Perception of drought impacts on homestead plant diversity (field data, 2019).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3786",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Human Computer Interaction",title:"Advances in Human Computer Interaction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In these 34 chapters, we survey the broad disciplines that loosely inhabit the study and practice of human-computer interaction. Our authors are passionate advocates of innovative applications, novel approaches, and modern advances in this exciting and developing field. It is our wish that the reader consider not only what our authors have written and the experimentation they have described, but also the examples they have set.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-15-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5754-0",doi:"10.5772/81",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advances_in_human_computer_interaction",numberOfPages:612,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b1eb4ba3bda75266f3509c41949dff16",bookSignature:"Shane Pinder",publishedDate:"October 1st 2008",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3786.jpg",numberOfDownloads:107353,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:81,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:173,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 30th 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 20th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 22nd 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 24th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"252217",title:"Dr.",name:"Shane",middleName:null,surname:"Pinder",slug:"shane-pinder",fullName:"Shane Pinder",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252217/images/system/252217.jpg",biography:"Shane Pinder holds a BSc in Mechanical Engineering\nfrom the Royal Military College of Canada and an MSc in\nAerospace Engineering from Carleton University. His\ndoctoral studies involved the development of a GPSbased\ntakeoff performance monitor at the University of\nSaskatchewan. He is a former Lieutenant in the Canadian\nForces.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"567",title:"Computer Surveillance",slug:"computer-surveillance"}],chapters:[{id:"5432",title:"Technology Enabled Learning Worlds",doi:"10.5772/5943",slug:"technology_enabled_learning_worlds",totalDownloads:2941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ray Adams and Andrina Granic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5432",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5433",title:"Current Challenges and Applications for Adaptive User Interfaces",doi:"10.5772/5944",slug:"current_challenges_and_applications_for_adaptive_user_interfaces",totalDownloads:2707,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Victor Alvarez-Cortes, Víctor H. Zarate, Jorge A. Ramirez Uresti and Benjamin E. Zayas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5433",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5434",title:"Towards a Reference Architecture for Context-Aware Services",doi:"10.5772/5939",slug:"towards_a_reference_architecture_for_context-aware_services",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Axel Buerkle, Wilmuth Mueller and Uwe Pfirrmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5434",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5435",title:"A Robust Hand Recognition In Varying Illumination",doi:"10.5772/5938",slug:"a_robust_hand_recognition_in_varying_illumination",totalDownloads:3459,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Yoo-Joo Choi, Je-Sung Lee and We-Duke Cho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5435",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5436",title:"How Do Programmers Think?",doi:"10.5772/5936",slug:"how_do_programmers_think",totalDownloads:2213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Anthony Cox and Maryanne Fisher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5436",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5437",title:"Experiential Design: Findings from Designing Engaging Interactive Environments",doi:"10.5772/5937",slug:"experiential_design__findings_from_designing_engaging_interactive_environments",totalDownloads:2986,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter Dalsgaard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5437",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5438",title:"Evaluation of Human Cognitive Characteristics in Interaction with Computer",doi:"10.5772/5935",slug:"evaluation_of_human_cognitive_characteristics_in_interaction_with_computer",totalDownloads:4475,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Nebojša Đordević and Dejan Rančić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5438",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5439",title:"Audio Interfaces for Improved Accessibility",doi:"10.5772/5934",slug:"audio_interfaces_for_improved_accessibility",totalDownloads:2648,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Carlos Duarte and Luís Carrico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5439",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5440",title:"Intelligent Interfaces for Technology-Enhanced Learning",doi:"10.5772/5933",slug:"intelligent_interfaces_for_technology-enhanced_learning",totalDownloads:2959,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrina Granic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5440",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5441",title:"Design of Text Comprehension Activities with RETUDISAuth",doi:"10.5772/5932",slug:"design_of_text_comprehension_activities_with_retudisauth",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Grammatiki Tsaganou and Maria Grigoriadou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5441",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5442",title:"Computer-based Cognitive and Socio-emotional Training in Psychopathology",doi:"10.5772/5931",slug:"computer-based_cognitive_and_socio-emotional_training_in_psychopathology",totalDownloads:3496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ouriel Grynszpan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5442",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5443",title:"Facial Expression Recognition as an Implicit Customers' Feedback",doi:"10.5772/5930",slug:"facial_expression_recognition_as_an_implicit_customers__feedback",totalDownloads:3880,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Zolidah Kasiran, Saadiah Yahya and Zaidah Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5443",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5444",title:"Natural Interaction Framework for Navigation Systems on Mobile Devices",doi:"10.5772/5928",slug:"natural_interaction_framework_for_navigation_systems_on_mobile_devices",totalDownloads:3113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ceren Kayalar and Selim Balcisoy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5444",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5444",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5445",title:"Review of Human-Computer Interaction Issues in Image Retrieval",doi:"10.5772/5929",slug:"review_of_human-computer_interaction_issues_in_image_retrieval",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohammed Lamine Kherfi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5445",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5446",title:"Smart SoftPhone Device for Networked Audio- Visual QoS/QoE Discovery & Measurement",doi:"10.5772/5927",slug:"smart_softphone_device_for_networked_audio-_visual_qos_qoe_discovery__amp__measurement",totalDownloads:2986,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jinsul Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5446",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5447",title:"Sonification System of Maps for Blind",doi:"10.5772/5926",slug:"sonification_system_of_maps_for_blind",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Gintautas Daunys and Vidas Lauruska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5447",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5448",title:"Advancing the Multidisciplinary Nature of HCI in an Undergraduate Course",doi:"10.5772/5924",slug:"advancing_the_multidisciplinary_nature_of_hci_in_an_undergraduate_course",totalDownloads:4383,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Cynthia Y. Lester",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5448",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5449",title:"Simple Guidelines for Testing VR Applications",doi:"10.5772/5925",slug:"simple_guidelines_for_testing_vr_applications",totalDownloads:3399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Livatino Salvatore and Koeffel Christina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5449",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5450",title:"Mobile Device Interaction in Ubiquitous Computing",doi:"10.5772/5923",slug:"mobile_device_interaction_in_ubiquitous_computing",totalDownloads:3081,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Thorsten Mahler and Michael Weber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5450",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5450",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5451",title:"Integrating Software Engineering and Usability Engineering",doi:"10.5772/5922",slug:"integrating_software_engineering_and_usability_engineering",totalDownloads:4074,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Karsten Nebe, Dirk Zimmermann and Volker Paelke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5451",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5451",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5452",title:"Automated Methods for Webpage Usability & Accessibility Evaluations",doi:"10.5772/5920",slug:"automated_methods_for_webpage_usability__amp__accessibility_evaluations",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Hidehiko Okada and Ryosuke Fujioka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5452",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5453",title:"Emotion Recognition via Continuous Mandarin Speech",doi:"10.5772/5921",slug:"emotion_recognition_via_continuous_mandarin_speech",totalDownloads:2865,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Tsang-Long Pao, Jun-Heng Yeh and Yu-Te Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5453",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5454",title:"Nomad Devices Adaptation for Offering Computer Accessible Services",doi:"10.5772/5919",slug:"nomad_devices_adaptation_for_offering_computer_accessible_services",totalDownloads:2615,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"L. Pastor-Sanz, M. F. Cabrera-Umpierrez, J. L. Villalar, C. Vera-Munoz, M. T. Arredondo, A. Bekiaris and C. Hipp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5454",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5455",title:"Rewriting Context and Analysis: Bringing Anthropology into HCI Research",doi:"10.5772/5918",slug:"rewriting_context_and_analysis__bringing_anthropology_into_hci_research",totalDownloads:3150,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Minna Rasanen and James M. Nyce",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5455",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5456",title:"Interface Design of Location-Based Services",doi:"10.5772/5917",slug:"interface_design_of_location-based_services",totalDownloads:3899,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Chris Kuo-Wei Su and Li-Kai Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5456",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5457",title:"Brain-CAVE Interface Based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential",doi:"10.5772/5915",slug:"brain-cave_interface_based_on_steady-state_visual_evoked_potential",totalDownloads:2990,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Hideaki Touyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5457",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5458",title:"Multimodal Accessibility of Documents",doi:"10.5772/5916",slug:"multimodal_accessibility_of_documents",totalDownloads:3252,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Georgios Kouroupetroglou and Dimitrios Tsonos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5458",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5459",title:"The Method of Interactive Reduction of Threat of Isolation in the Contemporary Human Environment",doi:"10.5772/5914",slug:"the_method_of_interactive_reduction_of_threat_of_isolation_in_the_contemporary_human_environment",totalDownloads:2475,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Teresa Musiol and Katarzyna Ujma-Wasowicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5459",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5460",title:"Physical Selection as Tangible User Interface",doi:"10.5772/5913",slug:"physical_selection_as_tangible_user_interface",totalDownloads:2578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Pasi Valkkynen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5460",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5460",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5461",title:"Geometry Issues of Gaze Estimation",doi:"10.5772/5911",slug:"geometry_issues_of_gaze_estimation",totalDownloads:4649,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Arantxa Villanueva, Juan J. Cerrolaza and Rafael Cabeza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5461",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5465",title:"Investigation of a Distance Presentation Method using Speech Audio Navigation for the Blind or Visually Impaired",doi:"10.5772/5906",slug:"investigation_of_a_distance_presentation_method_using_speech_audio_navigation_for_the_blind_or_visua",totalDownloads:2765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Chikamune Wada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5465",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5465",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5463",title:"The Three-Dimensional User Interface",doi:"10.5772/5910",slug:"the_three-dimensional_user_interface",totalDownloads:5326,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Hou Wenjun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5463",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5464",title:"User Needs for Mobility Improvement for people with Functional Limitations",doi:"10.5772/5909",slug:"user_needs_for_mobility_improvement_for_people_with_functional_limitations",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Marion Wiethoff, Sascha Sommer, Sari Valjakka, Karel Van Isacker, Dionisis Kehagias and Dimitrios Tzovaras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5464",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5462",title:"Recognizing Facial Expressions Using Model-based Image Interpretation",doi:"10.5772/5912",slug:"recognizing_facial_expressions_using_model-based_image_interpretation",totalDownloads:3127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Matthias Wimmer, Zahid Riaz, Christoph Mayer and Bernd Radig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5462",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5462",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3532",title:"Brain-Computer Interface Systems",subtitle:"Recent Progress and Future Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5005164831ec70d92d9d69788277eb20",slug:"brain-computer-interface-systems-recent-progress-and-future-prospects",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3532.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"47",title:"Recent Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-advances-in-brain-computer-interface-systems",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/47.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3167",title:"Applications of Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9d75ec4b405059c7edf889ad434a7cb",slug:"applications-of-self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"Magnus Johnsson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3167.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"440",title:"Speech and Language Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f09f63aefa849a15cc4d5268207be9fd",slug:"speech-and-language-technologies",bookSignature:"Ivo Ipsic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10238",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Ipsic",slug:"ivo-ipsic",fullName:"Ivo Ipsic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5249",title:"Human-Computer Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aeaff3ae678fbd79431e526cbf1f9165",slug:"human-computer-interaction",bookSignature:"Inaki Maurtua",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5249.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"990",title:"Mr.",name:"Inaki",surname:"Maurtua",slug:"inaki-maurtua",fullName:"Inaki Maurtua"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1975",title:"Speech Enhancement, Modeling and Recognition- Algorithms and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5001fc052cc367bd092b2c412888a7b",slug:"speech-enhancement-modeling-and-recognition-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5325",title:"State of the Art in Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8045e37f9f5a19f658562957f0cb74ca",slug:"state_of_the_art_in_face_recognition",bookSignature:"Dr. Mario I. Chacon M.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5024",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario I.",surname:"Chacon Murguía",slug:"mario-i.-chacon-murguia",fullName:"Mario I. Chacon Murguía"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1372",title:"Face Analysis, Modeling and Recognition Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71c9fb38fdc6f61f0af8839a3102ac3f",slug:"face-analysis-modeling-and-recognition-systems",bookSignature:"Tudor Barbu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33538",title:"Dr.",name:"Tudor",surname:"Barbu",slug:"tudor-barbu",fullName:"Tudor Barbu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",slug:"biometric-systems",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8321",title:"Digital Forensic Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15540cde4d2e598046f7a520f6c4b107",slug:"digital-forensic-science",bookSignature:"B Suresh Kumar Shetty and Pavanchand Shetty H",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70242",title:"Dr.",name:"B Suresh",surname:"Shetty",slug:"b-suresh-shetty",fullName:"B Suresh Shetty"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81168",slug:"corrigendum-to-effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-anima",title:"Corrigendum to: Effects of Therapeutic and Toxic Agents on Erythrocytes of Different Species of Animals",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81168.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81168",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81168",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81168",chapter:{id:"67156",slug:"effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-animals",signatures:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",dateSubmitted:"February 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 15th 2019",datePrePublished:"July 8th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"266889",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Saganuwan",middleName:null,surname:"Alhaji Saganuwan",fullName:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",slug:"saganuwan-alhaji-saganuwan",email:"pharn_saga2006@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"67156",slug:"effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-animals",signatures:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",dateSubmitted:"February 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 15th 2019",datePrePublished:"July 8th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"266889",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Saganuwan",middleName:null,surname:"Alhaji Saganuwan",fullName:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",slug:"saganuwan-alhaji-saganuwan",email:"pharn_saga2006@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12253",leadTitle:null,title:"Genetic Engineering of Plants",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2c7ae61225c1e0133130f2c56894363a",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12253.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 29th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 17th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 16th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"45240",title:"Bioremediation of Chlorobenzoic Acids",doi:"10.5772/56394",slug:"bioremediation-of-chlorobenzoic-acids",body:'
Chlorobenzoic acids (CBAs) can be released into the environment from many different sources. One possible source of CBAs is usage as herbicides or insecticides in agriculture. As a herbicide was used 2,3,6-CBA [1]. CBAs may also be formed as intermediates during the degradation of same herbicides. Namely 2,6-CBA is formed as an intermediate during microbial degradation of dichlobenil [2], 2,5-CBA in the chlorambene degradation [3] or 4-CBA is a final degradation product of the insecticide DDT [4].
Another large group of substances from whose metabolism in living organisms including mammals arise CBAs, are drugs such as indomethacin, bupropion or benzafibrate. Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory drug used to reduce fever, pain, stiffness and swelling by inhibition of the production of prostaglandins, compounds that cause these problems. From the decomposition of indomethacin arises 5-methoxy-2-methylindoleacetic acid and the same quantity of 4-CBA [5]. In the case of antidepressant bupropion just small amount (0.3%) of 3-CBA is formed next to threohydrobupropion, erythrohydrobupropion and hydroxybupropion [6, 7]. Decomposition of bezafibrate, an anti-obesity drug, leads to the formation of equal quantity of 4-CBA and 4-(2-aminoethyl)-α,α dimethyl-benzeneacetic acid. [8].
Degradation pathway of polychlorinated biphenyls by aerobic organisms [
Well known is the formation of CBAs during degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are degraded by bacteria by the so called upper degradation pathway when CBAs are formed as final degradation products (Figure 1.) [10-12]. CBAs are also formed during degradation of PCBs by white rot fungi [13] [14]. The result of these metabolic pathways is a mixture of CBAs with different position and number of chlorine atoms on benzene ring in dependence of chlorination of the degraded PCB congeners [9].
The accumulation of this way formed CBAs in waste water or in soil can lead to the deceleration or inhibition of degradation of substances of which the CBAs are degradation products [15, 16]. Therefore, it is important to understand bioremediation mechanisms of CBAs and to know the impact of other organisms, xenobiotics composition and the influence of other CBA isomers present in contaminated area that affect this process.
Bacterial degradation of CBAs can be done under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions is dechlorination the first step of degradation followed by degradation of the aromatic ring [17, 18].
The strategy of CBAs degradation under aerobic conditions depends on the position of chlorine atom or atoms on the aromatic ring. Crucial step is the dechlorination. Dechlorination step can be before or after degradation of aromatic ring. This depends on the structure of CBA as well as on the enzymatic equipment of the bacteria.
Initial step of microbial anaerobic degradation of CBAs is done by process named reductive dehalogenation. During the dehalogenation are from the more chlorinated CBA by dehydrogenation process formed less chlorinated CBAs or benzoic acid and chlorine is released as hydrochloric acid [19]. Time scale of this process depends on the number and position of the chlorine atoms in the molecule of CBA and on composition of anaerobic consortium or on strain with dehalogenation activity. Dehalogenation of CBAs can be performed under methanogenic [20], denitrification [21] or sulfate reducing conditions [22]. Also phototrophic bacteria capable of reductive dehalogenation of CBAs are known, e. g.
The next step after reductive dehalogenation is the degradation of benzoic acid. Benzoic acid can be anaerobically degraded by two different pathways [24]. The first one is initiated by reduction of benzoic acid aromatic ring. Subsequent ring cleavage and degradation of intermediates occurs by reactions similar to β-oxidation of aliphatic carboxylic acids [25].
In the second pathway is the molecule of benzoic acid activated by binding to the CoA. CoA remains bound to the molecule during all degradation steps. In this pathway is benzoate-CoA degraded to the acetyl-CoA [26]. Acetyl-CoA is then degraded in tricarboxylic acid cycle to the CO2 and water.
From previous it can be concluded that in anaerobic degradation is the molecule of CBA degraded to methane, CO2 and water with benzoic acid as intermediate (Figure 2.) [17].
Anaerobic degradation of chlorobenzoic acid adapted from [
Anaerobic degradation of CBAs can be done by pure cultures of microorganisms as well as by consortia of anaerobic microorganisms. The first pure strain that has been observed to be able to anaerobically degrade CBA was strain
Aerobic microorganisms evolved many different degradation strategies for CBAs degradation. Microbial aerobic degradation of CBAs depends on bacterial strain as well as on the structure and chlorination of CBA.
CBAs can be degraded via chlorocatechole (
Strains able to aerobically degrade CBAs belong to the gram negative strains as
In case of 2-CBA degradation there are known three different ways of degradation. All of them are about dioxygenation reaction catalyzed by 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.13) (Figure 3.).
Aerobic degradation of 2-chlorobenzoic acid by the enzyme 2-chlorobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase [
Main activity of 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is 1,2-dioxygenase reaction. In this reaction is 2-CBA degraded to catechol. During this reaction are released carbon dioxide and chlorine. Enzyme 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase has also 1,6-dioxygenase activity. In 1,6-dioxygenase reaction is formed 3-chlorocatechol. Last activity of 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is 2,3-dioxygenase reaction leading to the formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Latter two reactions proceed only in a small degree [9].
Degradation of 2-CBA by 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase was reported in two groups of microorganisms. First group degraded only 2-CBA and second next to 2-CBA also 2,3-CBA and 2,5-CBA. Both groups use for degradation 1,2-dioxygenase reaction. In case of 2-CBA this reaction leads to the formation of catechol (Figure 3.). 2,4-CBA and 2,5-CBA are degraded into 4-chlorocatechol (Figure 4.) [35].
Degradation of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic and 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid catalyzed by 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase.
For the 4-chlorocatechol degradation formed in 1,2-dioxygenase reaction with 2,4-CBA or 2,5-CBA it is necessary to have chlorocatechol degradation pathway. It is therefore assumed that the difference between both groups of microorganisms is given by presence of the chlorocatechol degradation pathway [9] despite the fact that two different 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenases are known.
First 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is a two componential enzymatic system [39]. This 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase has high homology with the toluate and benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase. Two component 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase has high affinity to 2-CBA but low to 4-CBA; 2,4-CBA and 2,5-CBA[9, 40].
Second 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is three componential [35] and this enzyme catalyzes degradation of 2-CBA; 2,4-CBA and 2,5-CBA.
Next to 1,2-dioxygenase activity the enzyme 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase has also 1,6-dioxygenase activity [9, 41]. Strain
Dioxygenase reaction in the 1,6- position is followed by 3-chlorocatechol ring cleavage forming chloromuconic acid which is dehalogenated.
Another metabolite identified in medium after cultivation of strain
Degradation of 3-CBA can be done by several different degradation pathways. Benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-CBA into 3-chlorocatechol or 4-chlorocatechol. 3-CBA can be also transformed to the protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) or 5-chloroprotocatechuate (5-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) by the enzyme 3-chlorobenzoate-4,5-dioxygenase. Another possibility is the degradation of 3-CBA via 3-hydroxybenzoic acid to the gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
First mentioned 3-CBA degradation is degradation in the benzoate degradation pathway. Breakdown of 3-CBA is catalyzed by the enzyme benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.10). Benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is a wide spread enzyme which has been identified in many microorganisms. Substrate specificity of this enzyme is relatively narrow. Benzoate-1,2-dioxygenasa catalyzes only conversion of benzoate, 3-CBA and 3-methylbenzoate [9, 43, 44].
The mechanism of reaction catalyzed by the benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase is based on the double hydroxylation in 1,2- or 1,6-position of benzene ring. The final product of this reaction is catechol in case of benzoic acid or 4-chlorocatechol or 3-chlorocatechol in case of 3-CBA degradation (Figure 5.).
Benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase of the strain
Degradation pathway for 3-chlorobenzoic acid by benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase [
Next to benzoate-1,2-dioxygenase 3-CBA can be degraded also by the 3-chlorobenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase [45-47]. Main activity of this enzyme is 4,5-dioxygenase reaction with formation of 5-chloroprotocatechuic acid. Besides the 4,5-dioxygenase reaction is a small amount of 3-CBA transformed by 3,4-dioxygenase reaction to the protocatechuic acid (Figure 6.).
The enzyme 3-chlorobenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase can catalyze also degradation of 3,4-CBA. 3,4-CBA is degraded to the 5-chloroprotocatechuic acid [34, 48] which means that 3,4-CBA is degraded by the 4,5-dioxygenase reaction.
Degradation pathway of 3-chlorobenzoic and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid by 3-chlorobenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase.
3-CBA can be also degraded by monooxygenase reaction. This reaction leads to the gentisic acid with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid as an intermediate (Figure 7.) [37]. The enzyme for the conversion of 3-CBA to the 3-hydroxybenzoic acid is not yet known, the second reaction is catalyzed by 3-hydroxybenzoate-6-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.24) [49].
Degradation pathway of 3-chlorobenzoic acid with gentisic acid as an intermediate.
Monooxygenase reaction was reported in strains
Microorganisms able of the degradation of 4-CBA mostly belong to the strains
In first mentioned 4-CBA degradation pathway is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid formed (Figure 8.). This pathway begins with the conversion of 4-CBA to 4-chlorobenzoate-CoA catalyzed by 4-chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase with the consumption of 1 molecule of ATP [53]. This reaction is followed by replacement of chlorine atom with hydroxyl group derived from water catalyzed by 4-chlorobenzoate:CoA dehalogenase [54]. The last step of 4-CBA dehalogenation is the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxybenzoate-CoA thioester by the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate:CoA thioesterase with formation of 4-hydroxybenzoate [32].
Degradation pathway of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with formation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
All of the enzymes required for this conversion are organized in one operon. This operon is regulated by the presence of 4-CBA. Genes coding this operon can be located in the chromosomal DNA as well as on a plasmid [32].
The order of genes in the operon is for each bacterial strain different.
Temporary formation of CoA thioester, one step after it was created, is special due to the energy consuming production of thioester bond. At the same time thioester formation is not required for aerobic degradation of other CBAs.
In case of anaerobic degradation of 3-CBA by strain
The second possibility of 4-CBA degradation is degradation with 4-chlorocatechol as an intermediate (Figure 9.). Formation of 4-chlorocatechol is followed by ring cleavage and dehalogenation. This way of 4-CBA degradation is much less investigated than 4-CBA degradation leading to the formation of 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Degradation pathway of 4-chlorobenzoic acid leading to the 4-chlorocatechol
Enzyme of first step of 4-CBA degradation to the 4-chlorocatechol can be either the toluate-1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.10) [31] like in case of strain
Strain
Aerobic degradation of CBA with two chlorine atoms in molecule has been reported for many strains [17]. Degradation of CBA with three chlorine atoms is relatively rare, in the literature is described only a few strains and in most cases CBAs with three chlorine atoms in molecule are degraded cometabolically.
Dichlorinated CBA can be degraded by a dioxygenase reaction. For example 2,4-CBA and 2,5-CBA which are degraded by three componential 2-halobenzoate-1,2-dioxygenase with release of 4-chlorocatechol, as described in section 2.2.1. Also degradation of 3,4-CBA catalyzed by 3-chlorobenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase with formation of 5-chloroprotocatechuate has been previously described in section 2.2.2.
In case of 2,4-CBA is known one more degradation pathway similar to the 4-CBA degradation described in section 2.2.3. In this pathway is 2,4-CBA degraded via 4-hydroxybenzoate to the protocatechuic acid (Figure 10.). This pathway has been described in strains
Degradation pathway of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid by strain
Strain
Same 2m.c consortium can also cometabolically degrade 2,3-CBA via 3-chlorocatechol to the 2-chloromuconic acid with presence of 2-CBA [60]. Strain
As it has been said before, CBAs with three chlorine atoms in molecule are converted in most cases cometabolically. Strain
Cometabolic degradation of 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid [
Strain
Degradation of 2,3,5-trichlorobenzoic acid by strain
In CBAs degradation are formed catechol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlorocatechol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, chloroprotocatechuic acid and more chlorinated catechols.
Catechols can be degraded via
In
The second enzyme of this pathway is muconate cycloisomerase or chloromuconate cycloisomerase. This is a key enzyme in the degradation of chlorinated substances. The specificity of this isomerase determines whether degradation will be by
In
Further enzyme of
Majority of known strains, use for the catabolism of catechols or chlorocatechols a modified
Catechol or chlorocatechols can be also degraded by the enzyme katechol-2,3-dioxygenase or chlorocatechol-2,3-dioxygenase in
From catechol and 3-chlorocatechol is in this step 3-hydroxy-
The 4-chlorocatechol is by the 2,3-dioxygenase reaction converted to the 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde [16]. This semialdehyde is in several steps transformed into the pyruvate and chloroacetic acid. Pyruvate is further degraded in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In case of chloroacetic acid is expected further degradation due to the fact that during the course of degradation of 4-CBA via 4-chlorocatechol by strain
In CBAs degradation next to catechol and chlorocatechols can be 4-hydroxybenzoic acid formed. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is product of 4-CBA degradation (section 2.2.3). 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is further degraded in the 3-oxoadipoic acid degradation pathway (Figure 15.) [16]. The first step of this pathway is oxidation catalyzed by 4-hydroxybenzoate-3-monooxygenase with the formation of protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid). Benzene ring of protocatechuic acid is in next step cleaved between third and fourth position. This way formed 3-karboxy-
Degradation pathway of 3-oxoadipoic acid [
3-oxoadipoic acid, which is also formed in the
In 3-CBA degradation pathway initiated by monoxygenase reaction is gentisic acid formed (section 2.2.2). Gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is, as well as protocatechuic acid, degraded in the 3-oxoadipoic acid degradation pathway into the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Figure 16.).
Gentisic acid degradation pathway [
The first step in gentisic acid degradation is the formation of maleylpyruvate by dioxygenase reaction catalyzed by gentisate-1,2-dioxygenase. Maleylpyruvate can be by isomerization transformed into the fumarylpyruvate. Maleylpyruvate and fumarylpyruvate are by respective hydrolase transformed into the malate or pyruvate, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates [9].
Due to the complexity of the described CBAs degradation pathways it can be expected that the CBAs degradation pathways will affect each other. This interaction can be positive as well as negative.
CBAs itself can affect microbial degradation of xenobiotics which are CBAs degradation products. For example, microbial degradation of PCBs can be by high CBAs concentration slowed down or even stopped [15, 44].
The influence of monochlorinated CBAs on the degradation of low chlorinated PCBs congeners by five different bacterial strains is already documented [15]. It was found that 3-CBA is the most potent inhibitor. The same result was obtained with monochlorinated PCBs degradation by strain
These findings can be explained by the formation of chlorocatechols in 3-CBA degradation with a higher probability than from other monochlorinated CBAs. Degradation of chlorocatechols in
Acylchloride can be also irreversibly bound on catechol or chlorocatechol-2,3-dioxygenase, the first enzyme in the
Another potentially dangerous intermediate is protoanemonine, substance with antibiotic properties. Protoanemonine is formed in the modified
The presence of a mixture of CBAs can also cause inhibition or activation of CBA degradation. Strain
Catechols or chlorocatechols are also potential inhibitors of bacterial CBAs degradation. If these intermediates of CBAs degradation are not enough quickly degraded they can be subject to the auto-oxidation or enzymatic polymerization with formation of brown or black pigment [73, 74]. The presence of this pigment inhibits CBAs degradation by affecting the shape of bacterial cells which may consequently lead to their death as in case of strain
Together with the microorganisms participate on the elimination of xenobiotics green plants. Green plants use for the xenobiotics elimination four different strategies: extraction of contaminants from soil and water (mostly heavy metals), uptake and detoxication, in some cases even degradation (organic pollutants), volatilization (organic compounds and some metaloids Se and As) and stimulation of microbial degradation in rhizosphere or by endophytic microorganisms. All this processes are called phytoremediation (Figure 17.), the use of green plants for removal or transformation of pollutants from the environment [76, 77].
Schematic presentation of phytoremediation processes, adapted from [
Phytoextraction is an accumulation of substances from the environment to the plant biomass. Precondition for the successful application of this process is that the plant is capable to take up contaminant by roots and ideally transport it to the aboveground parts, where contaminant is deposited in relatively high concentrations (more than 1 g per 1 kg of plant biomass). The disadvantage of this process is the possibility to re-release of contaminants from plant biomass, and their introduction into the food chain in the case of animals grazing on such plants [47, 76-78].
Phytovolatilization is uptake of pollutant by plant, which is followed by pollutant conversion to the volatile form and release in to the atmosphere [78, 79]. This type of phytoremediation is controversial because it does not reduce contamination, only transfer pollutants from soil to the air [47, 76].
Rhizodegradation is stimulation of degrading microorganisms in plant rhizosphere. This stimulation can be done by support of proliferation or by creation of conditions suitable for better survival of microorganisms with degradation activity [47, 76].
Phytodegradation is a process when pollutants are taken up into the plant body, transformed and eliminated by plant metabolism. Phytodegradation can be considered also as a process in which contamination is reduced by enzymes released by the plant into the soil. Phytodegradation is most suitable for organic pollutants [47].
Plant metabolism of xenobiotics is in many aspects similar to the mammalian metabolism, therefore plants are called green liver of the planet. Uptake of xenobiotics is done by roots, from roots are then xenobiotics transported by xylem to the aboveground (harvestable) parts of plant, where xenobiotics are transformed to the non-phytotoxic metabolites. Metabolisation of xenobiotics in plant body is done in three phases. First is transformation followed by conjugation and the last phase is sequestration in plant tissues.
During transformation phase xenobiotics are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction. Reactive groups exposed or generated in transformation stage react with moieties such as glucuronate or glutathione in conjugation phase. Soluble conjugates are transported in the final stage to the vacuole or incorporated into the cell wall, thus preventing disturbing of the cell function by them [80]. Some water plants can transport conjugates outside the plant [47].
Using plants for decontamination has many advantages. It is a cost-saving process. After planting the area, are the costs for growing and harvesting biomass relatively low, and the obtained biomass can also be used to produce heat or electricity. It is aesthetically pleasing process positively accepted by the public. It causes minimal disruption to the environment. It is also applicable to the areas with trace or low pollution and is usable for a wide range of xenobiotics [77, 78, 81].
Phytoremediation has also drawbacks. The main disadvantage is that phytoremediation compared with physico-chemical methods is slower. It should take a few years to eliminate pollution and during the process most of the decontaminated areas can not be used for commercial purposes [78]. Therefore, the goal of the phytoremediation study is to increase the efficiency and speed of this process, by the understanding and improvement of the mechanism of phytoremediation and metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of xenobiotics by plants.
About the CBAs metabolism in plants it is known, in comparison with microbial metabolism, very little. Although works have been published that deal with the CBA metabolisation in plants, it was not yet clearly demonstrated that plants degrade CBAs and not just accumulate CBAs in plant tissues.
Deavers et al. [82] investigated the metabolism of 4-CBA by cells of willow (
Other uses of the plants for metabolisation of CBAs has been described in plant tissue cultures of black nightshade (
Tissue cultures of black nightshade and horseradish were within 14 days able to remove from the medium 90% of 2-CBA and about 30% of 2,3-CBA, 2,4-CBA and 2,5-CBA at an initial concentration of 200 mg/l, if the initial concentration was reduced to 50 mg/l this cell cultures removed 100% of the mentioned CBAs. Culture of black nightshade with the same efficiency metabolized 3-CBA, 4-CBA and 2,3,5-CBA. Culture of horseradish metabolized other tested CBAs with 30-60% efficiency [10].
Siciliano and Germida [83] tested the ability of 16 different kinds of grasses grow in soil contaminated with 2-CBA (816 mg/kg). Only five of them had this ability, namely it were grasses
From these examples of CBAs metabolisation in plants is evident, that this process is not only influenced by the structure and concentration of CBA, but it is also influenced by plant species and plant capacity to "resist" the toxicity of CBA.
There are known several mechanisms for the promotion of the contamination removal from soil by plants. One of these mechanisms is a non-specific support of growth and proliferation of microbial communities by plants [84]. Support of microbial activity in the rhizosphere leading to the protection of plants from the effects of contamination and increasing the speed of xenobiotics elimination [85]. Another mechanism is specific support of degrading microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants [86, 87], secretion of enzymes capable of catalyzing the conversion of contaminants in the soil by plants [88].
Plants can promote the growth of microorganisms in the rhizosphere by excretion of root exudates into the soil [89]. Exudates may contain various ions, free oxygen, water, enzymes (e.g. laccase, peroxidase, dehalogenase, nitroreductase), substances of the saccharide nature to facilitate root growth and diverse mixes of primary and secondary metabolites. Organic compounds in exudates are divided into two groups. One is for substances with low molecular weights such as amino acids, organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites and second is for substances of higher molecular weight such as proteins and polysaccharides [90].
The problem of the use of the cooperation in bioremediation is that the increase in the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants does not always mean increased degradation of the contamination. An example of this behavior is experiment when exudates of perennial ryegrass (
Just as plants can affect the growth of microorganisms, microorganisms can also affect the growth and survival of plants in the contaminated areas. Microorganisms can help plants by production of protective biofilms or antibiotics acting as a protection against organisms potentially pathogenic for plants [91, 92]. In addition, the activity of certain microorganisms is source of nutrients for plant e.g. nitrogen compounds. Microorganisms may also increase the solubility of minerals such as phosphorus, and thus make them more accessible for plants. Another mechanism of protection of plants by microorganisms is the synthesis of low molecular weight siderophores in addition to phytosiderophores. Siderophores bind the free iron in the rhizosphere of plants. Lack of free iron negatively affects the proliferation of fungal pathogens in the root system of plants [93, 94].The presence of microorganisms can also initiate the synthesis of plant hormone such as auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins, which promote the growth of plants [91, 95]. Equally important is the mechanism for reducing stress by reduction of stress hormone ethylene concentration in plant by synthesis of microbial enzyme 1-aminocyklopropan-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase) [96].
During the life of the plant its growth may be influenced by microorganisms with one or more of these mechanisms. Influence is most evident in plants grown under stressful conditions.
In a consortium consisting of microorganisms and plants growing in the contaminated soil, in addition to the above mentioned mechanisms, can occur production of metabolites or intermediates of degradation no matter whether by plant or microorganism. These metabolites may be by the other partner further degraded and metabolized or they may be toxic. The study of the metabolism of both biological systems and their possible influence should lead to the obtaining of such a system consisting of plant - microorganisms, which increases speed and efficiency of the xenobiotics degradation process.
The issue of co-operation of plants and microorganisms on degradation of CBA is solved in several publications.
Haby and Crowley [84] compared the degradation capacity of soil from the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (
Dittmann et al. [97] examined the ability of three months old pine seedlings (
The aforementioned grass
In this work has been continued testing the degradation capacity of microorganisms and plants with other grasses and other CBAs or with a mixture of CBAs. The same composition of the consortium, thus
The above examples show that the use of plants and microorganisms in bioremediation technologies has great potential. However, selection of suitable pair of plant and microorganism is very complicated. We can assume that not only depend on the type of contamination, but it requires a deeper understanding of the principles of cooperation between this two organisms.
The work was supported by the grant GAČR 525/09/1058 and EU project MINOTAURUS (FP7-KBBE-2010-4/265946).
The most complex and uncertain natural disaster is drought, even it is difficult to predict and mitigate due to numerous factors, magnitude as well as difficulties in defining a drought. Drought causes impacts on agro biodiversity in many ways [1]. Agro biodiversity is the part of biodiversity includes both genetic diversity and crop and animal diversity in diverse agro ecosystem and different agriculture [2, 3]. It was mentioned that agro biodiversity is essentially important for sustainable development both for natural and anthropogenic as well as livelihood [4, 5]. Homestead is the traditional place and promising option for plant species conservation [6]. These efforts may help mitigate ecosystem degradation and drought impacts while providing food and economic opportunities to rural people. In the homestead, members share responsibilities and distribute gardening tasks among themselves. Women like to use homestead products for household consumption and gifting and men for sale and cash income [7]. Numerous studies in the world showed that homesteads are the place of the highest plant diversity for crops and non-crops [8]). A study mentioned that agro biodiversity support sustainable agriculture [9]. Food and Agricultural Organization-FAO [10, 11] estimated that there are 2, 50,000 to 5, 00,000 plant species in the world. According to a study, in agriculture only 1,500 plant species are being used. Another study mentioned that agrobiodiversity exists at the varietal level though number of crop species is low [12]. Agrobiodiversity provide three types of value such as use value, option value, and existence value [13]. Ecosystems that maintain naturally are considered as the major support for sustainable production and enhance food and livelihood security at local to global scale [2, 5, 14]. Agro biodiversity is contributing to agricultural production, maintaining ecosystems and human food security [12, 15, 16, 17]. Ecosystem provides four major categories of services include provisioning services, supporting services, regulating services and cultural services. Benefit may get through intrinsic values (cultural and social) and supported by biological diverse system [15].
Agro biodiversity provides diverse benefits including nutritious diets (fruits and vegetables) for human health; longer productivity; adaptation to changing conditions; and conservation methods for enabling future use. Biological diversity reduces the general risk of economic and ecological failure at individual (farmer) level as well as on global scale while making those systems more sustainable and less susceptible facing the future challenges [17, 18, 19]. Diverse agricultural production system may be less threatening to biological diversity compared to highly intensified and uniform systems, such practices still do enhance pest damage, competition for water, soil, nutrition and pollinators, result in habitat and nutrient loss and have a negative effect on non-target species [20]. The reduction of agro biodiversity is closely linked to the loss of productivity, while threatening ecological stability, the security of food supply and livelihood worldwide [15]. Strategies for identification and conservation of agro biodiversity are lacking and hence, there is need to develop indices for identification of important component of agro biodiversity, food and nutritional security. Agro biodiversity has been disturbed due to switching from rain-fed agriculture to irrigated agriculture. Increasing frequency of extreme weather patterns and droughts are going to be the most important climatic factors affecting agro biodiversity [21, 22]. Diversity has been accounted at three levels such as alpha, gamma and beta [23]. Diversity at alpha level could be measured at community level, beta for composition (change from farmers to farmers) and gamma at the larger units [2, 24]. The assessment of drought impacts on homestead plant diversity in the Barind Tract is essentially important. The study was conducted with the view to assess and compare drought impacts on homestead plant diversity in high drought and low drought areas of Bangladesh. The study is also focused on following objectives:
Find out comparative plant diversity between drought and low drought prone areas at the homestead level in relation to season
Establish the relationship with the homestead plant diversity with the variables
Estimate plant species (Timber, spices, fruits, ornamental and vegetables) diversity in the homestead
The research elicited following research questions:
Research Questions:
How they perceived drought and plant diversity?
Are there any significant changes in homestead plant biodiversity between drought and non-drought prone areas?
Is there any relationship between drought and plant biodiversity?
How drought impacted on species (plants) at the homesteads?
Research Hypotheses:
H1: There is a trend of greater homestead plant diversity in the low drought prone area than high drought prone area
The study was conducted over the period of twelve months starting from July 2018 and ended by May 2019. Two sites were selected for this study one from high drought prone site and another from low drought prone site of Barind Tract with the view to see the impacts of drought on the homestead plant diversity. Homestead agro biodiversity (plants) was calculated using Shannon’s Index. Homestead agro biodiversity (only plant species) was measured using similar size of homestead from different group (small, medium and large) as the quadrant. Plant species was studied using quadrat method covering random quadrat of 10 m × 10 m size was laid for trees, vegetables and other plants (shrubs and herbs) were laid in each homestead. Total 300 respondents (150 respondents from each site) considering equal numbers of respondents from small, medium and large category of the homestead. The farm owners were asked to know about the plant species and dietary diversity. Eight Focus Group Discussion (four from each site: two with elderly people and two with the ethnic people) have been carried out to know the insights of plant diversity at the homesteads. Semi-structured questionnaire, guided checklist, expert consultation and field observation has been carried out for this study. Quadrant method has been followed in collecting data from sample unit in the study areas. Nine quadrates from high drought prone areas and nine quadrates from low drought prone areas (3 from each farm size) have been laid for the measurement agro biodiversity. Survey on crops (species) has been carried out in the sampled quadrant. Secondary relevant information has been used to enrich the study. The agro biodiversity has been calculated using Shannon’s diversity Index.
H = Shannon’s diversity index.
S = Total number of species in the community (richness).
pi= The proportion of species
ln
An assessment on perception of drought impacts to the homestead plant diversity was carried out using Rating Percentage Index (RPI). The higher rate of respondents (RPI 30) from high drought areas perceived that plant diversity is decreasing in the homestead due to drought and low rate of respondents (RPI 42.5) from low drought areas assumed that homestead plant diversity is decreasing due to drought (Table 1). The participants from Focus Group Discussions opined that low diversity reduces production, consumption, dietary diversity and household nutrition.
Homestead diversity | High drought prone areas | Low drought prone areas | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of acceptance | Perception of rejection | RPI | Perception on acceptance | Perception on rejection | RPI | |
Decreasing | 80 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 70 | 42.5 |
Increasing | 0 | 100 | 50 | 10 | 90 | 47.5 |
Perception of drought impacts on homestead plant diversity (field data, 2019).
There is a negative impact of drought in the study areas. Results showed that low species diversity in the high drought prone areas during Rabi season (Table 2). The low diversity is the spiraling issues of drought. The occurrence of rainfall in the high drought prone areas is low and erratic that give birth low soil moisture resulting low yields or harvests. Farmers are trying to grow several crops for better yield and managing drought. Total 38 plant species were recorded in the homesteads from high drought prone areas and 34 plant species in the low drought homestead areas. Several causes such as water and moisture scarcity, land degradation, soil infertility, lack of awareness, less rainfall, high temperature and climate change issues have been identified by the respondents for low species diversity in the homesteads.
Name of Species | High Drought Prone area | Low Drought Prone area | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | PI | lnpi | -(−pi*lnpi) | Name of Species | Total | PI | lnpi | -(−pi*lnpi) | |
154 | 0.25581 | −0.59208 | 0.151 | 94 | 0.2117 | −0.6743 | 0.14275 | ||
9 | 0.01495 | −1.82535 | 0.027 | 8 | 0.018 | −1.7443 | 0.03143 | ||
17 | 0.02824 | −1.54915 | 0.044 | 19 | 0.0428 | −1.3686 | 0.05857 | ||
16 | 0.02658 | −1.57548 | 0.042 | 22 | 0.0495 | −1.305 | 0.06466 | ||
46 | 0.07641 | −1.11684 | 0.085 | 7 | 0.0158 | −1.8023 | 0.02841 | ||
12 | 0.01993 | −1.70042 | 0.034 | 15 | 0.0338 | −1.4713 | 0.04971 | ||
14 | 0.02326 | −1.63347 | 0.038 | 11 | 0.0248 | −1.606 | 0.03979 | ||
10 | 0.01661 | −1.7796 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.0203 | −1.6931 | 0.03432 | ||
8 | 0.01329 | −1.87651 | 0.025 | 14 | 0.0315 | −1.5013 | 0.04734 | ||
7 | 0.01163 | −1.9345 | 0.022 | 19 | 0.0428 | −1.3686 | 0.05857 | ||
41 | 0.06811 | −1.16681 | 0.079 | 4 | 0.009 | −2.0453 | 0.01843 | ||
4 | 0.00664 | −2.17754 | 0.014 | 2 | 0.0045 | −2.3464 | 0.01057 | ||
68 | 0.11296 | −0.94709 | 0.107 | 7 | 0.0158 | −1.8023 | 0.02841 | ||
14 | 0.02326 | −1.63347 | 0.038 | 4 | 0.009 | −2.0453 | 0.01843 | ||
67 | 0.1113 | −0.95352 | 0.106 | 4 | 0.009 | −2.0453 | 0.01843 | ||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 3 | 0.0068 | −2.1703 | 0.01466 | ||
25 | 0.04153 | −1.38166 | 0.057 | 26 | 0.0586 | −1.2324 | 0.07217 | ||
3 | 0.00498 | −2.30248 | 0.011 | 34 | 0.0766 | −1.1159 | 0.08545 | ||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 13 | 0.0293 | −1.5334 | 0.0449 | ||
15 | 0.02492 | −1.60351 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.0158 | −1.8023 | 0.02841 | ||
7 | 0.01163 | −1.9345 | 0.022 | 19 | 0.0428 | −1.3686 | 0.05857 | ||
5 | 0.00831 | −2.08063 | 0.017 | 2 | 0.0045 | −2.3464 | 0.01057 | ||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 6 | 0.0135 | −1.8692 | 0.02526 | ||
3 | 0.00498 | −2.30248 | 0.011 | 16 | 0.036 | −1.4433 | 0.05201 | ||
13 | 0.02159 | −1.66565 | 0.036 | 14 | 0.0315 | −1.5013 | 0.04734 | ||
1 | 0.00166 | −2.7796 | 0.005 | 7 | 0.0158 | −1.8023 | 0.02841 | ||
1 | 0.00166 | −2.7796 | 0.005 | 5 | 0.0113 | −1.9484 | 0.02194 | ||
5 | 0.00831 | −2.08063 | 0.017 | 26 | 0.0586 | −1.2324 | 0.07217 | ||
12 | 0.01993 | −1.70042 | 0.034 | 1 | 0.0023 | −2.6474 | 0.00596 | ||
3 | 0.00498 | −2.30248 | 0.011 | 1 | 0.0023 | −2.6474 | 0.00596 | ||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 2 | 0.0045 | −2.3464 | 0.01057 | ||
3 | 0.00498 | −2.30248 | 0.011 | 2 | 0.0045 | −2.3464 | 0.01057 | ||
3 | 0.00498 | −2.30248 | 0.011 | Ghasful | 8 | 0.018 | −1.7443 | 0.03143 | |
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 2 | 0.0045 | −2.3464 | 0.01057 | ||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | 444 | 0.9752 | 1.28672 | |||
2 | 0.00332 | −2.47857 | 0.008 | ||||||
1 | 0.00166 | −2.7796 | 0.005 | ||||||
Bombax cieba | 1 | 0.00166 | −2.7796 | 0.005 | |||||
602 | 1 | 1.201 | |||||||
Shanon Index (H) | 1.201 | Shanon Index (H) | 1.286 | ||||||
Diversity (D) | 9.239 | Diversity (D) | 12.7659 |
Plant species diversity in the homestead in Rabi season (field data, 2019).
Results showed that the plant species diversity is more in low drought homesteads and low in the high drought homesteads (Table 3).
High drought prone area | Low drought prone area | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Ni | Pi | In Pi | -(Pi*ln Pi) | Species | Ni | Pi | ln Pi | -(Pi*ln Pi) |
171 | 0.299 | −0.524 | 0.157 | 104 | 0.219 | −0.659 | 0.145 | ||
13 | 0.023 | −1.643 | 0.037 | 8 | 0.017 | −1.773 | 0.030 | ||
17 | 0.030 | −1.526 | 0.045 | 19 | 0.040 | −1.397 | 0.056 | ||
12 | 0.021 | −1.677 | 0.035 | 22 | 0.046 | −1.333 | 0.062 | ||
52 | 0.091 | −1.041 | 0.095 | 7 | 0.015 | −1.831 | 0.027 | ||
12 | 0.021 | −1.677 | 0.035 | 15 | 0.032 | −1.500 | 0.047 | ||
14 | 0.025 | −1.611 | 0.039 | 11 | 0.023 | −1.634 | 0.038 | ||
10 | 0.018 | −1.757 | 0.031 | Bel | 2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | |
Bel | 8 | 0.014 | −1.854 | 0.026 | 46 | 0.097 | −1.013 | 0.098 | |
41 | 0.072 | −1.144 | 0.082 | 14 | 0.030 | −1.530 | 0.045 | ||
Bamboo | 68 | 0.119 | −0.924 | 0.110 | 19 | 0.040 | −1.397 | 0.056 | |
Lemon | 14 | 0.025 | −1.611 | 0.039 | 2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | |
67 | 0.117 | −0.931 | 0.109 | Blackberry | 7 | 0.015 | −1.831 | 0.027 | |
3 | 0.005 | −2.280 | 0.012 | 5 | 0.011 | −1.977 | 0.021 | ||
1 | 0.002 | −2.757 | 0.005 | Litchi | 4 | 0.008 | −2.074 | 0.017 | |
Yam | 15 | 0.026 | −1.581 | 0.042 | 4 | 0.008 | −2.074 | 0.017 | |
7 | 0.012 | −1.912 | 0.023 | 3 | 0.006 | −2.199 | 0.014 | ||
5 | 0.009 | −2.058 | 0.018 | 26 | 0.055 | −1.261 | 0.069 | ||
2 | 0.004 | −2.456 | 0.009 | 34 | 0.072 | −1.144 | 0.082 | ||
Blackberry | 3 | 0.005 | −2.280 | 0.012 | Palm | 7 | 0.015 | −1.831 | 0.027 |
13 | 0.023 | −1.643 | 0.037 | Rose | 19 | 0.040 | −1.397 | 0.056 | |
Litchi | 1 | 0.002 | −2.757 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | |
Mahagoni | 12 | 0.021 | −1.677 | 0.035 | 16 | 0.034 | −1.472 | −0.050 | |
Marigold | 3 | 0.005 | −2.280 | 0.012 | Ccurbita | 9 | 0.019 | −1.722 | 0.033 |
Palm | 3 | 0.005 | −2.280 | 0.012 | Annona reticulate | 4 | 0.008 | −2.074 | 0.017 |
2 | 0.004 | −2.456 | 0.009 | 6 | 0.013 | −1.898 | 0.024 | ||
1 | 0.002 | −2.757 | 0.005 | Basellla alba | 14 | 0.030 | −1.530 | 0.045 | |
Bombax cieba | 1 | 0.002 | −2.757 | 0.005 | 7 | 0.015 | −1.831 | 0.027 | |
5 | 0.011 | −1.977 | 0.021 | ||||||
26 | 0.055 | −1.261 | 0.069 | ||||||
Chalta | 1 | 0.002 | −2.676 | 0.006 | |||||
2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | ||||||
2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | ||||||
2 | 0.004 | −2.375 | 0.010 | ||||||
Total | 571 | Total | 474 | 1.287 | |||||
Shanon Index (H) | 1.082 | Shanon Index (H) | 1.287 | ||||||
Diversity (D) | 7.294 | Diversity (D) | 12.14 |
Plant species diversity in the homestead in Kharif-1 season (field data, 2019).
It was found that homesteads of low drought areas show greater diversity than high drought area (1.287 ‹ 7.294) during Khari-2 season (Table 4). Respondents mentioned that it happened due to low rainfall and low soil moisture retention during the period.
High drought prone area | Low drought prone area | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Ni | Pi | In Pi | -(Pi*ln Pi) | Species | Ni | Pi | ln Pi | -(Pi*ln Pi) |
125 | 0.22 | −0.65 | 0.145028 | 67 | 0.218 | −0.66 | 0.14 | ||
9 | 0.02 | −1.80 | 0.028676 | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 | ||
15 | 0.03 | −1.57 | 0.041893 | 16 | 0.052 | −1.28 | 0.07 | ||
16 | 0.03 | −1.54 | 0.043891 | 15 | 0.049 | −1.31 | 0.07 | ||
46 | 0.08 | −1.09 | 0.088780 | 5 | 0.016 | −1.79 | 0.03 | ||
12 | 0.02 | −1.67 | 0.035576 | 8 | 0.026 | −1.59 | 0.04 | ||
13 | 0.02 | −1.64 | 0.037740 | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 | ||
10 | 0.02 | −1.75 | 0.031051 | sweet gourd | 6 | 0.019 | −1.71 | 0.03 | |
Bel | 8 | 0.01 | −1.85 | 0.026215 | 9 | 0.029 | −1.53 | 0.04 | |
sweet gourd | 6 | 0.01 | −1.97 | 0.020990 | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 | |
47 | 0.08 | −1.08 | 0.089931 | Ata | 3 | 0.01 | −2.01 | 0.02 | |
5 | 0.01 | −2.05 | 0.018194 | 2 | 0.006 | −2.19 | 0.01 | ||
Bamboo | 65 | 0.12 | −0.94 | 0.108144 | Blackberry | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 |
Lemon | 14 | 0.02 | −1.61 | 0.039844 | Litchi | 4 | 0.013 | −1.89 | 0.025 |
Banana | 59 | 0.10 | −0.98 | 0.102562 | Jambura | 4 | 0.013 | −1.89 | 0.02 |
Ata | 2 | 0.01 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 1 | 0.003 | −2.49 | 0.01 | |
25 | 0.04 | −1.35 | 0.059988 | Mahagoni | 14 | 0.045 | −1.34 | 0.06 | |
Bedena | 3 | 0.01 | −2.27 | 0.012096 | Marigold | 29 | 0.094 | −1.03 | 0.10 |
2 | 0.03 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 9 | 0.029 | −1.53 | 0.04 | ||
Yam | 15 | 0.03 | −1.58 | 0.041893 | Palm | 5 | 0.016 | −1.79 | 0.03 |
Chili | 7 | 0.01 | −1.91 | 0.023658 | Rose | 11 | 0.036 | −1.45 | 0.05 |
Jhinga ( | 5 | 0.01 | −2.05 | 0.018194 | 1 | 0.003 | −2.49 | 0.01 | |
Tamarind | 2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 6 | 0.019 | −1.71 | 0.03 | |
Blackberry | 3 | 0.01 | −2.27 | 0.012096 | Papaya | 13 | 0.042 | −1.37 | 0.06 |
14 | 0.02 | −1.61 | 0.039844 | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 | ||
Litchi | 2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 7 | 0.023 | −1.64 | 0.04 | |
Jambura | 1 | 0.00 | −2.75 | 0.004878 | 4 | 0.013 | −1.89 | 0.02 | |
Golap jam | 5 | 0.01 | −2.05 | 0.018194 | Coconut | 22 | 0.071 | −1.15 | 0.09 |
Mahagoni | 13 | 0.02 | −1.64 | 0.037740 | Chalta | 1 | 0.003 | −2.49 | 0.01 |
Marigold | 3 | 0.01 | −2.27 | 0.012096 | 1 | 0.003 | −2.49 | 0.01 | |
2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 2 | 0.006 | −2.19 | 0.01 | ||
Palm | 4 | 0.01 | −2.15 | 0.015242 | 2 | 0.006 | −2.19 | 0.01 | |
Rose | 2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | Ghasful | 5 | 0.016 | −1.79 | 0.03 |
Sissoo | 2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | 1 | 0.003 | −2.49 | 0.01 | |
2 | 0.00 | −2.45 | 0.008688 | Total | 308 | 1 | −59.58 | 1.31 | |
Shanon Index (H) | 1.082 | Shanon Index (H) | 1.287 | ||||||
Diversity (D) | 7.294 | Diversity (D) | 12.14 |
Homestead diversity inKhari-2 (field data, 2019).
The respondents believe that it is happening due to drought (causal effects of low soil moisture, low water holding capacity of the soil, low soil fertility and low rainfall over the season). It also affects agro ecology for the production. The numbers of family member has the effect on homestead agro biodiversity followed by age, income, education, land size and farm category. According to the hypothesis there is significant difference of homestead agro biodiversity between high and low drought prone areas. The family member has the large effect on homestead agro biodiversity followed by age, income, education and farm category (Table 5).
Diversity value | Age | Income | Education | Farm category | Tenanat type | Location | member |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.134199134 | 38 | 140000 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
0.190675991 | 60 | 120000 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
0.131275168 | 46 | 72000 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
0.092691622 | 45 | 200000 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
0.087486157 | 42 | 70000 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
0.126855601 | 42 | 300000 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
0.089473684 | 46 | 300000 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
0.177253479 | 42 | 325000 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
0.260814249 | 60 | 310000 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
0.060846561 | 60 | 120000 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
0.111111111 | 33 | 35000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
0.169117647 | 38 | 100000 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
0.070075758 | 53 | 100000 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
0.06685633 | 37 | 150000 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
0.083870968 | 52 | 175000 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
0.046444122 | 52 | 280000 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
0.109311741 | 50 | 245000 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
0.180225989 | 65 | 80000 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
r | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.08 | −0.02 | −0.40 | 0.56 |
Correlation of homestead plant diversity among the variables.
As per Focus Group Discussions, the participants mentioned that plant diversity is decreasing in the high drought prone areas due to drought effects. Seventy seven percent household respondents from high drought prone areas reported that homestead plant diversity is decreasing with the increased frequency of drought (Figure 1). Only 10 percent household respondents from low drought prone areas believe that homestead plant diversity is decreasing with the influence of drought.
status of homestead plant diversity in relation to farm category.
It was found that 30 percent respondents perceived reduced plant species diversity in the high drought area. People in the low drought area are confused about the changing of agro biodiversity. About 53% people of low drought area observed extinction of some species (Figure 2).
Drought impacts on homestead diversity.
Low drought prone area tends to a greater homestead agro bio-diversity than high drought prone area. Calculated t value 0.004555 and table value with the df (2–1) (9–1) = 8 at 99% level is 2.896, i.e. the calculated t value is less than critical t value (0.004555‹ 2.896). The hypothesis is accepted and there is significant greater homestead agro biodiversity in low drought prone area (Table 6).
Homestead number | High drought prone area | Low drought prone area |
---|---|---|
H1 | 0.134199 | 0.060847 |
H2 | 0.190676 | 0.111111 |
H3 | 0.131275 | 0.169118 |
H4 | 0.092692 | 0.070076 |
H5 | 0.087486 | 0.066856 |
H6 | 0.126856 | 0.083871 |
H7 | 0.089474 | 0.046444 |
H8 | 0.177253 | 0.109312 |
H9 | 0.260814 | 0.180226 |
Species diversity (Ds) value of high drought and low drought prone area.
It was found that homestead number five (medium farm) showed greater plant diversity in the high drought prone areas and homestead number seven (large farm) showed greater diversity in the low drought prone areas. A study reported that the small farm holders utilized their homesteads more efficiently [25]. The study found that the homesteads contained tree species, fruit tree species, vegetable species, spices, ornamental species, medicinal species and wild species for different uses (timber, fuel, food, medicine and esthetic). Total 43 plant species (trees, fruit, vegetables, spices, ornamental, fuel and medicinal) were found in the study areas. Similarly 43 plant species were reported in the homesteads from the central parts of Bangladesh [26]. Timber tree got more preferences followed by fruits, vegetables, spices and ornamental. The researcher reported that timber tree species have been found as the preferred species due to future capital as the wood [25]. The results showed that the homestead in the low drought prone areas represent greater plant diversity in the homesteads. Household use their homestead produces mostly for foods, fuel, medicinal purpose and cash income. One study concluded that home gardens can be a tool for conservation of biodiversity [27]. Homestead plant diversity is essentially important to cope with the climate change issues and drought. Similarly a study reported that homestead biodiversity enhance the resilience capacity of the community [28]. Another study found that diverse variety increases production especially in environmental extreme (drought, flood) situations, they maintain diversity to reduce the risks [29]. In our existence, more plant species biodiversity can secure food for the farming community. A study is also reported that it is hard in surviving severe drought frequently cause famine in farming communities [30].
Homestead is the great place for household food access, diet and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought arrest moisture and degrade the soil that support plant growth. Actually homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective mean for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought impacts to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management and adoption of local varieties and knowledge in order to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and doing no harm to the environment and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for adverse effects of drought to the homestead plant diversity.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"7"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11774",title:"International Law - A Practical Manual",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c607e873911da868c0764770dc224313",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Underdown",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"478218",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Underdown",slug:"michael-underdown",fullName:"Michael Underdown"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11775",title:"Global Peace and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"131303f07b492463a5c4a7607fe46ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Norman Chivasa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11775.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"331566",title:"Dr.",name:"Norman",surname:"Chivasa",slug:"norman-chivasa",fullName:"Norman Chivasa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12133",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19892b77680b500f259ea7a506365cdc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12133.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12134",title:"Sustainable Tourism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12138",title:"Online Advertising",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d1a7aaa841aba83e7199b564c4991cf1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12138.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Ireneusz Miciuła",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Joseph Crawford",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:40},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1382",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"genesiology-theriogenology",parent:{id:"300",title:"Genesiology",slug:"genesiology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:90,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitations:81,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1382",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5105",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25cd16b683d1f098bc304cbbdb3206cd",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5105.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49736",doi:"10.5772/62053",title:"Chromosome Abnormalities in Domestic Animals as Causes of Disorders of Sex Development or Impaired Fertility",slug:"chromosome-abnormalities-in-domestic-animals-as-causes-of-disorders-of-sex-development-or-impaired-f",totalDownloads:4156,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Cytogenetic evaluation is an important step in the diagnosis of infertile or sterile animals. Moreover, the analysis of sex chromosomes is crucial for a proper classification of disorders of sex development (DSD). For many years, chromosome studies mainly addressed the livestock species, while recently, increasing interest in such analysis in companion animals is observed. New molecular and cytogenetic tools and techniques have given opportunities for a precise identification of chromosome mutations. Among them, fluorescence in situ hybridization, besides chromosome banding, has become a gold standard. In this chapter, recent advances in the cytogenetic diagnosis of cattle, pigs, horses, dogs and cats are presented.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Izabela Szczerbal and Marek Switonski",authors:[{id:"177030",title:"Prof.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Switonski",slug:"marek-switonski",fullName:"Marek Switonski"},{id:"177045",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Szczerbal",slug:"izabela-szczerbal",fullName:"Izabela Szczerbal"}]},{id:"49857",doi:"10.5772/62207",title:"Germ Cell Determinant Transmission, Segregation, and Function in the Zebrafish Embryo",slug:"germ-cell-determinant-transmission-segregation-and-function-in-the-zebrafish-embryo",totalDownloads:2290,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Animals specify primordial germ cells (PGCs) in two alternate modes: preformation and epigenesis. Epigenesis relies on signal transduction from the surrounding tissues to instruct a group of cells to acquire PGC identity. Preformation, thought to be the more derived PGC specification mode, is instead based on the maternal inheritance of germ cell-determining factors. We use the zebrafish as a model system, in which PGCs are specified through maternal inheritance of germ plasm, to study this process in vertebrates. In zebrafish, maternally inherited germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) have co-opted the cytoskeletal machinery to reach progressive levels of multimerization, resulting in the formation of four large masses of aggregated germ plasm RNPs. At later stages, germ plasm masses continue to use components of the cell division machinery, such as the spindles, centrosomes, and/or subcellular organelles to segregate asymmetrically during cell division and subsequently induce germ cell fate. This chapter discusses the current knowledge of germ cell specification focusing on the zebrafish as a model system. We also provide a comparative analysis of the mechanism for germ plasm RNP segregation in zebrafish versus other known vertebrate systems of germ cell preformation, such as in amphibian and avian models.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Celeste Eno and Francisco Pelegri",authors:[{id:"177209",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Pelegri",slug:"francisco-pelegri",fullName:"Francisco Pelegri"}]},{id:"62171",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79106",title:"Intraoviductal Instillation of a Solution as an Effective Route for Manipulating Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos in vivo",slug:"intraoviductal-instillation-of-a-solution-as-an-effective-route-for-manipulating-preimplantation-mam",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Preimplantation embryos of mammals are enclosed by a translucent layer called zona pellucida (ZP), which is composed of glycoproteins. ZP is important for protecting against infection by virus and bacteria, and to prevent attachment of embryos to the oviductal epithelia. Due to the presence of ZP, it has been difficult to transfect preimplantation embryos existing within the oviductal lumen, with exogenous nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA. However, intraoviductal instillation of nucleic acids, and subsequent in vivo electroporation in pregnant females, enables transfection of these embryos, leading to the production of gene-modified animals. This new method for production of genetically modified animals does not require any ex vivo handling of embryos, which has been essential for traditional transgenesis. In this article, we describe recent advances in the in vivo transfection of preimplantation mammalian embryos, and also the possibility of simple transfection of these embryos through intraoviductal instillation of a solution, alone.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Masahiro Sato, Masato Ohtsuka and Shingo Nakamura",authors:[{id:"177440",title:"Dr.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtsuka",slug:"masato-ohtsuka",fullName:"Masato Ohtsuka"},{id:"177444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shingo",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",slug:"shingo-nakamura",fullName:"Shingo Nakamura"},{id:"245795",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"masahiro-sato",fullName:"Masahiro Sato"}]},{id:"50061",doi:"10.5772/62470",title:"Sperm Motility Regulatory Proteins: A Tool to Enhance Sperm Quality",slug:"sperm-motility-regulatory-proteins-a-tool-to-enhance-sperm-quality",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Sperm forward motility is an essential parameter in mammalian fertilization. Studies from our laboratory have identified and characterized a few unique sperm motility regulatory proteins/glycoproteins from the male reproductive fluids and mammalian blood serum. The purified sperm motility-initiating protein (MIP) from caprine epididymal plasma as well as the forward motility-stimulating factor (FMSF) and motility-stimulating protein (MSP) from buffalo and goat serum, respectively, have high efficacy to initiate or increase motility in nonmotile or less motile sperm. Antibody of sperm motility inhibitory factor (MIF-II) has the high potential to enhance sperm vertical velocity and forward motility by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level. The appearance and disappearance of D-galactose–specific lectin and its receptor along the epididymis has been reported to be involved in motility regulation in spermatozoa. A novel synthetic cryopreservation method and role of lipid to protect membrane damage during cryopreservation have been demonstrated. Motility-promoting proteins may be extremely useful for improving cattle breeding and breeding of endangered species, thereby helping in enhanced production of animal products as well as in the conservation of animals. Isolated proteins and developed cryopreservation technology may also be beneficial in human infertility clinics to increase the chance of fertilization.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Sandhya R. Dungdung, Arpita Bhoumik, Sudipta Saha, Prasanta\nGhosh, Kaushik Das, Sandipan Mukherjee, Debjani Nath, Jitamanyu\nChakrabarty, Chanakyanath Kundu, Bijay Shankar Jaiswal, Mahitosh\nMandal, Arunima Maiti, Saswati Banerjee, Madhumita\nRoychowdhury, Debleena Ray, Debdas Bhattacharyya and Gopal C.\nMajumder",authors:[{id:"50052",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahitosh",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"mahitosh-mandal",fullName:"Mahitosh Mandal"},{id:"177044",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandhya",middleName:null,surname:"Dungdung",slug:"sandhya-dungdung",fullName:"Sandhya Dungdung"},{id:"177920",title:"Dr.",name:"Arpita",middleName:null,surname:"Bhoumik",slug:"arpita-bhoumik",fullName:"Arpita Bhoumik"},{id:"177921",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"sudipta-saha",fullName:"Sudipta Saha"},{id:"177922",title:"MSc.",name:"Prasanta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"prasanta-ghosh",fullName:"Prasanta Ghosh"},{id:"177923",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaushik",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"kaushik-das",fullName:"Kaushik Das"},{id:"177924",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandipan",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"sandipan-mukherjee",fullName:"Sandipan Mukherjee"},{id:"177925",title:"Dr.",name:"Debjani",middleName:null,surname:"Nath",slug:"debjani-nath",fullName:"Debjani Nath"},{id:"177927",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitamanyu",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarty",slug:"jitamanyu-chakrabarty",fullName:"Jitamanyu Chakrabarty"},{id:"177928",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanakyanath",middleName:null,surname:"Kundu",slug:"chanakyanath-kundu",fullName:"Chanakyanath Kundu"},{id:"177929",title:"Dr.",name:"Bijay Shankar",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"bijay-shankar-jaiswal",fullName:"Bijay Shankar Jaiswal"},{id:"177930",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunima",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"arunima-maiti",fullName:"Arunima Maiti"},{id:"177931",title:"Dr.",name:"Saswati",middleName:null,surname:"Banerjee",slug:"saswati-banerjee",fullName:"Saswati Banerjee"},{id:"177932",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhumita",middleName:null,surname:"Roychowdhury",slug:"madhumita-roychowdhury",fullName:"Madhumita Roychowdhury"},{id:"177933",title:"MSc.",name:"Debleena",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"debleena-ray",fullName:"Debleena Ray"},{id:"177934",title:"Dr.",name:"Debdas",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"debdas-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Debdas Bhattacharyya"},{id:"177935",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Majumder",slug:"gopal-chandra-majumder",fullName:"Gopal Chandra Majumder"}]},{id:"63404",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80229",title:"Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle",slug:"subclinical-endometritis-in-dairy-cattle",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Subclinical endometritis is recognized as a cause of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows. Inflammation of the endometrium persisting after postpartum uterine involution has been related with prolonged calving-conception intervals and low fertility in dairy cows. The subclinical nature of this condition makes it necessary in the use of endometrial cytology or biopsy for diagnosing it. There are some controversies among authors in relation to the postpartum period from which a physiological endometrial inflammation should be considered a pathological subclinical endometritis. Therefore, depending on the sampling period after calving, different studies establish a different degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as cutoff point to diagnose subclinical endometritis. Controversies also exist regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and its consequences on the fertility of dairy cattle. The aim of this chapter was to review the current knowledge on this uterine pathology.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias, Marcos Vigo Fernández, Juan José\nBecerra González, Mónica Barrio López, Pedro José García Herradón\nand Ana Isabel Peña Martínez",authors:[{id:"243272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Quintela Arias",slug:"luis-angel-quintela-arias",fullName:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias"},{id:"243886",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Peña Martínez",slug:"ana-isabel-pena-martinez",fullName:"Ana Isabel Peña Martínez"},{id:"243887",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Herradón",slug:"pedro-garcia-herradon",fullName:"Pedro García Herradón"},{id:"243888",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Becerra González",slug:"juan-jose-becerra-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan José Becerra González"},{id:"256852",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Barrio López",slug:"monica-barrio-lopez",fullName:"Mónica Barrio López"},{id:"256854",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Vigo Fernández",slug:"marcos-vigo-fernandez",fullName:"Marcos Vigo Fernández"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49736",title:"Chromosome Abnormalities in Domestic Animals as Causes of Disorders of Sex Development or Impaired Fertility",slug:"chromosome-abnormalities-in-domestic-animals-as-causes-of-disorders-of-sex-development-or-impaired-f",totalDownloads:4156,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Cytogenetic evaluation is an important step in the diagnosis of infertile or sterile animals. Moreover, the analysis of sex chromosomes is crucial for a proper classification of disorders of sex development (DSD). For many years, chromosome studies mainly addressed the livestock species, while recently, increasing interest in such analysis in companion animals is observed. New molecular and cytogenetic tools and techniques have given opportunities for a precise identification of chromosome mutations. Among them, fluorescence in situ hybridization, besides chromosome banding, has become a gold standard. In this chapter, recent advances in the cytogenetic diagnosis of cattle, pigs, horses, dogs and cats are presented.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Izabela Szczerbal and Marek Switonski",authors:[{id:"177030",title:"Prof.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Switonski",slug:"marek-switonski",fullName:"Marek Switonski"},{id:"177045",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Szczerbal",slug:"izabela-szczerbal",fullName:"Izabela Szczerbal"}]},{id:"50144",title:"Proliferative Endometrial Lesions Hidden behind the Feline Pyometra",slug:"proliferative-endometrial-lesions-hidden-behind-the-feline-pyometra",totalDownloads:2490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The literature refers to pyometra as the most important pathology in the feline uterus, which is often associated with cystic endometrial disease (cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex or CEH-Pyo). The etiology of pyometra is complex and probably multifactorial, but hormonal influences are suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Progestagen-based contraceptives may be risk factors for the CEH-Pyo syndrome, for endometrial adenocarcinoma and also to mammary tumors in this species.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Maria dos Anjos Pires, Hugo Vilhena, Sónia Miranda, Miguel\nTavares Pereira, Fernanda Seixas and Ana Laura Saraiva",authors:[{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda"},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires"},{id:"179547",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Vilhena",slug:"hugo-vilhena",fullName:"Hugo Vilhena"},{id:"179548",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares Pereira",slug:"miguel-tavares-pereira",fullName:"Miguel Tavares Pereira"},{id:"179549",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Seixas",slug:"fernanda-seixas",fullName:"Fernanda Seixas"},{id:"179550",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"ana-laura-saraiva",fullName:"Ana Laura Saraiva"}]},{id:"49944",title:"The Use of Reproductive Technologies to Produce Transgenic Goats",slug:"the-use-of-reproductive-technologies-to-produce-transgenic-goats",totalDownloads:2432,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the production of therapeutic proteins. Thus, genes of a great number of human proteins have already been identified and cloned. The use of farm animals as bioreactors may be the better choice to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins. For this activity, the term “pharming” was created, referring to the use of genetic engineering to obtain a transgenic or genetically modified animal. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of livestock species, goats appear as a very good model. In addition, the first human commercially approved biological drug (antithrombin (AT)) was produced from the milk of transgenic goats. The aim of this chapter is to present various reproductive technologies used to obtain transgenic goats secreting recombinant proteins in milk. Initially, this chapter presents the methods for embryo production (in vivo and in vitro) to realize the DNA microinjection in pronuclear embryos. Thus, the techniques of superovulation of donors (in vivo embryo production) and ovarian stimulation for oocyte recovery (in vitro embryo production) are described. Also, the methods for DNA microinjection and embryo transfer are detailed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter describes the reproductive procedures used for obtaining transgenic goats by cloning.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Vicente J. F. Freitas, Luciana M. Melo, Dárcio I.A. Teixeira, Maajid H.\nBhat, Irina A. Serova, Lyudmila E. Andreeva and Oleg L. Serov",authors:[{id:"177122",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"vicente-freitas",fullName:"Vicente Freitas"},{id:"177194",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",slug:"luciana-melo",fullName:"Luciana Melo"},{id:"177195",title:"Dr.",name:"Dárcio",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"darcio-teixeira",fullName:"Dárcio Teixeira"},{id:"177196",title:"Dr.",name:"Maajid",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"maajid-bhat",fullName:"Maajid Bhat"},{id:"185365",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Aleksandrovna SEROVA",slug:"irina-aleksandrovna-serova",fullName:"Irina Aleksandrovna SEROVA"},{id:"185366",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Evgenievna ANDREEVA",slug:"lyudmila-evgenievna-andreeva",fullName:"Lyudmila Evgenievna ANDREEVA"},{id:"185367",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Leonidovich SEROV",slug:"oleg-leonidovich-serov",fullName:"Oleg Leonidovich SEROV"}]},{id:"63404",title:"Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle",slug:"subclinical-endometritis-in-dairy-cattle",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Subclinical endometritis is recognized as a cause of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows. Inflammation of the endometrium persisting after postpartum uterine involution has been related with prolonged calving-conception intervals and low fertility in dairy cows. The subclinical nature of this condition makes it necessary in the use of endometrial cytology or biopsy for diagnosing it. There are some controversies among authors in relation to the postpartum period from which a physiological endometrial inflammation should be considered a pathological subclinical endometritis. Therefore, depending on the sampling period after calving, different studies establish a different degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as cutoff point to diagnose subclinical endometritis. Controversies also exist regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and its consequences on the fertility of dairy cattle. The aim of this chapter was to review the current knowledge on this uterine pathology.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias, Marcos Vigo Fernández, Juan José\nBecerra González, Mónica Barrio López, Pedro José García Herradón\nand Ana Isabel Peña Martínez",authors:[{id:"243272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Quintela Arias",slug:"luis-angel-quintela-arias",fullName:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias"},{id:"243886",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Peña Martínez",slug:"ana-isabel-pena-martinez",fullName:"Ana Isabel Peña Martínez"},{id:"243887",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Herradón",slug:"pedro-garcia-herradon",fullName:"Pedro García Herradón"},{id:"243888",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Becerra González",slug:"juan-jose-becerra-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan José Becerra González"},{id:"256852",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Barrio López",slug:"monica-barrio-lopez",fullName:"Mónica Barrio López"},{id:"256854",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Vigo Fernández",slug:"marcos-vigo-fernandez",fullName:"Marcos Vigo Fernández"}]},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The development in cryobiology in animal breeding had revolutionized the field of reproductive medicine. The main objective to preserve animal germplasm stems from variety of reasons such as conservation of endangered animal species, animal diversity, and an increased demand of animal models and/or genetically modified animals for research involving animal and human diseases. Cryopreservation has emerged as promising technique for fertility preservation and assisted reproduction techniques (ART) for production of animal breeds and genetically engineered animal species for research. Slow rate freezing and rapid freezing/vitrification are the two main methods of cryopreservation. Slow freezing is characterized by the phase transition (liquid turning into solid) when reducing the temperature below freezing point. Vitrification, on the other hand, is a phenomenon in which liquid solidifies without the formation of ice crystals, thus the process is referred to as a glass transition or ice-free cryopreservation. The vitrification protocol applies high concentrations of cryoprotective agents (CPA) used to avoid cryoinjury. This chapter provides a brief overview of fundamentals of cryopreservation and established methods adopted in cryopreservation. Strategies involved in cryopreserving germ cells (sperm and egg freezing) are included in this chapter. Last section describes the frontiers and advancement of cryopreservation in some of the important animal models like rodents (mouse and rats) and in few large animals (sheep, cow etc).",book:{id:"10664",slug:"animal-reproduction",title:"Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",authors:[{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1382",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 21st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:12,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:14,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:70,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101116",signatures:"Tetsuo Nakamoto, Alexander U. Falster and William B. Simmons Jr",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101187",signatures:"Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Aparna I. Narayana and Dhanasekar Balakrishnan",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101215",signatures:"Nelli Yildirimyan",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",signatures:"Ichiro Nakajima, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, Akao Lyvongsa, Bounnhong Sidaphone, Somphone Phanthavong, Chanthavisao Phanthanalay and Souksavanh Vongsa",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/183357",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"183357"},fullPath:"/profiles/183357",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()