\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8301",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",subtitle:"Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The human ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is comprised of nearly 1000 proteins. Although originally identified as a mechanism of protein destruction, the UPS has numerous additional functions and mediates central signaling events in myriad processes involved in both cellular and organismal health and homeostasis. Numerous pathways within the UPS are implicated in disease, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. The goal of this book is to deliver a collection of synopses of current areas of UPS research that highlights the importance of understanding the biology of the UPS to identify disease-relevant pathways, and the need to elucidate the molecular machinations within the UPS to develop methods for therapeutic modulation of these pathways.",isbn:"978-1-83880-491-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-490-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-717-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78430",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",numberOfPages:226,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ec9eada73dbddb8b41315a3b089302b4",bookSignature:"Matthew Summers",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8301.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11062,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:52,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 7th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"204371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"matthew-summers",fullName:"Matthew Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204371/images/system/204371.jpeg",biography:"Matthew Summers received a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Biochemistry in 1997 from the University of Delaware. He then pursued his thesis work at the Wistar Institute and received a Ph.D. in Cell and Molecular Biology from the University of Pennsylvania in 2003. From 2004-2009 he performed postdoctroral research at Stanford University and Genentech. In 2009, he joined the faculty at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute as Assistant Staff. In 2015 he joined the The Ohio State University and James Comprehensive Cancer Center as an Associate Professor. Research in the Summers lab focuses on the interplay between cellular checkpoints and the ubiquitin proteasome system to regulate genome stability.",institutionString:"The Ohio State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"The Ohio State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"913",title:"Proteomics",slug:"structural-biology-proteomics"}],chapters:[{id:"65109",title:"Ubiquitin Signaling in Regulation of the Start of the Cell Cycle",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82874",slug:"ubiquitin-signaling-in-regulation-of-the-start-of-the-cell-cycle",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. Among the diverse signaling outcomes associated with ubiquitination, the most well-established is the targeted degradation of substrates via the proteasome. During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation.",signatures:"Michael James Emanuele and Taylor Paige Enrico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65109",authors:[{id:"264977",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Emanuele",slug:"michael-emanuele",fullName:"Michael Emanuele"},{id:"282200",title:"Ms.",name:"Taylor",surname:"Enrico",slug:"taylor-enrico",fullName:"Taylor Enrico"}],corrections:null},{id:"64852",title:"Processes that Regulate the Ubiquitination of Chromatin and Chromatin-Associated Proteins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82567",slug:"processes-that-regulate-the-ubiquitination-of-chromatin-and-chromatin-associated-proteins",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ubiquitin is a post-translational modification important for many different processes in the cell, including antigen presentation and proteosomal degradation of proteins. It is heavily involved in the regulation of chromatin and the proteins that control chromatin-related processes. In this review, we will focus on ubiquitin-based chromatin regulation involved in four different processes. The first is DNA double strand break (DSB) repair and the role that ubiquitin plays in not just recruiting and stimulating DSB repair, but also the choice of pathway. The second is the PAF1 complex, which is involved in transcriptional elongation and interacts with RNAPII. The third is polycomb repressive complexes, specifically polycomb repressive complex 1, which utilizes ubiquitin to repress constitutively inactive genes. The last role of ubiquitin discussed is ubiquitin as a mitotic bookmark, which serves to provide a record of -active genes as cells transit mitosis. Each of these processes has independent pathways, but each is necessary for proper cellular function and organismal health.",signatures:"Alexander E. Hare and Jeffrey D. Parvin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64852",authors:[{id:"266907",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Parvin",slug:"jeffrey-parvin",fullName:"Jeffrey Parvin"},{id:"266910",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Hare",slug:"alexander-hare",fullName:"Alexander Hare"}],corrections:null},{id:"65025",title:"E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer and Their Pharmacological Targeting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82883",slug:"e3-ubiquitin-ligases-in-cancer-and-their-pharmacological-targeting",totalDownloads:1683,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ubiquitination plays many critical roles in protein function and regulation. Consequently, mutation and aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases can drive cancer progression. Identifying key ligase-substrate relationships is crucial to understanding the molecular basis and pathways behind cancer and toward identifying novel targets for cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the importance of E3 ligases in the regulating the hallmarks of cancer, discuss some of the key and novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that drive tumor formation and angiogenesis, and review the clinical development of inhibitors that antagonize their function. We conclude with perspectives on the field and future directions toward understanding ubiquitination and cancer progression.",signatures:"Joseph Y. Ong and Jorge Z. Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65025",authors:[{id:"186645",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Torres",slug:"jorge-torres",fullName:"Jorge Torres"},{id:"264944",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Ong",slug:"joseph-ong",fullName:"Joseph Ong"}],corrections:null},{id:"65165",title:"The Role of Lysine 63-Linked Ubiquitylation in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83659",slug:"the-role-of-lysine-63-linked-ubiquitylation-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:1082,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A specific subfamily within the E2 protein family is involved in the synthesis of noncanonical poly-ubiquitin chains, linked through lysine 63 residues. The role of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitylation in diseases has emerged only recently. Under physiological conditions, this process does not seem to be involved in the classical protein degradation by the proteasome, but it is involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling, DNA damage response, cellular trafficking, and lysosomal targeting. The alteration of this process has been described in a number of pathological conditions, including immune disorders, diabetes, and cancer. In this chapter, we will describe the role of lysine 63-linked ubiquitylation in the regulation of diverse signaling pathways involved in cell behavior. We will also describe some pathological conditions in which altered lysine 63-linked ubiquitylation has been referred to play an important role.",signatures:"Paola Pontrelli, Francesca Conserva and Loreto Gesualdo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65165",authors:[{id:"271734",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola",surname:"Pontrelli",slug:"paola-pontrelli",fullName:"Paola Pontrelli"},{id:"287311",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Conserva",slug:"francesca-conserva",fullName:"Francesca Conserva"},{id:"287312",title:"Prof.",name:"Loreto",surname:"Gesualdo",slug:"loreto-gesualdo",fullName:"Loreto Gesualdo"}],corrections:null},{id:"65458",title:"Regulation of Selective Proteolysis in Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83830",slug:"regulation-of-selective-proteolysis-in-cancer",totalDownloads:985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proteins are the fundamental building blocks of cells for diverse cellular and physiological functions. The dynamic equilibrium of protein turnover is balanced by protein synthesis and proteolysis. The newly synthesized proteins undergo proper folding into the three-dimensional conformations for executing biological functions and constructing cellular components like organelles. On the other hand, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and lysosome are two major proteolytic systems by which the unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins are selectively sent for clearance to maintain the quality and quantity of cellular proteins. Loss of the ability to maintain cellular proteolysis in control has been known to contribute as disease-causing factors. In this chapter, the function, regulation, and pathological roles of dysregulated proteolysis will be described in a concise view, focusing on the link between cancer and UPS.",signatures:"Pai-Sheng Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65458",authors:[{id:"262441",title:"Dr.",name:"Pai-Sheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"pai-sheng-chen",fullName:"Pai-Sheng Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"66407",title:"Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase L1 in Parkinson’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85273",slug:"ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal-hydrolase-l1-in-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:754,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ubiquitin plays the crucial roles to maintain the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) functions, which were suggested that involved in Parkinson’s diease (PD). Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), which was detected in Lewy bodies of nerve cells in PD brains, plays an important role for maintaining ubiquitin pool in UPS. The first UCHL1 mutation (UCHL1I93M) was found in two siblings of a PD family. By contrast, UCHL1S18Y mutation was recognized to reduce the risk of developing PD by its specific antioxidant protective function. The studies of UCHL1 in mouse models showed that lack of UCHL1 resulted in motor ataxia, degeneration of axons, and instability of free ubiquitin level. Transgenic mice expressing UCHL1I93M mutant exhibited dopaminergic neuron (DA) degeneration in MPTP-treated conditions. In this chapter, we provide a summary on recent findings related to roles of UCH-L1 in PD. Knockdown dUCH, a homolog of human UCHL1, in fly dopaminergic neuron resulted as some Parkinson’s disease—like phenotype such as: (1) the underdevelopment and/or degeneration of DA neurons; (2) the shortage of dopamine in the brain; and (3) the locomotor dysfunctions. Those finding indicated that dUCH (ortholog of human UCH-L1 in Drosophila) plays an important role in Parkinson’s disease.",signatures:"Dang Thi Phuong Thao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66407",authors:[{id:"202162",title:"Prof.",name:"Thao",surname:"Dang",slug:"thao-dang",fullName:"Thao Dang"}],corrections:null},{id:"66145",title:"New Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying NEDD8 Structural and Functional Specificities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83426",slug:"new-insights-into-the-mechanisms-underlying-nedd8-structural-and-functional-specificities",totalDownloads:994,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins are small polypeptides that are conjugated to substrates affecting their activity and stability. Cells encode “receptors” containing Ub-/Ubl-binding domains that interpret and translate each modification into appropriate cellular responses. Among the different Ubls, NEDD8, which is the ubiquitin’s closest relative, retains many of the structural determinants that enable ubiquitin the ability to target proteins to degradation. Nevertheless, the direct involvement of NEDD8 conjugation to proteasome recruitment has been proved only in a few cases. To date, well-defined major NEDD8 substrates are primarily members of the cullin family, and cullin neddylation does not appear to mark these proteins for degradation. Various studies have demonstrated that selectivity between ubiquitin and NEDD8 is guaranteed by small but substantial differences. Nevertheless, several issues still need to be addressed, mainly concerning which interaction surfaces mediate NEDD8 function and what domains recognize them. Recently, two novel domains identified in KHNYN and N4BP1 proteins have shed new light on this research area. Here, I discuss some recent reports that contributed to shed light on the mechanisms underlining the discrimination between ubiquitin and NEDD8. Understanding the details of these molecular mechanisms represents a prominent facet for the identification of new therapeutic targets.",signatures:"Elena Santonico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66145",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66145",authors:[{id:"271923",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Santonico",slug:"elena-santonico",fullName:"Elena Santonico"}],corrections:null},{id:"64167",title:"ADP-Ribosylation of the Ubiquitin C-Terminus by Dtx3L/Parp9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81613",slug:"adp-ribosylation-of-the-ubiquitin-c-terminus-by-dtx3l-parp9",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification that regulates a wide range of cellular pathways including protein degradation, autophagy, mitophagy, cell signaling, DNA damage response, and protein trafficking. This post-translational modification is characterized by covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine residues on target proteins by E3 ubiquitin ligases. These enzymes can catalyze both mono- and polyubiquitylation of target substrates. Because of the presence of multiple ubiquitylation acceptor sites on ubiquitin, polyubiquitin chains differing by linkage type and branching patterns can be generated. Post-translational modifications on ubiquitin including glutamine deamidation, lysine SUMOylation, lysine acetylation, and serine, threonine, and tyrosine phosphorylation add to the range of ubiquitin structures that can be synthesized in cells. Recently, ADP-ribosylation was discovered as a new post-translational modification on ubiquitin in two different biological contexts. The bacterial SidE proteins ADP-ribosylate ubiquitin to activate it for a unique mode of ubiquitylation. The human Dtx3L (E3 ubiquitin ligase)/Parp9 (ADP-ribosyltransferase) complex ADP-ribosylates ubiquitin which inhibits conjugation. In this review, we describe the discovery of ubiquitin ADP-ribosylation in the bacterial context, provide an overview of the biological roles of Dtx3L/Parp9, and discuss how NAD+ levels and ubiquitin ADP-ribosylation could regulate the E3 output of Dtx3L/Parp9.",signatures:"Teddy Kamata and Bryce Paschal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64167",authors:[{id:"266602",title:"Prof.",name:"Bryce",surname:"Paschal",slug:"bryce-paschal",fullName:"Bryce Paschal"},{id:"266603",title:"MSc.",name:"Teddy",surname:"Kamata",slug:"teddy-kamata",fullName:"Teddy Kamata"}],corrections:null},{id:"67393",title:"Structural Insight into Regulation of the Proteasome Ub-Receptor Rpn10",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85283",slug:"structural-insight-into-regulation-of-the-proteasome-ub-receptor-rpn10",totalDownloads:899,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ubiquitylation is a posttranslational modification that determines protein fate. The ubiquitin code is written by enzymatic cascades of E1 and E2 and E3 enzymes. Ubiquitylation can be edited or erased by deubiquitylating enzymes. Ub-receptors are proteins that read and decipher the ubiquitin codes into cellular response. They harbor a ubiquitin-binding domain and a response element. Interestingly, Ub-receptors are also regulated by ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation. However, until recently, the molecular details and the significance of this regulation remained enigmatic. Rpn10 is a Ub-receptor that shuttles ubiquitylated targets to the proteasome for degradation. Here we review recent data on Rpn10, with emphasis on its regulation by ubiquitylation.",signatures:"Tal Keren-Kaplan, Ilan Attali, Olga Levin-Kravets, Oded Kleifeld, Shay Ben-Aroya and Gali Prag",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67393",authors:[{id:"175869",title:"Dr.",name:"Gali",surname:"Prag",slug:"gali-prag",fullName:"Gali Prag"},{id:"266434",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",surname:"Keren-Kaplan",slug:"tal-keren-kaplan",fullName:"Tal Keren-Kaplan"},{id:"266435",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilan",surname:"Attali",slug:"ilan-attali",fullName:"Ilan Attali"},{id:"266436",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Levin-Kravets",slug:"olga-levin-kravets",fullName:"Olga Levin-Kravets"},{id:"266437",title:"Prof.",name:"Shay",surname:"Ben-Aroya",slug:"shay-ben-aroya",fullName:"Shay Ben-Aroya"},{id:"294446",title:"Dr.",name:"Oded",surname:"Kleifeld",slug:"oded-kleifeld",fullName:"Oded Kleifeld"}],corrections:null},{id:"66768",title:"Zinc-Binding B-Box Domains with RING Folds Serve Critical Roles in the Protein Ubiquitination Pathways in Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85895",slug:"zinc-binding-b-box-domains-with-ring-folds-serve-critical-roles-in-the-protein-ubiquitination-pathwa",totalDownloads:1050,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protein ubiquitination is an essential cellular process that maintains protein homeostasis, regulates protein, and cell functions, and removes aggregated and misfolded protein. Disruption in function of any of the protein components of the ubiquitination pathway is associated with human diseases including cancers. An important member in the ubiquitination cascade is the very large E3 ligase family that directs substrate modification. The RING-type E3 ligases possess a cysteine/histidine-rich zinc-binding RING domain that confers ligase functionality. RING domains adopt a canonical ββα-fold. TRIM proteins represent a novel class of RING-type E3 ligase. TRIM proteins consist of an N-terminal RING domain followed by one or two B-box domains. The two types of B-box domains play essential roles in protein ubiquitination by contributing to substrate targeting, ligase activity enhancement, and redundancy of ligase activity. This review presents a general background of the B-box domains, a structural and functional comparison with RING domains, and a summary of recent work demonstrating their role in proteolysis. We discuss new findings that reveal B-box domains which are ubiquitous and are found in non-TRIM plant proteins without the adjacent RING domain, indicating that B-boxes are members of RING-class E3 ligases.",signatures:"Michael Anthony Massiah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66768",authors:[{id:"263255",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Anthony Massiah",slug:"michael-anthony-massiah",fullName:"Michael Anthony Massiah"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"780",title:"Proteomics",subtitle:"Human Diseases and Protein Functions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a90c4e5b369d27036134a3c66ce1cb26",slug:"proteomics-human-diseases-and-protein-functions",bookSignature:"Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35047",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsz Kwong",surname:"Man",slug:"tsz-kwong-man",fullName:"Tsz Kwong Man"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6635",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bed553d74f0565c89758a7159647634",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5989",title:"Ubiquitination 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The Republic of Suriname is located on the northeast coast of South America, just north of the Amazon delta, and borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Guyana to the west (Figure 1) [1]. Despite its location in South America, Suriname is culturally considered a Caribbean rather than a Latin American country and is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) [1]. The climate is tropical with abundant rainfall, a uniform temperature of on average 27°C, and a relative high humidity of 81% in the capital city of Paramaribo [2]. There are four seasons, namely the long rainy season (April–July), the long dry season (August–November), the short rainy season (December–January), and the short dry season (February–March) [2].
Map of Suriname depicting the 10 administrative districts. The insert indicates the location of Suriname in South America.
Suriname’s land area of roughly 165,000 km2 can be distinguished into a northern urban-coastal and a rural-coastal area as well as a southern rural interior (Figure 1) [2]. The urban-coastal area comprises Paramaribo and the Wanica district (Figure 1) and harbors approximately 80% of the population of almost 570,000 [2, 3]. The rural-coastal area comprises the districts of Marowijne, Commewijne, Saramacca, Coronie, and Nickerie (Figure 1) and is, together with the southern-rural districts of Para, Brokopondo, and Sipaliwini (Figure 1), home to the remaining 20% of Suriname’s inhabitants [2, 3]. The latter part of the country is referred to as the hinterland, encompasses more than three-quarters of its land surface, and consists largely of sparsely inhabited savanna and dense, pristine, and highly biodiverse tropical rain forest [2]. This makes Suriname comparatively one of the most forested countries in the world [2, 4].
\nThe urban areas are characterized by a “western” lifestyle, modern health-care facilities, and an economy that is mainly based on commerce, services, and industry [5]. The rural societies have a more traditional way of living, lack comprehensive public health services, and have agriculture, forestry, crude oil drilling, bauxite and gold mining, as well as ecotourism as major economic activities [5]. These activities have been growing in scale and economic importance in recent years and are, together with agriculture and fisheries, the country’s most important means of support, contributing substantially to the gross domestic income in 2014 of U$ 5.297 billion and an average per-capita income of U$ 9583 [5, 6]. This positions Suriname on the World Bank’s list of upper-middle income economies [5, 6].
Suriname’s population is among the most varied in the world, comprising the Indigenous Amerindians, the original inhabitants; descendants from enslaved Africans imported between the seventeenth and the nineteenth century (called Maroons and Creoles); descendants from contract workers from China, India (called Hindustanis), and the island of Java, Indonesia (called Javanese) attracted between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century; descendants from settlers from a number of European and Middle Eastern countries; and more recently, immigrants from various Latin American and Caribbean countries including Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Haiti, and Cuba [1, 3]. The largest ethnic groups are the Maroons and Creoles, as well as the Hindustanis and Javanese, comprising approximately 22 and 16%, and 27 and 14%, respectively, of the total population [3].
\nAlthough members of all ethnic groups are encountered throughout the country—particularly in Paramaribo—certain ethnic groups are clustered in relatively large numbers in certain areas of the country [2, 3]. For example, the district of Nickerie harbors predominantly Hindustanis, that of Para mostly Creoles, that of Commewijne mainly Javanese, while the Maroons and Indigenous peoples primarily populate the interior, living in villages along the major rivers [2, 3]. More importantly, the various ethnic groups have largely preserved their culture and identity, still practicing their original religion and speaking their original language in addition to Dutch, the official language of government, business, media, and education, as well as Surinamese or Sranan Tongo, the widely used English- and Portuguese-based lingua franca [1, 3].
\nThe same holds true for their specific perceptions of health and disease and their ethnopharmacological traditions [7]. However, throughout time, considerable intercultural exchange has taken place about the knowledge and use of medicinal plants [7]. This paper first presents a brief historical overview of Suriname, then addresses the ethnopharmacological practices of the largest ethnic groups (the Maroons and the Creoles, as well as the Hindustanis and the Javanese), and concludes with a few remarks on the previsions provided by the various plant-based traditional medicinal practices.
Petroglyphs found at archeological sites in the western Corantijn basin and the eastern Marowijne basin of Suriname demonstrate that this region was inhabited by Indigenous peoples since at least 3000 BC, long before contact with Europeans [8]. The collection of 313 pre-Columbian pottery and charcoal fragments found in several caves at the Werephai site in the deep southwest of Suriname even dates human presence in Suriname as far back as 5000 before present [8]. It is possible that these peoples were nomadic tribes who roamed the Amazon area, and represent the ancestors of the present-day Akurio, Trio, Warrau, and Wayana, Indigenous tribes who still mainly populate the rainforest inland, but there is no documentation to support this assumption.
\nThe Arawaks, a nomadic Indigenous tribe that lived at the coast from hunting and fishing, are generally believed to be Suriname’s original inhabitants [9], but there are also no written documents to sustain this supposition. Around 1200 AD, the Caribs sailed to Suriname from their territory extending from the mouth of the Orinoco River in contemporary Venezuela to that of the Amazon River in present-day Brazil, and drove the Arawaks away from their lands [9]. The Arawaks moved to the savannas further land inward and the Caribs settled at the mouth of the Marowijne River in northeastern Suriname where they established, among others, the village of Galibi (from “Kupali Yumï,” meaning “tree of the forefathers” in the Carib language) [9].
The first Europeans arrived in Suriname in the early 1600s. They were Spanish, English, French, and Dutch fortune hunters who were attracted by tales of a fantastical city of gold called El Dorado somewhere at South America\'s “Wild Coast” [10]. However, it were English settlers led by Captain John Marshall who first colonized the area in 1630 [10, 11]. They called the colony “Surinam” after the Surinen indigenous people who then inhabited the “land of many waters” in the fertile Guiana plains [11]. Encouraged by the successes in their colonies in Virginia and Barbados, the English established tobacco plantations at Marshall’s Creek along the Suriname River, but this venture failed because of plummeting prices on the European market [11]. By 1645, Marshall’s colony was abandoned [11], but “Marchallkreek” is marked on maps until today.
\nAbout 20 years later, in 1651, English troops commanded by Major Anthony Rowse succeeded in establishing the first permanent plantations in Suriname as well as a fort to defend the newly acquired asset [11]. The colony was named Willoughbyland in honor of their patron Lord Francis Willoughby, the then governor of Barbados [11]. Willoughby’s intention was to establish a settlement for cultivating sugarcane, a cash crop that was fetching much higher prices in Europe than tobacco [11]. The much needed experience with sugarcane cultivation came from Dutch Jews who lived in Brazil and French Guiana but had to flee persecution by the Portuguese—the then owners of both regions—who were hostile to Protestantism and Judaism [12]. The Jews mainly established sugarcane plantations in the savanna region which is still known today as the Jodensavanna (the “Jew’s savanna”) [12].
Cheap labor was initially—in the 1650s—provided for by indentured servants from England, some Indigenous tribes people from the interior who had been captured by the coastal tribes and sold to the English colonists, as well as the relatively few black slaves who had directly been brought from Barbados by their owners or had been bought from the Dutch [11, 12]. However, because of the growing need of laborers on the sugarcane plantations, the British Royal Company of Adventurers occupied Dutch assets in Western Africa including centers for slave trading, initiating structured and government-sanctioned trans-Atlantic slave trade [11]. As a result, by 1663, most of the work on the approximately 50 plantations was done by over 3000 African slaves [11].
\nThe victorious days of the British did not last long. In February 1667, Dutch ships from Zeeland led by Abraham Crijnssen invaded Willoughbyland, captured Fort Willoughby, and renamed it Fort Zeelandia [11, 13, 14]. Five months later, the English and Dutch signed the Treaty of Breda that assigned Suriname to The Netherlands in exchange for New Amsterdam, the main city of the former Dutch colony of New Netherlands in North America [11, 13, 14]. This arrangement was made official in the Treaty of Westminster of 1674, after the British had recaptured and again lost Suriname in 1667 and the Dutch regained the colony in 1668 [11, 13]. The Dutch renamed Willoughbyland Dutch Guiana and the English renamed New Amsterdam New York after the Duke of York [11, 13, 14].
In 1683, the newly acquired colony was managed by the city of Amsterdam, the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, and the Dutch West Indies Company united in the Society of Suriname [13, 14]. In order to obtain maximum profits, the Society relied ever more on slave labor, dominating the trans-Atlantic slave trade for a long time [13–15]. All and all, around 300,000 Africans have been shipped to Suriname. In addition to sugar, the plantations produced cocoa, cotton, and indigo, which were exported to Amsterdam and returned enormous revenues [15]. However, treatment of the enslaved Africans was notoriously brutal, and many escaped to the interior from the start where they formed large communities—collectively called Maroons—with independent settlements and preservation of their culture that would last until today [15, 16].
\nThe British again ruled Suriname from 1799 through 1816 during the occupation of The Netherlands by France and put an end to slave trade in 1807 [11], but it took the Dutch until 1863 to abolish slavery [13, 14]. However, the slaves who had remained on the plantations were obliged to conduct ill-paid work and were only fully released in 1873 [13, 14]. As soon as they became truly free, the majority abandoned the plantations and settled in Paramaribo [17]. Many of them mixed with other races, particularly Dutch, becoming a separate ethnic group from the Maroons called Creoles [17]. This is an important reason for the somewhat looser ties of Creoles with African traditions when compared to Maroons despite their common heritage [17]. Still, African-based traditional medicinal practices are deeply rooted in most Creoles [17].
\nIn the meantime, as a plantation colony, Suriname still heavily depended on manual labor. To make up for the shortage after 1873, the Dutch arranged with the British to bring in indentured laborers from India [18, 19]. Around the turn of the twentieth century, in 1916, many workers were again imported, this time from the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia), especially from the island of Java [19, 20]. As mentioned above, these contract workers were the predecessors of the Hindustanis and Javanese, respectively, in Suriname. In addition, between 1850 and 1860, small numbers of (mostly male) laborers had been brought in from China and the Middle East [1, 21, 22].
This history makes Suriname, notwithstanding its relatively small population, one of the ethnically most diverse countries in the world. It also provides an explanation for the large variety of traditional forms of medicine practiced in the country. Suriname received in 1954 the status of an autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of The Netherlands, along with The Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles [22]. In this construction, Suriname could elect its own government and manage its own administration, but The Netherlands retained control of its defense and foreign affairs [22]. Approximately 20 years later, in November 1975, the country became completely independent from The Netherlands [22].
\nHowever, fear of ethnic violence and disappointment about economic development led to massive migration of Surinamese to The Netherlands just before and after 1975, resulting in a Surinamese diaspora in that country of roughly 350,000 in 2008 [22]. To make matters worse, a group of soldiers led by Suriname’s current president Desi Bouterse perpetrated a coup and took control of the country from February 25, 1980, on [22]. Absolute lows in that period were the execution on December 8, 1982, of 15 adversaries who were allegedly plotting a counter-coup, and the Interior War between a group of mostly Maroon anti-government insurgents led by Ronnie Brunswijk and Bouterse’s army between 1986 and 1992 [22].
\nFortunately, since then, peace and democracy have been restored [22]. Currently, Suriname is a constitutional democracy with a president elected by the unicameral National Assembly or by the larger United People\'s Assembly [22]. Despite many economic and political problems, this young democracy continues to serve as a unique example of genuine unity in diversity.
The Maroons (from the Spanish expression “cimarrón” for “runaway”) are the descendants from enslaved Africans who escaped from the plantations in coastal Suriname to the hinterland between the mid-seventeenth and the late eighteenth centuries [14, 15, 23, 24]. The slaves had mostly been imported from present-day Ghana, Benin, and Loango, but also from many other parts of West Africa such as Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, and Ivory Coast [14, 15]. The runaway slaves regrouped into small bands, settled in the forest, and established various small communities [23, 24]. Finding themselves in new and unfamiliar environments and in constant danger of recapture, they relied on the Indigenous peoples living in the adjoining rain forests to gradually develop means of subsistence and defense [25, 26].
\nThey soon formed resistance groups in the interior and often raided the plantations to recruit new members and capture women as well as to acquire weapons, food, and supplies [16, 23, 24, 27]. The authorities retaliated, often with the help of militia consisting of the colonial army, mercenaries, and groups of urban slaves called Redi Musus (“those wearing red hats”) and had occasional victories [16, 23, 24, 27]. However, accustomed to open-field army-to-army battle in Europe, they were no match for the Maroon guerilla warfare in the treacherous tropical jungle [16, 27]. After more than half a century of vicious combat, the Maroons’ independence was recognized by the signing of a peace treaty with the Dutch colonial administration in the 1760s [16]. This allowed them to occupy a large part of the interior where they preserved much of their cultural concepts of health and illness and much of their traditional medicinal practices [28].
\nThe new and unique Maroon culture was highly successful and several independent tribes developed [23, 24]. These currently include the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Aukan, the Kwinti, the Aluku or Boni, and the Matawai, each with its own language and cultural characteristics [23, 24]. However, all groups maintain a strict hierarchical authority system organized along matriarchal lines, and all are headed by a paramount chief (the granman) who is chosen by a combination of descent and divination [23, 24]. The granman is assisted by several village captains (the kapitens) who are locally appointed. Important decisions about issues affecting the entire village are taken during lengthy gatherings called krutus [23, 24]. This system is acknowledged and respected by the central government in Paramaribo [23, 24].
\nThe enslaved Africans who did not join the Maroons and continued to work on the plantations were granted their formal freedom on July 1, 1863, and their actual freedom on July 1, 1973 [13, 14, 17]. Many remained in Suriname’s coastal area and mixed with Europeans, particularly Dutch but also members from other ethnic groups [17]. These Creoles were economically and politically highly successful and were the first non-Whites to hold public offices in Suriname from 1954 on, when the country received partial autonomy from The Netherlands [1, 17]. They widely adopted Christianity and Catholicism, but retained their affiliation with their African heritage and still adhere to various African traditions [17]. For instance, the generally appreciated call-and-response Creole kaseko and kawina songs supported by percussion can directly be traced to age-old African forms of music [1, 17]. This also holds true for many Creole perceptions of health and disease as well as the use of various plant-based medications which they refer to as oso dresis (“home-made medicines”) [1, 17, 29].
Many of the Maroon and Creole traditions have their roots in the early period of African dominance and Egyptian leadership before 3200 BC, when North Africa was home to many skilled practitioners who had developed a comprehensive medicinal system [30]. This holistic discipline was—and still is—mostly based on a large variety of medicinal plants and spirituality, spread throughout the continent, and was carried to Suriname by the enslaved Africans [28]. Traditional African medicine assumes that disease results from imbalances in social circumstances and spiritual perceptions. This would hold true for “physiological” diseases ranging from venereal diseases to cancer and even Ebola, but also for psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety [28]. The diagnosis is often reached through spiritual means, and the treatment is usually derived from the comprehensive herbal pharmacopeia and would accomplish both physical and spiritual healing [28]. Due to the relatively small number of university-trained physicians and the relatively high costs of allopathic medicines, as much as 86% of the inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa rely on traditional African medications [31]. For this reason, many African countries have expressed the commitment to develop safe, efficacious, quality, and affordable traditional medicines accessible to the majority of their inhabitants [32].
\nBased on these ancient African medicinal concepts, Afro-Surinamese have developed Winti (“wind” or “spirit”), a nature-oriented religion in which the spiritual world is consulted by music, singing, trances, and rituals in order to create and maintain a harmonious balance between humans and the visible and invisible powers of nature [29, 33, 34]. Winti is one of the most distinctive characteristics of Maroon and Creole culture and is mainly based on the abovementioned beliefs and magical rituals, the enslaved Africans had brought along [29, 33, 34] but has also been influenced by Indigenous traditions [25, 35]. The invisible powers are several gods called wintis, as well as the spirits of ancestors [29, 33, 34].
\nSpecialized practitioners called Winti priests—either males or females—serve as intermediaries between man, specific wintis, and the spirits of ancestors, and can evoke the spirits by special rituals to solve physical, psychological, or social problems [29, 33, 34]. The condition may be diagnosed during a special Winti ritual and is treated by medicinal and spiritual therapies consisting of specific herbs, special rituals, or both [29, 33, 34]. The Winti priests are referred to as lukuman (“the one who looks”, i.e., performs the diagnosis), dresiman (“the one who cures”, i.e., prepares and administers the medication), or duman (“the one who accomplishes”, i.e., treats and cures), to distinguish them from obiaman, bonuman, and wisiman who are in general associated with black magic practices [29, 33, 34].
\nWinti priests have a profound knowledge of the medicinal plants and the diseases and conditions they treat [29, 33, 34]. Some plants—such as the African rice
One of the first traditional medicinal healers of Suriname was the freedman Quassie van Timotibo, also known as Kwasi, who popularized one of the earliest and most popular Surinamese traditional medicines, kwasibita (“Kwasi’s bitter”) [37]. Suspected to be a member of the Redi Musus and held responsible for the fall of Fort Buku headed by Boni—one of the most revered Maroon rebel generals [16, 24, 27]—Kwasi was considered a traitor among a large part of the slave population [37]. However, he was respected by many Whites as the most proficient dresi- and lukuman of eighteenth-century Suriname [37]. Kwasi had obtained much of his medicinal knowledge from the Indigenous peoples and discovered around 1730 the remarkable qualities of the bitterwood or kwasibita
Maroons and Creoles use many other plants for treating a variety of disease conditions including, among others, parasitic infections, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bone fractures, and psychological conditions [33, 34, 38–44]. Spiritual herbal baths and ritual washing are often part of the treatment, as they would have a medicinal and magical effect on the body, calming the nervous system [33, 34, 38, 39]. The washings would also provide spiritual purification, protect against injury, repair broken relationships, and exorcise evil forces [33, 34, 38–44]. A few popular plant-based medicinal applications are the so-called kowru dresis, genital steam baths for females, and remedies for children’s ailments [35, 38].
\nKowru dresis (“medicines against a cold”) are prepared from several plants including the leaves from
Genital steam baths are abundantly used by females for their personal hygiene [28, 33–35, 38] but also—as indicated by their suggestive vernacular names—to improve the appearance of the vagina in order to enhance sensation during intercourse, securing the relationship with and economic support by the male partner [28, 33–35, 38]. A few of the dozens of plants used in genital steam baths are the broko pipi (“broken penis”)
Important childhood conditions requiring traditional treatment include atita and evil eye. Atita, commonly known in Suriname as zuurte or suri (“sourness”), is an ill-described condition in newborns that is characterized by stomach ache, cramps, diaper rash, yellow, sour-smelling feces, and diarrhea with small grains resembling okra seeds [28, 33–35, 38]. Atita may be caused by the baby’s intestinal flora which must adapt to the uptake of proteins from breast milk [35]. This condition is treated by bathing the baby with a decoction of the leaves and/or flowers from the ingiwiri (“Indian herb”)
A baby is at risk to get evil eye or ogri ai (“bad eye”) by an envious or a malevolent glare that can inflict harm, suffering, or even death [28, 33–35, 38]. This condition is commonly treated by bathing the infant with Reckitt’s Blue, which presumably has its origin in its whitening (i.e., cleansing) effect on laundry [28, 33–35, 38]. Ogri ai can presumably be prevented by rubbing asafetida or didibri kaka (“devil’s feces”)—the foul smelling dried latex from the rhizomes of the stinking gum
The first indentured laborers from (then British) India arrived on June 5, 1873, in Paramaribo with the sailing ship Lalla Rookh that had departed more than 3 months earlier from central depots in Calcutta [18, 19]. The 452 passengers—called “Hindustanis” by the Dutch—were mostly recruited from the modern-day states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in northern and eastern India, respectively [18, 19]. Important reasons to leave their homeland were the high unemployment and the substantial loss of traditional jobs due to the rapid industrialization of India [18, 19]. However, at least some of them might have been misled into believing that they were taken to a place of pilgrimage called Sri Ram which turned out to be Suriname [18, 19]. Sixty-three more shiploads with laborers arrived in Suriname, taking as many as 34,304 Hindustani to the Dutch colony until 1916, when this practice was discouraged by Mahatma Gandhi’s movement for an independent India [18, 19].
\nAlthough formally considered laborers on a 5-year contract rather than slaves [18, 19], working conditions on the sugar and coffee plantations were more or less equal to slavery [18, 19]. Working hours were long, payment was low, housing was in former slave accommodations, and not completing assigned tasks was severely punished [18, 19]. This regularly led to bloody uprisings, the largest one of which occurred in 1902 at the Marienburg sugar factory in Commewijne, then the center of sugarcane processing in Suriname [18, 19]. Angry workers killed the Scottish supervisor James Mavor, and in retaliation the Dutch colonial forces killed 24 workers and wounded over 39 [18, 19]. The Hindustani fatalities were buried in a mass grave that has remained unidentified until today [18, 19].
\nNevertheless, only one-third of the workers returned to India after the completion of their contract [18, 19]. The remaining two-thirds accepted the offer of free settlement rights on plantations plus a bonus of a 100 Dutch guilders for abandoning their right to a return passage [18, 19]. Several of them used their bonus money and their savings to grow rice on their small plots of land, particularly in the western district of Nickerie yielding them appreciable incomes [18, 19]. Even today, a number of Hindustanis own sizable rice farms in Suriname [51].
All and all, the Hindustani community has economically and politically been very successful in the Surinamese society but has managed to keep their culture and traditions alive, strengthening the group identity [51]. This holds true for their religion, marriage rituals, customs in raising children, family and communal life, burial rites, as well as celebrations as Holi Phagwah, the festival of colors that celebrates the victory of good over evil and the arrival of spring, and Diwali, the festival of lights that rejoices the triumph of light over darkness [51]. Notably, Surinamese Hindi or Sarnami—a dialect based on Bhojpuri, the main language spoken in the parts of India, the Hindustani originated from—is the third-most spoken language in Suriname after Surinamese and Dutch [51].
\nThe Hindustanis have also largely preserved their cultural and traditional medicinal practices which are strongly linked to Ayurvedic medicine or Ayurveda (Sanskrit for “knowledge of life”) [52–54]. Ayurveda is probably one of the oldest forms of medicine [52–54]. It originates from India and dates back more than 3000 years ago, and is still one of the country’s most important traditional health-care systems [52–54]. Up to 80% of Indians use Ayurvedic medications for a variety of conditions including complex ailments such as angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus [52–54]. Ayurvedic practitioners are educated in 180 training centers [52–54], and the huge intellectual property and economic interest are managed by the prominent Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy [52–54]. India’s government also supports laboratory and clinical research on Ayurvedic preparations [52–54].
\nAyurvedic medicinal concepts are based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between mind, body, and spirit, and that imbalance results in disease [52–54]. This holistic approach is a fundamental aspect of Ayurveda [52–54]. Today, Ayurveda is widely practiced throughout the world and in many countries recognized as a form of complementary and alternative medicine [52–54]. The principal ingredients of Ayurvedic medications are preparations derived from leaves, fruits, seeds, bark, or roots from certain plants [52–54]. Hundreds of plant species are used for such preparations [52–54]. In addition, Ayurvedic medications may be prepared from animal products such as milk, bones, or fats, and/or minerals such as sulfur, lead, arsenic, copper sulfate, and gold [52–54].
The Hindustanis in Suriname also use a large variety of plants for their Ayurveda-based cultural and medicinal customs [55–57]. Several of these plants have been brought over from India but others have been discovered in Suriname or adopted from other cultures [55–57]. Examples of long known and very popular Ayurvedic medicinal plants are the neem
The bitter-tasting constituents of parts of
The stem bark, flowers, and seeds from
Many of these plants are also considered sacred and are used in various Hindu rituals [51]. For instance, preparations from
The first group of Javanese indentured laborers arrived in Paramaribo on August 9, 1890 [19, 20]. It consisted of 94 small farmers from villages in Central and East Java in the former Dutch East Indies [19, 20]. They had been recruited by the very influential Netherlands Trading Society established by the Dutch King Willem I, either by force, bribery, or manipulation [19, 20]. The approximately 40-day journey was hard, and many Javanese died on the ship, in-transit in The Netherlands, or upon arrival in Paramaribo [19, 20]. Those who survived were mainly set to work on sugarcane plantations in the district of Commewijne [19, 20].
\nThis was deemed so successful that many more followed from 1894 on. In 1904, Javanese laborers were even specifically recruited to construct the Colonial Railways for the transport of sugarcane from surrounding plantations to the sugarcane factory in Marienburg [19, 20]. Contracts were signed for 5 years, but life in Suriname’s countryside was brutal and wages were minimal [19, 20]. For this reason, thousands of Javanese returned to Indonesia or to The Netherlands, particularly after Indonesia’s independence in 1954 [19, 20].
\nThe influx of indentured workers from Java ceased in 1939 with the advent of the Second World War, and had brought a total of 32,956 Javanese in Suriname [19, 20]. Those who settled in Suriname received a plot of land and a reimbursement of 100 guilders repatriation money [19, 20]. They were initially kept isolated in the countryside, particularly after Governor Johannes C. Kielstra’s (1933–1943) consent of Javanese farm villages with their own village head (the lurah) and chief committee [19, 20]. On the other hand, this secluded lifestyle strengthened the group identity, as they maintained the rich culture they had brought with them from Java [19, 20].
\nNowadays, the Javanese community has been well integrated in the Surinamese society, but many of their traditions and rituals have been preserved [68–70]. This holds true not only for their language but also for their types of entertainment such as the wayang shadow puppet show accompanied by distinctive orchestral gamelan music, and Javanese ludruk theater that includes the centuries old tradition of storytelling through slow, graceful, and expressive dances [70]. An important ritual that has been preserved is the preparation of the sacrificial slamatan meal at seven specific time periods to commemorate the departed, including the day of passing and 1000 after his/her death [70].
The Javanese have also maintained their traditional medicinal practices which are mainly based on medicinal plants and are referred to as Jamu [70]. Jamu is the widely practiced form of traditional medicine in Indonesia that probably has its origin in the Mataram Kingdom era in ancient Java, some 1300 years ago [71, 72]. Jamu is mostly based on plants, but materials from animals such as honey, royal jelly, bee larvae, milk, and chicken eggs are also used [71, 72]. Jamu products called jamus are in Indonesia traditionally available from (particularly female) peddlers and street-side vendors, but are nowadays also produced and retailed by large companies in dried form in sachet packaging or as tablets, capsules, and liquid drinks [71, 72]. The manufacturers of jamus are united in Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu, an Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association [71, 72]. Together, they employ roughly 15 million workers, produce over 1200 different jamu products, and bring in annual revenues of more than US$ 73 million [71, 72].
\nJamu is practiced in both Indonesia and Suriname by highly respected medicinal practitioners known as dukuns or tabibs [70, 71, 73]. The dukun is very influential and holds extensive knowledge about the preparation of the large variety of sometimes rather complicated jamus [70, 71]. An example is the very popular jamu galian consisting of different parts of eight plants that is widely used in Suriname as a general health-promoting tonic [70, 71, 73]. The dukun also plays an important role during, for instance, nyuwuk, a ritual to bring a person at ease by praying over and blowing three times over a glass of water that then must be drunk by the client [70, 71, 73]. Nyuwuk is often performed prior to examinations, circumcisions, or giving birth [70, 71].
Many plants incorporated in jamus belong to the family Zingiberaceae which have been brought from Java and are now cultivated in Suriname [74]. A few examples are the laos
As the majority of Javanese is Muslim [2], jamus are usually prepared on Mondays and Thursdays which are assigned for fasting in Islam. They are used for treating a wide variety of conditions. For instance, the rhizomes from
Jamus prepared from
Medicinal plants belonging to families other than the Zingiberaceae that are incorporated in popular jamus are the cat’s whiskers
As a result of its fascinating and tumultuous history, Suriname has become a treasure chest of traditional medicinal approaches and rituals based on plants. Traditions and rituals from every continent on Earth have found their way in the country and have largely been preserved. This is illustrated by the various examples given in this overview about Maroons and Creoles as well as Hindustanis and Javanese. However, the same applies to the rich Indigenous South American cultures, traditional Chinese medicine, and the cultures brought over by many other ethnicities in the country. Gradually, many of these traditions are finding their way to other ethnicities. This is likely to result in a unique and even richer traditional medical culture in the country.
\nFor instance, the use of kowru dresis as well as many remedies and rituals against evil eye has its origin in Africa but is not anymore restricted to Maroons and Creoles and has become common practice in all ethnic groups in Suriname. The neem plant
Contributing to this pool are the traditional medicinal customs of the Indigenous which already had a profound influence on Maroon culture, and traditional Chinese medicine that has become, similarly to Indian Ayurveda, a form of complementary and alternative medicine that is worldwide respected. It is foreseeable that these cultural fusions—meetings of the mind—will lead to the development of a distinct form of herbalism in Suriname that will generate a unique array of medicines.
There are presently around 700 carotenoids known, although only about 50 of them are being digested by humans [1, 2]. Carotenoids are present in large concentrations in adipose tissue (80–80% of total), liver (8–12%), and muscles (2–3%) in healthy adults, but in fewer amounts in all other areas [3]. overall amount and levels of various carotenoids inside a person’s bloodstream are mostly determined by their daily average diet. Carotenoids and polyenes are abundant in green leafy vegetables and various multicolored fruits [4]. The bulk of dietary carotenoids is digested by the stomach and enters the bloodstream in humans. People’s blood contains B-carotene, a-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein [5]. Carotenoids circulate in the circulation alongside lipoproteins, notably LDL (low-density lipoprotein fraction) [6]. However, a large amount of ingested B-carotene and other provitamins. A carotenoid is transformed to the retina, primarily in the gut wall, but also some proportion in the stomach and intestines [7]. In the human diet, fresh vegetables are currently the primary source of carotenoids [8, 9, 10]. Lutein might perform an important role in hypertension and symptoms of acute permeability in those with heart problems, high cholesterol, and/or hyperglycemia, according to a literature review and meta-analysis [11].
Carotenoids may be found in a variety of fruits and are also available as a nutritional supplement [12, 13]. Cardiovascular abnormalities have subsequently been a major source of worry across the world since they affect a large portion of the global population, and an elevated death rate has been reported in individuals aged 30 and above [14, 15]. Numerous researches have looked at carotenoids’ possible cardioprotective and antioxidant capabilities [16, 17]. Individuals with cardiovascular disease may benefit from the anti-inflammatory properties of lutein, which may help to alleviate their symptoms [18]. ROS-induced reactive damage can arise in lipid peroxidation products, this may hasten the onset of atherosclerosis, the condition that causes heart attacks and ischemic strokes [19].
Carotenoids can be found in a variety of foods, although the majority of carotenoids in the diet are derived from strongly colored vegetables, fruits, and juices. Carotenes supplied as food colorings to foods during the process, milk and dairy fat-containing meals, eggs, seafood, and carotenoids provided as food colorings to foods during handling can also supply trace amounts. The principal sources of carotenoids in the United States are shown in Figure 1. The data is derived from Median values using current HPLC procedures [20].
United States donators of carotenoids rich foods and per capita.
B-cryptoxanthin is present in orange fruits, lutein in green leafy vegetables, and lycopene in tomatoes and tomato derivatives, while B-carotene and a-carotene are both found in yellow-orange veggies and fruits. Multicomponent or mixed meals (e.g., soup, stew) generally contain a considerable proportion of carotenoid-rich foods, which is a practical element to address in dietary evaluation [21, 22]. Seasonality may be a key factor of the kind and amount of dietary carotenoids consumed in populations or cultural groups that consume fruits and vegetables in seasonal patterns [23, 24]. Most carotenoids have a polyisoprenoid structure, which means they have a lengthy connected network with the double bonds and are essentially bilaterally symmetrical around the central doubled bond [25]. Multiple carotenoids are generated by cyclizing the end groups and adding oxygen functionalities to the basic structure, which gives them their distinctive hues and antioxidant characteristics. The structure of several carotenoids is shown in Figure 2.
Chemical structure of common carotenoids.
The most frequent pigment present in human blood is lycopene. That’s just a non-cyclic-carotene analog with 11 linked doubled bonds and two distinct doubling bonds arranged in a linear arrangement [25]. This natural pigment is produced by bacteria and plants. Tomatoes are one of the most potent antioxidants, having a respiration activity that is greater than the total beta-carotene and 10 twice that of -tocopherol [26]. This is owing to the high quantity of linked diamines in the product. The adrenals, testicles, liver, and sex organs all contain lycopene [27]. Unlike some other carotenoids, lycopene content in the blood and organs does not correspond well with the total fruit and veggies diet [28].
According to the oxidative hypothesis, preventing LDL from being damaged is the first stage in the production of fibrils and atherosclerosis plaques, which leads to its absorption by monocytes inside the artery wall and the formation of plaque [29]. Oxidative alterations include triglyceride destruction, phospholipid oxidation, and subsequent oxidation of Apolipoprotein B, in addition to unsaturated fatty acids [30].
Lycopene can mainly be found in its all-trans stereoisomer”s natural form [31]. Lycopene is perhaps the most abundant pigment in blood serum, with a duration of 2–3 days [32].
Fragmentation of the lycopene-rich feed solution, cooking temperature, and the incorporation of lipids as well as other fat compounds, such as other carotenoids, all impact lycopene absorption from food components. Carotenoids, like other lipid-soluble medicines, are digested via a chylomicron-mediated process in the gastrointestinal system [33]. Humans absorb 10–30% of the lycopene they eat in their diet [34, 35]. Sauce, tomato puree, and tomato aqueous extracts capsules all absorb lycopene as well [34, 36]. Lycopene levels are greatest in the testicles, adrenals, prostate, chest, and liver in humans [37, 38]. Lycopene is metabolized and broken down in the tissues. Many oxidizing lycopene forms, as well as polarized intermediates, have recently been isolated and identified [39]. Table 1 shows the lycopene content of several foods [37, 40]. According to studies, 10–30% of lycopene taken in the diet is absorbed in the body [41].
A lower incidence of cardiovascular disease has been attributed to the Mediterranean diet. Tomatoes, tomato derivatives, lycopene, and other pigments are abundant [42, 43]. In 499 patients with CVD (Mayo cordial infection, strokes, CVD mortality, or revascularization therapies), increased plasma lycopene levels were linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in the Physicians’ Health Study [44]. Lower blood lycopene levels were connected to an increased risk of death in a demographic study comparing Lithuanian and Swedish populations with different heart disease mortality rates [45]. Inflammation is considered to have a part in the development of atherosclerotic disease, which accounts for around 80% of all heart disease cases. In studies, high levels of cytokine production in blood plasma were associated with the onset of cardiac problems [46].
In a research of 139 sick people, oxygenated carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein, carotenoids, B-cryptoxanthin, a-carotene, and b-carotene) were found to be reduced in both patient groups (39 with acute illness, 50 with cardiovascular events, and 50 control participants) [47]. In a Japan inhabitants research of 3061 people, there was a link between high blood carotenoids (a-carotene, a-carotene, lycopene, total carotene levels) and a decreased hazard ratio for mortality risk [48]. Upon 60 days of tomato diet intake, a study of CHD (chronic heart disease) patients found a significant improvement in plasma key anti-oxidative enzymes (lipid oxidation rate, dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) compared with control, implying that or more elements of veggies could have medicinal beneficial health effects. In a 3-month study, six healthy guys were given 60 mg of lycopene each day. At the completion of the medication term, their plasma LDL cholesterol level had dropped by 14% [49]. For 1 week, 19 smoke-free healthy people (10 men, 9 women) received lycopene via normal tomatoes and nutraceuticals (20–150 mg/d) in a designed cross nutritional controlled trial [50]. The goal of Thiess and coworkers’ randomized clinical experiment was to see how lycopene consumption affected the levels of cardiovascular risk indicators in healthy people. According to the data, taking 10 mg of lycopene every day for 12 weeks did not influence raised blood concentrations. The levels of Apolipoprotein A-I and Apoprotein B-100 were constant. Although the findings were not significant, both the diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressures were reduced by 3.2 and 0.3 mmHg, respectively [51].
This group includes the xanthophyll compounds lutein and zeaxanthin. Macula lutea pigments are made from the macula lutea plant’s natural dyes. Certain pigments seem to be essential for the physiological function of the eye. They protect against cataracts and macular degeneration caused by aging. These qualities are owed to their antioxidant properties first and foremost [52]. Figure 1 shows that zeaxanthin has the same composition as lutein and is its derivative. From one of the final b-ion rings, the placement of a double bond changes between the two compounds: zeaxanthin is between C50 and C60, whereas lutein’s is between C40 and C5. Leafy foods, along with colorful veggies, are high in lutein. Two of the most prevalent sources are spinach and greens. Lutein can also be present in egg yolks, thanks to the practice of feeding chickens plant-based foods. Corn and red peppers, for example, contain zeaxanthin [53, 54]. Xu and colleagues looked into the efficacy of lutein supplements here on activation of proinflammatory mediators and blood lipids in atherosclerotic subjects. The levels of monocyte chemotaxis protein type 1 in the blood of several individuals who received lutein at a dosage of 20 mg/d for 3 months were decreased (MCP-1). LDL blood cholesterol values were also found to be lower in these individuals [55]. The China Coronary Finding provides evidence that lutein has a protective effect on atherosclerosis. Patients with early stages of atherosclerosis had lower blood lutein concentrations than healthy individuals, according to the study. Plasma lutein content is seen to be negatively linked to the thickness of carotid endothelial tissue (CIMT). The high amount of zeaxanthin in the blood was also shown to be inversely related to right main aorta stiffness and pulse velocity (PWV), both of which are markers of cardiovascular risk [56]. In the 39,876 women who were investigated, there was no link between serum lutein and zeaxanthin contents but also cardiovascular events [57].
β-Carotene is a strong fat-soluble nutraceutical that may be found in many fruits and vegetables. β-carotene converts to two molecules of vitamin A, resulting in a higher vitamin A supply [58, 59]. Cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, immunological, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts, and aging have all been proven to be prevented by β-carotene [60, 61, 62]. The effectiveness of tagged β-carotene absorption varies greatly between clinical investigations, ranging from 3 to 80%, but quite often around 10 and 30% [63, 64]. It might be related to β-carotene’s varied bioavailability, or it could be owing to the enterocyte’s delayed absorption or transit. It’s worth noting that the absorption of β-carotene was commonly evaluated after a little meal. In humans, though, our stomach may retain β-carotene from the initial meal for eventual release during the subsequent period [65].
On the other hand, carotenoid binding vehicles may impact carotenoid absorption routes. Blended micelles were most likely separated from the majority of the bolus in the unstirred water of such a glycocalyx region before touching the boundary layer, whereupon carotenoid could be ingested passively or via a transporter-dependent method [66]. Phytofluene, β-carotene, and lutein accumulation are comparable to as well as much bigger than phytoene ingestion in differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers, albeit lycopene ingestion was the lowest [67, 68]. Uptake efficiency appears to be linked to carotenoid polarity and flexibility in the same manner as bioavailability is. This might be because hydrophilic, pliable pigments have such a stronger attraction for lipids carriers and plasma membrane, resulting in more absorption. According to an IOM report from 2001 [69], the Supplemental and dietary β-carotene absorbing rate ranges from 5 to 26% (spinach) (raw carrots). β-carotene and lycopene are the most abundant carotenoids in human adipocytes, accounting for 20.2 and 18.5% of total carotenoids, respectively, with substantial inter-individual variability [70].
In a recent meta-analysis of all-cause mortality in 25,468 men and women, the relative risk (RR) for those with the highest vs. lowest blood beta-carotene levels was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.80). (6137 deaths) [71]. According to the NHANES III study of 16,008 people, some in the top tertile of serum beta-carotene seemed to have a 25% lower risk of mortality (95% CI: 10–37%) than those in the lowest quintile (4225 deaths) [72]. Many investigations, along with a recent meta-analysis, suggest that circulating beta-carotene and overall mortality are negatively correlated [73, 74, 75]. In contrast, a meta-analysis of observational studies found that supplementation with b-carotene raises the odds of cardiovascular mortality from a tiny proportion [76]. Increased nutritional consumption of a-carotene and b-carotene was linked to a reduced risk of CVD mortality in the Zutphen Elderly research [77]. High serum concentrations of a-carotene and b-carotene, lycopene, or carotenoids, according to Japanese population-based follow-up studies, can lower the risk of mortality rates [78, 79].
The development of cardiovascular disorders is undoubtedly aided by peroxidation and chronically low irritation in the cardiovascular system. This pathogenesis of CVD and coronary disease has been related to oxidatively damaged low-density lipoproteins. An injection of such a free radical source that promotes LDL oxidation into foam cells appears to cause thermogenesis. An injection of such a free radical source into foam cells that stimulates LDL oxidation appears to trigger thermogenesis. Antioxidants may prevent cholesterol levels from degradation, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans. Because β-carotene and lycopene are mostly found in LDL, they have a significant role in preventing oxidation [80]. The addition of b-carotene to LDL in situ was already found to lower the oxidation sensitivity of LDL [81].
Carotenoids have antioxidant properties and promote lymphocyte proliferation, which would boost immunological activity. The modification of vascular NO bioavailability owing to carotenoids’ lowering action is another intriguing technique for explaining how carotenoids assist prevent CVD. In a model of vascular inflammation, high beta-carotene concentrations are connected to a large rise in NO level or absorption, as seen by an increase in cGMP level. In endothelial cells, increased NO release resulted in the enzyme inhibition of NF-kB-dependent binding proteins [82]. Endothelial NO bioavailability is therefore thought to be important to endothelial function and overall vascular health. In a rat model of atherosclerosis, further study reveals that a 9-cis-beta-carotene-rich diet can protect heart disease by lowering non-HDL plasma cholesterol levels, inhibiting liver fibrosis growth and inflammation [83].
Astaxanthin, or 3,3′-dihydroxy-, ′ β-carotene-4,4′-dione, is a red-orange marine carotenoid present inside a wide range of microorganisms and marine animals [61, 62]. Soft gels, capsules, lotions, energy beverages, oils, and extracts containing astaxanthin have already entered the market as nutritional supplements [84]. As for other liposome carotenoids, astaxanthin is considered to go through a complicated digesting and absorption process that includes liberation from food material, transport to a stomach organic phase, creation into micelles under solvation via pancreas hydrolases but also bile acids, transit through the villi, uptake by enterocytes, and inclusion into chylomicrons allowing transportation to the lymphatic vessels and bloodstream [58, 85]. The gastrointestinal system, particularly the duodenum, absorbs almost no carotenoids into enterocytes, and bioavailability refers to the fraction of the ingested dosage retained into micelles. [86].
However, because of its weak water solubility and corrosiveness, oral astaxanthin’s bioavailability is restricted. The pharmacokinetics of astaxanthin in rats were dose-independent between 100 and 200 mg/kg. Oral astaxanthin intake in the gastrointestinal tract followed a flip-flop pattern, according to Choi et al. [87]. The structure of astaxanthin has a role in its bioavailability. In vitro and rat, experiments demonstrated that a single ingestion of 100 mg mixed isomers resulted in a greater plasma level of cis-astaxanthin, particularly the 13-cis isomer, than diet [88, 89, 90]. Osterlie et al. looked at the dispersion of astaxanthin in different lipid fragments and found that 36–64% plasma astaxanthin accumulated in chylomicron-containing very-low-density lipoproteins, with the rest distributed almost evenly between low-density lipoprotein 29% and high-density lipoprotein 24% [90].
Microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and other seafood are all members of the xanthophyll family. Microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and other seafood contain astaxanthin, a red soluble pigment. In the marine environment, it can be found in microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and some other seafood. It’s the pigment that gives salmon and crustaceans their characteristic colors [91]. Even though chronic damage is still a biomarker conducted in a range of diseases, astaxanthin has shown promise in the prevention and treatment of malignancies, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disease, kidney disease, nephropathy, spleen, and digestive diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cardiovascular disease. According to Pashow et al., astaxanthin might help with myocardial injury, oxidation LDL, re-thrombosis following angioplasty, or other cardiac issues including fibrillation. Astaxanthin is a strong anti-oxidant and FR’s remover, and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen-oxygen species (NOS) quencher (NOS) [92]. During an eight-week study, Park looked at the effects of astaxanthin supplementation (0, 2, and 8 mg per day) on oxidative stress. People taking 2 mg a day for 8 weeks had a decreased hs-CRP, a primary predictor of heart disease. After 4 weeks of therapy, DNA damage as determined by serum 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine was also reduced [93].
The xanthophyll pigment astaxanthin (AST) is present in a variety of marine animals and microalgae [28]. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, as well as the ability to improve cardiovascular and immune system health, as well as prevent diabetes and neurological illnesses, are all found in AST [94, 95, 96, 97, 98]. In green foods, the lutein-to-zeaxanthin ratio ranges from 12 to 63, with kale having the highest concentration, whereas the ratio in yellow-orange fruits and vegetables is between 0.1 and 1.4 [99]. Dark green algae, that are consumed by fish, are rich in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin. Capsanthin is most commonly found within the pepper. β-Cryptoxanthin is a provitamin A that may be found inside a variety of vegetables, but it’s especially abundant in corn, oranges, peaches, papaya, watermelon, and egg yolk. [100, 101].
Carotenoids should be digested then delivered into the blood to assert and provide their physical effects. Carotenoids seem to be either lipid-soluble or hydrophilic, indicating they are accessible in fats and immiscible, just like the human digestive tract. When compared to the hydrocarbon carotenoids (α-, β-carotene, and lycopene), lutein and zeaxanthin have hydroxyl groups and are thus polar molecules. To calculate the advantages, a thorough understanding of carotenoid release, absorption, transit, and storage in the eye is required. The quantity and type of dietary fat, that assists in the solvation of releasing carotenoids, and also phospholipids, soluble fiber, and indeed the nature of carotenoids, are all key determinants in lutein and zeaxanthin absorption from food [102, 103, 104]. Many phases are engaged in the intake of carotenoids released from food: (i) dispersion inside the stomach colloid so it can be integrated into fat droplets, (ii) followed by translocation to micelles holding bile salts, biliary phospholipids, dietary lipids, as well as other substances. The intestinal cell collects the dissolved carotenoids and distributes them into the blood. In vitro transfer of lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin from fruits (orange, kiwi, grapefruit, and sweet potato) was nearly 0%, compared to 19 and 38%, respectively, from spinach and broccoli [105]. The primary carotenoids detected in maize milling fractions are lutein and zeaxanthin, which account for nearly 70% of total carotenoids [106]. Table 2 lists foods that are high in lutein and zeaxanthin [107, 108, 109, 110].
With a 40-carbon hydroxylated structure, zeaxanthin is just an oxygenation non-provitamin A carotenoid [111]. The macular lutea, a yellow-colored region of the retina that supports the central vision and includes lutein and zeaxanthin, is a yellow-colored section of the retina that contains lutein and zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin may protect proteins, lipids, or DNA from oxidative stress via influencing various cellular antioxidant mechanisms, in addition to immediately reducing superoxide radicals. Glutathione is a potent antioxidant found within tissues that defends them from oxidation [112]. Taking supplements with zeaxanthin or a-tocopherol lowers metabolized glutathione (GSSG) levels while raising internalized reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio, particularly during redox balance. By regulating glutathione production and hence glutathione levels, zeaxanthin functions as an antioxidant, either directly or indirectly. As a result, the internal redox state improves in oxidative stress, and susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death decreases [113].
Beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, which are inversely related to right main artery stiffness, pulse speed, and deformability, are implicated in both ocular and cardiovascular health. Both the Beijing and Los Angeles atherosclerosis studies discovered an opposite relation between serum lutein and initial CVD, although subsequent follow-up trials revealed that greater serum zeaxanthin concentrations may defend from early arteriosclerosis [114]. Zeaxanthin may help vascular health, according to these studies.
With chemically similar formulas, it’s an isomer of the carotenoid zeaxanthin. It, like zeaxanthin, is exclusively found in foods like yellow maize, egg yolk, orange juice, honeydew melon, and other fruits, and must be gotten by supplements or diet [113]. The ubiquitous nuclear transcription factor NF-kB, which is implicated in a range of pathogenic reactions, is blocked by lutein [115], as well as the kB inhibitor’s degradation (I-kB) [48]. It also has a significant potential to scavenge ROS [116, 117]. NF-kB can begin to migrate into the nucleus when I-kB is released from the NF-kB complex by lutein, reducing inducible transcription of genes and the activation of cytokines markers such cytokines, chemokines, and iNOS [118]. Lutein inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), prostaglandin 2 (PGE-2), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) [119].
According to this study, plasmatic lutein shows a negative correlation with oxidative stress, implying that it has significant oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on aortic tissue, potentially preventing atherosclerotic [120]. Several studies have found that lutein levels in individuals with atherosclerosis were considerably lower than in normal and that they were indirectly correlated to arterial tightness [121]. The cardiac and blood vessel preventive actions of lutein have also been connected to the management of hypertension. A rise in systolic blood pressure and unintentional hypertension was often negatively proportional to a larger amount of this carotenoid. Some with greater lutein values had lower serum blood pressure but a decreased risk of future hypertension, independent of whether or not they smoke [122]. By lowering peroxidation and myocyte apoptosis, lutein prevents the myocardium from ischemia damage [123]. By avoiding contractile dysfunction, limiting myocardial damage may lower CAD morbidity and mortality [124].
The onset and evolution of a range of disorders, including cardiovascular issues, have been related to oxidative stress. ROS are important biological variables that can influence a wide range of physiological and disease-related conditions [125]. Cancer, reactive arthritis, osteoarthritis, aging, neurological, and cardiac illnesses are all connected to oxidative stress. Given the evidence linking oxidative stress to a wide range of human illnesses, measuring oxidative stress biomarkers is critical for assessing health and detecting the onset of oxidative stress-related disorders [126]. Hypercholesterolemia is also a disease that is closely connected to peroxidation. FH individuals reported greater levels of reactive oxygen species than normolipidemic patients, as per an inter observational study involving 132 individuals with high cholesterol (FH). MDA concentration seems to be much higher in FH, suggesting a higher oxidative stress state, according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemists (IFCC) standard range (>1.24 g/L) [127]. Various demographic studies have examined the association between higher nutritional carotene intake and thus the environment’s effects on cardiovascular disease prevention [128, 129, 130, 131].
Circulating carotenoid concentrations, for example, have been associated with inflammatory markers, increased lipid peroxidation, and vascular dysfunction, that has all been connected to CVD [132, 133, 134]. Secondly, pigments and minerals have a phytonutrient-like impact on endothelial dysfunction and irritation, decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis. [135]. The finding of a link between carotene, peroxidation, and inflammation has been aided by several in vitro studies, notably those that used subsystem [136]. Carotenoids exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vascular cells, as shown in Figure 3.
Carotenoids have a beneficial effect on endothelial dysfunction and overall vascular health [
Nitrogen oxide may combine with O2− to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) under oxidative conditions, resulting in decreased NO bioavailability, vascular dysfunction, increased lipid oxidation, and chronic inflammatory responses. Nitrogen oxide may combine with oxygen to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) during oxidative conditions, resulting in decreased NO bioavailability, vascular dysfunction, increased lipid oxidation, and chronic inflammatory responses. All of these actions create a negative cycle, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities of carotenoids may be harmed as a result. TNF-, tumor necrotic lesions factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; O2-, superoxide anion; ONOO-, peroxynitrite; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synth cGM.
Antioxidants are chemicals that prevent or restrict oxidative damage by inhibiting the action of reactive oxygen species. Intrinsic antioxidant components present in body cells include chronic damage, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Antioxidants found in foods include vitamin C, vitamin C, polyphenols, and carotenoids [138]. To help avoid chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease, current dietary guidelines recommend consuming more antioxidant-rich plant foods like fruits and vegetables [139].
The conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide is catalyzed by nitric oxide synthases (NOS)., but they can create superoxide under uncoupling conditions:
NOS + L-arginine + O2 + NADPH − → NO + citrulline + NADP+ NOS(Fe(II)heme) + O2 − → NOS(Fe(III)heme) + O2 •− [140].
Two NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS (NOS1) and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS3), are generated in cardiomyocytes constantly, whereas inducible NOS (NOS2) is lacking in the healthy heart but can be triggered by pro-oxidants [141]. It was discovered that hypertrophied myocytes had a higher amount of iNOS [142]. Because NOSs may produce both RNS and ROS, their effects on the cardiovascular system can be complex—they can enhance or reduce heart damage. Because nitric oxide is an EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor), its effects must primarily benefit the heart. The diffusion-controlled interaction of nitric oxide with superoxide, on the other hand, produces the very reactive peroxynitrite. To avoid heart damage, the equilibrium of superoxide/nitric oxide must be maintained. During pathological changes in the heart, the interplay of major enzymatic ROS generators contributes to this balance. In dogs with pacing-induced heart failure, NO synthases and xanthine oxidase was shown to be important in the modulation of myocardial mechanical efficiency, and overexpression of XO relative to NOS contributed to mechanoenergetic uncoupling [143].
Fruits and vegetables are rich in carotenoids. Carotenoids have long been regarded to be beneficial to one’s health. Nearly 700 carotenoids have been discovered. The most regularly referenced carotenoids in this chapter were a-carotene, b-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin. Their absorption, transportation, needs, and chemistry were all discussed. Cardiovascular diseases are a significant public health issue. Carotenoids-rich meals may help to reduce the progression of coronary heart disease, according to the study reviewed in this chapter. Oxidative stress is responsible for a wide range of degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular issues. The pathogenesis of CVD is heavily influenced by oxidative stress. We looked at the significance of carotenoids in endothelial function and vascular health in general in this chapter. We also discussed how carotenoids may be obtained from a variety of fruits and vegetables. The etiology of atherosclerosis is aggravated by oxidative stress. Throughout this chapter, we looked at the significance of carotenoids in endothelial function and vascular health in general.
We thank the digital library GCUF for providing access to the publication.
There is no conflict of interest as declared by all authors.
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This section also focuses on the abnormal airways in obesity, pregnancy, children and neonate, and patients with abnormal facial defects.",book:{id:"6495",slug:"tracheal-intubation",title:"Tracheal Intubation",fullTitle:"Tracheal Intubation"},signatures:"Aslı Mete and İlknur Hatice Akbudak",authors:[{id:"237495",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",middleName:null,surname:"Mete",slug:"asli-mete",fullName:"Asli Mete"},{id:"237882",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilknur",middleName:"Hatice",surname:"Akbudak",slug:"ilknur-akbudak",fullName:"Ilknur Akbudak"}]},{id:"53912",doi:"10.5772/67048",title:"Pharmacology of Local Anaesthetics and Commonly Used Recipes in Clinical Practice",slug:"pharmacology-of-local-anaesthetics-and-commonly-used-recipes-in-clinical-practice",totalDownloads:4089,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Local anaesthetics are commonly used drugs in clinical anaesthesia. The knowledge of their pharmacology is paramount for safe and optimal use of this group of drugs. This chapter consists of two sections. The first section will address the chemical and physical properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the local anaesthetics. In the second section, examples of the commonly used doses and additives used for various peripheral and regional anaesthetics will be discussed. We will also address the treatment of toxicity as a result of inadvertent intravascular injection of the local anaesthetics.",book:{id:"5490",slug:"current-topics-in-anesthesiology",title:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology"},signatures:"Jesse Musokota Mumba, Freddy Kasandji Kabambi and Christian\nTshebeletso Ngaka",authors:[{id:"190178",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesse",middleName:"Musokota",surname:"Mumba",slug:"jesse-mumba",fullName:"Jesse Mumba"},{id:"190180",title:"Dr.",name:"Freddy Kasandji",middleName:null,surname:"Kabambi",slug:"freddy-kasandji-kabambi",fullName:"Freddy Kasandji Kabambi"},{id:"192695",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian Tshebeletso",middleName:null,surname:"Ngaka",slug:"christian-tshebeletso-ngaka",fullName:"Christian Tshebeletso Ngaka"}]},{id:"53159",doi:"10.5772/66574",title:"Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: Preclinical Highlights and Perspectives on Preventive Strategies",slug:"postoperative-cognitive-dysfunction-preclinical-highlights-and-perspectives-on-preventive-strategies",totalDownloads:1966,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"One of the common complications associated with anaesthesia and surgery in geriatric patients is the postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). This cognitive impairment affects the long-term prognosis and has been shown to be associated with long-term disability, higher health care costs, and even increased mortality. On the other hand, clinical research on POCD is in its infancy, the condition has not been clarified, and since no strategy for management is currently available, it is imperative to develop specific methods for prevention and management. Although its pathogenesis involves various factors, accumulating evidence suggests that surgery elicits an inflammatory response in the hippocampus, a brain area closely related to cognitive function, playing a key role in the development of POCD. Several studies suggest that age-related phenotypic change of microglia is associated with pathogenic neuroinflammation, and more importantly it may be modifiable. In this chapter, we discuss the current overview and preclinical highlights regarding POCD. We further discuss some perspectives on preventive strategies for POCD, based on the findings of our preclinical research and the available literature.",book:{id:"5490",slug:"current-topics-in-anesthesiology",title:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology"},signatures:"Fabricio M. Locatelli and Takashi Kawano",authors:[{id:"169688",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kawano",slug:"takashi-kawano",fullName:"Takashi Kawano"},{id:"191676",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabricio",middleName:null,surname:"Locatelli",slug:"fabricio-locatelli",fullName:"Fabricio Locatelli"}]},{id:"77934",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99282",title:"Regional Analgesia for Knee Surgeries: Thinking beyond Borders",slug:"regional-analgesia-for-knee-surgeries-thinking-beyond-borders",totalDownloads:304,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Knee surgeries are the most commonly performed joint surgeries in the modern world, which help maintain the quality of life by improving joint functions. These include open trauma, sports injury, or joint replacement surgeries. Among various available regional analgesia options for knee surgeries, the goal is to choose motor-sparing, opioid-sparing, and procedure-specific modalities. Therefore, it is essential to know the complex anatomy of the knee joint, essential steps of various surgical procedures, and innervations of the pain-generating structures for a particular surgery. Background knowledge of all these essentials helps select the most appropriate regional analgesia technique for knee surgeries.",book:{id:"10708",slug:"topics-in-regional-anesthesia",title:"Topics in Regional Anesthesia",fullTitle:"Topics in Regional Anesthesia"},signatures:"Kartik Sonawane and Hrudini Dixit",authors:[{id:"351728",title:"Dr.",name:"Kartik",middleName:null,surname:"Sonawane",slug:"kartik-sonawane",fullName:"Kartik Sonawane"},{id:"351737",title:"Dr.",name:"Hrudini",middleName:null,surname:"Dixit",slug:"hrudini-dixit",fullName:"Hrudini Dixit"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:5965,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"53389",title:"Anesthesia for Urological Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-for-urological-surgery",totalDownloads:3545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Because of the variable techniques and patients’ positions used in urological surgery, anesthesia for urologic surgery requires advanced knowledge and special transactions. In this matter, it is important to follow current approaches for anesthesiologists. Different surgical procedures and complications due to different positions or anesthesia were evaluated separately to be more concise. We have researched recent literature and created this chapter about new technologies in urological surgery and development in anesthesia for urological surgery.",book:{id:"5490",slug:"current-topics-in-anesthesiology",title:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology"},signatures:"Zeki Tuncel Tekgül, Burcu Özalp Horsanali and Mustafa Ozan\nHorsanali",authors:[{id:"59702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Ozan",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanali",slug:"mustafa-ozan-horsanali",fullName:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali"},{id:"190164",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeki Tuncel",middleName:null,surname:"Tekgül",slug:"zeki-tuncel-tekgul",fullName:"Zeki Tuncel Tekgül"},{id:"195091",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Özalp",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanalı",slug:"burcu-ozalp-horsanali",fullName:"Burcu Özalp Horsanalı"}]},{id:"61712",title:"Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Airway",slug:"functional-anatomy-and-physiology-of-airway",totalDownloads:3739,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, we scope the importance of functional anatomy and physiology of the upper airway. The upper airway has an important role in transporting air to the lungs. Both the anatomical structure of the airways and the functional properties of the mucosa, cartilages, and neural and lymphatic tissues influence the characteristics of the air that is inhaled. The airway changes in size, shape, and position throughout its development from the neonate to the adults. Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the airway in these forms the basis of understanding the pathological conditions that may occur. The upper airway extends from the mouth to the trachea. It includes the mouth, the nose, the palate, the uvula, the pharynx, and the larynx. This section also describes the functional physiology of this airway. Managing the airway of a patient with craniofacial disorders poses many challenges to the anesthesiologist. Anatomical abnormalities may affect only intubation, only airway management, or both. This section also focuses on the abnormal airways in obesity, pregnancy, children and neonate, and patients with abnormal facial defects.",book:{id:"6495",slug:"tracheal-intubation",title:"Tracheal Intubation",fullTitle:"Tracheal Intubation"},signatures:"Aslı Mete and İlknur Hatice Akbudak",authors:[{id:"237495",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",middleName:null,surname:"Mete",slug:"asli-mete",fullName:"Asli Mete"},{id:"237882",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilknur",middleName:"Hatice",surname:"Akbudak",slug:"ilknur-akbudak",fullName:"Ilknur Akbudak"}]},{id:"60582",title:"Indications for Endotracheal Intubation",slug:"indications-for-endotracheal-intubation",totalDownloads:3689,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Endotracheal intubation may be required when respiratory distress or airway integrity cannot be achieved or maintained for any reason. It should be considered that intubation may be required when evaluating the patient, and that in the long term, airway protection will be needed or that the problem cannot be solved by noninvasive ventilation via airway aids and devices. Identifying the problem causing the patient’s respiratory failure helps in making the decision to intubate. In fact, the clinician must be fast and self-confident when deciding on intubation. It is difficult to decide in some complex situations. It is very important to evaluate the patient, according to clinical status, age, and comorbidity, and to determine urgent intubation need. In non-diagnostic cases, further research is needed to investigate the causes of the condition such as hypoxia/hypercapnia resulting in patient respiratory distress. Different voice tone, swallowing difficulties, coughing attacks, stridor, dyspnea can be a sign of upper airway obstruction. Arterial blood gas analysis will facilitate our decision to make intubation. Non-invasive pulse oximetry and continuous capnography values may also be a guide, but the most important thing is that delayed intubation decision may bring life-threatening situations.",book:{id:"6495",slug:"tracheal-intubation",title:"Tracheal Intubation",fullTitle:"Tracheal Intubation"},signatures:"Yeliz Şahiner",authors:[{id:"236458",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeliz",middleName:null,surname:"Şahiner",slug:"yeliz-sahiner",fullName:"Yeliz Şahiner"}]},{id:"64750",title:"Perioperative Complications in Plastic Surgery",slug:"perioperative-complications-in-plastic-surgery",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Anesthetic complications in the perioperative period in plastic surgery are extremely rare, although they can be catastrophic and sometimes fatal. The proper selection and correct preoperative assessment of patients are the key to stay away from unwanted events. Preanesthesia evaluation is mandatory in each patient and must include clinical history, complete physical examination, and routine and special laboratory tests in patients with associated pathologies. Anesthetic management is based on these results, type of surgery, experience of the anesthesiologist, and the operating environment. The anesthetic technique can be local, regional, or general with standard noninvasive monitoring. It is recommended that an anesthesiologist be present in all plastic surgery procedures. Complications are usually the result of moving away from the guidelines already established for an excellent practice or the result of sentinel events rather than human errors. Pulmonary embolism is probably the most feared complication, with soft tissue infections being the most frequent complication in plastic surgery. Less common complications include arrhythmias, overhydration, allergies, bleeding, skin necrosis, dehiscence of wounds, brain damage, and dead. Anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and all personnel involved in the care of these patients must work as a team of highly qualified and updated professionals.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo, Jaime Campos-León and Alejandro\nMoreno-Guillen",authors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"},{id:"170821",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-León",slug:"jaime-campos-leon",fullName:"Jaime Campos-León"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1139",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. 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