The
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Females of most species are ectoparasites feeding on vertebrates’ blood through piercing the hosts’ skin to suck the blood. To-date, approximately 3500 species of the Culicidae have been described. The family Culicidae is a large and abundant group which occurs throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world and well beyond the Arctic Circle [1]. There are two subfamilies of Culicidae, that is, the Anophelinae (3 genera) and the Culicinae (110 genera). The subfamily Culicidae,
The public health concern of
About 80% of the world’s population is at risk for at least of exposure to one vector-borne disease; these diseases account for about 17% of the estimated global burden of communicable diseases and cause over 700,000 deaths annually, affecting disproportionately poorer populations [6, 9]. They hamper economic development through direct medical costs and indirect costs such as the loss of productivity and tourism. The social, demographic, and environmental factors strongly influence transmission patterns of vector-borne pathogens. Vector control is an important component for decision science in the prevention and control of vector-borne disease approaches. Consequently, the global distribution and ecology of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges are essential in order to be effective. Therefore, it is important to work out where these mosquito species are found around the globe to identify the areas at risk. It is also important to predict where these species could become established if they were introduced, in order to identify areas that could become at risk in the future.
\nThe geographic distribution of
\n | Country | \nOccurrences | \n\n | Country | \nOccurrences | \n\n | Country | \nOccurrences | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Americas | \nBrazil | \n5044 | \nEurope/Africa | \nSenegal | \n112 | \nAsia/Oceania | \nTaiwan | \n9490 | \n
USA | \n436 | \nCameroon | \n55 | \nIndonesia | \n603 | \n|||
Mexico | \n411 | \nKenya | \n52 | \nThailand | \n495 | \n|||
Cuba | \n177 | \nUnited Republic of Tanzania | \n44 | \nIndia | \n423 | \n|||
Argentina | \n170 | \nCôte d’Ivoire | \n40 | \nAustralia | \n282 | \n|||
Trinidad and Tobago | \n152 | \nNigeria | \n35 | \nViet Nam | \n223 | \n|||
Venezuela | \n130 | \nMadagascar | \n28 | \nMalaysia | \n112 | \n|||
Colombia | \n128 | \nGabon | \n27 | \nSingapore | \n44 | \n|||
Puerto Rico | \n120 | \nMayotte | \n20 | \nPhilippines | \n36 | \n|||
Peru | \n89 | \nSierra Leone | \n20 | \nCambodia | \n29 | \n|||
Americas | \nBrazil | \n3441 | \nEurope/Africa | \nItaly | \n203 | \nAsia/Oceania | \nTaiwan | \n15,339 | \n
USA | \n1594 | \nMadagascar | \n58 | \nMalaysia | \n186 | \n|||
Mexico | \n50 | \nCameroon | \n42 | \nIndonesia | \n161 | \n|||
Cayman Islands | \n15 | \nFrance | \n37 | \nIndia | \n150 | \n|||
Haiti | \n13 | \nGabon | \n27 | \nJapan | \n97 | \n|||
Guatemala | \n12 | \nAlbania | \n22 | \nThailand | \n82 | \n|||
Venezuela | \n7 | \nMayotte | \n21 | \nSingapore | \n44 | \n|||
Colombia | \n3 | \nGreece | \n18 | \nLao People’s Democratic Republic | \n26 | \n|||
Cuba | \n3 | \nIsrael | \n17 | \nPhilippines | \n22 | \n|||
Puerto Rico | \n3 | \nLebanon | \n15 | \nViet Nam | \n18 | \n
The
Note: This table was contributed by Kramer a leading author of the paper published in E-life journal (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.003).
It is likely that
The
Interestingly,
Historically,
The emergence of insecticide resistance to multiple classes of insecticides has been widely reported in
There are three major categories of insecticide resistance that have been described, namely, physiological resistance (target-site resistance and metabolic resistance) and behavioral avoidance. First, physiological resistance may develop due to the target-site resistance. Target site mutations are known to cause amino acid substitutions, which could affect the influx of insecticides into the target site. This may compromise the action of the insecticide rendering the vector tolerant or fully resistant to the insecticide. Another form of physiological resistance is due to metabolic resistance due to detoxification of insecticides by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases which allow the resistant vector to metabolize insecticides [36]. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carboxylesterases (ESTs) are also described in this process. Over expression of P450s was associated with insecticide resistance in diverse vector species including
In Tanzania, like many other African settings, there is limited information on the
The mechanism of action of the pyrethroid compounds is through their toxic effect and subsequent disruption of the VGS channels in the insect nervous system [32]. The evidence suggests that
In addition to the
Thus is defined as the ability of a vector to detect and escape from an insecticide-treated area and avoid the toxin. This type of resistance has been shown in different classes of insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids [47]. It has been shown that vectors are capable of avoiding feeding if they come across certain insecticides or escape the area sprayed with the insecticides. There are currently limited studies exploring this mechanism of resistance in
Transmission of dengue fever (DF) occurs when a female
A mosquito with salivary gland infection may transmit infectious virions during salivation as it probes the tissues of another vertebrate host. Transovarial transmission of virions occurs from the female mosquito to her progeny, and females of the next generation can transmit the virus orally without having been infected through blood feeding. There is also a venereal transmission of some arboviruses from male to female mosquito as observed and reported by Amarasinghe and others [49] (Figure 2).
\nArboviral transmission cycle vectored by
Transmission of dengue virus occurs in 3 cycle, namely, enzootic cycle, epizootic cycle, and epidemic cycle. The enzootic cycle involves monkey-Aedes-monkey cycle, and this cycle is primitive and has been reported in South Asia and Africa [50]. The second is epizootic cycle, which involves the transmission of dengue virus from nonhuman primates to the next human in epidemic cycles by Aedes mosquito. Lastly, the epidemic cycle where the transmission cycle is through human
In this life cycle (human-to-
Infected humans are the major carriers of the virus where mosquito can acquire the virus through biting. The incubation time varies from virus to virus, but generally, arboviruses exhibit between 2–15 days from inoculation to development of clinical symptoms. During this period,
The reemergence of dengue disease in other places may be associated with the transovarial (via the eggs) transmission of dengue virus by
Usually, dengue transmission occurs in rainy seasons with appropriate temperature and humidity for surviving of adult and larva mosquito. On the other hand, in arid areas, the rainfall is scant, and therefore, during the dry season, the man-made containers become the main breeding sites for the
In the ambient temperature, the life cycle of
Several entomological factors have been associated with the initiation and maintenance of the epidemic including behavior, density, and vectorial capacity of mosquito vector population and introduction of the virus into a community.
\nThis can be done by professionals by giving the public awareness, which can help to empower people to take control of mosquito breedings around their surroundings and adult control. The public can be provided with the tools needed to reduce mosquito annoyance. This is when the community, families, and individuals involved in planning and implementation of local vector control activities in order to ensure that the program meets priorities and the needs of the people in the community.
\nFrequent larval breeding sites should be searched and treated as frequent as possible by trained field technicians and trained community members. Mosquito elimination in larval stages before emerging to adults will reduce the adult mosquito population. Reduction of mosquito breeding sites such as jars, barrels, pots, vases, bottles, tins, water coolers, and tyres can be done by environmental management, removing of solid waste and managing artificial man-made habitats. All domestic water storage containers should be cleaned and covered daily.
\nThis should aim to control
Application of repellents such as DEET, DIMP, and of like is of paramount importance in reducing or controlling human to vector contact. The application should be done during active hours of the day.
\nSurveillance is important detect mosquito species in a certain area and changes in populations. By having valuable data, we are capable of more successfully time larvicide applications and more correctly target the adulticide activities. The WHO recommends of regular household surveys of
Studies on the ecology of
There is widespread resistance to the commonly widely used insecticide, pyrethroids and organophosphates in
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',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
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\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
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