Data of land uses in Amasya city.
\r\n\tEnvironmental applications will deal with water, and wastewater treatments, characterization of different sorbents, and waste removers, contaminants detection in water, and waste management.
\r\n\tIndustrial applications will focus on the analysis of paint, paper, pharmaceutical, and sugar industries and the applicability of infrared spectroscopy in these fields.
\r\n\tDrug analysis, food and dietary supplements testing and analysis, and natural products analysis will be discussed as parts of the pharmaceutical applications of infrared spectroscopy.
\r\n\r\n\tIn addition, the book will limp to the important applications of infrared spectroscopy in chemical and biological analyses. While the topics mentioned herein ( including the basics of IR, as well as the environmental and the industrial applications, food, and drug analysis) will be the major topics of this book, other applications and topics related to infrared spectroscopy are also invited.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-282-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-281-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-283-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a72c83e454be85c1663d16ee18525862",bookSignature:"Dr. Marwa S. El-Azazy, Dr. Khalid Al-Saad and Dr. Ahmed El-Shafie",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11564.jpg",keywords:"IR Instrumentation, Sampling Modes, Spectral Analysis, Frequencies and Identification, Environmental Applications, Paint Industry, Paper Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Sugar Industry, Drug Analysis, Food Testing and Analysis, Natural Products Analysis",numberOfDownloads:9,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Analytical Chemist, experienced educator, and researcher in water and wastewater treatment with more than 20 years of teaching experience at several institutions. Dr. Marwa has a track record of quality research inputs including more than 45 refereed papers in prestigious international journals, several conference presentations, and two book chapters, in addition to several research grants.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Analytical chemist, experienced educator, and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at Qatar University. Prof. Khalid Al-Saad is interested in environmental and biological application developments of spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Inorganic chemist and researcher from Qatar University, interested in wastewater treatment using green adsorbents.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"198210",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"El-Azazy",slug:"marwa-el-azazy",fullName:"Marwa El-Azazy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198210/images/system/198210.png",biography:"Dr. Marwa El-Azazy is an Analytical Chemist , experienced educator and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at several institutions. Dr. Marwa’s main research interest is construction of sensors (using microfluidic platforms for point-of-care-testing of drugs and bio-analytes and ion-selective electrodes), chemometrics and analytical method development, spectroscopic analyses of drugs and pharmaceuticals, synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, and development of green chemistry approaches for wastewater treatment. Dr. Marwa has a track record of research inputs including ˃45 refereed papers in prestigious international journals, several conference presentations, two book chapters, in addition to several research grants. She serves as a reviewer for a variety of international journals.",institutionString:"College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"256716",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Saad",slug:"khalid-al-saad",fullName:"Khalid Al-Saad",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRWwAQAW/Profile_Picture_1638452091614",biography:"Prof. Khalid Al-Saad is an Analytical Chemist , experienced educator and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at QU. Dr. Khalid’s main research interest is applications and methodology development of spectroscopy, chromatography and mass spectrometry for the environmental and biological analysis. In addition, he worked in water treatments Dr. Khalid has a track record of research inputs including ˃40 refereed papers in international journals, several conference presentations, one book chapters, in addition to several research grants.",institutionString:"Qatar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Qatar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Qatar"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"256946",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shafie",slug:"ahmed-el-shafie",fullName:"Ahmed El-Shafie",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRWzmQAG/Profile_Picture_1638542333775",biography:"Dr. Ahmed El-Shafie is a Chemist, and he has more than ten years of experience in teaching and research. 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Urbanization has greatly reduced agricultural areas [2]. According to the OECD [3], cities are the most important sources of major problems for rural areas [4]. Uncontrolled development also reduces biodiversity and depletes natural resources. All these show that urban development endangers agricultural and natural areas.
\nUrban areas interact with rural areas at various levels, at regional, urban and settlement scales [5]. At the regional scale, urban areas affect rural areas in metropolitan development. At the urban scale, we can talk about the interaction between rural areas and the city at the urban fringe. Finally, at the settlement scale, the interaction between farm buildings and open spaces and the urban square is evident [5]. With this approach, urban development is threatening agricultural land at different scales. This threat plays a key role in decreasing agricultural production in these areas and increasing rapid and often uncontrolled land-use development [6, 7]. Because of decreasing agricultural areas, in the meantime, urban areas may finish all development options in agricultural areas [7].
\nIt causes the rural population to migrate to urban areas due to appealing life standards and leads to the elimination of rural areas. In addition, reduced rural population causes urban areas to identify rural areas as development areas. The problem of rural areas can be better described in areas that have completed their urban development, and still continue to develop.
\nRapid urban development brings the risk of destroying agricultural and natural areas. Controlling this development is of great importance; however, many cities were developed without taking this into consideration. Industrialization and urban development have seen many examples of this situation. The main factor is population movement. Cities with increasing population density target agricultural and natural areas as development areas.
\nPopulation movements increase urban populations and reduce rural populations. This reduces labor productivity in agricultural areas and causes these areas to remain inactive, and increases the pressure of urban development on these areas. Therefore, protecting these areas was attempted in order to reduce the pressure of urban development on the agricultural and natural areas. However, these efforts could not reduce the pressure of urban development on rural areas, since housing is a primary human need. We put land-use planning under protection, but population movements continue to threaten these planning approaches. As the general demand of population increases continues to concentrate in and around cities [2, 8], it will reduce urban agricultural areas. The roles of growing urban areas in countries where the migration of most of population is seen and land-use development of cities are expected to increase [2, 9].
\nIt is important to analyze the relationship of urban development with population in urban agricultural areas to better understand its effect on urban agriculture, and to generate planning approaches with different points of view towards developed and developing cities. This study aims to reveal the status of urban agriculture in developing cities and the required development strategy. This article discusses the effect of population in determining the areas which see population increases and are under pressure.
\nThe study area was chosen to be Amasya, located in the Central Black Sea region in the north of Turkey. Amasya is a city which borders Samsun, Tokat, Çorum and Yozgat (Figure1). Amasya has not completed its urban development yet, but is open to development. There are some areas of urban agriculture within or at the boundaries of the city. It is important to define these agricultural areas and determine their status within urban development.
\nStudy area–– Amasya city (Turkey).
In addition, Amasya is a city having fertile soil and a history based on agriculture due to rich green areas and watershed characteristics. Therefore, it is an important sample for this research.
\nAccording to the information on agricultural infrastructure from the Amasya Provincial Directorate of Agriculture’s website, agriculture is the foundation of Amasya’s economy, and 34.3% of the provincial territory consists of agricultural land [10]. In this sense, this study generates important data in terms of examining Amasya’s agricultural structure and revealing the impact of urban development on agricultural land.
\nThis study has three main steps. First, the data were organized according to Amasya’s urban planning, and the agricultural land-use areas were identified. The population data of its neighbourhoods were obtained from the TurkStat [11] website. Second, the relationship between the agricultural areas and the neighbourhoods’ population data was analyzed using Pearson\'s product-moment correlation. Third, the results of the data were evaluated and analyzed, yielding the study’s results for Amasya.
\nOur study determined the population in the neighbourhoods of Amasya and the distribution of rural areas in the city plans. Geographical information system was used for these analyses. Pearson’s product-moment correlation was used with the agricultural and population data obtained from the neighbourhoods. This study described the problems of rural areas located in urban areas and indicated their status according to the population, using statistical analysis.
\nThe urban agricultural areas of the neighbourhoods of Amasya\'s development plans were analyzed (Figure2). The development plan was obtained from the Amasya Municipality for research. The agricultural and other areas were determined from this plan for the purpose of this study. Agricultural areas include vineyards and orchards. Cemeteries, woodlands and green areas were also shown together with other land uses; however, Pearson\'s product-moment correlation was only used for agricultural areas and population.
\nNeighbourhoods map of Amasya city.
The relationship between agricultural areas and population rates in the neighbourhoods was studied using correlation analysis. The product-moment correlation coefficient, which is used in calculations on an interval/ratio scale [12], was used to better understand the relationship between these data. The calculations were done to determine the effect of population growth on urban agricultural areas. Pearson\'s product-moment correlation formula from the book of Lee and Wong,
where
This analysis is important for understanding the pressure of the increase in urban population on rural areas. No agricultural areas remain in some of Amasya’s 41 neighbourhoods. Most of the remaining agricultural areas are located on the city’s boundaries. There are fewer square meters of agricultural areas in and around the city center than at the city’s edges.
\nThe agricultural areas are indicated by red on the land-use map of Amasya. There is less red color in the center of the city; however, it can still be seen at the edges (Figure 3). This suggests that rural areas or urban agricultural areas are gradually being reduced.
\nLand use map of Amasya city.
\nTable 1 indicates that the neighbourhoods with the highest ratio of agricultural land are Göllübağları and Karasenir. However, in Kirazlıdere, Savadiye, Beyazıtpaşa, Sofular, Bahçeleriçi, Pirinçci, Gümüşlü, Fethiye, Şamlar, Nergis, Dere, Hatuniye, Hacıilyas, Üçler, Kurşunlu, Gökmedrese, Şehirüstü, Yüzevler and İhsaniye, agricultural areas have been completely or almost completely destroyed. We can see the agricultural lands starting to get disappeared within the urban development of Amasya.
\nLayer | \nAgriculture | \nOther land uses | \nForest | \nCemetery | \nSilvan | \nGreen areas | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karasenir | \n1,798,586 | \n1,176,519 | \n0 | \n10,142.4 | \n145,374.4 | \n0 | \n
Helvaci | \n1,044,667 | \n669,398.6 | \n321,176.1 | \n10,142.4 | \n172,420.8 | \n0 | \n
Cakallar | \n571,355.4 | \n216,371.3 | \n858,723.4 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Orman_Baglari | \n872,246.6 | \n135,232 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Demetevler | \n77,758.42 | \n50,712.01 | \n0 | \n0 | \n84,520.02 | \n0 | \n
Koza | \n368,507.3 | \n270,464.1 | \n0 | \n0 | \n94,662.43 | \n0 | \n
Kapikaya_Mucavir | \n331,318.5 | \n294,129.7 | \n483,454.5 | \n0 | \n338,080.1 | \n3,380.801 | \n
Gollubaglari | \n1,947,341 | \n997,336.3 | \n1,254,277 | \n162,278.4 | \n10,142.4 | \n0 | \n
Sarilar | \n104,804.8 | \n67,616.02 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Akbilek | \n845,200.2 | \n689,683.4 | \n114,947.2 | \n0 | \n20,284.81 | \n3,380.801 | \n
Ellibesevler | \n169,040 | \n432,742.5 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n10,142.4 | \n
Seyhcui | \n716,729.8 | \n879,008.2 | \n341,460.9 | \n3,380.801 | \n74,377.62 | \n13,523.2 | \n
Kirazlidere | \n3,380.801 | \n4,83,454.5 | \n216,371.3 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Savadiye | \n0 | \n67,616.02 | \n0 | \n0 | \n30,427.21 | \n0 | \n
Beyazitpasa | \n0 | \n141,993.6 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Mehmetpasa | \n0 | \n87,900.82 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n3,380.801 | \n
Sofular | \n0 | \n128,470.4 | \n0 | \n0 | \n40,569.61 | \n16,904 | \n
Bahcelerici | \n0 | \n365,126.5 | \n0 | \n0 | \n3,380.801 | \n20,284.81 | \n
Pirincci | \n0 | \n64,235.22 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Gumuslu | \n0 | \n13,523.2 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Fethiye | \n0 | \n111,566.4 | \n13,523.2 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Samlar | \n10,142.4 | \n155,516.8 | \n94,662.43 | \n6,761.602 | \n13,523.2 | \n0 | \n
Nergis | \n0 | \n67,616.02 | \n3,380.801 | \n0 | \n0 | \n3,380.801 | \n
Dere | \n0 | \n138,612.8 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Hatuniye | \n0 | \n138,612.8 | \n10,142.4 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Haciilyas | \n0 | \n118,328 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Ucler | \n0 | \n64,235.22 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Kursunlu | \n0 | \n179,182.4 | \n47,331.21 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Hacilar_Meydani | \n250,179.3 | \n571,355.4 | \n0 | \n0 | \n6,761.602 | \n3,380.801 | \n
Yazibaglari | \n828,296.2 | \n273,844.9 | \n0 | \n3,380.801 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Gokmedrese | \n0 | \n121,708.8 | \n463,169.7 | \n43,950.41 | \n30,427.21 | \n0 | \n
Sehirustu | \n0 | \n54,092.81 | \n3,380.801 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Yuzevler | \n0 | \n74,377.62 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Hizirpasa | \n50,712.01 | \n429,361.7 | \n57,473.62 | \n0 | \n0 | \n50,712.01 | \n
Findikli | \n348,222.5 | \n317,795.3 | \n0 | \n3,380.801 | \n135,232 | \n0 | \n
Bogazkoy | \n128,470.4 | \n101,424 | \n57,473.62 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Ihsaniye | \n0 | \n182,563.2 | \n108,185.6 | \n0 | \n6761.602 | \n0 | \n
Gozlek_Mucavir | \n402,315.3 | \n30,427.21 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Yildizkoy_MucavI | \n57,473.62 | \n40,569.61 | \n81,139.22 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Baglica_Mucavir | \n101,424 | \n37,188.81 | \n104,804.8 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Dadi_Mucavir | \n561.213 | \n294.129.7 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n0 | \n
Data of land uses in Amasya city.
Sources: The data on land-use areas were obtained and designed from the land-use map that was given by the Municipality of Amasya.
\nTable 1 shows that urban development is suppressing agricultural areas in Şeyhcui, Hacılar Meydanı and Hızırpaşa neighbourhoods. Moreover, in Akbilek, Karasenir Dadı_Mucavir Area and Fındıklı and Kapıkaya_Mucavir Area, other land uses are dominating the neighbourhoods. Here, other land uses indicate urban infrastructure. It is evident that the city of Amasya has a development-oriented approach, which results in urban development pressure on existing agricultural areas.
\nIn order to make better sense of the available data, Figure 3 should be examined in table format. Accordingly, Table 1 shows the 41 neighbourhoods of Amasya city and the land-use.
\nAs Table 1 shows, other land uses, which indicate urban land uses, exist variably in every neighbourhood. This can be considered to be an indicator that even rural areas of the Amasya city are becoming involved in the urban development process. Therefore, Amasya needs an urban development approach that could protect its agricultural land.
\nThe effect of population growth on rural areas in developed or developing urban areas can be seen, and urban agricultural areas are disappearing in the city. The status of rural areas confined by the city will be indicated, depending on the population movements. The effect of urban development on these areas is even stronger here. Measures for the protection of rural areas from urban development will be determined according to the data provided (Table 2) in the conclusion.
\n\nNeighbourhoods in Amasya | \nTotal popu lation | \nTotal agricultural area | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karasenir | \n789 | \n1,798,586.083 | \n622,521 | \n3,234,911,897,961.280 | \n1,419,084,419 | \n
Helvaci | \n1.996 | \n1,044,667.48 | \n3,984,016 | \n1,091,330,143,769.550 | \n208,515,6290 | \n
Cakallar | \n403 | \n571,355.3534 | \n162,409 | \n326,446,939,858.838 | \n230,256,207.4 | \n
Orman_Baglari | \n165 | \n872,246.6341 | \n27,225 | \n760,814,190,698.7790 | \n14,392,0694.6 | \n
Demetevler | \n304 | \n77,758.42087 | \n92416 | \n6,046,372,016.19605 | \n23,638,559.94 | \n
Koza | \n1.330 | \n368,507.2989 | \n1,768,900 | \n135,797,629,342.5740 | \n490,114,707.5 | \n
Kapikaya_Mucavir | \n484 | \n331,318.4889 | \n234,256 | \n109,771,941,086.9790 | \n160,358,148.6 | \n
Gollubaglari | \n817 | \n1,947,341.323 | \n667,489 | \n3,792,138,228,263.3900 | \n159,097,7861 | \n
Sarilar | \n443 | \n104804.8281 | \n196,249 | \n10,984,051,993.0705 | \n46,428,538.85 | \n
Akbilek | \n6.624 | \n845,200.2269 | \n43,877,376 | \n714,363,423,551.8120 | \n5,598,606,303 | \n
Ellibesevler | \n8.946 | \n169,040.0454 | \n80,030,916 | \n28,574,536,948.8341 | \n1,512,232,246 | \n
Seyhcui | \n16.252 | \n716,729.7924 | \n2,641,27504 | \n513,701,595,313.7470 | \n11,648,292,586 | \n
Kirazlidere | \n2.934 | \n3,380.800907 | \n8,608,356 | \n11,429,814.7728 | \n9,919,269.861 | \n
Savadiye | \n1.152 | \n0 | \n1,327,104 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Beyazitpasa | \n2.984 | \n0 | \n8,904,256 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Mehmetpasa | \n1.847 | \n0 | \n3,411,409 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Sofular | \n519 | \n0 | \n269,361 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Bahcelerici | \n11.253 | \n0 | \n12,663,0009 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Pirincci | \n497 | \n0 | \n247,009 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Gumuslu | \n193 | \n0 | \n37,249 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Fethiye | \n1.476 | \n0 | \n2,178,576 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Samlar | \n1.394 | \n10142.40272 | \n1,943,236 | \n102,868,332.9347 | \n14,138,509.39 | \n
Nergis | \n238 | \n0 | \n56,644 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Dere | \n806 | \n0 | \n649,636 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Hatuniye | \n168 | \n0 | \n28,224 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Haciilyas | \n1.941 | \n0 | \n3,767,481 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Ucler | \n1.691 | \n0 | \n2,859,481 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Kursunlu | \n2.121 | \n0 | \n4,498,641 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Hacilar_Meydani | \n12.003 | \n250,179.2671 | \n1,440,72009 | \n62,589,665,686.6931 | \n300,290,1743 | \n
Yazibaglari | \n2.021 | \n828,296.2223 | \n4,084,441 | \n686,074,631,876.4510 | \n167,398,6665 | \n
Gokmedrese | \n1.100 | \n0 | \n1,210,000 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Sehirustu | \n2.082 | \n0 | \n4,334,724 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Yuzevler | \n1.492 | \n0 | \n2,226,064 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Hizirpasa | \n5.774 | \n50,712.01361 | \n3,333,9076 | \n2,571,708,324.3808 | \n292,811,166.6 | \n
Findikli | \n744 | \n348,222.4935 | \n553,536 | \n121,258,904,979.3580 | \n259,077,535.2 | \n
Bogazkoy | \n795 | \n128,470.4345 | \n632,025 | \n16,504,652,540.6188 | \n102,133,995.4 | \n
Ihsaniye | \n1.988 | \n0 | \n3,952,144 | \n0.0000 | \n0 | \n
Gozlek_Mucavir | \n199 | \n402,315.308 | \n39,601 | \n161,857,607,051.1350 | \n80,060,746.29 | \n
Yildizkoy_Mucavir | \n163 | \n57,473.61543 | \n26,569 | \n3,303,216,470.5955 | \n9,368,199.315 | \n
Baglica_Mucavir | \n445 | \n101,424.0272 | \n198,025 | \n10,286,833,293.4663 | \n45,133,692.1 | \n
Dadi_Mucavir | \n249 | \n561,212.9506 | \n62,001 | \n314,959,975,921.1580 | \n139,742,024.7 | \n
Data for Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient.
Sources: The data of agricultural areas were obtained and designed from the land-use map given by the Municipality of Amasya. The data of population was obtained from the Turkstat [11] website (https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul).
A negative relationship was found between the agricultural areas and population data. The minus value indicates an inverse proportion, that is, the population falls if agricultural areas increase, and vice versa. This relationship shows that the increase in urban population leads to the destruction of urban agricultural areas. If urban agricultural areas and the increase in population cannot be balanced, the urban agricultural areas will be destroyed or eliminated by urban development.
\nAmasya\'s development continues, and its urban agricultural areas still exist. However, agricultural areas have decreased due to the increase in urban population. There are no agricultural areas in some neighbourhoods, indicating that urban development has rapidly increased and that the population in rural areas has started to replace the population in urban areas (Figures 4 and 5).
\nLand use of agricultural areas in Amasya.
Land use areas in Amasya.
In conclusion, urban development targets rural and natural areas as development areas. It is inevitable that agricultural areas within urban areas be eliminated in time if they lose their special importance in the functions of the city. As a result of this study, Amasya can be an example of the cities that have not completed their urban development due to the inclusion of rural areas. The most important factor is the attempt to develop an approach to protect urban agricultural areas or to determine how to adapt these areas to the economic movements within the scope of urban development in Amasya. If agriculture comes to the fore as an indispensable factor for Amasya, where industrial development has not increased much, then Amasya will be a city that would not lose, but rather protect its rural areas.
\nRural areas are usually concentrated in locations with ample water, transportation and production. The best precaution against wasting agricultural land in the urban development process is defining agricultural lands and directing urban development towards areas without agricultural value. Moreover, agricultural incentives and support for farming families should be prioritized.
\nThe aim in the context of this paper is to optimize the design of learning processes (or more generally social processes) for individuals, groups of individuals and society as a whole.
\n\t\t\t\tThe main concrete interest of this article is: how to note down social learning processes such as gaming? Such notation could eventually visualize helpful temporal, communicative and social structures in learning processes.
\n\t\t\t\tHence, the issue at the core of this paper is the “
The main question to be addressed and answered is: Which sequence of learning framework conditions delivers an optimal learning effect (understood here as change of behavior) independently of the initial stage of mastery of the learners?
\n\t\t\tIn this text, learning is understood in multiple ways:
\n\t\t\t\tlearning = real change in behavior
learning = creation of suitable and sustainable consensus
life = a continuous learning endeavor
living means learning; this creates reality.
social process (sp) = element of SP (see Ahamer & Schrei, 2006: 226)
societal procedure (SP) = compound of sp, can result in successful learning
design = creation of helpful structures, can also be social design (= design of sp)
mastery starts with “obeying rules”, and progresses to “creating rules” (Ahamer & Schrei, 2006: 235).
In this article, we see “design” in a generalized way as an array of temporal, spatial and interindividual structures inciting to enact procedures.
\n\t\t\t\tgames: the stage for enacting
traditional learning: is mostly defined by conveying content
unconventional learning: sets out to integrate learners into a suite of sp designed to incite them to maximize their changes of behavior.
Hence, it is a valuable task to ponder
Starting points are often attempts to “change the world” like interdisciplinary university courses, consulting in the public or municipal sphere, planning of sustainability measures such as climate protection or other complex learning endeavors.
\n\t\t\t\tThe relevance of such questioning is only seemingly of purely pedagogical nature and relating “only” to learning individuals (micro-learning). Yet,
\n\t\t\t\tif life as such is understood as a learning procedure (i.e. changing previous behaviors) and
if “learners” are also entire societies and
if tasks exist also on a global level,
such learning endeavor may even pertain to optimization of global society’s answer to challenges such as global change (cf IPCC, 2007) or global warming (macro-learning).
\n\t\t\t\tTo a certain extent, basic structural findings might be true for both orders of magnitude, namely for (i) individual and (ii) societal learning.
\n\t\t\t\tWe therefore include the following examples:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
“Success” in learning is seen as effective change in real-life behavior, be it of (i) individuals or (ii) of societies. In section 4 it will be discussed, which four dimensions of human action should be affected by such change. Regarding the example of climate change, the stakeholders could be seen as facing severe difficulties in
Development of a “notation for structures in social gaming processes” could help
\n\t\t\t\tto optimize the usefulness and effectiveness of “social design” in learning frameworks when using graphical analogies (cf e.g. Hofmeyer et al., 2006: 432)
to improve dramatic frameworks proposed for learning and societal procedures in general (cf Johns & Shaw, 2006, Roth et al., 2001)
to visualize and hence conceptualize various levels of action and various modes of building of consciousness (cf Bilda et al., 2006)
to depict the design of learning frameworks in a transparent manner.
What can be the role of “game based learning” (Prensky, 2001; Ahamer, 2004) for these targets? A short answer: A notation helps to better visualize the structure of learning games and negotiation games along time and with respect to expressible opinions. In order to safeguard high effectiveness of gaming, the “consumer” of such a designed “game” should be exposed to a sufficiently large number of changing surrounding conditions while flowing in the drain and train of the game.
\n\t\t\t\tIn cases of suboptimal learning (e.g. in school or with climate change) a strong motivation arises to find means to improve learning procedures and strategies. Such is attempted here.
\n\t\t\t“The notion of design is prominent in the field of simulation/gaming. It has been a thread running through most work in the field.” (Crookall, 2003: 485) This section allows the reader to regard the theme “design” from a distance when focusing on “what might be designed”. Design pertains to various substrates (Table 1) thus resulting in diverse branches of design.
\n\t\t\tIn this section 2, the following will be laid out: What is much needed is design (= structure in time, space, and human individuals) which facilitates the generation of the learning target, which is often the construction of a consensus – like molding an alloy of differing individual opinions.
\n\t\t\tSubstrate of design | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tBranch | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tExample | \n\t\t\t\t\t
CLASSIC / already known traditionally: | \n\t\t\t\t\t||
space | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tarchitecture | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tfacades, buildings, arrays of rooms | \n\t\t\t\t\t
time | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tmusic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tsymphonies, polyphony of several voices | \n\t\t\t\t\t
geometry | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tgraphic design | \n\t\t\t\t\t\ticons and logos | \n\t\t\t\t\t
physical structures | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tpainting, sculptures, fine art | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tforms and patterns | \n\t\t\t\t\t
mental structures | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tscience | \n\t\t\t\t\t\ttheories, "world formulae" | \n\t\t\t\t\t
functionalities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tengineering | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tmachinery, industrial design | \n\t\t\t\t\t
communication tools | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tdistributed IT | \n\t\t\t\t\t\twww and CSCW | \n\t\t\t\t\t
acting humans | \n\t\t\t\t\t\ttheatre on stage | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tthreads of human action in a drama, choreography | \n\t\t\t\t\t
NEW / some are focused on in this paper: | \n\t\t\t\t\t||
social processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tgame play | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tfree games, open learning (Ahamer, 2004 ; SiP 2004) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
individual interests | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tregulation by law | \n\t\t\t\t\t\ttrial, jurisdiction | \n\t\t\t\t\t
effects of technologies on society and human environment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\ttechnology assessment = TA, environmental impact assessment = EIA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tEIA procedures and laws (Crookall & Bradford, 2000; Aschemann, 2004) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
societal roles | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tInstitutions, NGOs | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tpolitics, SGC (2006) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
rules for consensus building | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tAdministration, diplomacy, UNO, ESD (2007) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tspatial planning, Twinnings in EU accession (EC, 2007) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
self-optimization processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\teconomics, politics | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tpolicy measures (Vester, 1980; Pilch et al., 1992) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
perspectives of a case | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tconstitution and legislation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tlegal processes in a state | \n\t\t\t\t\t
creation of games and their rules | \n\t\t\t\t\t\trules in a role-play, game based learning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tgaming business, children play; i.e. "play with rules" | \n\t\t\t\t\t
evolutionary patterns | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tGenesis of transnational institutions: UNFCCC, EU; political game theory etc. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\te.g. evolutionary economics, Global Change Data Base (GCDB, 2001) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
A very broad understanding of “design” would embrace a multitude of “substrates of design” in several branches. A designer is a “structurizer”.
Here we understand “design” in a generalized way as structuring a range of substrates (such as the ones in the left column of Table 1) that could be effective to incite and enact procedures.
\n\t\t\tIt might be a helpful objective to investigate whether a useful necessary design of structures in several fields resembles one another. Contemplating various disciplines (and their respective design structures) could aid in such overall endeavor. The following list and subsections outline first attempts.
\n\t\t\tIn this sense, it could eventually be helpful to conclude
\n\t\t\tfrom the inner deep structures (Casakin, 2004) of the classic substrates and applications of design (= upper half of Table 1)
to the inner deep structures of the new substrates and applications of design (= lower half of Table 1) and to apply potentially new ideas of general relevance.
Some of the classically known substrates of design (upper half of Table 1) are briefly explained below.
\n\t\t\tDesigning space: “architecture”, see chapter 4.2 and Fig. 4; examples: (Popov, 2002, Corbusier, 2007; Hofmeyer et al., 2006).
Designing time: “music”, see chapter 4.3 and Fig. 5; examples: (Beilharz, 2004, Xenakis, 2007; Zographos, 2007; SonEnvir, 2007).
Designing geometry: logos, see SGC logos in Fig. 3: convey condensed geometric information in a symbolic manner to denote mental structures; examples: (Schrei, 2006, 2007; Ahamer & Schrei, 2006: 239-242; Bouchard et al., 2006).
Designing physical structures: arrays of color dots in impressionism (e.g. van Gogh), entire history of plastic arts.
Designing mental structures, e.g. theoretical mathematical concepts of mechanics: (a) Aristotelian physics: force is proportional to speed in movement (F ~ v), (b) Newtonian physics: force is proportional to acceleration (F ~ a), (c) Modern quantum physics: a particle is a point in a space of possible states, concretely only determined after the act of measurement.
Designing functionalities: “engineering”, e.g. of machinery: see journals such as Engineering Design. Functioning artifacts as products of “art”, e.g. cars, engines, industrial products; examples: (Bianconi et al., 2006; Ono, 2006; Boujut & Tiger, 2002; Badke-Schaub, 2004).
Designing communication patterns: collaborating internationally and forming one product (CSCW, Wiki, e-learning: Herder et al., 2003; Ahamer, 2004), implemented from spatially and temporally distributed working places (Heaton, 2002).
Designing acting humans, i.e. theatre: interlinked threads of action and responsibilities: e.g. tragic situations, classic Greek drama.
Some of the newer substrates of design (lower half of Table 1) are discussed in the subsequent subchapters.
\n\t\t\tWhat does it mean to design social processes (sp)? Here we define it to aggregate simple events (like learning content, peer review, debate etc.) as general elements of more complex long-term societal procedures. Such design was described earlier (Ahamer & Schrei, 2006: 226). Chapter 4.1 will give a practical example.
\n\t\t\tWhat does “design of interests” mean? Here it is understood as arranging individual stakeholders and the representation of partial interests in such a way that their intercommunication yields the best result possible, e.g. in a lawsuit or trial at court. It could be attempted to measure such results from the standpoint of the “common good”.
\n\t\t\t\tDesign of interests can often be motivated as follows: if “fact-oriented” justice cannot be guaranteed sufficiently, at least a “best attainable solution”, namely “procedural justice” should be developed as a proxy to the best but principally unknown target of scientifically sound judgment in complex matters.
\n\t\t\t\tLegislation for “civil procedure” is an example here.
\n\t\t\tTechnology Assessment means to weigh the desirable and non-desirable effects of new technologies on humans and the environment (Decker & Ladikas, 2004; Bechmann et al., 2007; Decker, 2001; Grunwald, 1999;) by means of a structurally designed “value benefit analysis” or “utility analysis” (Zangemeister, 1970).
\n\t\t\t\tIn many countries, the legal implementation of the “culture of TA” is the “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) for projects and the “Strategic Environmental Assessment” (SEA) for policies and measures (Aschemann, 2004; UBA, 2007).
\n\t\t\tWhat is a societal role? Roles are conceived here as seizable condensations of interests in the entire network and fluid of all theoretically possible interests, in other words the most relevant points in the “landscape of interests”.
\n\t\t\t\t“Design of roles” means to combine individual perspectives in a way that they form a potent and promising societal actor. For example, such analysis is exercised during coalition building for government or opposition in politics. One target is to reach a 360 panorama-like view of all possible perspectives; this facilitates consensus.
\n\t\t\t\tDesigning societal roles and interests can lead to designing institutions. How is such “institutional design” performed? By establishing and founding concrete panels – such as for climate change, where IPCC (2007) was founded as scientific body and UNFCCC (2007) as administrative body – and clearly defining frequency and organization of their interaction and mutual responsibilities (e.g., UNFCCC each five years “commissions” an “Assessment Report” from IPCC which is then “acknowledged” by UNFCCC).
\n\t\t\tWhat are rules? The borders restricting (potentially free) individual human action put forth in order to direct societal behavior in a desired way.
\n\t\t\t\tWhat is “rules design”? Making up one’s mind what to allow, restrict, enhance and discourage in terms of social action under guidance of a societal target (e.g. defining measures in economic policy).
\n\t\t\t\tIt means to devise rules in a way that maximal blossoming of the positive potential of the actors is attained (e.g. students, pupils, and a country’s economy).
\n\t\t\t\tPrincipally, autopoietic development of rule design can also be hypothesized to occur as 4th generation of web based teaching (Ahamer & Rauch, 136), namely “to play with rules”.
\n\t\t\t\tDeep understanding of “design” (Casakin, 2004) would also incorporate steps to design social and institutional procedures such as: the EU programme “Twinning” (EU, 2005) enhancing “converging” of two formerly fundamentally different economic and political cultures to the “Copenhagen criteria” relevant for EU accession. Twinnings helped all Central European candidate countries in acceding towards the EU by sharing the common body of legislation denominated as “acquis communautaire”, and designed as a hierarchical system of dialogues (Ahamer, 2005; SI, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tIn this respect, the distinction made by Heaton (2002) between rule-based cultures (like the Danish in their experiences) and personality-based cultures (like the Japanese) is helpful and a contribution to intercultural cooperation (Hofstede, 1994; GS, 2007).
\n\t\t\tWhat are self-optimization processes? We understand them here as positive feedback loops that enhance the effectiveness of an initial action (e.g. of a political measure).
\n\t\t\t\tDesign of self-optimization processes means to make use of systemic (economic, political, social) circular feedback mechanisms in order to reach self-sustaining policies that remain effective in the long run (Vester, 1980; Bossel, 1994; Pilch et al., 1992). Examples for (at least intended) self-optimization processes in macro-learning are global trading schemes for CO2 emissions (ACCC, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tAn example for such design with respect to global change is: how to arrange tools and measures pertaining to reducing global CO2 emissions: CO2 trading, clean development mechanisms and other flexible instruments (IPCC, 2007).
\n\t\t\tWhat are perspectives? We understand them as outlooks onto reality that are partly pre-determined by the standpoint of the beholder.
\n\t\t\t\tHow are perspectives (and their interplay) designed? Legislation sets out to manage and mediate between diverse views on everyday incidents (e.g. a traffic accident). Civil law, process law and administrative law and their contained procedural rules allot speaking right and time to parties in an individual judicial process or in a societal decision process. Such can be reproduced in a negotiation game (e.g., this is the sense of the gambling procedure in SGC level 3).
\n\t\t\t\tA practical example is the Austrian political system of “social partnership”.
\n\t\t\tWhat are roles? Based on the definition of perspectives above, roles are condensations in the patterns of perspectives, attached with the interest of persons.
\n\t\t\t\tRole-play (Corbeil, 2005; Prensky, 2001) can hence be designed in a way that gaming individuals develop a maximum of sovereignty and depth of action when striving for their interests. Many people slip in professional roles in the course of their lives and, in turn, are shaped by them.
\n\t\t\t\tLet us understand games as: The stage for such enacting of roles. Enacting means bringing to life. Giving it drama. Permitting ideas and perspectives to flow out of their containers and stream along the river bed of passing time. Logos (ancient Greek for “the word”, “the idea”) must be en-acted and incarnated. (equals also to: Ideas must be implemented in real life.) In extreme idealism (Moser & Moser, 2005) every individual’s life is the physical manifestation of their mental values and consciousness.
\n\t\t\t\tChildren during “free play” can often be observed to invent new rules, when they have “used up” the attractiveness of well-known games. – Both “homo ludens” and “deus ludens” (playing man and playing god) were conceived by Huizinga (1994).
\n\t\t\tWhat are “evolutionary patterns”? Here we try to understand them as way and path, along which our (techno-socio-economic and political) evolution flows, determined by its inner structure. Prevailing global evolutionary patterns could be understood and conceived as exponential (classic growth theory: Temple, 1999), stepwise (Raskin et al., 2002) or saturating (Daly, 1999). The crucial idea of system dynamics is that the inner structure of an interacting system (i.e. the architecture of its internal interconnectedness) determines the system’s behavior along time (Ossimitz, 2000).
\n\t\t\t\tFor example, when combining structural design and space design, the important idea is “to include with the layout of space also the layout of basic structure.” (Hofmeyer et al. 2006: 434). Each piece of architecture leads to the evolution of typical patterns of social behavior inside it, including a typical pattern of rules of behavior (e.g. kitchen rules in a hostel).
\n\t\t\t\tIn a systems analytic approach, the generation of rules in a (social) system in itself is seen as a result of the system’s state (Ossimitz, 2000). Adding an evolutionary approach, consecutive phases of system growth are producing different sets of rules along consecutive phases (compare chapter 4.5 or Ahamer, 2003: 8).
\n\t\t\t\tExamples could be: developmental policy, namely how to promote a country’s autonomous growth and ability to help itself (GS, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tTo summarize chapter 2,
The task of a suitable learning framework (be it micro or macro) is to design along time suitable social, gaming and other structures that are intended to change real human behavior. This chapter proposes three principles that may aid in this designing task:
\n\t\t\tRhythmisation (3.1)
Multi-perspectivism (3.2) expressed through roles
Underdeterminism (3.3).
Rhythmisation offers an ever changing structure to the eye, ear or spirit of the individual who consequently is more easily able to “glue into”, integrate or resonate with the offered structure. For example: a lecturer inserting short stories into a long explanation recaptures attention of students with more practically oriented learning profiles.
\n\t\t\t\tRhythmisation as a theatrical means for structuring processes in time with changing speed of oscillation for the dramatic interaction of actors allows for various characters of spectators. The intrinsic time constant of each individual to act, react and allocate interest will be met with higher probability.
\n\t\t\t\tWith a façade, rhythmisation allows the eye to better discern a largely perceived horizontal area, to pick up the pieces of the façade and to grasp the offered structure more conveniently, e.g. aided by baroque risalits or pilasters. The eye (symbolic for “pre-understanding”) retrieves more easily a subsequence which addresses the spirit of the onlooker because it comes into resonance with similar mental predispositions.
\n\t\t\t\tIn didactics, rhythmisation (of the elements of actions, “sp”) is a necessary structure in order to provide recurring opportunities for learners and for other creative workers to “glue into reality” – according to the understanding „double interact“ (as Weick (1979), or Klabbers (2003 : 577) have put it.
\n\t\t\tMulti-perspectivism means to be able to adopt and understand another standpoint. Multi-perspectivism is a crucial step towards the ability of reaching consensus and a means for locating, organizing and measuring perspectives while consciously abstracting from one’s own position. Multi-perspectivism may be incited and aided by spatial and temporal segregation of views (e.g. each team is sitting at separate tables) which causes repositioning of perspectives.
\n\t\t\t\tFor this paper, roles are facilitators for adopting different perspectives.
\n\t\t\t\tOne possible application are resulting IT tools (e.g. CSCW: Heaton, 2002, MacGregor, 2002) where cultural preconditions shape the type of social processes occurring among stakeholders (see chapter 2.2). Multi-perspectivism is a key structure that learning tools/offers should provide in order to be helpful in a pluralistic society.
\n\t\t\t\tWhat are perspectives and roles in general? When reverting the direction of reasoning in chapters 2.4 and 2.7, they can be understood as enforced particularizations of the entire view (the contemplation of the whole), which are caused by our earthly restrictions of space-time structure. In Moser & Moser’s opinion (2005 : 221), on the ethical, humane or ontological levels, such restrictions can only be surpassed by forgiveness between human individuals, who – despite their individuality – are seen as (singularized, i.e. colored) reflections and facets of (holistic) white sun light, just like in a prism.
\n\t\t\t\tIn a similar understanding, game play is the intentional (i.e. for pedagogic reasons) demolition and fragmentation of a holistic world view into the facets of the single roles’ perspectives. Such destruction and subsequent reintegration of facets into a whole is trained in negotiation games (Dong, 2007). It could be said that negotiation games deliberately deconstruct the dimension of “opinions and world views” and artificially map it into the dimension of “time during game play” or other mapping or framing.
\n\t\t\tUnderdeterminism means that a system offers more than one degree of freedom (in physics) for the motion of a particle or (in games or real life) for decisions of an individual. As said above, roles in game play are the playable reification of such (underdetermined, hence) different worldviews and world perspectives.
\n\t\t\t\tThus, it is appropriate to “oscillate” or “dance” between these world perspectives (e.g. using roles) in order to arrive at a consistent 360 panoramic view. Such “trial and learning” based motion is allowed (only) in underdetermined systems (see Fig. 1). Therefore, if suitably arranged (by a system of loose but enabling rules), underdeterminism can enhance learning (hypothesized again for both micro and macro levels).
\n\t\t\t\tA symbolic physical example for the value and appropriateness of underdeterminism in real life can be the bicycle rider who oscillates around an “ideal path” of trajectory when continuously correcting their body’s lateral inclination through steering their handlebars.
\n\t\t\t\tGames can be structurally understood as a shimmering of situations, as an unstable balance with shallow local optima (mathematically speaking). Compare a football game: the direction of the game continuously changes, one instable state is followed by the other, and predictability is almost non-existent. As a result, the dynamic situation permanently balances on a knife\'s edge.
\n\t\t\t\tContinuous change of standpoints, viewpoints, perspectives, and strategic constellations occurs frequently. Football players break clear, change boundary conditions for others and open avenues for new tactic actions. By acting and running, players create the game plan for others. According to design literature, iterative oscillation occurs between the problem space and the solution space (Maher, 2000; Dorst & Cross, 2001 : 434).
\n\t\t\tUnderdeterminism is characteristic for design as such (Restrepo & Christiaans, 2004) and needed for game based learning. Therefore, learners are best provided only a loose corset.
\n\t\t\t\tIn gaming, how loose should structures be? Societal procedures need space and liberty to grow properly and fruitfully. “Games” seem to be a promising environment to allow for such liberty in complex human action and can be called a “stage”: “Simulation games provide a safe, condensed and dynamic environment, based on reality, in which participants, either professionals or students, can experiment with decisions and negotiations” (Mayer and Veeneman, 2002).
\n\t\t\t\t1. Intentionally organizing “underdeterminism” in music (by Xenakis) means “playing”. Source: (
The stroke of the painter or violinist (Fig. 1) is essential for art and characteristic to the artist. For a painter, it may mean to intentionally decrease optical resolution or preciseness in order to allow for another reality to enter, additionally to direct optical and imminent physical reality.
\n\t\t\t\t“Freedom of an artist” is the deliberate deviation from what is considered “real”. In didactics, this translates to more or less deliberate deviation from a standardized learning path. The innovative learner cannot always be kept on track on the ideal learning path (ideal only to a traditional designer). Such is another expression of underdeterminism.
\n\t\t\t\tAny notation in art is loose enough to allow space for interpretation of the performer.
\n\t\t\t\tConcluding chapter 3 and in the light of the above, facilitating (working) life (one of the aims of designers, see Heaton, 2002) – i.e. facilitating learning according to chapter 1.2 – can therefore be achieved by suitably structuring dynamic processes of enacting individuals’ opinions.
\n\t\t\tThe sense of “noting down” a rhythm is to distil out of it the crucial structures. As a first concrete example of rhythmisation in social interaction, an attempt to note down the dramatic procedure of “SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE” (© Gilbert Ahamer) is shown in Fig. 2. This negotiation game is explained in (SGC, 2006) and is taken here as an example because its activities (Fig. 3, central column) contain all three of the above principles.
\n\t\t\t\t2. Graphic representation of activities and time dynamics of the five levels in SGC (2003 style of SGC graphics).
Legend:
\n\t\t\t\tSolid symbols vs. dashed symbols = compulsory vs. optional activities
\n\t\t\t\tdotted lines = participants are informed about the phase
\n\t\t\t\ttriangles with growing thickness = preparation phases
\n\t\t\t\tlooped arrows up/down = feedback to facilitator/to participants for debriefing
\n\t\t\t\tdiamond = quiz in Level 1
\n\t\t\t\tstars = declarations of points of view/reviews/updates in Level 2
\n\t\t\t\tmatrix = convene on two themes & develop two discussion matrices for Level 3
\n\t\t\t\tflash = confrontational discussion in Level 3
\n\t\t\t\tsun = consensus oriented discussion in Level 4
\n\t\t\t\tdocument = integrative interpretation of global trends as 360 view in Level 5.
\n\t\t\t\tWhile using the numerous tools of web-supported learning, the online functionalities shown as logos in Fig. 3 are used for the rhythmized activities of the students.
\n\t\t\t\t3. Online functionalities and student actions in the five levels of the negotiation game SGC (2005 style of graphics by C. Schrei, cf
After viewing the dramaturgy of “social processes”, the rhythmisation of the façade of the
Rhythms in several “storeys” vary independently from one another, shown by varying density of vertical window pane delineations (Fig. 4 above centre).
\n\t\t\t\t4. Rhythmisation in space (above centre, façade by Xenakis: photo below) and in time (above left: music; right: symbolic notation for SGC’s five levels dramaturgy: above right). Image sources, starting from left: (
The historical and a modern type of musical notation are shown in Fig. 5 (left and right). Most often, different human voices are represented by different layers or levels in the notation.
\n\t\t\t\t5. Musical scores: rhythmisation of polyphony in time (left: 18th century; right: 20th century).
6. The sequence and structure of two SGC implementations at Graz University in 2003-2005 as mirrored by the software for project organisation “MS Project”. Each course lasted one semester and included 3 to 5 lecturers.
The composition of a project plan of SGC (Fig. 6) comprises several lecturers from various disciplines whose contributions are blended into each other. Its organisational structure resembles the above notations.
\n\t\t\tWhen en-acting (e.g. a composition of music), the temporal structure follows a detailed poly-rhythmic sequence – just as in Xenakis’ façade (Fig. 4). If adding the comparison between singers’ voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) and the stakeholders’ perspectives on the issues (e.g. using the roles industry, ecologists, administration, citizens), namely “polyphony”, it could be hypothesized that a suite of games such as SGC resembles a structured choir with changing roles of carrying and varying the musical motives and melodies.
\n\t\t\t\tAs can easily be seen from baroque scores, music has progressed to polyphony already quite early in history. Such might serve as symbol for “orchestrated polyphony of views”.
\n\t\t\t\tMusic is characterized by strict enforcement of coherence of the single voices. This hints to the importance of coherence (or at least good timing) of the different “social voices” in a societal learning procedure.
\n\t\t\tSimilar to the graphic impression of Fig. 1, the dynamics of global techno-socio-economic evolution show highly underdetermined behavior. Fig. 7 above shows the average development paths of the annual growth rate of energy consumption, plotted against a proxy for “economic stage of development”, namely per capita economic activity (GDP/cap), for all countries in the last 30 years (Ahamer, 2003) (1 red line = 1 country).
\n\t\t\t\tThe more countries develop, the closer they seem to gather around a path that leads from slightly positive to slightly negative energy growth rates – the latter projection would actually help climate protection.
A different graphic impression confirms Fig. 7 below, which for each continent plots vertically “the level of mechanization in agriculture” versus horizontally “land needed per unit harvested”. Lines are moving leftward while mainly affected by annual weather changes that affect harvest. Again, the
7. Above: per country growth rate of energy demand plotted against per capita economic activity (GDP/cap), this growth rate apparently decreases along evolution (
Note: in the next chapter, the structural similarity between ‘music’ and ‘societal learning procedures’ does not mean “a voice equals a stakeholder” but pertains to structural characteristics of social procedures. This hint is given for better understanding of the following type of notation!
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter, a new notation for social processes (elements sp) will be proposed which resembles musical scores. The notes in music represent elementary “social processes”, the melody an entire “societal procedure” like learning, designing or even protecting global climate.
\n\t\t\tThe resulting “social scores” sketch the communicational structure along time in various communicative dimensions.
\n\t\t\tFor this paper, a new and original type of notation is developed.
\n\t\t\tWhen designing societal procedures, the intensity of social characteristics may vary along time. Once the emphasis is placed on teamwork, sometimes on individual work, here on understanding, there on confrontation. Can we invent a set of very basic and fundamental “dimensions” prevailing in any societal (gaming or learning) procedure? This chapter tries to do so.
\n\t\t\t\tRemembering one’s own experience in singing, the reader might figure out that often soprano carries the melody and the reader may enjoy looking for other structural similarities. Table 2 attempts to introduce an order of fundamental social dimensions which in this paper will be symbolically called “voices”.
\n\t\t\t\tInspired by the examples in chapter 4 an attempt is made to split up the different components of human behavior into distinct levels in a graphic representation.
\n\t\t\t\tThese four different components of human action are discerned based on practical experience with SGC for several years. They are thought to be organically independent (mathematically speaking: linearly independent) characteristics and components of overall social and societal behavior, be it learning, working, teaching or even politics (Table 2).
\n\t\t\t\tvoice in music | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstructural functionality | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tgaming in education | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
S = Soprano | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeads the melody | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLogical information conveyed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
A = Alto | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFollows the melody | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeam building | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
T = Tenor | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCounterfigures to melody | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebate & discourse, dialoge of facts | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
B = Bass | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLongstanding cord basis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntegration with others’ experience | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Suggestion for structural similarities between music (left) and gaming in education (right).
In Fig. 8 this systematization is depicted, including arrows for a first orientation.
\n\t\t\t\t8. The meaning of the “four voices” described in
This sketch might resemble a wind rose as known from classical geographical maps. The meaning of the four voices (= four ends of the wind rose in Fig. 8) is allocated to basic properties of practical human life (dashed arrows) in a pairwise manner, in order to facilitate systematization.
\n\t\t\t\tOften, there “is only one soprano voice” in traditional pedagogy (or classical climate policy), if it restricts itself to “only conveying information”. Quite on the contrary, the conviction of the present text is that the four fundamental “dimensions” in Table 2 span up a four-dimensional vector space of action (as in vector calculus, Fig. 9), in which a rich multitude of “societal procedures” can occur. Such multitude might be very helpful – or even prove indispensable for success, if only adequately designed.
\n\t\t\t\t9. The four voices span up a four-dimensional vector space of description in analogy to a vector in 4 dimensions.
In order to reflect better the new understanding and to systematize Table 2, the following interpretation of its right column is suggested (see also the logos in Fig. 11 right):
\n\t\t\t\tS =starting point in the
A =starting point in the
T =deal with S = “handle the arrays of facts and information”
\n\t\t\t\tB =deal with A = “handle the arrays of communicating individuals”
\n\t\t\t\tIn this possibly new and mathematically formalized understanding, each societal didactic incident equals one point in this four-dimensional space which is defined by values of (info; team; debate; integration), just like a vector in a “state space” in modern physics.
\n\t\t\t\tIt is possible that the attention of music listeners fluctuates from one voice to another as the guiding motive might be repeated or reflected by other voices (as often in classical music). Similarly, the main attention of a game player could switch from one social functionality to another during educational game play.
\n\t\t\t\tNot a synchronization (as light waves in a laser beam) of learning opportunities for all students in the entire class is chosen for SGC (e.g. one lecture for all, then one exam for all), but rather a variety of situations with combined opportunities (e.g. team formation with underlying monitoring of academic skills within the team based on a preliminary literature research). However, such variety needs to be suitably structured, which is exactly the ultimate target of “social process design”: firstly for educational purposes, but secondly also on the societal level for appropriately reacting to climate change, global change and globalization.
\n\t\t\t\tRegarding didactic theories (that might span from cognitively oriented to libertarian), we need a “do the one and don’t let go of the other”! The same applies to climate change.
\n\t\t\t\tAfter having outlined general principles of “game design” in education, the next section goes into details of a rhythmized structure using SGC as an example, after starting with the simplest settings.
\n\t\t\tThe following scores deliver simple examples of social procedures intended for learning. Quantification of the four dimensions is based on practical experience.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Other one-dimensional approaches could be hypothesized: only “A” as ‘team’ dimension as in workplaces with many specialized teams that are not mutually interacting (Wodehouse & Bradley, 2006); only “T” as ‘debate’ dimension that might suffer from too shallow academic level and from low centripetal cohesion of discussants. Generally, it can be understood that exaggerating one dimension at the expense of the others does not tend towards decisive success.
\n\t\t\t\t10. Notation for simple learning environments (left: example 01, classical teaching; right: example 02, self-centred contemplation).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
11. Notation for simple role-playing (left, example 03). A graphic legend to this series of scores (right) recalls the structure of thought by means of logos.
The legend in Fig. 11 (right) classifies the four dimensions (as mentioned above in 5.1 and defined in Table 2) and uses simple logos for easy orientation in the diagrams.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Several “Interdisciplinary Practicals” (IP) of the curriculum on “Environmental Systems Analysis” (USW, 2007) – a worldwide unique and systems oriented type of master studies at Graz University – have been organized by interdisciplinary teams of students and lecturers (IP, 2005) for groups of 21 students for complex themes (e.g. Global Change) along the following procedural shell while using support from web based learning platforms (listed incl. abbreviations used in Fig. 12):
\n\t\t\t\tEach lecturer conveys initial information in introductory blocks (“Info 1”)
Each student authors an individual seminar work (“Individ.”)
Each lecturer deepens information in consolidation blocks (“Info 2”)
Seven groups of three students (of the same scientific discipline) collaborate and create a common standpoint on their sector of the theme (“Intradisc.”)
Three groups of seven students (of different scientific disciplines) collaborate and create a common standpoint on the entire theme (“Interdisc.”).
12. Notation for a simple structured learning environment: “3x7 = 21” (example 04).
As can be seen from the figures, it is the aim of the structural “design of social learning process” to reach (and maintain, if possible) during the entire duration sufficiently high levels in all four dimensions. According to the above graphs it seems possible to hypothesize that
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The
Building on chapter 3.2, a crucial idea of SGC is that the change of roles is repeated (from actor to spectator and back), which trains wandering and oscillating perspectives and keeps the muscles of the eye trained to adapt to various perspectives (Kristjánsson, 2006: 52):
\n\t\t\t\tIn level 1: from expressing to selecting coined short explanations
In level 2: from reviewer to being reviewed
In level 3: from one stakeholder to the other
In level 4: from discussing to being monitored
Level 5 sets out to integrate these perspectives in a composed “360 view” like a baroque world theatre.
Therefore, the macrostructure and microstructure scores of SGC appear as follows, based on experience with a dozen game implementations to date:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
13. Notation for a complex suite of game based learning: “SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE” – Macrostructure (example 05).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
14. Notation for a complex suite of game based learning: “SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE” – (“
Each voice exhibits stages with high values (“hi”) and other stages with low values (“lo”), these are highlighted at the very bottom line of Fig. 14 and illustrated later in Fig. 15.
\n\t\t\t\tSGC’s choreography in a certain sense represents a unit of a longer societal procedure: Level 5 (Bass) creates also new content for the subsequent year (= meaning of the music sign “fermate” at the end of the bass voice, meaning “hold this position”) which is the “final report” published on the public web outside the internal course web platform (several reports at IP, 2007) that serves as an additional input for the next year’s generation of IP students.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tTable 3 explains the graphic elements (“notes”) for the four voices, dwelling on basic social and communicative characteristics of the respective dimensions.
\n\t\t\t\tvoice | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsocial meaning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tnote: graphic element | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tnote description | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsymbolizes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Soprano | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tinform | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcontaining block | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tinputted information, pushy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Alto | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbuild team | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trelaxing impulse | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tis driven, remains when relaxing, hysteresis, structural memory, capacitor unloaded | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Tenor | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdebate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tincreasing triangle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlancet, cutting, stiff, a shark’s fin, steady growth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Bass | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tintegrate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsinusoid bell curve, Gaussian peak | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tequilibrating, sinusoidal peak, equilibrated effort, self-moti vated and self-driven , coming and going, autopoietical:.. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Graphic elements referred to as “notes” for writing the 4 “voices” of the scores in SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE SGC.
When walking through examples 01 till 05, one could try to learn where the “optimum mixture” or “ideal equilibrium point” of a blend of different ingredients is, e.g. regarding social vs. academic learning. No! Replace this question for a “static equilibrium point” by asking for an optimal “rhythm of fluctuation” around such an idealized optimum, just as the bicycle driver oscillates around his intended path (chapter 3.3).
\n\t\t\t\tOn a larger scale, one could even conceive a cyclic application of consecutive SGC-like processes, which makes the “hi’s” and “lo’s” of four voices appear in a repeated, even sinusoidal manner (see Fig. 15).
\n\t\t\tAs a next step of interpretation of the “four voices” pattern in a more stringent way than Table 2 and Fig. 8, Table 4 (above and below) puts them into two pairwise relationships in order to highlight that these four logically independent “social dimensions” are really suited to span up a complete vector space (as in vector calculus) for any human action.
\n\t\t\t\tvoices | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcharacteristic for both dimensions | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tits types of substrate are | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlogo con stituted by | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcharacteristic for both notes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
S & T ( & ) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tinfo space | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfacts | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpoint (s) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tangular = immediate disappearance at end | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
A & B ( & ) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tperson space | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcommunication | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tarrow (s) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trounded = sinusoidal, gradually phasing out | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
voices | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tunit structure | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tits number is | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlogo type | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tnote characteristic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
S & A ( & ) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tindividual | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tone, the unit | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tonefold | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsteep inception | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
T & B ( & ) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcompound (meta level in ) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmany, structure | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmanifold | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tgradual inception | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pairwise similarities of substrates (above) and unit structures (below) of the four voices.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTable 5 deepens this systematization by attributing structural names such as “the one / many of facts / communications”, respectively. Similar to classical tarot cards (Waite, 2003), each “voice” or “dimension” represents a fundamental principle of life (like C.G. Jung’s archetypes, or planets in the interpretation of astrology) which can “assume a value” (i.e. be in one sign of the zodiac); just as in modern quantum mechanics, where (predisposed) values in state spaces are assumed by the so-called quantum numbers.
\n\t\t\t\tSystematic description of the four voices : from “ones” to “structures”.
When reiterating the entire above deliberation for the next (grand) cycle, i.e. the cycle of long-term societal procedures, the result “” will represent a new unit “” for the next iteration of structure building. Exactly here is the link from the “individual scale structurogenesis” (developed in this paper) to the “societal scale structurogenesis” (developed after decade-long experience with the author’s Global Change Data Base (GCDB, 2001).
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
This chapter 5 attempts to explore the question: how are structures created and generated? In a nutshell, SGC embarks on the following procedure of structurogenesis:
\n\t\t\t\tFirst on the level of facts: (i) individually (ii) structured
Second on the level of communication: (i) individually (ii) structured.
This evolutive pattern is exactly of the same nature as the GCDB trends suggest. Along global techno-socio-economic evolution and in an aggregated view of all economies of all single countries in the world, the following economic sectors are consecutively peaking (i.e. “carrying the melody and motive of evolution”) in their relative importance, starting from “agriculture” to “social services”:
\n\t\t\t\tFirst on the level of matter and material: (i) individually (ii) structured
Second on the level of infrastructure: (i) individually (ii) structured.
This temporal, but quite systemic order of growth phases could be hypothesized as the “STAB principle of global techno-socio-economic evolution”: In a structural sense, S resembles the sectors of agriculture and mining; T resembles commerce and manufacturing, A resembles construction and transport, B resembles civilizational infrastructure of electricity & gas and financial & social services (quantitative details in Ahamer, 2003: 10).
\n\t\t\tThe STAB temporal sequence S T A B as described above is – in a mathematical sense – produced by a system of differential equations
\n\t\t\t\tWhere ~ equals “proportional” and ’ stands for “first derivative with respect to time”.
\n\t\t\t\tA practical argument for the suitability of such a formal structure is the consecutive order of peaks in Fig. 15 which is idealized and generalized from Fig. 14 (lowest 2 lines with “hi’s” and “lo’s”).
\n\t\t\t\tThe STAB principle in (individual or societal) learning.
Mathematically, this structure of interrelations creates a four-dimensional standing wave in the four-dimensional state space of “learning”. Such structure is comparable with the two-dimensional standing electromagnetic wave following the mathematical structure E’ ~ H; H’ ~ -E, as in Maxwell’s classical electrodynamic equations (only involving a larger number oof apparent variables). These two (electric E and magnetic H) fields produce a “standing wave” – the basis of all electronic communication.
\n\t\t\t\tIn a symbolic sense, the “standing social wave” could be hypothesized as “optimal STAB learning path” and could relate to Czikszentmihalyi’s (1994) “flow” state.
\n\t\t\tAs already mentioned in chapter 5.5, the STAB sequence (Fig. 15) might also be the long-term structure for the evolving relative importance of economic sectors in all countries economics, as measured by the share of GDP (%GDP = GDPsectoral / GDPtotal). Fig. 16 shows the average behavior of all countries’ economies as an idealized trend (each line is the share of one economic sector in percent: %GDP).
\n\t\t\t\tThe definitions of S, A, T, B would additionally harmonize well with Manuel Castells’ view of a
S =starting point in the
A =starting point in the
T =evolutionary build-up in the
B =evolutionary build-up in the
In this light, civilisatoric evolution can be understood as a global learning process (Fig. 16).
\n\t\t\t\tThe global techno-socio-economic evolution might follow the STAB principle. In this “map”, each curve represents the relative importance of an economic sector as a function of economic level (GDP/cap.). Source:
SGC represents the
The idea of the “STAB strategy” is that
At any rate the procedure does
As a result of this paper, a quality criterion for gaming and learning can be expressed on two levels:
\n\t\t\tOn the individual psychological level (micro-learning), a wisely designed and functioning STAB procedure could structurally resemble the “flow state” discovered by Czikszentmihalyi (1994) – which aphoristically could be called the “singing when working” criterion.
As a practical consequence for the societal level (macro-learning), if institutions are conceptualized and structured in a non-dialogic manner (e.g. in a hierarchical manner) they could be seen as structurally suboptimally suited for responding to challenges – e.g. climate change. By inference, dialogic cultures (such as parts of the Anglo-Saxon culture with very old but still vivid democratic traditions, cf Landes, 1999; Mokyr, 1990) seem to be structurally better adapted to respond to severe structural global challenges, such as climate change.
For practical application of this general hypothesis, the art consists in arranging the social processes (sp) in a way that they create and give rise to an optimal societal procedure (SP) – which, in brief, is the task of a “social designer”.
\n\t\t\tVery generally and mathematically,
It should be mentioned here that three levels of debriefing (Crookall, 1992; Lederman, 1992) were implemented for the case study “SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE” (SGC, 2006); in there a longer section on debriefing can be found:
\n\t\t\tinside SGC: regular feedbacks between students and facilitators during the game and at its end (upward semicircular arrows in Fig. 2)
on SGC: three written expert judgments from professionals on “game based learning” and “social dynamics” right after the first implementation in 2003
on SGC: official feedbacks from the side of the jury in the prize on media didactics “Medidaprix” (Medidaprix, 2007).
Additionally, inherent feedback activities occur in all levels based on the essence of SGC which is role switch between actor and monitoring spectator (cf. Petranek et al., 1992: 174). All three phases in the debriefing process (Lederman, 1992: 153) are thus operationalized.
\n\t\t\tSumming up, the “debriefer as co-learner” (Stewart, 1992: 206), namely the facilitator, was the person learning most during the SGC implementations. He, the author, learned from those “who construct meaning”, i.e. the “learners” (Klabbers, 2000: 397).
\n\t\tHere “Design” is understood in a generalized way, as a “compound of temporal, spatial and interindividual rhythms enacting procedures” that may pertain to differing substrates (of which chapter 2 gave an overview).
\n\t\t\tIt is useful to discern (i) individual micro-learning and (ii) societal macrolearning.
\n\t\t\tIn order to map complex social, learning or societal procedures, the following four dimensions were introduced in this paper: information conveyed (“soprano”, S), team building (“alto”, A), dialogue of facts (“tenor”, T), and integration with others’ experience (“bass”, B). “Scores” can represent the choreographic structure of such procedures. One objective for writing such scores might be to safeguard their effectiveness for “real” learning.
\n\t\t\tAfter analyzing several years of experience with the negotiation game “SURFING GLOBAL CHANGE” (SGC), and more than a decade of work with practical procedures in climate protection measures and monitoring global evolution of techno-socio-economic structures (GCDB), the following
If a communicational culture or an institutional landscape is constituted including a dialogic and team oriented component, chances are higher that such human cultures respond better to severe complex global challenges such as global warming.
If a societal procedure allows for the “STAB” sequence, it could be better apt for such complex evolutionary challenges. The “STAB” approach was developed in this paper and means that the
The main question to be answered is: Which sequence of gaming framework conditions delivers an optimal learning effect (understood here as real change of behaviour), independently of the initial stage of mastery of the learners? – The answer is:
As a concluding hypothesis in a nutshell, this suggestion for “Managing Global Change” is delivered: National and supranational frameworks should allow for the “
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Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA’s effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. This chapter more importantly aims to investigate impact of rainfall and temperature issues––that are climate change proxy variables––on water security and people movement in three Sub-Saharan African countries that are Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger. This article assesses some possible causes of migration from rural to urban area using VAR and granger causality tests; this process involves four variables namely Rural Migration ‘MR’, Urban Migration ‘MU’, Rainfall ‘Rain’ and Temperature ‘Temp’. The model predicts rainfall and temperature across 10 years and examines how these changes impact water availability and people movement in relevant countries. This study finds that some countries are experiencing water security challenges upon which large numbers migrate to urban areas. The study reveals that variations in rainfall and temperature have compounded people movements from rural areas. It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Omar Moalin Hassan and Gurudeo Anand Tularam",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"},{id:"208956",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Moalin Hassan",slug:"omar-moalin-hassan",fullName:"Omar Moalin Hassan"}]},{id:"60177",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74914",title:"Application of a Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model for Inland Surface Water Systems",slug:"application-of-a-hydrodynamic-and-water-quality-model-for-inland-surface-water-systems",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter introduces basic concepts, properties, and principles of different processes in inland surface water and analytical methodologies. The fundamentals of surface water hydrodynamics, including water properties, hydrodynamic processes, Cartesian coordinate-based governing equations, and boundary and initial conditions were reviewed. The fate and transport of contaminants in surface water were introduced. Based on aforementioned theory and principles, two hydrodynamic-water quality models were developed for studying a lake and a river, respectively. A stratified 3D model was used to investigate the circulation and E. coli transport in the nearshore region of Lake Michigan. The modeling results show that stratified phenomenon exists in the near region, and a 3D model is necessary even though a previous 2D model works well for the shallow water environment. A 2D depth-averaged water quality model was developed to estimate the fate and transport of four contaminants in the San Joaquin River of California. The modeling results indicate that it took 20 days for these contaminants to transport from the upstream to the downstream in the research domain. These models can be effectively used for inland surface water restoration and management.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Lubo Liu",authors:[{id:"169118",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"lubo-liu",fullName:"Lubo Liu"}]},{id:"59309",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73274",title:"Assessing the Hydrodynamic Pattern in Different Lakes of Malaysia",slug:"assessing-the-hydrodynamic-pattern-in-different-lakes-of-malaysia",totalDownloads:941,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Hydrodynamic simulations using three-dimensional numerical model were carried out in three different shallow tropical lakes to understand the characteristics of water movement in the respective water bodies. The models were based on meteorological data from the nearest stations and calibrated with current measurement, temperature, or water-level data. The results show good agreement between measured and simulated velocities and/or temperature at certain depth. This study found that the major driving forces of the hydrodynamic pattern were different in the three lakes. Hydrodynamic simulations showed that Bukit Merah and Durian Tunggal reservoirs were more sensitive to wind-driven motion. Floodplain lakes, such as Bera Lake, are more sensitive to flood inflow by the main river during the monsoon season. Convective motion driven by water temperature gradient was important for Bukit Merah and Bera Lake.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Zati Sharip, Shahirwan Aman Shah, Aminuddin Jamin and Juhaimi\nJusoh",authors:[{id:"186369",title:"Dr.",name:"Zati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharip",slug:"zati-sharip",fullName:"Zati Sharip"},{id:"220302",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahirwan",middleName:null,surname:"Aman Shah",slug:"shahirwan-aman-shah",fullName:"Shahirwan Aman Shah"},{id:"220303",title:"Mr.",name:"Aminuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Jamin",slug:"aminuddin-jamin",fullName:"Aminuddin Jamin"},{id:"220304",title:"Mr.",name:"Juhaimi",middleName:null,surname:"Jusoh",slug:"juhaimi-jusoh",fullName:"Juhaimi Jusoh"}]},{id:"71359",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90652",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]},{id:"65487",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82825",title:"Sustainable and Resilient Water and Energy Futures: From New Ethics and Choices to Urban Nexus Strategies",slug:"sustainable-and-resilient-water-and-energy-futures-from-new-ethics-and-choices-to-urban-nexus-strate",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an estimated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Josh Sperling and Will Sarni",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58856",title:"The Effects of Climate Change on Rural-Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—The Cases of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger",slug:"the-effects-of-climate-change-on-rural-urban-migration-in-sub-saharan-africa-ssa-the-cases-of-democr",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Water is essential for the existence of living organisms including humans. Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA’s effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. 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Aquifers are determined based on the absence or presence of water table positioning, that is, confined, unconfined, leaky aquifers and fractured aquifers. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the characteristic and assessment of groundwater within the scope of vertical distribution of GW, types of the aquifer system, types of SW-GW interface, and SW-GW interaction at both local and regional scales. The properties of the aquifer depend on the physical characteristics of the materials (porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific storage, and hydraulic conductivities) which are determined by techniques like resistivity surveys and pumping tests followed by remote sensing and geographic information system for better information on the groundwater system. Furthermore, understanding the SW-GW interactions through available methods (seepage meter, heat tracer, and environmental tracer) is useful in watershed management, that is, risk management and assessment of the aquifer system.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Naseem Akhtar, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir, Mohd Talha Anees, Abdul Qadir and Mohamad Shaiful Yusuff",authors:[{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"},{id:"324417",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Naseem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"naseem-akhtar",fullName:"Naseem Akhtar"},{id:"328134",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Shaiful",middleName:null,surname:"Yusuff",slug:"mohammad-shaiful-yusuff",fullName:"Mohammad Shaiful Yusuff"},{id:"328135",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qadir",slug:"abdul-qadir",fullName:"Abdul Qadir"}]},{id:"73757",title:"Groundwater Recharges Technology for Water Resource Management: A Case Study",slug:"groundwater-recharges-technology-for-water-resource-management-a-case-study",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The irregularity in monsoon has severely affected the water availability at surface and sub-surface systems. Diminishing surface and sub-surface availability has not only decreased the water availability, but it additionally affected the ecosystem and increased disastrous situations like floods and droughts, resulting problems of stress on groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is a technique by which infiltrated water passes through the unsaturated region of groundwater and joins the water table. It is based upon soil type, land use land cover, geomorphology, geophysical and climate (viz. rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.) characteristics of a region. Over the years, due to variations in weather pattern and overexploitation of aquifers groundwater recharge has decreased and groundwater level has reduced in the most parts of the country. This has led to severe water deficit problems in several parts of the country. This can be solved by different direct and indirect methods of groundwater recharge technology. This technology can reduce the wastage of water and enhance groundwater availability for uses in different sector like irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Jatoth Veeranna and Pawan Jeet",authors:[{id:"325776",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Jeet",slug:"pawan-jeet",fullName:"Pawan Jeet"},{id:"328200",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatoth",middleName:null,surname:"Veeranna",slug:"jatoth-veeranna",fullName:"Jatoth Veeranna"}]},{id:"62709",title:"Sustainability of Irrigation in Uzbekistan: Implications for Women Farmers",slug:"sustainability-of-irrigation-in-uzbekistan-implications-for-women-farmers",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Elena Kim",authors:null},{id:"71359",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"872",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. 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