List of major and stable QTL for heat tolerance-related traits in wheat.
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Wheat is the second most important cereal crops of the world occupying about 220 million hectares area (mha) with a production of 716 million tons of food grain with a productivity of 3.2 tons per hectare [1]. It is extensively grown in Asia particularly in China and India. In India its production is enhances after the green revolution of late 1960s followed by another green evolution during 1980s. During these two green revolutions, the rate of annual growth in wheat production globally was ~3%, but in recent years it is declined to <0.9% due to appearance of new biotic and abiotic stresses. Although currently, the global wheat production has been able to meet the current demand and consumption, but we will have to enhance production and achieve the targets of at least ~858 Mt to meet the demand in 2050, as against current global production of 763 Mt. It comprises amounts to at least ~15% desired increase in global wheat production (1.5% annual increase) during the next three decades to feed the global human population, which is estimated to reach ~9.7 billion in 2050 (https://population.un.org/wpp/). It is quite challenging to achieve this target production despite of shrinkage in arable land due to urbanization, and the probable negative impact of climate change. Due to its significant contribution to global food security, it is very much essential to improve its production and productivity to feed the ever increasing population on limited cultivated land. However, the most remarkable environmental concern in agriculture is the increase of global temperature. With regard to global climate models, the mean ambient temperature is predicted to increase by 1–6°C by the end of twenty-first century [2]. Such increase of global temperature may have a significant influence on agricultural productivity in accordance with the severity of the high temperature, drought, salinity, water logging, and mineral toxicity stresses (Figure 1).
Abiotic stress adaptive mechanism and their associated traits in plants heat stress tolerance.
High temperature-induced heat stress is expressed as the rise in air temperature beyond a threshold level for a particular period which is sufficient to cause injury or irremediable damage of crop plants in general [3]. The heat stress situation is become more intense when soil temperature increases due to increase in air temperature associated with decline in soil moisture. It negatively affects the yield attributing traits and ultimately results in reduction in wheat productivity. Some indicators of heat stress effects in wheat are illustrated in Figure 2. Wheat is very sensitive to heat stress particularly in some physiological growth stages. It has been estimated that reduction in global wheat yield falls by 6% for each 1°C of further temperature rise [4]. The low latitudes showed a distinct increase in simulated yield variability with higher temperature than that observed at high latitudes. This greater relative yield decline was due to the higher reference temperature [5]. The effects of heat stress on plants are very complex resulting in alteration of growth and development, changes in physiological functions, and reduced grain formation and yield.
Major effects of heat stress on plants growth and development. Pn, Rs, and Ci indicate photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration respectively.
Heat stress leads to changes in plant water relations, reduction of photosynthetic capacity, decreases of metabolic activities and changes of hormones, production of oxidative reactive species, promotion of ethylene production, reduction of pollen tube development, and increases of pollen mortality [1] in wheat. During the period from 1880 to 2012, the Earth’s system warmed by 0.85°C [6]. This warming period will be continue and is predicted to rise between the range of 1.5–4.0°C in the future [7]. The changes in climatic factors like temperature, precipitation, CO2, weather variability, and soil moisture deficit would have positive or negative effects on crop system which will appears in its production level. The deleterious impacts of climate change on crop production are challenging the food security of the world and it is predicted that sustaining wheat production will be impacted more by increasing temperature. High temperature affects crops in different ways including poor germination and plant establishment, reduced photosynthesis, leaf senescence, decreased pollen viability, and consequently production of less grain with smaller grain size. Degree of such effect varies depending on the crops, cultivars, phenological stages, sowing dates and management practices. Some other adaptation measures are related to surface cooling by irrigation, antioxidants defense [8] and osmoprotectants [3, 5] minimizes the effects of heat stress. However, development of heat-tolerant wheat varieties and generation of improved pre-breeding materials for any breeding program in future is crucial in meeting the food security [9]. Proteomic and transcriptomic data are important to identifying genes and proteins that respond to environment, and affects yield and quality of wheat.
Breeding is a strategy for genetic manipulation of crop and its adaptation response under changing environment. Therefore, it requires the evaluation of genetic diversity of existing germplasm for the selection and induction of stress inducible genes/QTLs of genetic resources for developing new varieties in the production systems.
Recent advances in molecular science play an important role to understand the complexity of stress response mechanisms under heat stress conditions and emphasized on the knowledge of molecular pathways and protective mechanisms to breed heat stress tolerant plants. Heat tolerance is obviously a polygenic trait, and the molecular techniques also help in analyzing the genetic basis of plant thermo tolerance. QTL mapping and subsequent marker-assisted selection made it possible to better understanding the heat tolerance in plants [10]. Recently several QTLs for different yield component traits have been identified which can be used for developing heat tolerance in wheat. For example, QTLs for heat tolerance has been identified for grain weight and grain-filling duration, senescence-related traits and canopy temperature. Besides others recognized QTLs present on chromosomes 2B, 5B and 4A in wheat under heat stress conditions [11]. The electrolyte leakage is an indication of reduced cell membrane thermo stability (CMT) which reflects the performance of wheat genotypes under heat shock. Genotypes generating heat shock proteins (HSPs) can withstand heat stress as they protect proteins from heat-induced damage. It has been also suggested that the abundance of small heat shock protein and superoxide dismutase during milky-dough stage plays a vital role in the biosynthesis of starch granule, and this will help to develop heat-tolerant wheat cultivars containing high grain quality. A large number major and stable QTLs were reported (Table 1), which included for agronomic traits and for physiological traits showing ≥20% phenotypic variances. These QTLs may prove useful for improvement of such traits using marker assisted selection (MAS).
Sl. no. | Traits/QTL | Phenotypic variance (%) | Linked marker (position in cM) | Physical position (Mbp)d | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. Q .Yld.aww-3B-2 | 22 | XWPT8021-Xgwm0114B (190.7) | 802.3 | — | |
a. Qtgw.iiwbr-2A | 23.7 | Xgwm12280.8 | (174.41) | — | |
b. QHthsitgw.bhu-7B | 20.3 | Xgwm1025–Xgwm745 (144.1) | ND | [12] | |
c. 2A (36.1)c | 224,948|F|0-9:T > A-9:T > A-kukri_c22235_1549 (21–24) | ND | [13, 14] | ||
a. Qtgws.iiwbr-2A | 28.9 | Xgwm497.1 (41.61) | 684 | — | |
b. Qgws.iiwbr-2A | 19.9 | Xgwm122 (171.41) | 80.8 | — | |
a. Qlgns.iiwbr-2A | 23.16 | Xgwm372 (149.01) | 203.3 | — | |
b. Qgns.iiwbr-2A | 20.04 | Xgwm448 (166.51) | 154.4 | — | |
a. QHknm.tam-2B | 21.6 | Xgwm111.2 (36.9) | 786.6 | [15] | |
a. QHkwm.tam-3B | 19 | Xwmc527 (89.8) 540.2 | [15] | ||
b. QHkwm.tam-3B | 21.2 | Xwmc326 (123.6) | 778.7 | [15] | |
a. QHskm.tam-1A | 22.6 | Xcfa2129 (43.2) | 513.7 | [15] | |
b. QHskm.tam-2A | 21 | Xgwm356 (129.5) | 670.6 | [15] | |
a. QHgfd.iiwbr-5A | 22 | X1079678|F|0 (107.5) | ND | [16] | |
b. QHthsigfd.bhu-2B | 20.2 | Xgwm935–Xgwm1273 (385.3) | ND | [12] | |
a. Q .Eet.aww-7A-2 | 39 | XPPDD1-XWPT0330 (35) | 63.5 | — | |
a. Q .Ctgf.aww-3B | 21 | XWPT-8021–Xgwm0114B (192.7) | 802.3 | — | |
a. QHtctd.bhu-7B | 19.8 | Xgwm1025–Xgwm745 (144.1) | ND | [12] |
List of major and stable QTL for heat tolerance-related traits in wheat.
Genetic engineering and transgenic approaches can diminish the adverse effects of heat stress by improving heat tolerance mechanisms [17]. It involves the incorporation of genes for heat tolerance into the desired plants [18]. However, the complexity of the genomic pattern makes it difficult to research for genetic modification in wheat. Prolong exposes to heat stress leads to increases in production of protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) in chloroplast which is associated with heat tolerance in wheat. The constitutive expression of EF-Tu in transgenic wheat protected leaf proteins against thermal aggregation, reduced thylakoid membranes disruption, enhanced photosynthetic capability, and resisted pathogenic microbes infection [19], hence the wheat genotypes having more EF-Tu showed better tolerance to heat stress as compared to genotypes with less EF-Tu [20]. Recently, it have been found that many transcription factors (TFs) involved in various abiotic stresses and engineered to improve stress tolerance in crops [21].
Drought stress can be simply defined as a scarcity of water which leads to dramatic changes in morphological, biochemical, physiological, and molecular features [22]. All of these changes hamper plant growth and crop production. Negative impact of drought stress appears at any growth stage and level of adverse effects depends on stage specific stresses and local environment. Therefore, genotypes may be tested for their drought tolerance at different particular growth stages. Severity of drought induced damage on plants depending on plant genotype and growth stage. Some genotypes may show tolerance to drought at germination or seedling stage, but these may be very sensitive to drought at the flowering stage or vice versa. Globally, more than 50% of the wheat cultivated land is exposed to periodic drought which causes losses up to 9–10% in production. Furthermore, decrease in precipitation and increasing evaporation as a consequence of global warming may expected to increase in frequency of drought and its severity in the future. Therefore, understanding the drought induced damages in wheat plants and approaches to improve drought tolerance is crucial to increase wheat productivity. Drought stress imposes damaging effects on several plants physiological processes occur in its different growth stages such as germination, vegetative growth, reproductive, and maturity. Under such stress conditions plant restricts the photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, uptake and transportation of water and nutrient and translocation of assimilates. Drought stress damages the cell membrane structure, disorganization of ultra-structural cellular components and disruption of its properties, enzyme activities and anion and cationic imbalance are some of the major reasons for disturbing plant physiological processes. Drought stress usually leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2−), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH−) are the most common species which are generated due to iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction due to the activities of lipoxygenases, peroxidases (POX), NADPH oxidase, and xanthine oxidase. The ROS in any form causes substantial damage to cell components and can cause cell death [23]. Plants have a very much evolved antioxidant defense system to rummage and keep up a reasonable degree of ROS to keep cells from oxidative harm. Under cell antioxidant defense system, it have some nonenzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, AsA; glutathione, GSH; phenolic compounds; alkaloids; non protein amino acids; and α-tocopherols) and some antioxidant enzymes (super oxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione reductase, GR; monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; and glutathione-S-transferase, GST) which work coordinately to eliminate ROS in an efficient way. Biotechnological approaches also helpful in enhancing the antioxidant system to confer oxidative as well as abiotic stress tolerance. Performances of drought-affected plants are remarkably improved by exogenous application of osmolytes, hormones, antioxidants and signaling molecules.
Drought stress tolerance is a complex trait influenced by genetic with many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and environmental factors. Genetic analyses of drought tolerance have been studied through the development of molecular markers and genome sequencing in wheat. Such analyses include several approaches, e.g., QTL-mapping, association-mapping, genome-wide analyses and expression analysis aim to identify QTL or gene-related traits for drought stress tolerance. Revealing the genetic basis underlying the drought tolerance in wheat requires a phenotypic and genetic variation of relevant traits in large populations with dense genetic maps. The genetic basis of drought tolerance is due to polygenic inheritance, where each gene has small effect with high GXE interaction, hence low-heritability. Furthermore, the genetic independence of drought tolerance at different developmental stages makes the detected QTL less useful in crop improvement. Therefore, several QTLs have been discovered for drought tolerance-related traits, but a limited number of QTLs are genetically characterized or cloned and incorporated in breeding programs. Identifying stable QTL with large-effect that controls many drought tolerances-related traits at different developmental stages would be a great effort for crop improvement, but has not been found.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are location from where some genes influence a phenotype of quantitatively inherited trait. Genetic variations of a crop can be clarified through QTL mapping (polygenes). Mapping of QTL allows the estimation of the places, quantity, level of effects for the phenotype, gene activity pattern and important genomic regions. Multi-environmental field conditions are commonly used to evaluate the genotype performance [24, 25] using a different type of bi-parental population, e.g., recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, doubled haploid (DH) population [26, 27] or advanced backcross [28]. Different DNA molecular markers have been used to genotype the populations and identify QTL [26, 29]. Recently, a high-density genetic SNP map [28] (SNP array or genotyping by sequencing (GBS)) have been used to genotype the population [27]. Numerous QTLs have been identified for grain yield on chromosomes one, three and six, grain number per spike on chromosome two, three and six and spikelet number for each spike on two, five and six. Such major QTL controlling grain yield can be utilized in marker-helped determination rearing for yield improvement under dry spell pressure. QTL studies using a biparental mapping population have also discovered the genetic factors of other physiological and adaptive traits (Table 2), e.g., leaf chlorophyll content, leaf waxiness and leaf rolling in wheat, transpiration efficiency, water-use efficiency, biomass, leaf area, and growth rate-related traits in wheat. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis on drought tolerance in wheat has revealed QTLs for, photosynthesis, soluble carbohydrates, water status, carbon isotope discrimination, canopy temperature, coleoptiles vigor and stay-green.
Traits | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|
Grain yield | 1B, 1D, 3B, 4A, 6D, 7D | [30] |
Grain weight per spike | 1B, 1D | [31] |
Thousand grain weight | 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B,4A, 4D, 6A, 6D, 7B, 7D | [32] |
Grain number (m−2) | 1B, 5A, 5B, 7D | [33] |
Grain number per spike | 1A, 2A, 2B, 3A, 6B | [33, 34] |
Harvest index | 1B, 2D, 4BS, 5A | [32] |
Spike number per plant | 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B, 5A,7B | [32] |
Spikelet compactness | 1A, 1B, 2B, 5A, 5B, 6A,6B, 7A | [32] |
Spikelet number per spike | 1B, 1D, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7D | [32] |
Sterile spikelet number per spike | 7A | [32] |
Fertile spikelet spike per spike | 2A | [32] |
Spike length | 2B, 7A, 7B | [32] |
Biomass | 1B | [32] |
Shoot biomass | 4B | [35] |
Spike length | 2B, 7A, 7B | [32] |
Leaf area, growth rate, transpiration efficiency, water-use efficiency | 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 6A | [36] |
Stomatal density, index, aperture area, length; guard cell area and length | 2B, 4AS, 5AS, 7AL, 7BL;1BL, 4BS, 5BS, 7AS | — |
Stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate | 5A, 6B | [33] |
Root length | 2D, 4B, 5D, 6B | [35] |
Root biomass | 2D, 4BS | [35] |
Abscisic acid (ABA) | 1B, 2A, 3A, 4D, 5A, 6D,7B | [37] |
Jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene | 6A | [38] |
The detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for agronomic, physiological and metabolite traits in wheat using bi-parental mapping populations.
QTL investigation is so basic to target characteristics and for doing this a couple of stages are required. Initially, phenotypic evaluation of reasonably huge population for markers which are polymorphic is required. Besides, genotyping of the population is noteworthy. Thirdly, there is a prerequisite for quantifiable examination to distinguish the loci that are influencing the target trait. Several studied has been done and recognized >1200 QTLs for various characteristics conveyed over every one of the 21 chromosomes engaged with dry season resilience. Most extreme number of QTLs has been accounted for agronomic attributes, trailed by physiological qualities and root characteristics. Among agronomic qualities, most extreme QTL are known for thousand grain weight (TGW) trailed by grain yield and different attributes recorded under dry season conditions just as should be expected conditions. Among physiological qualities, most extreme number of QTLs are accessible for SPAD/chlorophyll content (82 QTL) trailed by water-dissolvable starches (76 QTL), coleoptile length (68 QTL). Among the root characteristics, greatest number of QTL is known for root length. Just 70 of these detailed QTL are major (clarifying ~>20% PVE), and just 19 QTL (counting 14 QTL for agronomic qualities, 5 for physiological attributes) are steady QTL utilized for QTL examination. The root attributes display high QTL × environment interaction, which recommends non accessibility of stable QTL for these characteristics. Fourteen stable major QTL were accounted for five agronomic attributes, with phenotypic fluctuation for individual QTL extending from 19.60% (grain yield QTL qGYWD.3B.2) to 45.20% (1000-grain weight QTL on 3B). These QTL can be utilized for development of dry spell resistance utilizing marker assisted selection (MAS). Two of the five QTL for grain yield that respond to dry season/heat stress cover a specific Mega QTL; these two QTL are found one each on chromosomes 4A and 7A [39] in areas, which likewise harbor QTL for the accompanying 14 qualities, which add to seedling rise, grain yield and reception to dry spell conditions: (1) days to heading, (2) days to development, (3) remain green propensity, (4) biomass, (5) shelter temperature; (6) carbon isotope separation, (7) coleoptile energy, (8) grain filling, (9) plant stature, (10) portion number, (11) spike thickness, (12) 1000-bit weight, (13) water-solvent sugars and (14) grain yield. Two other QTL for kernel width/thickness proportion on chromosome 5A cover a MQTL on 5A which represent to QTL for plant stature, spike weight and TGW [39]. The four stable major QTL for dry spell resilience incorporate two QTL for grain yield and two QTL for kernel width/thickness proportion. In an ongoing report, after broad field tests directed under pressure conditions in India, Australia and Mexico, a fundamental impact yield QTL (QYld.aww-1B.2) was fine-mapped to 2.9-cM locale relating to 2.2-Mbp genomic area containing 39 predicted genes (Tura et al., 2020). This QTL could be exploited in wheat breeding. The QTL for TGW, which is a significant segment of grain yield and have high heritability as well as stability, can be exploited for development of grain yield under water stress. Four QTL for days to heading and days to maturity may likewise be exploited utilizing MAS. Five significant and stable QTL for three physiological characteristics (SPAD/chlorophyll content, stem save assembly and water-solvent starches) each clarified PV running from ~20 to ~60% (Table 3). These attributes add to grain filling/advancement and thus to grain yield. The markers related with QTL for these characteristics are additionally acceptable possibility for marker assisted selection (MAS).
Sl. no. | QTL/trait | PVE % | Linked marker (position in cM) | Physical position (Mbp) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Grain yield | |||||
a. qGYWD.3B.2 | 19.6 | Xgpw7774 (97.6) | 16.2 | — | |
b. 4A | 20 | Xwmc420 (90.4) | 538.2 | — | |
c. 4A-a | 23.9 | Xgwm397 (6) | 708.6 | [11] | |
d. Qyld.csdh.7AL | 20.0 | Xgwm332 (155.9) | 681.6 | [40] | |
e. 6D | 26.6 | 2,265,648|F|0-60:A>G-60:A>G-RAC875_c57371_238 (73) | ND | [14] | |
2. 1000 grain weight | |||||
a. 2A | 36.1 | 2,264,948|F|0-9:T > A-9:T > A-Kukri_c22235_1547 (21.0-24.0) | ND | [14] | |
b. 3B | 45.2 | Xbarc101 (86.1) | 34.3 | [41] | |
c. QTgw-7D-b | 21.9 | XC29-P13 (12.5) | ND | [42] | |
3. Days to heading | |||||
a. QDh-7D.b | 22.7 | XC29-P13 (12.5) | ND | [42] | |
b. QHd.idw-2A.2 | 32.2 | Xwmc177 (46.1) | 33.7 | [29] | |
c. 5D | 21.4 | 1,126,619|F|0-21:A > T-21:A > T-wsnp_Ex_c1278_2449191 (162) | ND | [43] | |
4. Kernel width/thickness ratio | |||||
a. qWTR-5A-1 | 33.09 | Xwmc74-Xgwm291 (61) | 702.5–698.1 | [44] | |
b. qWTR-5A-2 | 23.59 | Xgwm291-Xgwm410 (71) | 698.1 | — | |
5. Days to maturity | |||||
a. QDm-7D.b | 22.7 | X7D-acc/cat-10 (2.7) | ND | [29] | |
1. Stem reserve mobilization | |||||
a. QSrm.ipk-2D | 42.2 | Xgwm249a (142) | 141.1 | [45] | |
b. QSrm.ipk-5D | 37.5 | Xfbb238b (19) | ND | [45] | |
c. QSrm.ipk-7D | 21 | Xfbb189b (338) | ND | [45] | |
2. Water-soluble carbohydrates | |||||
a. QWsc-c.aww-3A | 19 | Xwmc0388A (64.9) | 208 | — | |
3. SPAD/chlorophyll content | |||||
a. Qchl.ksu-3B | 59.1 | Xbarc68 (67.2) | 76.1 | [46] |
A list of major and stable QTL (PVE ranging from 19 to 59%) for agronomic and physiological traits identified under drought/water stress.
PVE shows phenotypic variation explained; c means position of linked flanking marker was given if either the second marker or its sequence was not available; ND explain the physical position of QTL could not be determined due to lack of linked marker sequence information.
As of late, genome-wide investigations fuse genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) has been used to grasp the inherited multifaceted nature and breed for drought tolerance. GWAS approaches can be utilized with huge quantities of SNPs that produce a high-thick guide in an enormous and various assortments that give an elective way to deal with distinguish explicit qualities while the GS can be utilized in both bi-parental and different populaces. A predetermined number of studies have concentrated on physiological attributes, e.g., leaf green region, leaf water substance and water-soluble carbohydrates with around 12 MTAs have been distinguished. Chromosome 1A was found to contain a significant genomic region for physiological attributes, for example, water-dissolvable starches. Recently, utilized the most recent wheat genome sequences to physically map the most consistent and significant genomic regions that related with numerous agronomic and physiological attributes under drought stress in wheat. For example, the physical region of 1A was as a highly significant region for grain weight, flag leaf area and flag leaf width.
Globally, over 20% of the cultivable land is influenced by salinity. Because of environmental change and anthropogenic exercises, the salt influenced region is tended to increase day by day. A saline soil is commonly characterized as one in which the electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturation extract in the root zone surpasses 4 dS m−1 (roughly 40 mM NaCl) at 25°C and has a exchangeable sodium of 15%. It has been assessed that overall 20% of all out developed and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands are influenced by high salinity. Salt affected soils currently constitute 6.74 million ha in various agro ecological regions, the zone is probably going to increment to 16.2 million ha by 2050. Abiotic stresses (including salinity) are responsible for more than 50% yield reduction [47]. In opposite, because of fast increment of worldwide population, food production ought to be expanded by over 70% by 2050 [48]. Wheat (
In saline soil plant development is restrained by two reasons. To begin with, it decreases the plant’s capacity to take up water, and this prompts more slow development. This is the osmotic stress or water-deficiency impact of salinity. Second, it might enter the transpiration stream and in the end harm cells of leaves includes in the transpiration prompts further reducing development. This is the salt-specific or ion-excess effect of salinity. The two impacts give rise to a two-stage development response to salinity (Figure 3). The outline shows the development reaction to salt that is included step by step.
Schematic outline of the two-stage development reaction to salinity for genotypes that differ in the rate at which salt arrives at harmful levels in leaves. For annual species, the time scale is d or wk., depending upon species and salinity level. For perennial species, the timescale is months or yr. During stage 1, development of the two genotypes is decreased in light of the osmotic stress of the saline solution outside the roots. During stage 2, leaves in the more sensitive genotype die and decrease the photosynthetic limit of the plant. This applies an extra impact on development [
Salt tolerant is a polygenic trait directed by multiple factors/genes. There are various systems for salt resilience helps in decreasing Na+ gathering in the cytoplasm by restricting Na+ section into the cell, effectively moving Na+ out of the cell, and compartmentalizing Na+ into the vacuole. High-affinity potassium transporters (HKTs) are most active at level of plasma membrane and act as Na+/K+ symporters as well as Na+ particular uniporter. Significant two subfamilies of HKTs: HKT1 and HKT2 are being investigated phylogentically [53]. HKT1 are only permeable to Na+ but HKT2 are penetrable to both Na+ and K+. The group of HKTs having a place HKT/Trk/Ktr-type K+ transporter superfamily are found generally in microorganisms and plants. In numerous plants, Na+ and Cl− are avoided by roots and water is taken up from the soil. This avoidance at higher salinities is kept up by halophytes. For example, sea grain grass,
Thereby it maintains concentration of ROS in normal range and prevent oxidative burst in plants. Phenolic compounds also show important role in neutralizing the free radicals, quenching singlet oxygen and decomposing peroxides. Different approaches have been adopted to improve plant performance under salt stress; introduction of genes, screening of better performing genotypes, and crop improvement through conventional breeding methods which are often not so successful and not suitable due to time consuming or reduction of plant vigor with the succession of time. Uses of exogenous phytoprotectants, seed priming, nutrient management, and application of plant hormones are convenient for improving plant performances. These approaches are being also popular for stress management practices including the salt stress.
In this manner it keeps up concentration of ROS in ordinary range and prevent oxidative burst in plants. Phenolic compounds additionally show significant job in neutralizing the free radicals, extinguishing singlet oxygen and breaking down peroxides. Various methodologies have been adopted to improve plant performance under salt stress; introduction of genes, screening of better performing genotypes and crop improvement through traditional breeding techniques which are frequently not all that fruitful and not reasonable because of tedious or decrease of plant vigor with the progression of time. Uses of exogenous phytoprotectants, seed priming, supplement management, and utilization of plant hormones are advantageous for improving plant exhibitions. These methodologies are being also popular for stress management practices including the salt stress.
Class 1HKT genes are involved in regulating transport of Na+ in higher plants. Several HKT1 genes including HKT1; 1/2-like, HKT1; 3-like, HKT1; 4-like, and HKT1; 5-like, have been identified and mapped to wheat homologous chromosome groups 2, 6, 2 and 4 respectively. Among these, Nax1 in chromosome 2AL co-segregated with sodium transporter gene HKT1; 4-A2, which was shown to control Na+ unloading from xylem in roots and sheaths. Nax2 was mapped to the distal region of chromosome 5AL that is homologous to a region on chromosome 4DL containing Kna1 [54]. Based on synteny and phylogeny analysis with Nax2, TmHKT1; 5-A significantly reduced leaf sodium content and increased durum wheat grain yield by 25% compared to lines without the Nax2 locus. Furthermore, decreased expression of TaHKT1; 5-D, which is homoeologous to TmHKT1; 5-A and underlies Kna1 locus in bread wheat, caused by target-specific RNA interference-induced silencing (RNAi) led to an accumulation of Na+ in leaves, strongly suggesting that TaHKT1; 5-D should be the candidate gene of Kna1.
Class 1HKT genes are engaged with managing transport of Na+ in higher plants. A few HKT1 genes including HKT1; 1/2-like, HKT1; 3-like, HKT1; 4-like, and HKT1; 5-like, have been recognized and mapped to wheat homologous chromosome groups 2, 6, 2 and 4 respectively. Among these, Nax1 in chromosome 2AL co-segregated with sodium transporter gene HKT1; 4-A2, which was appeared to control Na+ emptying from xylem in roots and sheaths. Nax2 was mapped to the distal region of chromosome 5AL that is homologous to an region on chromosome 4DL containing Kna1 [54]. In view of synteny and phylogeny investigation with Nax2, TmHKT1; 5-An altogether decreased leaf sodium content and expanded durum wheat grain yield by 25% contrasted with lines without the Nax2 locus. Besides, diminished articulation of TaHKT1; 5-D, which is homoeologous to TmHKT1; 5-An and underlies Kna1 locus in bread wheat, brought about by target-explicit RNA obstruction actuated hushing (RNAi) prompted a collection of Na+ in leaves, firmly proposing that TaHKT1; 5-D ought to be the applicant quality of Kna1. A major mechanism in salinity tolerance of wheat is Na+ exclusion mediated by HKT genes. AtHKT1 is regulated by small RNA and DNA methylation. Moreover, DNA methylation also participates in the response of TaHKT1; Transcription factors such as AtAB14 and OsMYBc were shown to regulate HKT genes in plants, offering more candidate targets for enhancing salinity tolerance.
When there is high concentration of salt in plant system, the activation of complex physiological responses such as phytohormone signaling pathways and developmental signals starts to adapt the stress; therefore it is essential to identify the environmental and developmental signals. First of all an attempt was performed by looking at phytohormones, as most phytohormones are regulatory factors of both developmental process and stress response. For example, the wheat gene TaAOC1, encoding cyclase involved in jasmonic acid synthesis, was induced by high salinity. Constitutive expression of TaAOC1 in both wheat and Arabidopsis restricted root growth, but enhanced salt tolerance and Jasmonic acid content. It indicates the different branches of metabolic pathway participate in a single process but controlled by different mechanisms. Light is an essential factor that positively affects the development and growth of plants. TaGBF1, a blue light specific responsive G-box binding factor, was prompted after exposure to salt. TaGBF1 caused salt affectability and advanced light blue interceded photomorphogenesis, indicating that it was a typical segment of the blue light and salt stress responsive signaling pathways. Curiously hereditary examination recommended that the job of TaGBF1 because of salt depended on AB15, a key part of ABA signaling pathway. The extensive studied has been done for the identification of salt tolerant QTLs. The available studies led to identification of ~500 QTL (excluding those involved in digenic epistatic interactions and QTL × treatment interactions); these QTL are spread over all the 21 wheat chromosomes and could prove useful resource for MAS intended at improving salt tolerance in wheat. The phenotypic variance (PV) explained by individual QTL ranged from 8.4% to 38.0%, and only a dozen major QTL have been reported (Table 4). The traits used for QTL analysis included Na+ exclusion/content, K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio, etc., both at the seedling and adult plant stages. Since several studies in different plant systems including wheat have demonstrated that Na+ concentration is not necessarily associated with salinity tolerance, other additional mechanisms (tissue tolerance and osmotic adjustment) may also be examined in future in order to breed for salinity tolerance in bread wheat. It has been studied that bread wheat exhibit low rates of Na+ transport, which leads to high K+/Na+ ratio in leaves. A high K+/Na+ discrimination provides tolerance to salinity stress. The extensive studied has been accomplished for the ID of salt open minded QTLs. The accessible examinations prompted identification of ~500 QTL (barring those associated with digenic epistatic collaborations and QTL × treatment communications); these QTL are spread over all the 21 wheat chromosomes and could demonstrate valuable asset for MAS expected at improving salt resilience in wheat. The phenotypic difference (PV) clarified by individual QTL extended from 8.4% to 38.0%, and just 12 significant QTL have been accounted (Table 4). The qualities utilized for QTL investigation included Na+ rejection/content, K+ substance and K+/Na+ proportion, and so forth., both at the seedling and grown-up plant stages. Since a few investigations in various plant frameworks including wheat have exhibited that Na+ fixation is not really connected with saltiness resilience, other extra components (tissue resistance and osmotic alteration) may likewise be analyzed in future so as to raise for saltiness resistance in bread wheat. It has been contemplated that bread wheat show low paces of Na+ transport, which prompts high K+/Na+ proportion in leaves. A high K+/Na+ segregation gives resilience to saltiness stress.
Sl. no. | Traits | QTL/locus | PVE % | Linked marker | Physical position (Mbp)a | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na+ exclusion | Kna1 | — | Xwg199, Xabc305, Xbcd.402, Xpsr567, Xpsr375 | 390.2 | [55] | |
Na+ exclusion | Nax1 | 38 | Xgwm312, Xwmc170 | 709.0–711.5 | [56] | |
Dry weight of plumule at germination | Qpdwg-4D.1 | 19.8 | Xfbb226–Xfba177 | ND | [57] | |
Na+ exclusion | QNax.aww-7AS | 41 | Xwmc083–Xcdo595 | 89.9 | [58] | |
Booting | QB.uabcs-2D | 23.6 | Xcdo1379 | [59] | ||
Ear emergence time | QEet.uabcs-2D | 27.1 | Xcdo1379 | ND | ||
Flowering | QFl.uabc-2D | 26.7 | Xbcd102a | ND | ||
Maturity | QM.uabc-2D | 28.9 | Xcdo137 | ND | ||
Ear length | QEl.uabc-2D | 21.5 | Xbcd102a | ND | ||
Seedling shoot fresh weight | 3B-1 | 19.2 | wPt-798,970-wPt-8303 | ND | ||
Na+ exclusion value | qSNAX.7 A.3 | 18.79 | AX-95248570–AX-95002995 | 700.6 | [60] | |
3rd leaf Na+ and K+ concentration and K+/Na+ ratio | 4B | 18, 20, 27 | Xm564 | 657.1 | [61] | |
3rd leaf Na+ concentration | 3B | 18 | Xm551 | 701.9 | ||
K+ μmol/g dry weight | QK.asl-5A | 28.2 | Vrn-A1 | 587.4 | [62] |
A list of major QTL/loci (PVE of ~>20%) for plant traits under salt stress condition in bread and durum wheat.
Position of one flanking marker was given if either the second marker or its sequence was not available.
PVE: phenotypic variation explained; “–“explain PVE% not available; ND shows physical position of QTL could not be determined due to lack of linked marker sequence information.
Germination of wheat inside the grain ear head before reap is called pre-gather sprouting (PHS). Exposure of prolonged precipitation and high humidity after the grain has matured and before it very well may be collected can prompts pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), which can be thought of as an premature germination. Germination can start as a wheat seed retains moisture and swells. A noticeable sign of PHS incorporates kernel swelling, germ discoloration, seed-coat parting, and the root and shoot emergence.
Pre-collect growing in bread wheat (
Pre-harvest sprouting is controlled by genetic factors, environmental conditions and their interactions. The protection from germination is fundamentally connected with an adequate level of kernel dormancy. Pre-harvest sprouting depends significantly on (1) hereditary attributes like kernel coat, protecting structures of spike and straightness of spike, (2) natural conditions like temperature and precipitation, and (3) agronomic perspective like fertilization. The main considerations next to conditions influencing the resilience to PHS are seed dormancy, seed coat penetrability and color, α-amylase activities, endogenous hormones levels, genes and QTLs. Dormancy was seen as the fundamental internal factor which lead to the wheat resistance from PHS [64, 65, 66]. The seed coat permeability is the essential guaranteeing divider which could increase the wheat PHS resilience. The seed coat color additionally assumes a critical activity in PHS. All around, white wheat varieties have higher germination rates than the red ones [67]. Cultivars having red kernels are more impervious to growing than white ones. Accordingly, red kernel shading is consistently used as an indicator of sprouting resistance in wheat. The α-amylase viewed as one of the significant elements that influence wheat germination rate, cold versatility and production. Some extraordinary endogenous factors like gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acidic acid (IAA) could in like manner impact PHS through a wide scope of ways. PHS is a quantitative characteristic compelled by various genes. Viviparous-1 (Vp-1) has been recognized as the main gene that coordinated seed germination and dormancy. Some different genes were also regarded to participate in embryos maturing, seed dormancy and germination through system guideline with Vp-1 to control PHS. QTLs for dormancy and PHS were found in different materials through molecular markers. During kernel development, the Vp-1 gene expressed in cytoplasm subsequent to flowering controlled seed dormancy at the transcriptional level, advanced the seed development and checked the outflow of germination-related genes [68]. There were numerous allelic variety of Vp-1 gene in various grain crops, however the anticipated protein of Vp-1 was monitored with four DNA binding regions A1, B1, B2, and B3. Three alleles Vp-1A, Vp-1B, Vp-1D of Vp-1, situated on 3A, 3B and 3D homologous chromosomes in wheat, separately, have been identified [66, 69]. Numerous investigations additionally centered on the allele’s variety of Vp-1 to clarify how Vp-1 managed the resistance to PHS. Six alleles of Vp-1A, namely Vp-1Aa, Vp-1Ab, Vp-1Ac, Vp-1Ad, Vp-1Ae and Vp-1Af, were found in 81 wheat cultivars and advanced lines [69]. Six alleles of Vp-1B named Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb, Vp-1Bc, Vp-1Bd, Vp-1Be and Vp-1Bf were likewise found in wheat [69, 70]. However, no alleles of Vp-1D were found in wheat. The wheat varieties with alleles of Vp-1Ab and Vp-1Ad were regarded to have low germination index (GI) and strong PHS tolerance [69]. However, the wheat varieties with the allele Vp-1Ba have higher germination index and more sensitive to PHS than the other five ones, which even positively influenced on the decrease of germination rate [69, 70]. More than 47 investigations on QTL interval mapping for PHS resistance and related characteristics including ~40 distinct population derived from bread wheat (including synthetic wheat), durum wheat and
Number of QTL for five different traits associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance reported in the 47 studies in wheat.
Maximum numbers of QTL have been accounted for PHS index followed by seed dormancy, germination index, falling number, alpha amylase activity and grain color. About ~250 QTL were distinguished, among them just 29 QTL were major and stable across environments; these QTL are conveyed on 11 unique chromosomes (1B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 2B, 3B, 4B, 7B, 2D, 3D and 7D); the most noteworthy PV explained by an individual QTL range from 23% to 78.3%.
Chromosomes from homoeologous groups 3 and 4 together conveyed 17 of the 29 significant and stable QTL. The PHS and the germination index (a measure of dormancy) have regularly been utilized for estimation of tolerance against PHS. PHS indx is a simple to score parameter and reliable, with the goal that it has been widely used. The QTLs because of seed dormancy, which is characterized as the powerlessness of practical seeds to develop under conditions great for germination is additionally connected with PHS tolerance. The QTL for PHS tolerance, present on the long arms of chromosomes of homoeologous group 3, have regularly been accounted for to be related with genes for red grain color, which contributes to coat-imposed dormancy. A significant stable QTL for PHS (QPhs.ccsu-3A.1; 24.68–35.21% PV) was accounted [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80]. The utilization of markers related with this QTL in MAS brought about significant level of PHS tolerance, which was tragically connected with red grain color.
In wheat markets, especially in Southeast Asia and Middle East, Africa and North America, there is a consumer preference for white grain. Along these lines, endeavors were later made to deliver white-grained PHS-tolerant wheat genotypes; for this purpose, major and stable QTL on chromosomes of group 4 and different chromosomes were suggested. SSR markers are accessible for practically all major and stable QTL (Table 5); these SSR markers have been utilized for introgression of a QTL for PHS/dormancy to derive lines with high degree of PHS tolerance related with golden grains.
Sl. no. | Traits/QTL | PVE (%) | Linked marker | Physical position (Mbp)c | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FN/5A | 26.4 | Xpsr1194–Xpsr918b | ND | [81] | |
α-AA/5A | 30.0 | Xpsr1194–Xpsr918b | ND | [81] | |
SD/4AL (33–77.2) | Xcdo795/Xpsr115 | [82] | |||
PHS/QPhs.ccsu-3A.1 (78.3) | Xwmc153–Xgwm155 | 701.7–702.9 | [71] | ||
SD/QPhs.ocs-3A.1 (23.0–44.8) | Xbarc310/Xbcd907 | 7.1 | |||
GI/QGi.crc-3B | 27.0 | Xbarc77–Xwmc307 | 430.1–783.5 | [83] | |
SI/QSi.crc-3B | 24.0 | Xbarc77–Xwmc307 | 430.1–783.5 | [83] | |
FN/QFn.crc-3B | 33.0 | Xbarc77–Xwmc307 | 430.1–783.5, | [83] | |
GI-14/QPhs.dpivic-3D.1 | 26.0–43.0 | Red Grain Color RGC -wms1200 | ND | [84] | |
VI/QPhs.dpivic-4A.1 | 21.0 | Xbarc170–Xgwm269c | 605.7–607.8 | [84] | |
11. | PHS/QPhs.pseru-3AS | 31.26–44.96 | Xbarc12–Xbarc321 | 11.7–15.4 | [85] |
QPhs.dpi.vic.4A.2 | 27.78–39.84 | Xgwm637–Xgwm937 | 617.4 | ||
PHS/2DS | 25.73–27.50 | Xgwm261–Xgwm484 | 19.6–48.1 | [86] | |
GI/QGI.crc-4B | 28.2–66.6 | Xwmc349 | 640.9 | [87] | |
PHS/QSI.crc-4B | 6.2–26.9 | Xwmc349 | 640.9 | [87] | |
PHS/QPhs.cnl-2B.1 | 24.0 | Xbarc55–Xwmc474 | 133.5–172.6 | — | |
GC/QGc.ccsu-3B.1 | 15.28–40.42 | Xgwm938–Xgwm980 | ND | [88] | |
PHS/QPhs.ccsu-6A.1 | 12.01–29.47 | Xgwm1296–Xgwm1150 | ND | [88] | |
PHS/QPhs.caas-3AS.1 | 11.8–27.7 | Xbarc294–Xbarc57 | 7.9–10.3 | [89] | |
GI/QGi.crc-4A | 27.6–58.1 | — | ND | [90] | |
PHS(SI)/QSi.crc-4A | 10.5–32.1 | — | ND | [90] | |
PHS(SI)/QSi.crc-7B | 11.8–20.5 | — | ND 1/2 | [90] | |
FN/QFn.crc-7D | 13.2–20.6 | — | ND | [90] | |
PHS, SD/Qphs.pseru-4A | 17.2–26.5 | GBS_212432–GBS_109947 | ND | [91] | |
QPhs.spa-4B | 35.0–60.0 | Xwmc617b–Xwmc48a | 15.7–98.7 | [92] | |
QPhs.spa-7D2 | 14.0–47.0 | Xbarc76–Xcfa2257a | 634.0 | [92] | |
GI/3AS | 21.6–41.0 | KASP-222 | 7.2 | [93] | |
qPHS.sicau-3D | 8.65–42.47 | AX-94415259 | 562.5–5 | [94] |
A summary of the major and stable QTL for pre-harvest sprouting/dormancy-related traits in wheat.
The World Health Organization classifies the blindness as a severe disability that corresponds with its category VI, whereas the category VII is considered to be a maximum severity [1]. Visual impairment and blindness are problems which can affect significantly in functioning for daily living activities, to live with independent life, indoor and outdoor movement, social inclusion & participation, communication, employment, and finally impacted on the quality of life [2, 3, 4]. Such impacts extend much beyond individuals who have the problem, but also to the family, to the society as well as the community to a large extent. In addition, the present COVID-19 pandemic and its preventive measures pose a new challenge in terms of performing the daily living tasks among visually disabled people as well as to receive their daily supports for living [5]. Globally, around 253 million people who have some form of visual loss are facing such challenges and difficulties in their everyday life [6]. These people need to live with independent lives, and cope these daily challenges and difficulties resulting from visual impairment whether it is at home, workplaces, schools, or market. Fortunately, the continued advance in assistive technology has provided a new platform and opportunities for people living with visual impairment to overcome many of these barriers and challenges that they encounter in their everyday lives. Digital assistive technology is one of them that has grown rapidly in the past few years which helps in solving these challenges.
Many smart digital assistive technologies based on electronic information, communication technology for visual impairment have been gaining a lot of importance across the world in recent times [7, 8]. Such smart assistive technologies have many accessible features and accessible applications for persons with disabilities, including low vision and blindness. For instance, the technology of mainstream assistive devices, e.g., mobile phones and tablets, has evolved substantially over the years from simple basic phone, such as NOKIA 8110, to high end and touch screen smartphones or tablets or I-pad with operating system of IOS, or Android platform (Figure 1). With ongoing advance in smartphone technologies, it is becoming even more feasible for the person with visual impairment to rely on mobile technology in understanding their immediate surrounding, and to access huge amounts information that can improve their level of independent functioning, movement, social inclusion, participation, educational activities, and finally helps in improving the quality of life [9]. Now, smartphones have become a part of our everyday life and replacing gradually the traditional assistive devices (such as Braille materials Figure 2) in doing various routine tasks and bringing the solutions [10, 11].
Simple phone, smartphone, and tablet (left to right).
Braille book, Braille slate and stylus, Braille type writer (left to right).
Conventionally, people and even health care providers, frequently, do not consider smartphones as assistive technology for visual impairment and blindness [12, 13]. Since, the smartphone technology heavily relies on a good visual function, many believe that such a technology is not particularly accessible to individuals with visual impairment. There is perceived limitation on the use of smartphones among the general public, eye care professionals, and caregivers, by visually impaired people.
Over the last few years, the research on “Human-Computer -Interaction” has been gaining a lot of attention, and have been developed many innovative assistive technologies that drive with a new interface design which not only makes more accessible, user-centered but also user-friendly for visually disabled people. Such remarkable changes in assistive technology development transform the need of visual interaction to audio or haptic or tactile interaction with the technology. Till now smartphones are one of the most advance features of computer technology of the 21st century, that contain many functionalities of advance computer technologies, including technologies related to electronic information and communication system. Various innovations on usage of other body senses, for example, gestures, haptic, or audio, other than vision are being developed, making a truly eyes-free means in human smartphone interaction (Figure 3), and thereby, significantly improve accessibility to individuals with visual impairment. The smartphones have a large touchscreen system to run it, and can access mobile internet data, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Such an innovative touch-screen accessibility leads to an obvious benefit to visually challenged individuals, and also helps to overcome many challenges. The common operating systems of smartphones are based on the Android, Apple iOS and Windows phone, BlackBerry; Android being the most common, 59.1% in market shared [14].
Eyes-free smartphone interaction using gesture.
There are built-in accessible features in smartphones that facilitate for all users regardless of disabilities or individuals’ functional limitations. These accessible features enable a person with a disability to interact with the contents in the smart mobile phones [15]. A large number of accessible built-in features have been developed specifically for people with blindness and visual impairment. Few examples are highlighted in Table 1. These features have been preserved mostly on Apple iOS and Android operating platform, contributing more than 90% of the world smartphone market [16]. The most widely used built-in accessible feature as screen readers are TalkBack for Android (Figure 4) and VoiceOver for Apple iOS (Figure 5) among people with visual impairment [17]. The Talback feature allows the user to easily identify the content or applications icons on the smartphones’ screen with a verbally speak words or voice from the device upon touching with fingers on the icons. By simply placing a finger on the icons, the smartphone will read aloud what icon is underneath the finger. Similarly, VoiceOver provides voice feedback aloud what appear on the smartphones’ screen, so iOS operating smartphone can be used without the need of visual function. A visually disabled individual can slide around on the screen with finger until the desired icons is located.
Features | Operating system | Operating mode | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|
Voice assistant (Google assistant, Siri) | iOS/Android | Audio based | Ask it a question. Tell it to do things |
TalkBack | Android | Audio based | Screen reader |
VoiceOver | iOS | Audio based | Screen reader |
Text to Speech/Voice recognition | iOS/Android | Audio based | Read aloud |
Select to speak | iOS/Android | Audio based | Select to speak, Speak selection |
Zoom magnification/Font size | iOS/Android | Visual based | Zoom in the display |
Contrast | iOS/Android | Visual based | Differences between an object and its background. |
Invert colors | iOS | Visual based | White becomes black, black becomes white, orange becomes blue. |
Voice Inputs Keyboards | iOS/Android | Audio based | Typing through voice command |
Accessible built-in features of smartphones.
Built-in features in Android operating system.
Built-in features in iOS operating system.
This feature provides unwavering support to perform activities of daily living, communication, social interaction, for a severe visually impaired or blind users, where human-vision smartphone interaction is impossible or difficult. For a person with a low vision, the zoom magnification feature helps to magnify the entire screen to the required level of individual’s choice. Invert colors allows to change the white text on a black background, and vice versa or blue text on a yellow background A study on iPhone accessibility features in visually impaired population shows that the Zoom Magnification and Large Text were the most common use features among people with visual impairment [15]. This study reported that many participants were interested to use other accessibility features if they are familiar and trained on how to use such accessible features of a smartphones.
Generally, people believe that smartphones are inaccessible to people with a visual impairment; visually disabled people will face a lot of difficulties when they use for their everyday lives. This is because, operating smartphone is based on touch screen which is relied largely on good visual functions. When human-digital technology-interaction i.e., interface, is depend on vision, then visually impaired people face a tremendous limitation to access all kind of the information present in the smartphone. With ongoing advances and sophistication in mobile technology, the smartphone can be operated with eyes-free interface in an efficient way. These accessible applications are based on audio and tactile/haptic based interaction substituting the need of visual based interaction. There are many “apps” available that are accessible to people with visual disability. Few examples are given with a brief description of each in Table 2. Figure 6 represents illustrations of few accessible apps. Majority of these apps are freely available online, so a visually impaired person can download, and install any specific app for their purpose.
Apps | Operating system | Operating mode | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|
Kibo | Android | Audio based | Image reading, (pdf, e-book, doc, reader Hindi & English both |
Be My Eyes | Android, iOS | Audio based | Help by Sighted person (volunteer) through video calling |
Supersense | Android, iOS | Audio based | Information about surrounding, Artificial intelligence (AI) |
Visor | Android, iOS | Video based | Magnifier (Near objects) |
Binoculars | Android, iOS | Video based | Distance viewing (Super zoom camera) |
Mani | Android, iOS | Audio based | Mobile Aided Note Identifier |
BlindSquare | iOS | Audio based | Navigation, search places, etc. |
Khabri | Android | Audio based | Audio news, current affair, job, horoscope, stories, and promotional podcasts Hindi, etc. |
Phonepe or Google Pay | Android, iOS | Audio based | Easy and reliable way to make hassle-free payments online, E-Transaction |
AccessNote | iOS | Audio based | Note taking |
KNFB Reader | Android, iOS | Audio based | Its text-to-speech, text-to-Braille, and text highlighting tools make it valuable for blind |
Blind Bargains | Android, iOS | Audio based | It brings you the latest sales, deals, and news on computers, screen readers, notetakers, Braille printers, hard drives, accessible cell phones, memory cards, talking products, household items, and much more |
Seeing Eye GPS | iOS | Audio based | The Seeing Eye GPS, is a fully accessible turn-by-turn GPS iPhone app with all the normal navigation |
Bard Mobile | Android, iOS | Audio based | It allows you to download and read audio books from the National Library Service (NLS) for the Blind, but needs to register in NLS |
Audible | Android, iOS | Audio based | It provides a lot of audio books for people with visual impairment and blind |
Some accessible applications for visual impairment of smartphones.
Third Party accessible applications.
These applications enable the smartphones serve as assistive technology for visually impaired people and facilitate to do tasks related to independent living, performing daily activities, to engage in education, societal activities, help in access information in today’s digital society, sighted help, and to improve the overall quality of life. For example, the “Kibo” application helps an individual with a visual disability to access all electronic prints or pdf files or word document files (Figure 7); Be My Eyes for sighted help; Visor for color inverts; Mani app for currency identification and RightHear for navigation.
Kibo accessible application.
Smartphones, both its accessibility features and applications are being used for a wide range of daily living tasks that might have executed previously with the help of traditional assistive devices, e.g., magnifiers. The operating system can download a third-party accessible application to have a customised functionality. These accessible apps can be used for object and obstacle identification, sighted help, communications, emailing, reading e-Book and writing (Access Note, Be My Eyes, KNFB Reader, TalkBack, Braille Touch), news reading & listening (AccessWorld, Blind Bargains), entertainment, calendar functioning, currency identification, GPS navigation (Mani app, BlindSquare, Seeing Eye GPS) social networking, recording memos and color identification, talking calculator, so on.
An exploratory study on smartphone use among people with visual impairment shows that more than 90% of respondents used their mobile for activities such as calls, sending and receiving message, browsing the web, reading emails; 70–80% of them used smartphone for calendar functions, listening music and social media, and networking; 60 to 70% of them used for reminders and to take photos for reading with Optical Character Recognition [18]. This study also shows that 80% of participants used a smartphone for outdoor GPS navigation. An online survey conducted in a developed country in 2014 reported that 81% of respondents with a visual impairment used smartphone apps for various routine activities [19].
In a global survey on the use of accessible apps, more than 95% of people with visual impairment reported that these special apps were useful, and being used to accomplish their daily activities [20]. The most frequently use apps were Be My Eyes, ColorID, CamFind, followed by screening reading and writing apps, e.g. TalkBack, KNFB Reader BrailleTouch. The study population of this global survey highlighted about the satisfaction of these special accessible apps of smartphones. In many cases, the smartphones apps can function for multipurpose tasks that facilitate independence living. Natalina et al. study also highlighted that the smartphones are replacing many traditional assistive solution to a great extend in doing daily activities [18]. A few studies reported that participating in digital arenas and accessing digital technology, including smartphones, reduce loneliness feeling, improve social contact, information sharing, gaining a better interaction with friends and family [21, 22, 23].
A study on tele-rehabilitation services for visually challenged students, in which smartphones were used exclusively, reported that smartphones based tele-health services offer a safe and an efficient way of providing all reliable information of COVID-19 pandemic, including various preventive strategies among students with visual disability. Such a tele- health services help to avoid the direct face to face contact between providers and patients. The study also highlighted such a platform helps in psychological counseling for fear and panic, facilitating and addressing the many unseen challenges faced by visually disabled people during the lockdown and pandemic period [24].
Conventionally, patients with low vision and blind receive optical and non-optical vision rehabilitation services using various traditional assistive devices such as magnifiers (both near & distance) and Braille, Digital Accessible Information System (DASIY) book and video magnifiers or Closed Circuit Television -CCTV (Figure 8). Although, the beneficial for traditional devices are widely documented in literature, their adoption and consistent use amongst visually impaired individuals is impeded by various factors, such as, discomforts, expensive, weight, difficult to carry, social stigma attached to it, lack of technical support in terms of training, lack of skills and knowledge in caregivers, unavailability [25, 26, 27]. For example, the cost of CCTV is 1000 USA dollars or more. Therefore, non-procurement by visually disabled is likely to be high. At the same time, the abandonment and disuse of these traditional devices are ranging from 30%, reaching upto 75% for few devices [28].
Traditional assistive technologies (left to right: CCTV, Optical magnifiers, DAISY)
Mainstream smartphones are visually and physically demanding, and are well adopted by general population across the world, therefore when an individual with a visual loss uses a smartphone, the users are less likely drawn to public attention in comparison with traditional assistive devices. Furthermore, they are less likely to pose a social stigma while using them, less discomfort to use it and seldom have any negative peer reaction on the users. As evidence exists on the influence of stigma and social negative reaction on adoption of tradition assistive devices in people with visual disability [18, 29].
In addition, the smartphones are available any time and any place, and universally design and user can carry everywhere [17]. The portability of smartphones with a lanyard or holsters is an important advantage as reiterated by visually impaired population. Their cost is relatively lower in prices compared to earlier periods. Therefore, the mainstream devices are replacing the traditional assistive devices in performing multiple daily living tasks, though the traditional devices are still in use for a limited specific purpose [18]. A study highlights that independent living, accomplishing daily living tasks will be better function in a person with visual impairment with app than without app [30].
The smartphones can be connected with the internet Wi-fi, Bluetooth for various purposes, further the accessible features and apps help to access various useful information. Such advance technologies help to accomplish a lot of activities from home avoiding the needless travel among the users. The new wireless charging system for smartphones is recently added on characteristics which can help to re-charge the battery. With a new norm after COVID-19 pandemic, the smartphones and accessible apps help in availing tele-rehabilitation services provided by eye care centre [31, 32]. Such tele-health service help to avoid the unnecessary travel to the hospital and maintain social distancing during the lockdown.
As of today, many of us do not view smartphones as assistive technology for visual impairment. One of various reasons for it is, the healthcare providers, caregivers, even eye care professionals have a lack of awareness and understanding of the beneficial aspects of such smart mobile technologies, resulting in a lack of recommendation [33]. There are hardly any studies available about awareness on accessible apps among eye care providers or caregivers. Such studies are needed in the future while addressing the issues. Increasing accessibility and access or use of smartphones in persons with visual impairment requires sensitization and making understand the mainstream eye care providers, medical practitioners, including primary health physician, caregivers, family members at the fore front, even to a large section of the community. Therefore, digital literacy and providing information on accessible applications and features are required at all level health care delivery or hospitals, community, before generating awareness and skills development amongst beneficiaries. Accomplishing these activities should be one of the priorities of the vision rehabilitationists or low vision specialists, medical social workers, formal and informal community-based organization delivering services to visually disabled people. In this, the integration of assistive technology services for visual impairment, including smartphones into eye care practices or other related services for disabled could be worthwhile. There is a need for involvement of multiple sectors for such a large-scale activities, since involving only health sector is less likely to be a successful strategy. For example, educational sector for generating awareness among teachers, students; Information and Technology sector for enhancing learning, communication channels, labour market for easy availability, etc. should be involved in the awareness activities.
In addition, the relevant minitrial divisions of a country should have a policy to address the gap in the services of assistive technology for visual impairment, including smartphones and demands in their respective countries. International organization like The World Health Organization, Global Alliance for Assistive technology, UN convention for Rights for persons with Disabilities can support countries’ policy and planning for assistive technology services, including service related to smartphones for disabled as a whole.
The number of accessible apps and accessible features are continuously growing over time for people with visual impairment. Designers are continuously fostering to develop more innovative and readily accessible, and user-friendly apps for visual impairment. These may lead to complexity on use of apps, since each app has a special function though some functions are overlapped. There is not a single app that fits all purposes. Therefore, initial assessment of the requirement for the apps will be required and followed by tailoring the training program to meet the specific needs. There is a need of developing training guidelines on use of such accessible apps or features that will facilitate to recommend appropriately for various types of functions and vision loss, e.g., reduced vision acuity, visual field loss, reduced contrast sensitivity or clinical findings. Using multiple apps in a smartphone may consume more power from the battery. So, there is a need of a good quality battery to operate extended periods of time, especially for smartphones used by visually impaired people. A due attention to improve awareness, on digital training, data security, back-up in the event of lost or theft of smartphones could be challenges among people with visual impairment.
People with visual impairment have a unique requirement to be able to interact with smartphone assistive technology. Such a unique requirement can cause a gap between the ideas of the developers of smartphones and the needs of individuals with visual impairment, leading to either a lack of adoption or abonnement of smartphone. There is an obvious need of collaboration between vision rehabilitation professionals and expertise in computer sciences and involvement of visually challenged individuals, and their participation, in designing an innovative, acceptable, and adaptable mobile assistive technology that will assist to develop a user-centred technology.
Therefore, usability testing or evaluation while developing of accessible features and apps for smartphones is essential so that the features and apps are accepted and adopted by the end users. For examples, a smartphone may have many built-in multiple functions, but if it may not be usable to target population due to inaccessible or discomfort on use. A systemic evaluation on the usability testing should be a part of developing for accessible features and applications of smartphones.
Usability is an elusive concept. To define it explicitly, we have to devise measurements that reflect the user’s experience of a product and the level of success we establish for the product. As a working definition, usability is the ease with which people in a defined group can learn and use a product. The characteristics of and relationships among the S. Rosenbaum Dec. 1989 |
The potential gap between the unique experiences and challenges faced by people with visual impairment and ideas of designers are crucially important. The designer needs to understand the user-centered and user-friendly perspective while efforts have put in to develop various apps as assistive technologies for visual impairment, that the developers create the apps that meet the user’s expectation and needs. The product should be designed that a person with a visual loss can access all accessible features or functions that they want to execute. There is a need for evaluation and testing whether there are any usability problems in using the features and applications by end the users.
Designers or ergonomics engineers may face various challenges to perform usability evaluation for assistive products in an efficient way. Several factors may account for this, such as multiple influencing factors, so many non-specific tests and evaluation methods. There are methods available to do usability evaluation for assistive technology. Among them, Kwahk and Han has designed a simple usability evaluation framework of the electronic audio-visual products that can help the evaluators while conducting usability evaluation of their products in rational way (Figure 9). The framework is not specifically designed for smartphones apps and features, but the principles can be applied to other categories of assistive products with a minor change as per product designed. The framework provides a concise model how the evaluation should be done based on four parameters, i.e., first, user information; second, products information; third, user activity information; and fifth, the environment information [34].
Usability Evaluation Framework for electronic audio-visual products. (Source: Kwahk and Han [
The user information is important when the product is targeted at the users with special needs, for examples, individuals with visual disabilities or any other physical disability. The product information is required to understand the context of evaluation, for examples, form of the products- paper-based descriptions, mock-ups of the products or computer-based prototypes or finished products, etc.; level of the products in terms of perceived value: high-end, mid ranges, low end, etc. The environment and socio-cultural factors are also influence the user’s operation and performance of the products.
Kwahk and Han further described five different techniques for evaluating usability of a product in human-electronic devices or computer- interface areas. The evaluator can select the suitable technique as per the context of the product and feasibility for conducting. They are as follows:
Observation/inquiry techniques
Empirical/usability testing
Introspection technique
Inspection methods
Modeling/simulation methods
The detail of each evaluation technique is beyond the scope of this book, but a brief description is given here. The empirical or usability testing with real users helps the designers to understand the experiences and challenges faced by people with disabilities while using assistive technology. Therefore, a designer can stress on empirical testing of the products [35]. Think-Aloud protocols are a dominant method in usability testing. There are two Think-Aloud techniques for usability testing that use commonly by the usability specialist; A Concurrent Think Aloud (CTA), in which experts request the participant to verbalise their thoughts as they perform the tasks with the help of the devices. Experts also use Retrospective Think Aloud (RTA), where participants are asked to retrace their steps after they complete the tasks and share the challenges [36, 37]. There are the pros and cons of both protocols, so expert has to decide which technique is suitable for usability testing.
Usability testing is the practice of testing how easy a design is to use with a group of representative users or persons with disabilities. It usually involves observing users as they attempt to complete tasks and can be done for different types of product designs. It is often conducted repeatedly, from early development until a product’s release. The goal of both usability evaluation and usability testing is the same: to improve the usability of products or assistive technology. |
The introspection technique is an effective method to rule out the basic causes of usability problems based on user’s thought and feeling. Often, evaluators might have difficulty to identify the cause of usability problems. This is because the evaluators have not imagined these problems that people with disabilities would have encountered while using the assistive products. Identifying the causes of usability problems helps the evaluators to differentiate whether the problems are due to individual’s disability or by imperfect interface design for the assistive products [38]. For example, a study conducted by H K Kim et al. on identifying interaction experiences of visually impaired people when they use with smartphones, the common usability problems encountered are shown in Table 3. The study indicates that the problems vary according to the severities of visual impairment.
Usability evaluation | Usability testing |
---|---|
An | A |
Usability problems |
---|
Performance of recognizing faces is lower than I expected Difficulties of using the horizontal mode Difficulties of finding the menu Speech too slow Color contrast Difficulties in typing with a QWERTY virtual keyboard Recording TalkBack sound along with my voice Difficulties of understanding the location of a face on the screen Correct pronunciation Narrow touching area of menus Screen reader voice unfriendly Difficulties of selecting a shooting button Beeping sound lasts too long Difficulties of memorizing the interface layout Need the function of voice pause Need the function of voice stop Difficulties of understanding the direction to move the camera Locating similar menus too far Menu buttons too small Difficulties of inferring the word of big and small face Speech too loud Difficulties of using a sensitive touch interface Need additional menu titles along with icon for first-time users Too long photo title which is automatically inserted Transparency of background Font shape Difficulties of recognizing the meaning of icon designs Need more color combinations of text and background Need bigger text size Complex interface layout Need informing the existence of sub-menus Beeping sound pitched too high Space between letters and lines Stroke width Need higher recording quality |
Usability problems identified in the study among visually impaired people.
Source: Kim et al. [38].
Individuals with visual impairment and blindness face various challenges and barriers in their everyday lives. These people need assistive technology to overcome these challenges and perform a wide range of daily activities, including reading and writing. These technologies vary from low technology to high end and specialized technology, including software programs. In the recent times, mobile technology has gained a lot of attention across the world and are incorporated many advance computer and information technologies features.
Smartphones, the most sophisticated mobile technology, have been developed as smart assistive technology for people with visual impairment in the few years with many accessible built-in features and accessible applications with the help of sound, haptic and gestures interaction, instead of vision-smartphones interaction. Such innovative accessible, user-centred and friendly technology has provided a new platform and opportunities for people living with visual impairment to overcome the very challenges and barriers encountered in their everyday lives. Many accessible apps have been shown to be of great value and support in performing a wide range of daily living activities in people living with visual impairment. Such technologies are less likely attached with a stigma compared to traditional assistive devices. Further, use of smartphones have certain advantages, such as easily portable, less discomfort on use, relatively low cost compared to some of traditional devices. With widespread availability of mobile technologies along with eyes-free human smartphones features and applications, there might be a corresponding need of developing a clinical guideline on the use of accessible features and applications.
Now days, smartphones become a part and parcel of everyone lives, irrespective of health or disabilities. As of today, smartphones are asset of the general population who are sighted. However, with the help of accessible apps and built-in feature developed in the past few years, people with visual impairment and blindness can access smartphones and use for varied purposes. Now, it is time to scale up its use among visual impairment and blindness. Therefore, there is a strong need for sensitization, promotion of smartphones as assistive technology in health or eye care facilities across the globe, even in educational institutions. Integration of smartphones services as assistive technology for visual impairment, in all eye care practices, but not limited to vision rehabilitation, would be helpful in improving the accessibility of it. Considering the demand as well as requirement for smartphones among people with visual impairment, a strong and effective advocacy is the need of the hour, especially in low middle income countries.
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\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/182321",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"182321"},fullPath:"/profiles/182321",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()