Selected features of Mavic 2 Enterprise drone.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8504",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deepens the study and knowledge on pectins, especially in the processes of extraction, purification, and characterization, in short its many and wide applications. Among the most prominent applications are the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. The development of pectins has a very promising future with a marked annual increase and with a wide range of sources. As written above, this book will help its readers to expand their knowledge on this biopolymer with vast application in the industry worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-78984-072-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-071-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-550-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78880",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11979,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:87,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:138,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",biography:"Martin A. Masuelli is a Inv. Adj. professor at the Instituto de Física Aplicada, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and an associate professor at the National University of San Luis (UNSL), Argentina. He holds a master’s degree and a Ph.D. in Membrane Technology from UNSL. He has served as the director of the Physics Chemistry Service Laboratory, UNSL, since 2014. He is an expert in polysaccharides and the physical chemistry of macromolecules. Dr. Masuelli has authored or co-authored more than thirty-two peer-reviewed international publications, eight book chapters, and seventy communications in international congresses. He has also edited seven books. He is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental, Asociación Argentina de Fisicoquímica y Química Inorgánica, and Asociación Argentina de Tecnólogos de Alimentos. He is editor in chief and founder of the Journal of Polymer and Biopolymers Physics Chemistry and an editorial board member for various other journals. His research interests include hydropolymers, biopolymers (separative, purification processes, and characterization), physiochemistry of macromolecules, membrane technology and design (NF-UF-MF), and separative processes.",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"333",title:"Food Chemistry",slug:"food-science-food-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"69850",title:"Extraction and Characterization of Pectins From Peels of Criolla Oranges (Citrus sinensis): Experimental Reviews",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88944",slug:"extraction-and-characterization-of-pectins-from-peels-of-criolla-oranges-em-citrus-sinensis-em-exper",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The citriculture in the international field is important not only for its nutrient and vitamin characteristics but also for its valuable source of raw materials to obtain pectin, since it was found in the internal and external parts of the citrus peel. In our country, there are several varieties of orange, from which you can obtain by-products other than juice, such as essential oils, fertilizers, concentrates, and pectin. Pectin has different uses in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of suspensions, emulsions, cosmetics, capsules, etc. In the food industry, it is used as a film in packaging, thickener, and gelling agent in the manufacture of jellies and preserves, in wines as dehydrating plant tissues, in milk to precipitate casein, etc. The pectin extraction was carried out by basic or acid hydrolysis and then proceeds to purify and clarify. Once purified, the pectin was characterized in aqueous solution to determine its physicochemical properties such as molecular weight, hydrodynamic radius, hydration value, shape factor, etc. Thermal and mechanical characterizations were also performed, to assess its ability to form films.",signatures:"Paula Ruano, Lismet Lazo Delgado, Sergio Picco, Liliana Villegas, Franco Tonelli, Mario Eduardo Aguilera Merlo, Javier Rigau, Darío Diaz and Martin Masuelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69850",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85585",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the advent of science and technology, agro-industrial wastes are converted into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. In recent years, natural polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to easy conversion into value-added products. Apart from various natural polymers, pectin occupied a prominent place due to diverse pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Excess utilisation of pectin, the gap between production and demand is widening. To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66671",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66458",title:"Pectin - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85588",slug:"pectin-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:1505,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods are particularly important as they are source of dietary carbohydrates, and therefore much of the energy in the adult diet. Plant food also contains a wide range of dietary components rich in bioactive phytochemicals and is essential to the human body that may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Pectin is one of the nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs), which constitutes the major fraction of the plant cell wall in association and/or substituted with other polysaccharides, and they cover a great variety of biological functions and chemical structures. Generally, pectin is isolated from by-products of agro-foods using extraction technologies with the emergence of novel and effective techniques that inclined toward a cleaner process. Pectin is widely used both in food sector (as gelling, thickening, and stabilizer agent) and in pharmaceutical industries (bioactive components) including biomedical application (drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing) as innovative applications.",signatures:"Virginia Rodríguez Robledo* and Lucía Isabel Castro Vázquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66458",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65793",title:"Role of Pectin in Food Processing and Food Packaging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83677",slug:"role-of-pectin-in-food-processing-and-food-packaging",totalDownloads:3038,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Pectin is a branched heteropolysaccharide consisting of long-chain galacturonan segments and other neutral sugars such as rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose. It forms a matrix with celluloses and hemicelluloses and contributes to the cell structure. Due to the presence of several sugar moieties and different levels of methyl esterification, pectin does not have defined molecular weight like other polysaccharides. Pectin has wide applications. It is used as emulsifier, gelling agent, thickener, stabilizer, and fat or sugar replacer in low-calorie foods. Pectin and pectin-derived oligosaccharides can also be used as an important ingredient in functional foods. In recent past, a new application envisaged for pectin polymers as edible films or coating. These films act as natural barrier for exchange of moisture, gases, lipids, and volatiles between food and environment, and protect fruits and vegetable from microbial contamination. The degree of esterification of pectin and other structural modifications defines the functional properties. Herein, various functional properties of pectin in relation to food processing and packaging are discussed.",signatures:"Thiraviam Vanitha and Mahejibin Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65793",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65638",title:"Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis of Nano-LaCrO3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83625",slug:"pectins-as-emulsifying-agent-on-the-preparation-characterization-and-photocatalysis-of-nano-lacro-su",totalDownloads:834,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of environmentally friendly chemicals as the emulsifying agent in the preparation of the advanced materials is a focus and is very interesting to do. Although the focus is important, the advanced material that is made remains a top priority regarding characterization and its activity. One of the chemicals for making advanced and environmentally friendly materials such as LaCrO3 perovskite is pectin functioning as the emulsifying agent. In general, perovskite compounds are materials with very wide applications such as fuel cells, electronic equipment, sensors, magnetic materials, photoluminescent materials, thermic catalysts, and photocatalysts. Furthermore, the use of various solvents to produce perovskite compounds with the aim of getting good applications has been done a lot such as water, alcohols, or other organic solvents, respectively, in mixing precursors directly, precipitation and coprecipitation, microwave, auto-combustion, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods. In this chapter, preparation of LaCrO3 using pectin as an emulsifying agent will be discussed in advance together with characterization and application of LaCrO3 in the photocatalytic reaction of dyes and cellulose conversion.",signatures:"Rudy Tahan Mangapul Situmeang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65638",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66396",title:"Properties of Wine Polysaccharides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85629",slug:"properties-of-wine-polysaccharides",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polysaccharides are the main macromolecules of colloidal nature in wines, and play a fundamental role in the technological properties and organoleptic characteristics of the wines. The role of the different wine polysaccharides will depend on their quantity but also on their chemical composition, molecular structure and origin. Wine polysaccharides originate from grapes and yeast acting during the winemaking. The main polysaccharides present in wines can be grouped into three major families: (i) polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose (PRAG), (ii) polysaccharides rich in rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II), which both come from the pectocellulosic cell walls of grape berries, and (iii) mannoproteins (MP) released by yeasts. This paper describes the origin, structure and role of the different wine polysaccharide families through a bibliographic revision of their origin and extraction into the wines, as well as their technological and sensory properties.",signatures:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Zenaida Guadalupe and Belén Ayestarán",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66396",authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",surname:"Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente"}],corrections:null},{id:"65895",title:"Flavonoids and Pectins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84960",slug:"flavonoids-and-pectins",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pectins and flavonoids are two related groups of important secondary metabolites derived from plants. The interaction between pectins and flavonoids can affect their shelf-life stability, functionality, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility. In this chapter, we will concentrate on the current opinions on the flavonoids to understand how to classify this group of secondary metabolites, what biological and pharmacological activities they possess, and how to biosynthesize them in plants. We will then discuss the general strategies for the derivation of these small secondary compounds. The strategies comprise traditional plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these three production strategies in the derivation of flavonoids and the future research directions in generating health-beneficial flavonoids using the biosynthetic strategy.",signatures:"Zhiping Zhang, Yanzhi He and Xinyue Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65895",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"15",series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",issn:"2632-0983",editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Digitization has become an ongoing goal on the agenda of economic development and social transformation. It offers a broad perspective on the very near future of humanity embodied in current paradigms such as the web-driven economy, e-government, e-society, or e-communities that are based on digital democracy and promote it at the same time. Digitization is a priority all over the world and is seen as a strategy for the profound development of all sectors of human activity. One of the most relevant examples is the program promoted by the European Commission under the slogan “A Europe fit for the digital age”, which guides how digital technology is changing people’s lives by empowering people with a new generation of technologies [1]. Several concepts are now circulating such as big data and cloud computing and a number of technologies such as data mining, data analytics, data fusions, and deep learning are currently used and are constantly improving to keep up with the huge production of data in all fields.
Cultural heritage is a part of data production and has been contributing to the informational treasure of humanity for millennia. The digitization of cultural heritage is only a step in collecting and manipulating data with two major purposes: storage for information preservation, respectively data analysis for the study, and advanced research. A recent European Commission report on shaping Europe’s digital future focuses on 3D digitization of cultural heritage [2]. This is a roadmap for the digitization of tangible cultural heritage that highlights that the integration of data obtained through different scanning techniques is the right approach for the future. Knowledge of technologies for transforming tangible heritage objectives into data by scanning across different spectral bands and dimensional measurements, including software components for data analysis and presentation, is very important. The digitization of tangible cultural heritage is not only a fashionable technology but a tool that tends to become a standard for the collection, preservation, and dissemination efforts of arts and cultural heritage worldwide [3]. All in all, digitization is a necessity for a better knowledge and interpretation of things, so research becomes much more efficient using data instead of physical artifacts, especially in the case of tangible real estate. Sometimes access to the physical object is impossible, or very expensive, and then, a set of data captured with the right sensors is very useful. On the other hand, data become more democratic and thus can reach the general public through the media or virtual products in the service of knowledge of cultural heritage. In fact, through digitization, tangible cultural heritage becomes digital heritage, which is a subcategory of intangible cultural heritage.
In the last decade, drones have been used in many industries such as construction and infrastructure, agriculture, environmental monitoring, mining, GIS, and so on. For all these areas, drones provide imaging data of various types: single aerial pictures, thermal and multispectral images, stereoscopic images, video content, data from laser scanning, and remote sensing. A significant number of bibliographic sources report on drone technology and airborne sensors and their specific applications and services. Most case studies are presented even by professional drone manufacturers, and a wide collection of information can be found on their websites, for example, [4, 5, 6]. A recent report on the leading manufacturers of drone technology, including their applications, can be found in the reference [7].
At present, drones have begun to be part of the arsenal of means of investigating cultural heritage, offering the possibility to fly over and supervise heritage objectives from the air, with low operating costs. In principle, they offer photogrammetry services but the applications are open to possible remote exploration and sensing tasks in archeological sites, instead of humans. An extensive and recent synthesis of the use of drones in the service of cultural heritage, including examples of applications and case studies conducted around the world, can be found in [8].
A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that can be remotely controlled by a human operator in a specific area of action. This type of aircraft is an excellent platform for various scanning equipment, and sensors capable of transmitting acquired data in real time, as well as its current position. Drones can provide a wide range of services, but most applications include airborne surveillance and monitoring tasks. There are drones for military purposes and drones for civilian use, but we will discuss here drones with civilian applications.
The basic mission of drones in the service of cultural heritage is to scan various objects, artifacts, sets of objects, places built of cultural interest, and using different techniques for obtaining digital images.
Traditionally, aerial photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the terrestrial environment through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images captured from height. Currently, digitization has extended the field of photogrammetry to the analysis and processing of images based on mathematical and geometric models with software-implemented algorithms. Automatic image processing works with huge amounts of data that drones are able to provide by mobile scanning over areas of interest.
Aerial images can be processed and interpreted in different ways. One of the most used methods is a 3D reconstruction based on 2D images. This task defines particular uses of the drone in controlled overflight scenarios, which differ from one objective to another. Another method is orthophotography through which the objectives are mapped 2D, resulting in the digital map of the objective and the area flown over with the planimetry information. These methods include geometric models and algorithms for analytical geometry. Another category of methods aims at chromatics and image illumination, which involve extracting components and color ranges, estimating specular reflection, determining ambient lighting and its interaction with materials in order to render physical objects. This is where digital image analysis algorithms take place in the visible or multispectral domain. The combination of methods, for example, orthophotography with chromatic methods produces orthomosaic maps, and by the combination with multispectral data, various indexed maps are obtained based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), chlorophile map, or processing CIR Composite (color infrared), or digital surface model (DSM).
This is a technique for directly obtaining 3D images using laser radiation using LiDAR (laser imaging, detection, and ranging) devices. Unlike photogrammetry, which is a passive method of capturing images, LiDAR is an active method that involves laser emission in the NIR or UV spectrum. Mobile laser scanning is also beginning to be accessible to drones through aerial LiDAR equipment that has evolved to meet the requirements of weight, size, and performance. Laser scanning involves technical conditions and additional requirements to photogrammetry. Knowing the position of the drone as accurately as possible at all times is crucial for the quality of LiDAR data and therefore, these systems have integrated inertial navigation sensors with very high accuracy. Laser scanning has several definite advantages versus classical photogrammetry, but it cannot surpass resolution performance, image realism, data accuracy, and ultimately the cost of photogrammetry equipment. In the LiDAR technique for each scan radius (direction) only two parameters are obtained: flight time—which is directly proportional to the distance and intensity of the reflected radiation. With this information about each scanned point, a synthetic image of the objects is built respecting their geometry with a certain precision, while all the chromatic characteristics are conventionally chosen. However, some advantages prevail for laser scanning technology: It can operate at night, in an atmosphere with clouds and smoke, and can reconstruct more precisely the surfaces covered by vegetation. Also, the time required for post-processing LiDAR data is much shorter than when processing photo images. In various applications, LiDAR technology is used in addition to the classic photo-video technique.
The drone, as a system, is capable of providing raw imaging data for the above-mentioned processing, while a suite of application software programs effectively performs the appropriate processing to extract the desired information. In fact, these are stand-alone software tools that perform advanced data processing including artificial intelligence techniques.
The configuration of drones for civilian use is of a VTOL (vertical take-off and landing)-type aircraft with fixed wings or the most popular with rotary wings. Here are the main component systems (subsystems) of a professional drone for civilian use:
The structure and the propulsion engines: It constitutes a unitary assembly made of resistant and light materials in a compact and aerodynamic configuration with rotor-type propellers. The structure usually has foldable elements so that it can be stored and transported more easily.
The sensor system: It provides data for drone self-monitoring and navigation data. On the main directions of movement, there are video sensors for detecting obstacles and measuring the distance to them and also IR sensors for detecting and telemetry of obstacles up and down. For this purpose, the drones can also be equipped with additional (redundant) ultrasonic or LiDAR sensors. Navigation sensors include the compass, the global navigation system receiver (for GPS coordinates), and the inertial measurement system (IMU) consisting of a gyroscope and accelerometers.
The airborne surveillance system: It generally consists of a video camera with controllable orientation, but may also include a thermal imaging camera or multispectral cameras depending on the mission of the drone.
The communication system: It contains the airborne transceiver with separate frequency channels for the remote control of the drone flight and the airborne systems, respectively for image downlink, as well as the paired transceiver in the portable remote control unit. The communication subsystem also contains a number of interfaces for data communication such as the USB port, the micro-SD card slot, and the port for connecting additional accessories to the drone (beacon, speaker, lighting projector).
The power system: It includes the drone battery that supplies all the subsystems in the drone composition, respectively the battery of the remote control equipment.
The electronic command and control system: It represents the brain of the drone and it ensures all the functions of the onboard subsystems such as control of the propulsion system, control of sensors, control of telecommunications, and control of surveillance equipment. The control of the major subsystems of the drone includes various parallel command and real-time control tasks such as independent speed control of each engine, stabilization of surveillance cameras, battery control, and radio power control. The brain structure of the drone is based on a multiprocessor architecture with a powerful master processor and several slave processors with distinct responsibilities.
The remote control equipment: It is the user’s portable unit—an HMI (human-machine interface) that provides the graphical control interface and the effective means of command of the drone (buttons and sticks). Usually, this role can be provided with a tablet or smartphone, but professional drones come with their own dedicated remote control unit that includes the display.
Last but not the least, a special and vital component of drones is the software system that is distributed on both components: built-in drone, respectively on the portable remote control unit. The software component actually defines the drone’s brain and its so-called intelligence, effectively ensuring all the processes for its proper functioning.
Figure 1 shows an overview of the Mavic 2 Enterprise model, where the main subsystems can be identified. Full details can be found by accessing the official manufacturer’s website available from: https://www.dji.com/mavic-2-enterprise/downloads
Professional drone Mavic 2 Enterprise with native surveillance camera mounted in front of the gimbal joint.
Here, we will review the basic characteristics of drones and detail the functional parameters that are relevant to the tasks of digitizing the objectives of tangible cultural heritage.
We mainly distinguish between technical characteristics and operational characteristics, the latter depending largely on the former, and together, they determine the use class of the drone, its performance, and finally the purchase price on the market. First of all, we need to understand that drone performance is the result of a technical compromise that is reflected in their operational capabilities. Current technology manages to optimize this compromise by balancing power and speed requirements versus flight distance and height, weight and gauge versus air range (maximum flight time), data processing, and transmission capability versus sensor resolution.
In general, the mission of a drone is to acquire images with very good resolution from precisely defined and very well-controlled positions. In other words, drones must provide quality digital material for photogrammetry and image processing techniques. Thus, in addition to the general performance of maximum speed, maximum service ceiling above sea level, and maximum flight time, the following features are very important: hovering accuracy range, parameters of the camera, and gimbal of camera. In Table 1 has given selectively these characteristics for a reference model—the Mavic 2 Enterprise drone.
Technical/operational feature | Value/limits | Notes |
---|---|---|
Max takeoff weight | 1100 g | |
Max speed | 72 kph | Near sea level, no wind |
Max ascent speed | 5 m/s | |
Max descent speed | 3 m/s | |
Max service ceiling | 6000 m | Above sea level |
Max flight time (no wind) | 31 min | At a consistent speed of 25 kph |
Max hovering time (no wind) | 29 min | |
Hovering accuracy range | Vertical: | |
| With vision positioning With GPS positioning | |
Horizontal: | ||
| With vision positioning With GPS positioning | |
Parameters of camera | Effective pixels: 12 megapixels | Sensor: 1/2.3″ CMOS |
Auto focus at: 0.5 - ∞ | ||
Max image size:
| Photo format JPEG, DNG (RAW) | |
Video resolution:
| Video Format MP4/MOV (MPEG-4 AVC/H.264) | |
Gimbal | Mechanical range: Tilt: −135 to +45° Pan: −100 to +100° Controllable range: Tilt: −90 to +30° Pan: −75 to +75° Stabilization: 3-axis (tilt, roll, pan) Max control speed (tilt): 120°/s Angular vibration range: ±0.005° |
Selected features of Mavic 2 Enterprise drone.
Considerations related to the accuracy of data collected by drones are discussed in [9]. The quality of the images provided by a drone is described by three essential characteristics [10].
The pixel resolution of an image is the number of pixels that make up the image. It is expressed by the number of columns and rows, such as 4056 × 3040, or directly by the total number of pixels, such as 12.3 Mpixels (4056 × 3040 = 12,330,240). This parameter is important for data sharing and storage, image display, and digital zoom.
Ground sampling distance (GSD), in mm/pixel, is the distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels, measured on the object observed in the image. This parameter depends on the size of the camera sensor and its actual number of pixels, but also on the distance to the photographed object. For example, a GSD of 1 mm/pixel means that one pixel per image is 1 mm in the real world. A smaller GSD means that the object will appear larger and that smaller details will be visible in the image. For example, a photo image can reach one million pixels/m2, while a LiDAR image can only reach a few hundred pixels/m2. Ground sampling distance is an important measure to consider for photogrammetry and measurements in images. However, GDS does not fully describe the ability to detect and characterize an object or detail in an image.
Spatial resolution or angular resolution describes the smallest details visible in the image. Unlike theoretical GSD, spatial resolution can be expressed in a different unit, which takes into account blur, image noise, contrast, and in general the effects of image processing: compression, denoising, edge clarity, etc. Spatial resolution is therefore a correct metric to quantify the ability to detect and characterize an object in the image. Spatial resolution is often expressed in “pairs of lines per millimeter.” This unit is used to describe the spatial frequency of alternating black and white line patterns.
Finally, another photometric parameter that influences image quality is the ISO exposure value at the image sensor. Under normal lighting conditions (daylight), the exposure value is set to the lower limit of the range values and vice versa, and at lower lighting levels, the exposure value is set above. However, a high ISO value of exposure produces image noise, and a long exposure time produces motion blur when the camera moves. This reduces the image quality, and eventually the ability to distinguish small details in the image.
A survey of the latest applications of the use of mandrels for cultural heritage purposes reveals two aspects. First, there are various subdomains or particular purposes with concrete tasks where drones, as providers of digital content, prove their usefulness. Specific applications can be classified as follows:
Reproduction of virtual models, especially for architectural heritage, is the widest class of applications. HBIM (historical building information modeling) technology as part of BIM (building information modeling) technology is one of the most used digitization activities in the service of the tangible cultural heritage in which drones prove their effectiveness. Here, based on panoramic images captured by drones, 3D reconstruction is the most frequently addressed technique. A suite of cultural heritage virtualization projects can be viewed on the following websites: [https://www.3deling.com/heritage/], [https://iconem.com/en/].
Non-destructive analysis of heritage sites and objects is an area of activity that can fully exploit the drone service in data acquisition. We mention here exterior and interior photogrammetry missions on frescoes, mosaics, upholstered surfaces, decorative stucco, and bas-reliefs.
The conservation of the material patrimony requires as accurate and complete information as possible in the effective restoration activity. The reference digital models help both the restoration work and the sustainable preservation and management of the heritage.
The actual restoration action can be automated and effectively driven by data by robotic interventions and reconstruction by additive techniques, such as 3D printing technology.
Artifact authentication is another activity that can fully benefit from the digital support provided by drones in special situations when the place cannot be explored on land or the object is in dangerous or contaminated places and when there is a risk of destroying the artifact by other types of examination.
Second, the review of recent literature reporting various applications of drones in the service of cultural heritage reveals the complementarity of several digitization technologies with that of drones, as well as strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of these technologies [11, 12, 13, 14]. As the main technique for capturing images, traditional aerial photogrammetry has now become accessible through drones at a very good performance-cost ratio. Photogrammetry and laser scanning are the basic techniques applicable by various methods with distinct equipment, but for the production of digital content of cultural heritage objectives, several scanning techniques are available. The main concepts frequently used in the digitization of the material cultural heritage are based on the following methods:
Close-range photogrammetry (CRP) is considered when the subject is observed from less than 400 m either from the ground or from the air. This is a cheap and sufficiently accurate method for 3D photogrammetry based on stereoscopically associated overlapping 2D images. For aerial applications with drones, CRP is the ideal solution because the cameras have a lower weight and size, compared to laser scanners, for example.
Structure from Motion (SfM) is a technique based on automated photogrammetry that facilitates the collection of moving images. This is the standard method for 3D reconstruction in the field of cultural heritage. In principle, it is applied within the CRP with the determination of the best overflight height and the establishment of the optimal spatial resolution, and the orthophotography acquisitions with an overlap of at least 60% are scheduled. The image collection is then processed with SfM software based on 3D reconstruction algorithms.
Airborne LiDAR scanning (ALS) is a complementary or alternative photogrammetry technique to create a digital terrain model (DTM) or digital elevation model (DEM). 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage objectives by laser scanning with drones is becoming an increasingly accessible technology.
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is used as a basic technique or to complete the acquisition of 3D images of cultural heritage objectives with fixed ground equipment, which gives a very good data accuracy.
Mobile laser scanning (MLS) contributes to massive point-capture technology along with photogrammetry, using LiDAR equipment mounted on land vehicles, ALS, or with handheld scanning devices. The use of this equipment involves special SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) technology for capturing images and point clouds in motion and real time.
In specific applications for the material cultural heritage, there are some peculiarities that influence the scanning techniques used, as follows:
Objects are motionless, so there are virtually no relative dynamics and images can be considered static.
Some artifacts require photography from a short distance outdoor but also indoor.
Indoor, natural lighting is usually poor.
In inaccessible places, the real size of objects is generally not precisely known, so the exclusive photogrammetric interpretation is relative.
Interesting studies addressing the combined use of air and ground scanning technologies for cultural heritage objectives are reported in [13, 15].
We have seen that drones can be used successfully for both outdoor and indoor photogrammetry and laser scanning operations. Most applications are outdoor missions for HBIM tasks but some indoor missions are suitable for drones, in concrete situations these being the only means that can make data acquisition at reasonable cost-effectiveness. In [16], it is presented a comparative study of digitization of land surfaces, photogrammetry versus laser scanning, conducted for four types of drones. These results are interesting and useful for professionals in the field of cultural heritage. A project reported in [17] focused on HBIM for Byzantine churches in Cyprus using exclusively low-altitude outdoor photogrammetry, provides methodological details, and results obtained with a drone equipped with a 20 MP camera. In Romania, there are some important cultural heritage objectives that are being investigated by photogrammetry with the help of a drone. One of them is the large architectural monument—the medieval castle named Corvin Castle, also known as Hunyadi Castle, in Hunedoara (Figure 2). The other is the Adamclisi Fortress in Dobrogea, which is an ancient Roman architectural complex, today in ruins (Figure 3).
The Corvin castle in Hunedoara, Romania.
The Adamclisi Fortess ruins in Dobrogea, Romania.
These applications require the planning of particular flight missions with predefined itineraries for photogrammetric capture with different viewing angles on ground objectives. Usually, two gimbal angles are used for the camera: −90°, that is, vertical downward direction, called nadiral view, and oblique direction at −45°. Practically, a methodology and planning of photography are established for each objective. The goal is to best capture the elevation of objects.
The indoor missions in the field of cultural heritage are to complete the HBIM from inside when the TLS and other MLS methods are not applicable. Recent case studies with the use of drones for visual inspection in enclosed spaces such as mine galleries, cisterns, or sewers are reported in [18]. In the case of indoor scanning missions, the drone does not benefit from GNNS services, that is, GPS signal for positioning; however, piloting the drone is done in P (positioning) mode when the vision systems to locate and stabilize itself and obstacle sensing function is enabled. Other indoor scanning purposes require drones hovering over the artifacts in order to capture the best image possible. In these conditions, hovering accuracy is the feature that counts, and the best results are obtained by piloting the drone in T-mode (Tripod), which makes the aircraft more stable during the shooting. An example for this use case is the inspection of the roman mosaic arts in Constanta during the expertise for restoration. This is the subject of nondestructive analysis by evaluation of the morphological and chromatic characteristics that represent suitable metrics for making decisions based on image processing [19]. Figure 4 presents this artifact in the present condition of conservation. For a reliable analysis, quality imaging data obtained by correct photogrammetry techniques are required. Thus, for correct analysis, the images of the mosaic, as a primary source of data, must meet certain conditions from the acquisition phase, as follows: (i) to be taken orthographic shots, (ii) to be captured under uniform lighting conditions, without shadows, reflections, etc., (iii) to be taken from the same height (constant distance) for the entire interest surface, and (iv) the resolution must be as high as possible. In general, the photogrammetric method is sufficient for the inspection of artifacts such as flat decorative surfaces, so that 2D orthogonal images obtained by single shots provide all the planimetry and color information necessary for morphological and chromatic analysis. Using CRP with SfM techniques, it is possible to obtain details for DTM by estimating the deformations of the mosaic surface, the degree of degradation by erosion, and the lack of mosaic elements or the degree of intervention by adding material. ALS is not an option for scanning the decorative mosaic because an acceptable value of the GSD parameter cannot be achieved. Also, due to the restriction of access on the surface of the mosaic, scanning by terrestrial means is not possible in this case. In Figure 5, it can be seen two shots taken manually at the arbitrary angle but also the effect of non-uniform environmental lighting.
Ancient mosaic art in Constanta. (a) Indoor floor view. (b) Details of the artifact.
Different images of the artifact.
Professional drones are actually considered UAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems), which means more than an unmanned aerial vehicle. They are equipped with specific scanning systems that define their role and operational functions. The drone is a sufficiently stable platform for close-range photogrammetry (CRP) missions and is an excellent indoor scanning device due to its small size, good maneuverability, and flight qualities. We see great potential for the use of drones for interior photogrammetry on decorative artifacts where the information of interest concerns their planimetry and chromatics. The ease of use of airborne cameras in terms of gimbal stabilizer-controlled mobility, controlled focusing, and exposure function combined with the drone’s ability to hover at a short distance from the artifact gives drones high versatility for digital image acquisition. By using the auto exposure bracketing (AEB) function, for example, the camera can take several successive photos (usually three) with slightly different settings. Then, the images can be combined automatically, for example, in a single image with a high dynamic level or can be stored separately, so that the images with the most suitable appearance can be later taken from the batch.
Regarding the digitization of cultural heritage objectives, the main data are obtained through photogrammetric techniques, which in most cases cannot be exceeded in terms of accuracy and amount of data provided by LiDAR techniques. Moreover, the chromatic analysis of images can be performed exclusively by photographic techniques. Laser scanning techniques have several strengths that make them rather useful as complementary methods in digitizing cultural heritage objectives. Thus, the ALS technique generally helps in the case of infrastructures covered with vegetation and in the case of noisy photographic images when the estimation of the 3D model would be deficient.
Professional drones are becoming increasingly affordable handy tools for use in the field of material cultural heritage.
This study was supported by the grant PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0476, no.51PCCDI/2018, from UEFISCDI-MEN.
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Graphene, one-atom thick, exhibits a unique chemical structure and outstanding electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that made it compelling for various engineering applications. Graphene and graphene-based materials are promising candidates for fabricating state-of-the-art nano-scale sensors and biosensors. They featured with good conductivity and large specific surface area thereby; graphene-based sensors/biosensors performed well with good accuracy, rapidness, high sensitivity and selectivity, low detection limits, and long-term stability. They are ideally used as gas sensors, electrochemical sensors for heavy metal ions, immunosensors and dihydronicotinamide dinucleotide NADH, DNA, catecholamine neurotransmitters, paracetamol, glucose, H2O2, hemoglobin, and myoglobin biosensors. This chapter reviews the applications of graphene in nanotechnology since it came to the field particularly in sensing and biosensing applications. It updates the reader with the scientific progress of the current use of graphene as sensors and biosensors. There is still much room for the scientific research and application development of graphene-based theory, materials, and devices. Despite the vast amount of research already conducted on graphene for various applications, the field is still growing and many questions remain to be answered.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Nada F. Atta, Ahmed Galal and Ekram H. El-Ads",authors:[{id:"30072",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"F. Atta",slug:"nada-f.-atta",fullName:"Nada F. Atta"},{id:"174033",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Galal",slug:"ahmed-galal",fullName:"Ahmed Galal"},{id:"174034",title:"MSc.",name:"Ekram",middleName:null,surname:"El-Ads",slug:"ekram-el-ads",fullName:"Ekram El-Ads"}]},{id:"36899",doi:"10.5772/34080",title:"Nanoparticles in Ancient Materials: The Metallic Lustre Decorations of Medieval Ceramics",slug:"nanoparticles-in-ancient-materials-the-metallic-lustre-decorations-of-medieval-ceramics",totalDownloads:6595,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"2259",slug:"the-delivery-of-nanoparticles",title:"The Delivery of Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"The Delivery of Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Philippe Sciau",authors:[{id:"98593",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Sciau",slug:"philippe-sciau",fullName:"Philippe Sciau"}]},{id:"48322",doi:"10.5772/60510",title:"New Materials for the Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors",slug:"new-materials-for-the-construction-of-electrochemical-biosensors",totalDownloads:3544,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"The development of electrochemical sensors has attracted great interest due to these sensors’ high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we present the general concept and the classification of biosensors, their advantages and drawbacks, the main strategies in electrochemical biosensor technology and the materials used in electrochemical sensors, such as electrodes and supporting substrates, materials for improved sensitivity and selectivity, materials for bioreceptor immobilization, and biological recognition elements. Various nanomaterials, such as carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanoparticles), inorganic and organic nanoparticles (magnetic and metal nanoparticles, nanosized clays), conductive and insulating polymers (nanosized and nanostructured polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers), and hybrid materials, etc., have been successfully applied for the enhancement of the electroanalytical performance of biosensors and for the immobilization of biorecognition elements. Among these, due to their unique physiochemical features, carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphenes, have received special attention in recent years, and examples of surface functionalization using various types of nanoparticles are presented. The future trends in sensor research activities and areas of development that are expected to have an impact in biosensor performance, like immobilization techniques, nanotechnology, miniaturization and multisensor array determinations, are also examined.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Robert Săndulescu, Mihaela Tertiş, Cecilia Cristea and Ede Bodoki",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72990",title:"Nanoprecipitation: Applications for Entrapping Active Molecules of Interest in Pharmaceutics",slug:"nanoprecipitation-applications-for-entrapping-active-molecules-of-interest-in-pharmaceutics",totalDownloads:912,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Nanoprecipitation technique, also named solvent injection, spontaneous emulsification, solvent displacement, solvent diffusion, interfacial deposition, mixing-induced nanoprecipitation, or flash nanoprecipitation, is recognized as a useful and versatile strategy for trapping active molecules on the submicron and nanoscale levels. Thus, these particles could be intended among others, for developing innovative pharmaceutical products bearing advantages as controlled drug release, target therapeutic performance, or improved stability and organoleptic properties. On this basis, this chapter offers readers a comprehensive revision of the state of the art in research on carriers to be used for pharmaceutical applications and developed by the nanoprecipitation method. In this sense, the starting materials, the particle characteristics, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the most representative of these carriers, i.e., polymer, lipid, and hybrid particles have been analyzed in a comparative way searching for a general view of the obtained behaviors.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Oscar Iván Martínez-Muñoz, Luis Fernando Ospina-Giraldo and Claudia Elizabeth Mora-Huertas",authors:[{id:"320030",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Mora Huertas",slug:"claudia-elizabeth-mora-huertas",fullName:"Claudia Elizabeth Mora Huertas"},{id:"326041",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina Giraldo",slug:"luis-fernando-ospina-giraldo",fullName:"Luis Fernando Ospina Giraldo"},{id:"326042",title:"Mr.",name:"Oscar Iván",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Muñoz",slug:"oscar-ivan-martinez-munoz",fullName:"Oscar Iván Martínez Muñoz"}]},{id:"71786",title:"Microemulsion Formulation of Botanical Oils as an Efficient Tool to Provide Sustainable Agricultural Pest Management",slug:"microemulsion-formulation-of-botanical-oils-as-an-efficient-tool-to-provide-sustainable-agricultural",totalDownloads:889,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Microemulsion formulation is among the most suitable carrier for the delivery of bioactive and, therefore, has excellent potential for industrial applications. The microemulsion system is thermodynamically and kinetically stable. Due to the smaller droplet size of the microemulsion system, the bioactive covers a larger surface of the target pest. Botanicals and essential oils, in particular, are green options to control various soil and seed-borne pathogens. Each oil contains several bioactive constituents that practically avoid microbe-resistance against it. Nevertheless, to improve the handling and shelf-life of botanicals, microemulsion formulation is the best option available. The current chapter provides the insight of a microemulsion system and explores the possibility of botanical oil-based biopesticides for a sustainable agro-ecosystem. We believe that botanical oil microemulsion could be a better alternative to synthetic pesticides and opens a new corridor for the promotion of the greener way of plant protection in India and across the globe.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Abhishek Sharma, Saurabh Dubey and Nusrat Iqbal",authors:[{id:"314853",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishek",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"abhishek-sharma",fullName:"Abhishek Sharma"},{id:"315502",title:"Dr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"saurabh-dubey",fullName:"Saurabh Dubey"},{id:"317856",title:"Ms.",name:"Nusrat",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"nusrat-iqbal",fullName:"Nusrat Iqbal"}]},{id:"48359",title:"Immunosensors",slug:"immunosensors",totalDownloads:3123,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Immunosensors are solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. They form one of the most important classes of affinity biosensors based on the specific recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex, in a similar way to immunoassay. Depending on the type of transducer there are four types of immunosensor: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric and thermometric. The most commonly used bioelements for the development of electrochemical immunosensors are antibodies (Ab), followed by aptamers (Apt) and, in the last five years, microRNA (miRNA). In order to perform an early diagnosis, a method that is able to measure peptides and proteins directly in a sample, without any sample pre-treatment or any separation, is preferred. This direct detection can be performed with methods making use of the specific interaction of proteins with Ab, Apt and miRNA. The recent developments made in the immunosensor field, regarding the incorporation of nanomaterials for increased sensitivity, multiplexing or microfluidic-based devices, may have potential for promising use in industry and clinical analysis. Some examples of assays for several commercially available biomarkers will be presented. The main application fields, beside biomedical analysis, are drug abuse control, food analysis and environmental analysis.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Cecilia Cristea, Anca Florea, Mihaela Tertiș and Robert Săndulescu",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]},{id:"48575",title:"Impedimetric Sensors for Bacteria Detection",slug:"impedimetric-sensors-for-bacteria-detection",totalDownloads:3715,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"The application of electrochemical biosensors based on impedance detection has grown during the past years due to their high sensitivity and rapid response, making this technique extremely useful to detect biological interactions with biosensor platforms. This chapter is focused on the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for bacterial detection in two ways. On one hand, bacteria presence may be determined by the detection of metabolites produced by bacterial growth involving the media conductivity changes. On the other hand, faster and more selective bacterial detection may be achieved by the immobilization of bacteria on a sensor surface using biorecognition elements (antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, aptamers, etc.) and registering changes produced in the charge transfer resistance (faradic process) or interfacial impedance (nonfaradic process). Here we discuss different types of impedimetric biosensors for microbiological applications, making stress on their most important parameters, such as detection limits, detection times, selectivity, and sensitivity. The aim of the paper was to give a critical review of recent publications in the field and mark the future trends.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu, Naroa Uria, Natalia Abramova and Andrey Bratov",authors:[{id:"174122",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Bratov",slug:"andrey-bratov",fullName:"Andrey Bratov"},{id:"175939",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergi",middleName:null,surname:"Brosel-Oliu",slug:"sergi-brosel-oliu",fullName:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu"},{id:"175940",title:"Dr.",name:"Naroa",middleName:null,surname:"Uria",slug:"naroa-uria",fullName:"Naroa Uria"},{id:"175941",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Abramova",slug:"natalia-abramova",fullName:"Natalia Abramova"}]},{id:"58296",title:"Recent Advances in Bioimaging for Cancer Research",slug:"recent-advances-in-bioimaging-for-cancer-research",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Molecular imaging techniques as well as nanoparticle applicable to molecular imaging are being explored to improve the cancer detection accuracy, which help to manage efficiently at the early stage. Among the various imaging technologies, optical imaging is a highly sensitive detection technique that allows direct observation of specific molecular events, biological pathways, and disease processes in real time through imaging probes that emit light in a range of wavelengths. Recently, nanoparticles have provided significant progresses that can be simultaneously used for cancer diagnosis and therapy (cancer theranostics). Theranostics aims to provide “image-guided cancer therapy,” by integrating therapeutic and imaging agents in a single platform. In addition, molecular imaging techniques facilitate “image-guided surgery” enabling maximization of tumor excision and minimization of side effects. The optical signals generated by fluorescence nanoparticles offer the possibility to distinguish tumor sites and normal tissues during surgery by real-time guidance, thereby increasing the long-term patient survival. These techniques will considerably contribute to reducing cancer recurrence and developing more effective cures. In this chapter, we will introduce diverse research on nanomaterials-based optical imaging for effective cancer therapy.",book:{id:"6398",slug:"state-of-the-art-in-nano-bioimaging",title:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging",fullTitle:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging"},signatures:"Jae-Woo Lim, Seong Uk Son and Eun-Kyung Lim",authors:[{id:"217456",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun-Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"eun-kyung-lim",fullName:"Eun-Kyung Lim"},{id:"226257",title:"Mr.",name:"Jae-Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"jae-woo-lim",fullName:"Jae-Woo Lim"},{id:"226259",title:"Mr.",name:"Seong Uk",middleName:null,surname:"Son",slug:"seong-uk-son",fullName:"Seong Uk Son"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"205",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a 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