the ATL TC season during the 2010–2019 period started about 2 weeks earlier than the previous decades, while the eastern Atlantic observed an increase in TC activity.
While the intensity distributions were different when comparing negative and positive phases of the PDO, this result was not statistically significant. Also, the distributions of LN and EN TC intensities were compared to the total sample within each phase of the PDO, and the EN intensity distributions were similar at the 90% confidence level.
In the EPAC, few differences in the climatological character of TC were noted when compared to Collins [24, 25] or Lupo [1]. When comparing the TC intensity, distributions for each phase of the PDO or with respect to ENSO showed that these distributions were similar at standard levels of significance except when comparing the distribution of EN year TC intensities to the distribution of positive PDO TC.
Other studies showed significant increases in the number of intense TCs within the WPAC. Such an increase was not found here, but significant decreases in the number of Category 1 and 2 storms resulted in an increase in the proportion of WPAC TCs classified as intense. The decrease in the number of TC basin-wide was distributed approximately evenly across each quadrant. In this region, the TC intensity distributions were similar for each phase of the PDO at the 90% confidence level. This same result was found when comparing EN year TC intensities to the total distribution in each PDO phase.
Within the IND Region, there were significant increases in TC for the latest decade and over the entire 40-year period for total TC occurrence, Category 1 and 2 storms, and intense TCs and all these trends were statistically significant. These increases were especially evident within the western Indian Ocean Basin and Arabian Sea. All TC intensity distributions tested for interannual and interdecadal variability were similar to each other at standard levels of significance.
In the SHEMI, the 40-year trends showed significant decreases in TC frequency overall including the number of TSs and Category 1 and 2 hurricanes. But there was a significant increase in the number of intense storms. The number of TCs observed over the latest decade was the lowest in the 40-year period and proportion of TCs reaching Category 3 or higher increased. In this region, the positive and negative PDO TC intensity distributions were different, but not at standard levels of significance. The EN and LN year TC intensity distributions in each phase of the PDO were similar to the total sample for that PDO phase.
There was no significant SHEMI interannual variability overall, but the latest decade showed more TCs in EN years as compared to LN years. This was different from the previous 30 years. A coding error found in the Lupo [1] results showed that the variability associated with ENSO was opposite that reported in Lupo [1] for three of the four sub-basins.
The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their comments on this chapter. Their comments made this work stronger.
\nSee Appendix Tables A1 and A2.
\nCategory | \n1980–1989 | \n1990–1999 | \n2000–2009 | \n2010–2019 | \n1980–2019 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. Atlantic | \n|||||
TS | \n4.1 | \n4.6 | \n7.7 | \n8.1 | \n6.1 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n3.5 | \n3.9 | \n3.7 | \n4.4 | \n3.9 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n1.7 | \n2.5 | \n3.5 | \n2.7 | \n2.7 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n1.0 | \n1.4 | \n2.1 | \n1.7 | \n1.6 | \n
Tot Hur | \n5.2 | \n6.4 | \n7.2 | \n7.1 | \n6.5 | \n
TS + Hur | \n9.3 | \n11.0 | \n14.9 | \n15.2 | \n12.6 | \n
b. East Pacific | \n|||||
TS | \n8.6 | \n5.6 | \n9.1 | \n7.8 | \n7.8 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n5.4 | \n4.5 | \n4.4 | \n4.7 | \n4.7 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n4.6 | \n5.5 | \n2.8 | \n5.7 | \n4.7 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n2.3 | \n3.9 | \n1.8 | \n4.0 | \n3.0 | \n
Tot Hur | \n10.0 | \n10.0 | \n7.2 | \n10.4 | \n9.4 | \n
TS + Hur | \n18.6 | \n15.6 | \n16.3 | \n18.2 | \n17.2 | \n
c. West Pacific | \n|||||
TS | \n9.7 | \n10.3 | \n10.4 | \n11.3 | \n10.4 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n8.1 | \n9.1 | \n6.5 | \n5.1 | \n7.2 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n8.4 | \n9.0 | \n9.5 | \n8.3 | \n8.8 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n5.4 | \n7.3 | \n8.0 | \n6.3 | \n6.8 | \n
Tot Hur | \n16.5 | \n18.1 | \n16.0 | \n13.4 | \n16.0 | \n
TS + Hur | \n26.2 | \n28.4 | \n26.4 | \n24.7 | \n26.4 | \n
d. North Indian Ocean | \n|||||
TS | \n3.7 | \n2.9 | \n4.0 | \n3.2 | \n3.4 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n0.5 | \n1.3 | \n0.6 | \n1.1 | \n0.9 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n0.2 | \n1.0 | \n0.5 | \n1.2 | \n0.7 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n0.1 | \n0.7 | \n0.4 | \n0.8 | \n0.5 | \n
Tot Hur | \n0.7 | \n2.3 | \n1.1 | \n2.3 | \n1.6 | \n
TS + Hur | \n4.4 | \n5.2 | \n5.1 | \n5.5 | \n5.0 | \n
e. Southern Hemisphere | \n|||||
TS | \n14.6 | \n12.8 | \n13.0 | \n12.0 | \n13.1 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n8.0 | \n7.8 | \n5.6 | \n5.3 | \n6.7 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n5.0 | \n7.3 | \n7.1 | \n6.3 | \n6.4 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n1.6 | \n4.8 | \n4.5 | \n4.8 | \n3.9 | \n
Tot Hur | \n13.0 | \n15.1 | \n12.8 | \n11.6 | \n13.1 | \n
TS + Hur | \n27.6 | \n27.9 | \n25.8 | \n23.6 | \n26.2 | \n
f. Global | \n|||||
TS | \n40.7 | \n37.3 | \n44.4 | \n43.7 | \n41.3 | \n
Cat. 1,2 | \n25.5 | \n26.6 | \n21.0 | \n20.9 | \n23.4 | \n
Cat. 3–5 | \n19.8 | \n25.3 | \n23.2 | \n24.2 | \n23.2 | \n
Cat. 4,5 | \n10.4 | \n18.1 | \n16.7 | \n17.6 | \n15.6 | \n
Tot Hur | \n45.4 | \n51.9 | \n44.3 | \n44.8 | \n46.6 | \n
TS + Hur | \n86.1 | \n88.2 | \n88.7 | \n88.5 | \n87.9 | \n
The decadal mean number of tropical storm (TS), category 1–2, category 3–5, category 4–5, total hurricanes, and total TC for each decade from the 1980s to the 2010s and for the entire period within each global ocean basin and over the entire globe.
a. Atlantic | \nAll | \nCRBN | \nGULF | \nWATL | \nEATL | \n
1980–1999/2000–2009 | \n|||||
LN (3/1) | \n12.7/15.0 | \n2.3/2.0 | \n3.0/4.0 | \n3.7/7.0 | \n3.7/2.0 | \n
NEU (12/6) | \n10.1/17.3 | \n1.0/3.3 | \n1.9/3.5 | \n5.8/7.0 | \n2.2/3.7 | \n
EN (5/3) | \n7.0/10.0 | \n0.4/1.3 | \n1.4/1.7 | \n4.0/6.3 | \n1.2/1.3 | \n
Total | \n10.2/14.9 | \n1.1/2.6 | \n1.9/3.0 | \n5.1/6.8 | \n2.2/2.8 | \n
2010–2019 | \n|||||
LN (2) | \n18.0 | \n4.0 | \n2.0 | \n6.5 | \n5.5 | \n
NEU (5) | \n16.2 | \n1.6 | \n3.8 | \n6.5 | \n4.4 | \n
EN (3) | \n11.3 | \n1.3 | \n0.7 | \n5.3 | \n4.0 | \n
Total | \n15.2 | \n2.0 | \n2.5 | \n6.2 | \n4.5 | \n
b. East Pacific | \nAll | \nNW | \nNE | \nSW | \nSE | \n
1980–1999/2000–2009 | \n|||||
LN (3/1) | \n12.3/14.0 | \n0.0/0.0 | \n1.7/1.0 | \n1.7/3.0 | \n9.0/10.0 | \n
NEU (12/6) | \n17.9/15.7 | \n0.1/0.2 | \n1.1/0.8 | \n2.8/2.2 | \n13.8/12.5 | \n
EN (5/3) | \n18.4/18.3 | \n0.0/0.0 | \n0.4/0.3 | \n3.2/4.0 | \n14.6/14.2 | \n
Total | \n17.1/16.3 | \n0.1/0.1 | \n1.0/0.7 | \n2.7/2.8 | \n13.3/12.7 | \n
2010–2019 | \n|||||
LN (2) | \n13.0 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n11.5 | \n
NEU (5) | \n17.2 | \n0.0 | \n0.4 | \n2.0 | \n14.8 | \n
EN (3) | \n23.3 | \n0.0 | \n0.0 | \n5.7 | \n17.7 | \n
Total | \n18.2 | \n0.1 | \n0.3 | \n2.8 | \n15.0 | \n
c. West Pacific | \nAll | \nNW | \nNE | \nSW | \nSE | \n
1980–1999/2000–2009 | \n|||||
LN (3/1) | \n22.7/25.0 | \n3.7/4.0 | \n3.3/6.0 | \n13.0/11.0 | \n2.7/4.0 | \n
NEU (12/6) | \n28.4/26.7 | \n2.6/3.0 | \n3.7/3.3 | \n13.0/13.2 | \n9.2/7.2 | \n
EN (5/3) | \n27.4/26.3 | \n2.2/3.3 | \n1.6/3.0 | \n10.8/9.3 | \n12.8/10.7 | \n
Total | \n27.3/26.4 | \n2.7/3.2 | \n3.1/3.6 | \n12.5/11.8 | \n9.1/7.9 | \n
2010–2019 | \n|||||
LN (2) | \n20.1 | \n4.0 | \n1.0 | \n11.0 | \n4.0 | \n
NEU (5) | \n26.2 | \n2.6 | \n3.4 | \n12.6 | \n7.6 | \n
EN (3) | \n25.0 | \n2.7 | \n1.0 | \n10.3 | \n11.0 | \n
Total | \n24.7 | \n2.9 | \n2.2 | \n11.6 | \n8.0 | \n
d. North Indian | \nAll | \nWest | \nEast | \n\n | \n |
1980–1999/2000–2009 | \n|||||
LN (3/1) | \n6.0/6.0 | \n2.3/2.0 | \n3.7/4.0 | \n\n | \n |
NEU (12/6) | \n4.5/5.0 | \n1.2/1.5 | \n3.3/3.5 | \n\n | \n |
EN (5/3) | \n4.8/5.0 | \n0.8/1.3 | \n4.0/3.7 | \n\n | \n |
Total | \n4.8/5.1 | \n1.3/1.5 | \n3.6/3.6 | \n\n | \n |
2010–2019 | \n|||||
LN (2) | \n4.5 | \n1.5 | \n3.0 | \n\n | \n |
NEU (5) | \n5.8 | \n2.6 | \n3.2 | \n\n | \n |
EN (3) | \n5.7 | \n3.0 | \n2.7 | \n\n | \n |
Total | \n5.5 | \n2.5 | \n3.0 | \n\n | \n |
e. Southern Hemisphere | \nAll | \nW IND | \nE IND | \nSW PAC | \nSE PAC | \n
1980–1999/2000–2009 | \n|||||
LN (2/2) | \n30.5/28.0 | \n4.0/5.5 | \n15.0/14.5 | \n8.0/5.5 | \n3.5/2.5 | \n
NEU (13/6) | \n27.8/25.0 | \n6.1/5.7 | \n12.5/11.8 | \n7.2/4.7 | \n1.9/2.8 | \n
EN (5/2) | \n26.6/26.0 | \n6.6/9.5 | \n6.8/6.5 | \n6.6/6.5 | \n6.6/3.5 | \n
Total | \n27.8/25.8 | \n6.0/6.4 | \n11.4/11.3 | \n7.1/5.2 | \n3.3/2.9 | \n
2010–2019 | \n|||||
LN (2) | \n22.5 | \n4.0 | \n8.5 | \n7.5 | \n2.5 | \n
NEU (4) | \n22.8 | \n6.5 | \n8.3 | \n4.8 | \n3.3 | \n
EN (4) | \n25.2 | \n8.5 | \n6.8 | \n6.8 | \n3.0 | \n
Total | \n23.6 | \n6.8 | \n7.7 | \n6.1 | \n3.0 | \n
The mean annual TC occurrence stratified by ENSO phase and sub-basin for the (a) ATL, (b) EPAC, (c) WPAC, (d) NIND, and (e) SHEMI.
IntechOpen offers several publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.
",metaTitle:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",metaDescription:"IntechOpen offers publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/why-publish-with-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"