Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8599",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Polynomials - Theory and Application",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:"Theory and Application",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Polynomials are well known for their ability to improve their properties and for their applicability in the interdisciplinary fields of engineering and science. Many problems arising in engineering and physics are mathematically constructed by differential equations. Most of these problems can only be solved using special polynomials. Special polynomials and orthonormal polynomials provide a new way to analyze solutions of various equations often encountered in engineering and physical problems. In particular, special polynomials play a fundamental and important role in mathematics and applied mathematics. Until now, research on polynomials has been done in mathematics and applied mathematics only. This book is based on recent results in all areas related to polynomials. Divided into sections on theory and application, this book provides an overview of the current research in the field of polynomials. Topics include cyclotomic and Littlewood polynomials; Descartes' rule of signs; obtaining explicit formulas and identities for polynomials defined by generating functions; polynomials with symmetric zeros; numerical investigation on the structure of the zeros of the q-tangent polynomials; investigation and synthesis of robust polynomials in uncertainty on the basis of the root locus theory; pricing basket options by polynomial approximations; and orthogonal expansion in time domain method for solving Maxwell's equations using paralleling-in-order scheme.",isbn:"978-1-83880-270-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-269-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-639-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79093",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"1c36cace7f309250a777c0f404a2d79f",bookSignature:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8599.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3530,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/230100/images/system/230100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Cheon Seoung Ryoo is a professor in Mathematics at the Hannam University. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mathematics from the Kyushu University. \nDr. Ryoo is the author of several research articles in numerical computations with guaranteed accuracy. Also, he has contributed to the field of scientific computing, p-adic functional analysis, and analytic number theory. More recently, he has been working with quantum calculus, special functions, differential equations, and dynamical systems.",institutionString:"Hannam University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Hannam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"161",title:"Algebra",slug:"algebra"}],chapters:[{id:"66597",title:"Cyclotomic and Littlewood Polynomials Associated to Algebras",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82309",slug:"cyclotomic-and-littlewood-polynomials-associated-to-algebras",totalDownloads:440,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"José-Antonio de la Peña",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66597",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64494",title:"New Aspects of Descartes’ Rule of Signs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82040",slug:"new-aspects-of-descartes-rule-of-signs",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Vladimir Petrov Kostov and Boris Shapiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64494",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64679",title:"Obtaining Explicit Formulas and Identities for Polynomials Defined by Generating Functions of the Form F(t)x ⋅ G(t)α",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82370",slug:"obtaining-explicit-formulas-and-identities-for-polynomials-defined-by-generating-functions-of-the-fo",totalDownloads:395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dmitry Kruchinin, Vladimir Kruchinin and Yuriy Shablya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64679",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66332",title:"Polynomials with Symmetric Zeros",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82728",slug:"polynomials-with-symmetric-zeros",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ricardo Vieira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66332",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65322",title:"A Numerical Investigation on the Structure of the Zeros of the Q-Tangent Polynomials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83497",slug:"a-numerical-investigation-on-the-structure-of-the-zeros-of-the-q-tangent-polynomials",totalDownloads:451,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jung Yoog Kang and Cheon Seoung Ryoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65322",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65970",title:"Investigation and Synthesis of Robust Polynomials in Uncertainty on the Basis of the Root Locus Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83705",slug:"investigation-and-synthesis-of-robust-polynomials-in-uncertainty-on-the-basis-of-the-root-locus-theo",totalDownloads:473,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nesenchuk Alla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65970",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65970",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65230",title:"Pricing Basket Options by Polynomial Approximations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82383",slug:"pricing-basket-options-by-polynomial-approximations",totalDownloads:366,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pablo Olivares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65230",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65150",title:"The Orthogonal Expansion in Time-Domain Method for Solving Maxwell Equations Using Paralleling-in-Order Scheme",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83387",slug:"the-orthogonal-expansion-in-time-domain-method-for-solving-maxwell-equations-using-paralleling-in-or",totalDownloads:424,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Zheng-Yu Huang, Zheng Sun and Wei He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65150",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8142",title:"Number Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90d1376ab2f3b8554ef8002ddf380da0",slug:"number-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8142.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9332",leadTitle:null,title:"Application of Decision Science in Business and Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Application of Decision Science in Business and Management is a book where each chapter has been contributed by a different author(s). The chapters introduce and demonstrate a decision-making theory to practice case studies. It demonstrates key results for each sector with diverse real-world case studies. Theory is accompanied by relevant analysis techniques, with a progressive approach building from simple theory to complex and dynamic decisions with multiple data points, including big data, lot of data, etc. Computational techniques, dynamic analysis, probabilistic methods, and mathematical optimization techniques are expertly blended to support analysis of multi-criteria decision-making problems with defined constraints and requirements. The book provides an interface between the main disciplines of engineering/technology and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities of decision making. It is complementary to other sub-disciplines such as economics, finance, marketing, decision and risk analysis, etc.",isbn:"978-1-83880-100-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-099-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-764-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83336",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"application-of-decision-science-in-business-and-management",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72ccbc5aab28621bad2e810c4bd5bd53",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9332.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3926,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 4th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22844/images/system/22844.jpeg",biography:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez has been accredited as Full Professor at UCLM, Spain since 2013. He also works as a Honorary Senior Research Fellow at Birmingham University, UK, Lecturer at the Postgraduate European Institute, and has worked as Senior Manager in Accenture (2013-2014). He obtained his European PhD with a maximum distinction. He is a holder of the Runner Prize for Management Science and Engineering Management Nominated Prize (2020), Advancement Prize (2018), First International Business Ideas Competition 2017 Award (2017), Runner (2015), Advancement (2013) and Silver (2012) by the International Society of Management Science and Engineering Management (ICMSEM), and Best Paper Award in the international journal of Renewable Energy (Impact Factor 3.5) (2015). He has published more than 150 papers (65 % ISI, 30% JCR, and 92% internationals), some recognized as follows: “Applied Energy” (Q1, as “Best Paper 2020”), “Renewable Energy” (Q1, as “Best Paper 2014”), “ICMSEM” (as “excellent”), “International Journal of Automation and Computing” and “IMechE Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit” (most downloaded), etc. He is an author and editor of 25 books (Elsevier, Springer, Pearson, Mc-GrawHill, IntechOpen, IGI, Marcombo, AlfaOmega, etc.), and 5 patents. He is also an Editor of 5 International Journals and Committee Member of more than 40 International Conferences. He has been a Principal Investigator in 4 European Projects, 6 National Projects, and more than 150 projects for universities, companies, etc. He is an European Union expert in AI4People (EISMD) and ESF. He is Director of www.ingeniumgroup.eu. His main interest are: artificial intelligence, maintenance, management, renewable energy, transport, advanced analytics, and data science.",institutionString:"University of Castile-La Mancha",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"University of Castile-La Mancha",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"433",title:"Decision Making",slug:"decision-making"}],chapters:[{id:"68594",title:"The Role of Reviews in Decision-Making",slug:"the-role-of-reviews-in-decision-making",totalDownloads:245,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"300438",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shaoqiong",surname:"Zhao",slug:"shaoqiong-zhao",fullName:"Shaoqiong Zhao"}]},{id:"69112",title:"Decision-Making in Fuzzy Environment: A Survey",slug:"decision-making-in-fuzzy-environment-a-survey",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"21432",title:"Dr.",name:"Hani K.",surname:"Mahdi",slug:"hani-k.-mahdi",fullName:"Hani K. Mahdi"},{id:"305552",title:"Ms.",name:"Hossam",surname:"Elsherif",slug:"hossam-elsherif",fullName:"Hossam Elsherif"},{id:"305582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossam",surname:"Abd El Munim",slug:"hossam-abd-el-munim",fullName:"Hossam Abd El Munim"}]},{id:"69034",title:"Business and Information System Alignment Theories Built on eGovernment Service Practice: An Holistic Literature Review",slug:"business-and-information-system-alignment-theories-built-on-egovernment-service-practice-an-holistic",totalDownloads:416,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"6479",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaofeng",surname:"Liu",slug:"shaofeng-liu",fullName:"Shaofeng Liu"},{id:"295962",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sulaiman",surname:"Alfadhel",slug:"sulaiman-alfadhel",fullName:"Sulaiman Alfadhel"},{id:"308256",title:"Dr.",name:"Festus",surname:"Oderanti",slug:"festus-oderanti",fullName:"Festus Oderanti"}]},{id:"68601",title:"How Does Socio-Technical Approach Influence Sustainability? Considering the Roles of Decision Making Environment",slug:"how-does-socio-technical-approach-influence-sustainability-considering-the-roles-of-decision-making-",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"303565",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Al-Abrrow",slug:"hadi-al-abrrow",fullName:"Hadi Al-Abrrow"},{id:"303609",title:"Mr.",name:"Alhamzah",surname:"Alnoor",slug:"alhamzah-alnoor",fullName:"Alhamzah Alnoor"},{id:"303612",title:"Mr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"hasan-abdullah",fullName:"Hasan Abdullah"},{id:"307559",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",surname:"Eneizan",slug:"bilal-eneizan",fullName:"Bilal Eneizan"}]},{id:"67959",title:"A Framework for Detecting the Proper Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method Taking into Account the Characteristics of Third-Party Logistics, the Requirements of Managers, and the Type of Input Data",slug:"a-framework-for-detecting-the-proper-multi-criteria-decision-making-method-taking-into-account-the-c",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"172904",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricija",surname:"Bajec",slug:"patricija-bajec",fullName:"Patricija Bajec"},{id:"172905",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",surname:"Tuljak-Suban",slug:"danijela-tuljak-suban",fullName:"Danijela Tuljak-Suban"}]},{id:"68774",title:"Decision Rule Induction Based on the Graph Theory",slug:"decision-rule-induction-based-on-the-graph-theory",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"218951",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Izabela",surname:"Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",slug:"izabela-kutschenreiter-praszkiewicz",fullName:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz"}]},{id:"70713",title:"Inventory Policies for Deteriorating Items with Maximum Lifetime under Downstream Partial Trade Credits to Credit-Risk Customers by Discounted Cash Flow Analysis",slug:"inventory-policies-for-deteriorating-items-with-maximum-lifetime-under-downstream-partial-trade-cred",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"307795",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirmal",surname:"Duari",slug:"nirmal-duari",fullName:"Nirmal Duari"}]},{id:"67302",title:"The Role of Wealth in Gain and Loss Perception: An Empirical Analysis",slug:"the-role-of-wealth-in-gain-and-loss-perception-an-empirical-analysis",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"302287",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Lippi",slug:"andrea-lippi",fullName:"Andrea Lippi"}]},{id:"69072",title:"Saving Time in Portfolio Optimization on Financial Markets",slug:"saving-time-in-portfolio-optimization-on-financial-markets",totalDownloads:305,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"47367",title:"Prof.",name:"Krasimira",surname:"Stoilova",slug:"krasimira-stoilova",fullName:"Krasimira Stoilova"},{id:"51706",title:"Prof.",name:"Todor",surname:"Stoilov",slug:"todor-stoilov",fullName:"Todor Stoilov"},{id:"307620",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Vladimirov",slug:"miroslav-vladimirov",fullName:"Miroslav Vladimirov"}]},{id:"69492",title:"A Global Method for a Two-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem in the Manufacturing Industry",slug:"a-global-method-for-a-two-dimensional-cutting-stock-problem-in-the-manufacturing-industry",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"303950",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao-Huei",surname:"Huang",slug:"yao-huei-huang",fullName:"Yao-Huei Huang"}]},{id:"68783",title:"Selection of Food Items for Diet Problem Using a Multi-objective Approach under Uncertainty",slug:"selection-of-food-items-for-diet-problem-using-a-multi-objective-approach-under-uncertainty",totalDownloads:480,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"126261",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoqing",surname:"Zhang",slug:"guoqing-zhang",fullName:"Guoqing Zhang"},{id:"224616",title:"Dr.",name:"Saman",surname:"Hassanzadeh Amin",slug:"saman-hassanzadeh-amin",fullName:"Saman Hassanzadeh Amin"},{id:"308622",title:"Ms.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Mulligan-Gow",slug:"samantha-mulligan-gow",fullName:"Samantha Mulligan-Gow"}]},{id:"69012",title:"Contribution of Professional Pedagogy to Decision-Making",slug:"contribution-of-professional-pedagogy-to-decision-making",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"301811",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",surname:"Blezza",slug:"franco-blezza",fullName:"Franco Blezza"}]},{id:"70041",title:"A Query Matching Approach for Object Relational Databases Over Semantic Cache",slug:"a-query-matching-approach-for-object-relational-databases-over-semantic-cache",totalDownloads:227,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"304570",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Atta",surname:"Rahman",slug:"atta-rahman",fullName:"Atta Rahman"},{id:"310914",title:"MSc.",name:"Hafiz",surname:"Faisal",slug:"hafiz-faisal",fullName:"Hafiz Faisal"},{id:"310915",title:"MSc.",name:"M",surname:"Tariq",slug:"m-tariq",fullName:"M Tariq"},{id:"310916",title:"BSc.",name:"Anas",surname:"Alghamdi",slug:"anas-alghamdi",fullName:"Anas Alghamdi"},{id:"310917",title:"BSc.",name:"Nawaf",surname:"Alowain",slug:"nawaf-alowain",fullName:"Nawaf Alowain"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"120",title:"Digital Filters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10692f498575728ddac136b0b327a83d",slug:"digital-filters",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3198",title:"Digital Filters and Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad19128b3c5153cd5d30d16912ed89f3",slug:"digital-filters-and-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Noor Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5223",title:"Non-Destructive Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cd0602adf345e3f19f63dfbf81651d0",slug:"non-destructive-testing",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro Garcia Marquez, Mayorkinos Papaelias and Noor Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6593",title:"Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88cae11440930f7ba788d5cfedec5979",slug:"decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez, Alberto Pliego Marugán and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6086",title:"Dependability Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8fbd4b0feef5494393639fa03a0f718",slug:"dependability-engineering",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3197",title:"Engineering Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52723a3454f918817d45845dde4e8458",slug:"engineering-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Benjamin Lev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3197.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8453",title:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma",subtitle:"Behind the Mask",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9342a056651f34acc565b467a71e1e27",slug:"lean-manufacturing-and-six-sigma-behind-the-mask",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez, Isaac Segovia Ramirez, Tamás Bányai and Péter Tamás",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8453.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7751",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d54796f7da58f58fa679b94a2b83af00",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8623",title:"Maintenance Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cc93ad76fdd6709b8c50c6ba7e4e0c",slug:"maintenance-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1854",title:"Time Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a1635f5b500ab9fc005d3ed088b0c5a",slug:"time-management",bookSignature:"Todor Stoilov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51706",title:"Prof.",name:"Todor",surname:"Stoilov",slug:"todor-stoilov",fullName:"Todor Stoilov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59437",title:"Music and Brain Plasticity: How Sounds Trigger Neurogenerative Adaptations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74318",slug:"music-and-brain-plasticity-how-sounds-trigger-neurogenerative-adaptations",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Going to concerts, listening to music in your living room, singing together or even playing an instrument is part of most people’s everyday life. Recent research indicates that apart from just changing the current mood this may have long-lasting influences on the brain. This contribution, therefore, describes how music shapes the brain as the outcome of interactions with the sounds. These interactions can be multifarious, as in the case of performing, listening or mentally imaging music, but they all show complex and widespread activity in many areas of the brain. This activity, moreover, is related to training, previous exposure, personal preference, emotional involvement and many other modulating factors related to the cultural background and biological repertoire of each individual [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Musical training, moreover, is related to structural changes within auditory and motor areas of the brain and reinforces functional coupling of these regions during musical tasks as evidenced by many neuroimaging studies [8, 9, 10]. These changes have been observed also in white-matter tracts, such as the corpus callosum, the corticospinal tract and the arcuate fasciculus [11, 12, 13]. Studies (particularly those with a longitudinal design) showing the causal relation between the brain changes and the duration of musical training have convinced some researchers to consider musical training as a model for investigating practice-related brain plasticity in humans [14].
\n
Music is a powerful stimulator of the brain. Acoustically, it consists of time-varying sound events that are characterised by a large number of features—more than hundred features can be computationally extracted that are tracked by several regions of the brain [15]. Many low-level features, such as timbre and pitch, are partly processed in Heschl’s gyrus and the right anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, in which the primary and non-primary auditory cortices are located [16, 17]. Besides auditory cortices, also motor regions, such as the supplementary motor area and the cerebellum, are involved during musical activities, including both playing and listening. Due to audio-motor coupling that is necessary for playing an instrument, listening is influenced by the motor demands intrinsic to musical practice, even to the extent that this would become manifest also in the brain responses to music listening alone [18, 19]. Moreover, practising and performing music is a complex, multimodal behaviour that requires extensive motor and cognitive abilities. It relies on immediate and accurate associations between motor sequences and auditory events leading to multimodal predictions [10, 20, 21], which engage broad networks of the brain [16, 22, 23]. Music training has thus been associated with changes in the brain, and some of these changes have been causally linked to the duration of the training, which makes the musician’s brain a most interesting model for the study of neuroplasticity [9, 24]. This holds in particular for performing musicians, who provide a unique pool of subjects for investigating both the features of the expert brain and, when considering the length of the training, also the neural correlates of skill acquisition. Musicians’ training and practice require the simultaneous integration of multimodal sensory and motor information in sensory and cognitive domains, combining skills in auditory perception, kinaesthetic control, visual perception and pattern recognition [25, 26]. In addition, musicians have the ability to memorise long and complex bimanual finger sequences and to translate musical symbols into motor sequences (see Figure 1). Some musicians are even able to perceive and identify tones in the absence of a reference tone, a rare ability termed absolute pitch [27, 28].
\n
Figure 1.
Illustration of several perceptual, motor, interoceptive and emotional skills that are acquired during musical training.
\n
The brain changes that musical training entails are numerous and well-documented [2, 3, 5, 9, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]: they involve brain regions important for auditory processing, coordination of fast movements and cognitive control, as well as sensory-to-motor coupling mechanisms (see [35], for an overview). While some of these changes might be what characterise individuals that decide to undertake a musical profession, and hence might exist at birth, others could be a direct result of training, as suggested by the significant relations between years of training and brain measures (e.g., [36]), as well as by longitudinal designs recording brain responses before and after music training (e.g., [29, 37]).
\n
Here, we propose that the differences observed between the brains of musicians and non-musicians can be attributed to neuroplastic adaptations responding to the challenging demands of musical practice. Alternative explanations are also possible, such as that the differences exist even before training in those individuals that choose music as their profession, but accumulating evidence points at a causal relation between music training and brain changes. The behavioural correlates of these differences are multiple and can be seen especially in childhood (e.g., [38]). Besides, it has been shown that music may be beneficial in relation to a number of symptoms in several kinds of impairment, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and senile dementia (see [39] for an overview). Hence, it is possible to conceive of dealing with music in educational, clinical and therapeutic terms.
\n
In this contribution, we first expose the concept of adaptation, both from the phylogenetic and ontogenetic points of view. We then narrow down this concept by putting forward the hypothesis of music-induced neuroplasticity, with a first distinction between macrostructural and microstructural adaptations. Thereafter, we consider the reorganisation of the brain as the outcome of learning and skill acquisition, both at a structural and functional level of description with a major focus on the adult musician or listener as a model for the interaction between ontogeny and phylogeny. This latter, further, is considered from the point of view of network science with a major focus on the role of resting-state networks. Clinical and therapeutic applications, finally, are envisioned also.
\n
\n
\n
2. Phylogenetic and ontogenetic claims: the role of adaptation
\n
Brain plasticity is an adaptation to the environment with an evolutionary advantage. It allows an organism to be changed in order to survive in its environment by providing better tools for coping with the world [40]. This biological concept of adaptation can be approached from two different scales of description: the larger evolutionary scale of the human as a species (phylogeny) and the more limited scale of the human from newborn to old age (ontogeny). This phylogenetic/ontogenetic distinction is related to the “nature/nurture” and “culture/biology” dichotomy, which refers to the neurobiological claims of wired-in circuitry for perceptual information pickup as against the learned mechanisms for information processing and sense-making and immersion in a culture [41, 42].
\n
These approaches may seem to be diverging at first glance, but they are complementary to some extent. This holds, in particular, for the here-hypothesised music-induced plasticity, which espouses a biocultural view that aims at a balance between genetic or biological constraints and historical/cultural contingencies. This places all human beings on equal ground (unity) by stating that diversity in culture is only an epiphenomenon of an underlying biological disposition that is shared by people all over the world [43]. The assumed unity is attributed to the neural constraints that underlie musical processing in general, but these constraints should not be considered as a static dispositional machinery. The picture that emerges from recent research is arguing, on the contrary, for a definition of the neural machinery as a dynamic system that is able to adapt in answer to the solicitations of a challenging environment [6]. The neurobiological approach to music, therefore, deals not only with the nature and evolution of the innate and wired-in neural mechanisms that are the hallmark of the hominid phylogenetic evolution but also with the ontogenetic development of these mechanisms [43]. As such, it makes sense to conflate neurobiological and developmental claims by taking the concept of adaptation as a working hypothesis.
\n
The relation between adaptation and development, however, is asymmetrical in the sense that it is possible to conceive of development without adaptation, but no adaptation is conceivable without development. This development, further, can be natural, when it is the outcome of maturation, but it is possible also to intervene in its trajectory by combining development and learning. This is the case when an organism faces continued and long-term exposure to challenging environments, which triggers plastic changes in the structure and the functions of the brain. This brings us to the concept of brain plasticity, which refers to the fact that neuronal circuits are tuned in close interaction with the environment. It was introduced by William James, who defined plasticity as “the possession of a structure weak enough to yield to an influence, but strong enough not to yield all at once” [44] (p. 106). The idea was further developed by Ramón y Cajal, who claimed that to fully understand the phenomenon it is necessary to admit the formation of new pathways in the brain through ramification and progressive growth of the dendritic arborisation and the nervous terminals in addition to the reinforcement of pre-established organic pathways. The same idea was elaborated further by Donald Hebb, who proposed that neuronal cortical connections are strengthened and remodelled by experience. There is, however, another aspect of plasticity that goes beyond the level of synapses and that incorporates the level of cortical representation areas or cortical maps, which can be modified by sensory input and training [45]. It is suggested, in this regard, that additional neurons are recruited when they are needed and that rapid and transient alterations of cortical representations can be seen during learning tasks. Such short-term modulations are important in the acquisition of new skills, but they can lead also to structural changes in the intra-cortical and sub-cortical network once the skill has been established.
\n
\n
\n
3. Neuroplasticity and music: macrostructural and microstructural adaptations
\n
The evolutionary claims of adaptation—both at the phylogenetic and ontogenetic level—have received empirical evidence from neuroimaging and morphometric studies. In order to elucidate its underlying mechanisms, there is currently a whole body of research related to the psychobiological approach to the study of action, cognition and perception. A major claim in this research field is that the nervous system provides the immediate, necessary and sufficient mechanisms that underlie all mental processes, and that mental processes are reducible to the function, arrangement and interaction of neurons as the constituent building blocks of the nervous system [46]. This is the axiom of psychobiological equivalence, which claims an equivalence of maintained information from the neural to the psychological state [47]. The related research revolves around three major themes: (i) the localisation of functions in the brain, (ii) the representation or coding and (iii) the dynamic change or learning [46]. The first investigates which brain structures are responsive for particular processes. The second investigates how neural networks represent, encode or instantiate cognitive processes, both at macrostructural and microstructural level of description (see [48]). The third, finally, investigates how our brain adapts to experience and learning, what changes occur in its neural networks and how these changes correspond to externally observed behaviour.
\n
The third theme—dynamic change or learning—concerns the neural correlates of skill acquisition and has been studied mainly at the level of perceptual processing and motor output. Yet, there is also the whole domain of creativity [49], musical aesthetics [6, 50, 51, 52, 53] and human interaction [54, 55], which have been poorly investigated in relation to long-term music training. However, the topic is exemplary of a paradigm shift in current neuromusicological research, with a transition from a static conception of brain modules to a conception of reorganisational plasticity of the developing and adult brain [6]. Plasticity, in fact, is a fundamental organisational feature of the human brain, which can be modified throughout the life span in response to changes in environmental stimulation. This has been observed not only during a critical period in the developing brain but also even throughout the whole life span.
\n
Skill learning, such as learning to play a musical instrument, can thus be used for the study of neuroplasticity. It typically starts early in life, while the brain is most sensitive to plastic changes, and continues often throughout life. It involves multiple sensory modalities and motor planning, preparation and execution systems [27, 56]. The role of environmental enrichment—being defined as a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulation [57]—on the other hand, should be stressed also as an emerging area of research. Music, in this view, can be considered as “sounding environment” [42], which is likely to drive brain plasticity. Even in the foetal phase of development, sounds can trigger ways of implicit learning [58]. Neonates and infants also learn to talk and sing quasi-effortless as the result of mere exposure, thus demonstrating implicit learning and developmental plasticity, which is even cross-modal to a large extent, in the sense that loss of one sensory modality may lead to neural organisation of the remaining modalities [2].
\n
Neuroplasticity is also related to the field of sensory-motor learning, with a major role attributed to the challenges of a rich environment. It favours multiple interactions with the world—both at the sensory and at the motor level—stressing the interdependency of an organism and its environment through which it “enriches its repertory of genetic adaptations with acquired dispositions that are immediately at hand and mobilizable when confronted with a situation that can be foreseen or recognized as a familiar one” [59] (p. 925).
\n
Musical training, accordingly, may be related to sensory and motor changes in the human brain of professional musicians. As a rule, music training involves years of sensory-motor training, often beginning in early childhood, with the aim to develop an expertise in a chosen instrument or mastery over the own voice, together with an improvement of the ability to attend to the fine-grained acoustics of musical sounds, including pitch, timing and timbre [3]. The brains of musicians might adapt to the demands of their instrumental practice at two levels: the gross anatomical differences between professional musicians and amateurs or laymen, and the subtle functional differences after enhanced musical practice and/or experience, which have to be sought in ever finer modifications of synaptic strength in distributed cortical networks. As such, it is possible to distinguish between macrostructural and microstructural adaptations. The macrostructural differences related to volume, morphology, density and connectivity of brain structures are measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereas the microstructural differences in the functional activity of brain regions are measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and neurophysiology (electroencephalography, EEG and magnetoencephalography [MEG]) (see [5] for an overview). It is further hypothesised that functional reorganisation may cause structural adaptation. For instance, bimanual instrument training, such as for the piano, may cause an increase in cortical functionality for symmetric areas involved in motor, auditory and visuo-spatial processing, as well as in the white matter tracts of the corpus callosum [20] as compared with less bimanual training (such that for the violin) and especially as opposed to laypersons.
\n
At the macrostructural level, studies show differences in the size of the primary motor cortex size, the cerebellum, the planum temporale, the corpus callosum, Heschl’s gyrus and the arcuate fasciculus, all of which seem to correlate with the ability of musicians to identify and process acoustic variations [60]. The microstructural adaptations, on the other hand, happen at the level of individual neurons and synapses, with the aim to change the efficacy of neural connectivity. In general, the brain shows adaptation to extraordinary challenges by giving birth to new neurons (neurogenesis) and glial cells and by the formation and remodelling of new connections by the outgrowth of dendrites, axonal sprouting and increasing or strengthening of synaptic connections [61] (see Box 1 for an overview). Such adaptations have been studied in the context of deafferentation studies—in the case of brain lesion—and in the case of motor skill learning [62]. In the former, some cortical remodelling has been found, including microstructural changes, such as the strengthening of existing synapses, the formation of new synapses (synaptogenesis), axonal sprouting and dendrite growth. In the latter, similar changes have been found, including an increased number of synapses per neuron and changes in the number of microglia and capillaries [63], which all lead to volumetric changes that are detectable also at the macrostructural level [27, 64].
\n\n\n
\n
Overview of some basic mechanisms for refinement of the neural circuitry.
\n
\n
Myelinisation: the acquisition, development or formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fibre. This fatty coating serves as insulation of individual fibres to enhance specificity of connections and increases markedly the quick and accurate transmission of electrical current from one nerve cell to another.
\n
Pruning: a process that helps sculpt the adult brain and by which neurons and synaptic connections that are no longer used or useful are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.
\n
Sprouting: a process by which a neuron generates additional branches or outgrowths to establish new links between existing neurons, as seen frequently in the case of growth of axons or dendrites from a damaged or intact neuron that projects to an area that is denervated.
\n
Synaptic plasticity: strengthening or weakening of the synaptic links either by modulating the strength of synapses or by altering their numbers.
\n
Synaptic efficacy: changes in the number or properties of postsynaptic receptors in transmitter release and the formation of new synapses (synaptogenesis).
\n
Adult neurogenesis: birth of neurons from neural stem cells in the adult brain. In humans, adult neurogenesis has been shown to occur only in the hippocampus (particularly in the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus) and in the striatum. It differs from developmental neurogenesis.
\n\n
The bulk of studies on neuroplasticity has been performed in the context of within-modality plasticity, particularly in the domain of sensory and motor modalities. They aim at demonstrating the adaptive capabilities of the human brain to shape the processing of sensory stimuli or to perform motor acts after repeated sensory exposure or action [9]. With regard to the sensory modality, animal studies have shown that environmental change critically affects brain development. Experience-driven neural activity, in fact, regulates the refinement of the neural circuitry by influencing various neural processes, such as synapse formation, pruning and synaptic plasticity (see Box 1) with modifications in synaptic connectivity as a result [65]. This enhanced connectivity, further, acts as a basis for learning and memory through alterations at the level of neural circuits [66], such as strengthening or weakening of the synaptic links or altering their number, changes in the number or properties of postsynaptic receptors in transmitter release and the formation of new synapses. The result is an increase in synaptic strength, which may be persistent and facilitate learning and memory so that experience-dependent plasticity could involve selective changes in pre-existing brain circuits [65].
\n
As to the enhanced auditory skills, it has been argued that they may prime the brain for the processing of musical sounds and that these skills may percolate to other domains, such as speech, emotion and auditory processing in general [67, 68]. This has been observed already in the early stages of the auditory pathway, which are located mainly in the brainstem. Musicians have enhanced temporal and frequency coding in the auditory brainstem with earlier (as early as 10 ms after acoustic onset) and larger responses than non-musicians to both speech and music stimuli. This has been shown for the onset response and the frequency-following response (FFR), i.e., a neuronal ensemble response that phase-locks to the incoming stimulus and that underlies perception of pitch as it relates to the sustained portion of a periodic sound with less or more stable frequencies [68, 69].
\n
The role of auditory brainstem processing of behaviourally relevant sounds such as speech and music is important here. It can be measured by using the onset response and the FFR to see how the brainstem represents pitch, timing and timbre [68]. It has been shown that both temporal and spectral characteristics of sounds are preserved in this subcortical response (see [70] for an overview), reflecting the physical properties of sound with an unrivalled fidelity. As a rule, it occurs automatically at pre-attentive levels of auditory processing but is shaped by both long-term and short-term experience [71, 72, 73]. Subcortical function, moreover, is neither passive nor hardwired but interacts dynamically with higher-level cognitive processes refining the transcription of sounds into neural code. Hence, the responses do not originate merely in the brainstem but receive feedback from top-down cortical influences even at the earliest stages of auditory processing [3] via corticofugal feedback pathways [74, 75]. As such, it can be demonstrated that musical practice changes the early sensory encoding of auditory stimuli [68] relying on a top-down feedback system—consisting of efferent effects on cochlear biomechanics—that is continuously and automatically engaged to extract and represent regularities in the auditory system [3]. Musical training is thus not limited to the modification of cortical organisation but the modifications extend to subcortical sensory structures and generalise to early processing of speech and sounds in general.
\n
Moreover, early auditory evoked responses and particularly the negative–positive complex (N19-P30) in the auditory evoked potential [76] localised in the primary auditory cortex (the anteromedial portion of Heschl’s gyrus) have been found to be larger in musicians compared to amateurs and non-musicians. Moreover, it has been found that the generating neural tissue, namely the grey matter volume of the primary auditory cortex, was broader in volume for professional musicians [77] as compared to laypersons. It thus seems that music can trigger both macrostructural and microstructural or functional changes, not as separate and distinct levels of adaptations, but as phenomena that are dynamically and tightly interconnected.
\n
\n
\n
4. Music facilitates neural connectivity
\n
Music can trigger plastic changes in the brain, as evidenced by the rich history of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of the past decades. Recent advances in functional neuroimaging have furthermore provided new tools for measuring the functional interactions and communication between distinct regions in the brain and for examining their functional connectivity [78]. In an attempt to study the brain as a complex network of functionally and structurally interconnected regions, a fuller understanding of its organisation and function is proposed by relying on the contributions of network science [79], which investigates complex systems in terms of their elements and the relationships and interactions between these elements.
\n
Functional connectivity can be defined as the temporal dependence of neuronal activity patterns of anatomically separated and removed regions in the brain, reflecting the level of communication between them [80]. It makes it possible to examine the brain as an integrative network of functionally interacting regions and to gain new insights into large-scale neuronal communication in the human brain. Such whole-brain connectivity patterns can be studied by measuring the synchronisation of spontaneous fMRI or MEEG time-series reflecting neural activity of anatomically separated brain regions, which are recorded during rest. These resting–state networks are believed to reflect the functional communication between brain regions [78, 81] and suggest an ongoing information processing and functional connectivity between them even at rest, which is related to neuronal firing. The pattern of correlations between distinct brain areas, moreover, points at the existence of organisational networks in the brain [81], which seems to be analogous to the networks that are engaged during the performance of sensory-motor and cognitive tasks, and which are dependent upon the brain’s anatomical connectivity [10]. Such spontaneous neuronal interaction has been first investigated in motor cortices but were later extended to other cortical systems, such as the visual and auditory networks, the default mode network (DMN) and attention and memory related regions. It has been suggested that at least 10–12 resting-state networks (RSNs) can be detected in the cerebral cortex in resting state, which implicates that they represent some intrinsic form of brain connectivity with temporal correlations between spatially discrete regions [82].
\n
DMN has been related to specific brain functions, such as self-referential thoughts, emotional perspectives and levels of self-awareness. DMN is believed to be a neural circuit that constantly monitors the sensory environment and displays high activity during lack of focused attention on external events [83]. It seems to function as a toggle switch between outwardly focused mind states and the internal or subjective sense of self [84] and can be used to explore the functional connections of the complex integrative network of functionally linked brain regions, which continuously share information with each other. As such, there are interconnected resting-state neuronal communities or functional brain networks with functional communication between them. Being organised according to an efficient topology, they combine efficient local information processing with efficient global information integration with the most pronounced functional connections found between those regions that share common functions.
\n
Overall, resting-state fMRI oscillations reflect ongoing functional communication between distinct brain regions [78], which makes them indicative of the level of cognitive functioning in general. There seems to be, in fact, a link between an efficient organisation of the brain network and intellectual performance—this is the neural efficiency hypothesis—so that functional connectivity patterns may be used as a powerful predictor for cognitive performance [85]. This resting-state connectivity, further, is not to be considered as an established and fixed property, but as a state that can be modulated by recent experiences and learning episodes, both within and between the networks they recruit. Such modulation points in the direction of a learning consolidation function of resting-state brain activity, as evidenced by the findings that high learners manifest stronger pre-task resting-state functional connectivity between the involved regions than low learners [10]. It thus seems that, even in the absence of external stimuli or demands, the brain is constantly sharing information. It thus consolidates recent learning and maintains the association of activity of brain areas that are likely to be used together in future [86].
\n
Initial research suggests that musical training might enhance this pattern of increased resting-state connectivity by triggering heightened connections at a functional level between those brain regions that are structurally and functionally altered as the result of training. This is manifested even during a task-free condition, pointing to the “silent” imprint of musical training on the human brain [35]. Research on the differences between musicians and non-musicians in their functional connectivity during rest, however, is still in its infancy [10, 82]. By selecting predefined seed regions for computing connectivity analysis, increased connectivity between contralateral homologue regions has been found in musicians between prefrontal, temporal, inferior-parietal and premotor areas [35]. It is to be questioned, however, whether the study of predefined regions or seed regions does not neglect residual whole-brain dynamics. However, for the seed regions for which plastic changes in musicians have been found already—as evidenced by increased grey matter volume—connectivity analyses have revealed brain areas whose resting-state time series activity was more closely synchronised with one of them. Four networks were found to supply integrative interpretations for the cognitive functions during musical practice: (i) autobiographical memory-related regions belonging to the default mode network, recruited by the encoding, storage and recall of melodies with an emotional and biographical quality; (ii) areas that belong to the salience network with access to semantic memory that is related to the storage of music in terms of verbal labels and auditory structure; (iii) regions that are implied in language processing and the resting-state auditory network and (iv) structures that belong to the executive control network, and which could subserve the motor modulation required for an emotionally expressive interpretation of music. The question whether this practice-related plasticity is triggered by local grey matter volume, however, is not yet satisfactorily resolved, in the sense that other variables may be implicated in the expertise-related resting-state functional reorganisation of musician’s plastic brain [10].
\n
\n
\n
5. Clinical and therapeutic applications
\n
To stretch further our hypothesis about music-induced neuroplastic adaptation, music, as a cognitive-demanding activity stimulating neuroplasticity, may be able to slow down, arrest or even reverse the detrimental effects of ageing on learning and memory capacity of the elderly [33]. Recent studies have provided evidence that music-induced plasticity may help also to overcome neurological impairments, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and acquired brain injuries [56]. For instance, attentive music listening recruits multiple forms of working memory, attention, semantic processing, target detection and motor function, relying mainly on bilateral brain areas—superior temporal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, precentral sulcus, inferior sulcus and gyrus, and frontal operculum—which all serve general functions rather than music-specific cortical regions [87, 88]. Complex musical tasks, moreover, engage the co-activation of many processes involving widely distributed and partly interchangeable substrates of the brain [89]. This may explain, to some extent, the sparing of some musical functions in cases of progressive destruction of some areas in degenerative diseases of the brain. This has been shown most typically in the case of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is characterised by a general and progressive decline in cognitive function, with the first symptom as an impaired episodic memory. Music, in this case, has been reported as one of the domains in which general skill and memory are preserved in spite of otherwise severe impairment [90]. This preserved musical processing, moreover, is not limited to procedural memory but often includes also stories of music, which can be used as an effective mnemonic device [91].
\n
Hence, music may shape the development of normal and healthy human beings over the lifespan, but its potential as a non-pharmacological interventional aid for caregivers to help the cognitive and emotional capacity of patients with neurological and psychiatric brain disorders is receiving growing interest [15]. The use of resting-state fMRI techniques, e.g., with a main focus on the default mode network, seems to be well-suited to examine possible functional disconnectivity effects in disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, dementia and schizophrenia. Also, other neurogenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis seem to show changed connectivity in the default network as well as in other resting-state networks [78]. This may suggest that neurodegenerative diseases would attack interconnected cortical networks rather than single regions in the brain [92] and can thus be targets of a music intervention aimed at stabilising abnormal patterns of functional connectivity between compromised brain areas.
\n
Music has been used already as a treatment for some psychiatric and neurological pathologies, such as schizophrenic disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia, pain, autism, anxiety and depression [15]. Music, furthermore, has been reported to improve also the well-being and cognitive functions in healthy adults, such as autobiographical memory, semantic memory, language ability and cognitive functions, and to alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as agitation, apathy, depression and anxiety (see [39] for an overview). Effects of music on AD are exemplary of the mechanisms that might mediate the impact of music on human well-being. Latent benefits of musical mnemonics as an aid to standard mnemonic methods, which may seem to be insufficient for AD patients, have been reported (for a review, see [15]). The mechanisms behind these memory-enhancing effects, however, are still not fully understood, but there is strong evidence for a benefit of music as a mnemonic device in a variety of clinical settings [91]. A possible explanation is that the areas of the brain associated with music cognition are preferentially spared in the case of AD. It has been suggested that procedural memory and priming effects for musical stimuli remain intact, whereas short-term and long-term episodic memory for melodic excerpts is impaired [93].
\n
This dissociation between memory and general performance in AD patients holds in particular for listening to their favourite songs, which seems to recruit previously encoded memories. These memories seem to support and sustain brain introspection via connectivity within the default mode network and also to effectively reprocess autobiographic and episodic memories [84]. An additional explanation for this dissociation is that in patients with general cortical and hippocampal atrophy, which impairs standard episodic learning, musically-associated stimuli allow for a more diversified encoding. Music processing, in that case, encompasses a neural network that is recruiting from multiple areas of the brain, including cortical as well as subcortical areas. Musical stimuli and stimuli accompanied by music seem to create a more robust association at the stage of encoding and support a more composite encoding and retrieval process by inducing oscillatory synchrony in those neural networks that are associated with learning and memory [91, 94].
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusion and perspectives
\n
Neuroplasticity is now an established topic in music and brain studies. Revolving around the concept of adaptation, it has been found that the brain is able to adapt its structure and function to cope with the solicitations of a challenging environment. This concept can be studied in the context of music performance studies and long-term and continued musical practice. It has been shown that some short-term plastic changes can even occur in the case of merely listening to music—without actually performing—(e.g., [95]) and in the short-time perspective of both listening and performing (e.g., [96]). Attentive listening to music in a real-time situation, in fact, is very demanding: it recruits multiple forms of memory, attention, semantic processing, target detection and motor function [18, 97]. As such, we propose here that music represents a sort of enriched environment that invites the brain to raise its general level of conscious functioning.
\n
Traditional research on musical listening and training, however, has focussed mainly on structural changes, both at the level of macro- and microstructural adaptations. This has been well-documented with morphometric studies, which aimed at showing volumetric changes of target areas in the brain as the outcome of intensive musical practice. Recent contributions, however, have shown that the brain can be studied also from the viewpoint of network science. The brain, in this view, is not to be considered as an aggregate of isolated regions, but as a dynamic system that is characterised by multiple functional interactions and communication between distinct regions of the brain. Whole-brain connectivity patterns can be studied by measuring the co-activation of separate regions. Much is to be expected from the study of resting-state networks with a special focus on the default mode network. These networks seem to be indicative of the level of cognitive functioning in general and are subject to the possibility of modulation by experience and learning, both in the developing and in the mature brain. We propose that music has the potential to alter the organisation of these brain networks and enhance the connectivity of the brain, both in normal people and in those with an impaired brain.
\n
A major emerging topic, therefore, is the tension between neurogenerative and neurodegenerative forces with the critical question as to the possible role of music as an intervening force to develop, maintain or even restore the connectivity in brain tissue. The idea that age-related cognitive decline may be slowed, arrested or even reversed through appropriately designed training or activities, such as musical practice, is supported already by some research. Moreover, the finding that the adult brain can undergo continual modifications highlights the potential of music intervention for inducing the plastic changes that can ultimately attenuate the impairments due to brain injury. Much more research, however, is still needed towards an integration of findings from neuroscience, education, music therapy and development.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"music, neuroplasticity, ontogenetic development, adaptation, connectivity, neurorehabilitation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/59437.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/59437.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59437",totalDownloads:1403,totalViews:1487,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"March 29th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 6th 2018",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"This contribution describes how music can trigger plastic changes in the brain. We elaborate on the concept of neuroplasticity by focussing on three major topics: the ontogenetic scale of musical development, the phenomenon of neuroplasticity as the outcome of interactions with the sounds and a short survey of clinical and therapeutic applications. First, a distinction is made between two scales of description: the larger evolutionary scale (phylogeny) and the scale of individual development (ontogeny). In this sense, listeners are not constrained by a static dispositional machinery, but they can be considered as dynamical systems that are able to adapt themselves in answer to the solicitations of a challenging environment. Second, the neuroplastic changes are considered both from a structural and functional level of adaptation, with a special focus on the recent findings from network science. The neural activity of the medial regions of the brain seems to become more synchronised when listening to music as compared to rest, and these changes become permanent in individuals such as musicians with year-long musical practice. As such, the question is raised as to the clinical and therapeutic applications of music as a trigger for enhancing the functionality of the brain, both in normal and impaired people.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/59437",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/59437",book:{slug:"neuroplasticity-insights-of-neural-reorganization"},signatures:"Mark Reybrouck, Peter Vuust and Elvira Brattico",authors:[{id:"196698",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Reybrouck",fullName:"Mark Reybrouck",slug:"mark-reybrouck",email:"Mark.Reybrouck@UGent.be",position:null,institution:{name:"KU Leuven",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},{id:"209976",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",middleName:null,surname:"Brattico",fullName:"Elvira Brattico",slug:"elvira-brattico",email:"elvira.brattico@clin.au.dk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209977",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vuust",fullName:"Peter Vuust",slug:"peter-vuust",email:"pv@musikkons.dk",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Phylogenetic and ontogenetic claims: the role of adaptation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Neuroplasticity and music: macrostructural and microstructural adaptations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Music facilitates neural connectivity",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Clinical and therapeutic applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusion and perspectives",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Altenmüller E. Apollo’s gift and curse: Brain plasticity in musicians. Karger’s Gazette. 2009;70:8-10. DOI: http://www.karger.com/gazette/70/altenmueller/art_4.htm\n\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Johansson B. Music and brain plasticity. European Review. 2006;14:49-64. DOI: 10.1017/s1062798706000056\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Kraus N, Chandrasekaran B. Music training for the development of auditory skills. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2010;11:599-605. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2882\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Miendlarzewska EA, Trost WJ. How musical training affects cognitive development: Rhythm, reward and other modulating variables. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2013;7:279. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00279\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Merrett DL, Peretz I, Wilson SJ. Moderating variables of music training-induced neuroplasticity: A review and discussion. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4:606. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00606\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Reybrouck M, Brattico E. Neuroplasticity beyond sounds: Neural adaptations following long-term musical aesthetic experiences. Brain Sciences. 2015;5:69-91. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5010069\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Vuust P, Liikala L, Näätänen R, Brattico P, Brattico E. Comprehensive auditory discrimination profiles recorded with a fast parametric musical multi-feature mismatch negativity paradigm. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016;127:2065-2077. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.009\n\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Bangert M, Peschel T, Schlaug G, Rotte M, Drescher D, Hinrichs H, Heinze H-J, Altenmüller E. Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: Evidence from fMRI conjunction. NeuroImage. 2006;30:917-926. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.044\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Münte TF, Altenmüller E, Jancke L. The musician’s brain as a model of neuroplasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2002;3:473-477. DOI: 10.1038/nrn843\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Fauvel B, Groussard M, Chételat G, Fouquet M, Landeau B, Eustache F, Desgranges B, Platel H. Morphological brain plasticity induced by musical expertise is accompanied by modulation of functional connectivity at rest. NeuroImage. 2014;90:179-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.065\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Bengtsson SL, Nagy Z, Skare S, Forsman L, Forssberg H, Ullén F. Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nature Neuroscience. 2005;8:1148-1150. DOI: 10.1038/nn1516\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Imfeld A, Oechslin M, Meyer M, Loenneker T, Jancke L. White matter plasticity in the corticospinal tract of musicians: A diffusion tensor imaging study. NeuroImage. 2009;46:600-607. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.025\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Öztürk HA, Tascioglu B, Aktekin M, Kurtoglu Z, Erden I. Morphometric comparison of the human corpus callosum in professional musicians and nonmusicians by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002;29:29-34\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Fauvel B, Groussard M, Eustache F, Desgranges B, Platel H. Neural implementation of musical expertise and cognitive transfers: Could they be promising in the framework of normal cognitive aging? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013;7:693. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ fnhum.2013.00693\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Matrone C, Brattico E. The power of music on Alzheimer’s disease and the need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism. 2015;5:1-7. DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000196\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Alluri V, Toivianen P, Jääskeläinen I, Glerean E, Sams M, Brattico E. Large-scale brain networks emerge from dynamic processing of musical timbre, key and rhythm. NeuroImage. 2012;59:3677-3689. DOI: S1053-8119(11)01300-0 [pii]\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Brattico E. Cortical Processing of Musical Pitch as Reflected by Behavioural and Electrophysiological Evidence. Yliopistopaino: Helsinki; 2006\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Alluri V, Toiviainen P, Burunat I, Kliuchko M, Vuust P, Brattico E. Connectivity patterns during music listening: Evidence for action-based processing in musicians. Human Brain Mapping. 2017;38:2955-2970. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23565\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Burunat I, Tsatsishvili V, Brattico E, Toiviainen P. Coupling of action-perception brain networks during musical pulse processing: Evidence from region-of-interest-based independent component analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2017;11:230. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00230\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Burunat I, Brattico E, Puoliväli T, Ristaniemi T, Sams M, Toiviainen P. Action in perception: Prominent Visuo-motor functional symmetry in musicians during music listening. PLoS One. 2015;30:1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138238\n\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Pantev C, Herholz SC. Plasticity of the human auditory cortex related to musical training. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2011;35:2140-2154. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.010\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Pallesen KJ, Brattico E, Bailey CJ, Korvenoja A, Koivisto J, Gjedde A, Carlson S. Cognitive control in auditory working memory is enhanced in musicians. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011120\n\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Abrams DA, Ryali S, Chen T, Chordia P, Khouzam A, Levitin D, Menon V. Inter-subject synchronization of brain responses during natural music listening. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2013;37:1458-1469. DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12173\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Habib M, Besson M. What do music training and musical experience teach us about brain plasticity? Music Perception. 2009;26:279-285. DOI: 10.1525/mp.2009.26.3.279\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Barrett K, Ashley R, Strait D, Kraus N. Art and science: How musical training shapes the brain. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4(713). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00713\n\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain Structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;23:9240-9245\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Schlaug G. The brain of musicians. A model for functional and structural adaptation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001;930:281-299\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Schlaug G, Marchina S, Norton A. Evidence for plasticity in white-matter tracts of patients with chronic Broca’s aphasia undergoing intense intonation-based speech therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1169:385-394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04587.x\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Hyde K, Lerch J, Norton A, Forgeard M, Winner E, Evans A, Schlaug G. Musical training shapes structural brain development. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009;29:3019-3025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009\n\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Gärtner H, Minnerop M, Pieperhoff P, Zilles K, Altenmüller E, Amunts K. Brain morphometry shows effects of long-term musical practice in middle-aged keyboard players. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00636\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Jäncke L. Music drives brain plasticity. F1000Reports Biology. 2009;1. DOI: 10.3410/B1-78\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Stewart L. Do musicians have different brains? Clinical Medicine. 2008;8:304-308\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Wan C, Schlaug G. Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span. The Neuroscientist. 2010;16:566-577. DOI: 10.1177/1073858410377805\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Pascual-Leone A. The brain that makes music and is changed by it. In: Peretz I, Zatorre R, editors. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. pp. 396-409\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Klein C, Liem F, Hänggi J, Elmer S, Jäncke L. The “silent” imprint of musical training. Human Brain Mapping. 2016;37:536-546. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23045\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Brattico E, Pallesen KJ, Varyagina O, Bailey C, Anourova I, Jarvenpaa M, Eerola T, Tervaniemi M. Neural discrimination of nonprototypical chords in music experts and laymen: An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2009;21:2230-2244. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21144\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Lahav A, Saltzman E, Schlaug G. Action representation of sound: Audiomotor recognition network while listening to newly acquired actions. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27:308-314. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4822-06.2007\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Schellenberg EG, Peretz I. Music, language and cognition: Unresolved issues. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2008;12:45-46\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Ueda T, Suzukamo Y, Sato M, Izumi S. Effects of music therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Research Reviews. 2013;12:628-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.02.003\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Fleagle J. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Reybrouck M. From sound to music: An evolutionary approach to musical semantics. Biosemiotics. 2013;6:585-606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12304-013-9192-6\n\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Reybrouck M. Music as environment: An ecological and biosemiotic approach. Behavioral Sciences. 2015;5:1-26. DOI: 10.3390/bs5010001\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Brown S, Merker B, Wallin N. An introduction to evolutionary musicology. In: Wallin N, Merker B, Brown S, editors. The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA – London: The MIT Press; 2000. pp. 3-24\n'},{id:"B44",body:'James W. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. New York: Holt; 1890\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Kaas J. Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. Annuals Reviews of Neurosciences. 1991;114:137-167. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.001033\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Uttal W. The Psychobiology of Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1978\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Reybrouck M. Musical universals and the axiom of psychobiological equivalence. In: Leroy J-J, editor. Topicality of Musical Universals/Actualité des Universaux musicaux Paris. France: Editions des Archives Contemporaines; 2013. pp. 31-44\n'},{id:"B48",body:'Deco G, Kringelbach M. Great expectations: Using whole-brain computational connectomics for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuron. 2014;84:892-905. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.034\n'},{id:"B49",body:'Sachs ME, Ellis RE, Schlaug G, Loui P. Brain connectivity reflects human aesthetic responses. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2016;11:1-8. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw009\n'},{id:"B50",body:'Brattico E. From pleasure to liking and back: Bottom-up and top-down neural routes to the aesthetic enjoyment of music. In: Nadal M, Houston JP, Agnati L, Mora F, Cela Conde CJ, editors. Art, Aesthetics, and the Brain. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. pp. 303-318\n'},{id:"B51",body:'Brattico E, Bogert B, Jacobsen T. Toward a neural chronometry for the aesthetic experience of music. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4:1-21. DOI: doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00206\n'},{id:"B52",body:'Brattico P, Brattico E, Vuust P. Global sensory qualities and aesthetic experience in music. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2017;11:59. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00159\n'},{id:"B53",body:'Brattico E, Pearce M. The neuroaesthetics of music. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 2013;7:48-61 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031624\n\n'},{id:"B54",body:'Brattico E, Vuust P. Brain-to-brain coupling and culture as prerequisites for musical interaction. In: Lesaffre M, Leman M, Maes P-J, editors. The Routledge Companion to Embodied Music Interaction. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge; 2016\n'},{id:"B55",body:'Konvalinka I, Roepstorff A. The two-brain approach: How can mutually interacting brains teach us something about social interaction? Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2012;6:215. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00215\n'},{id:"B56",body:'Schlaug G. Musicians and music making as a model for the study of the brain. Progress in Brain Research. 2015;217:37-54. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.020\n'},{id:"B57",body:'van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage F. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2000;1:191-198. DOI: 10.1038/35044558\n'},{id:"B58",body:'Gerhardt K, Abrams R. Fetal exposures to sound and vibroacoustic stimulation. Journal of Perinatology. 2000;20:20-S29\n'},{id:"B59",body:'Paillard J. La conscience. In: Richelle M. Requin J, Robert M, editors. Traité de psychologie expérimentale. Vol. 2. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1994. pp. 639-684\n'},{id:"B60",body:'Schneider P, Sluming V, Roberts N, Bleeck S, Rupp A. Structural, functional, and perceptual differences in Heschl’s gyrus and musical instrument preference. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005;1060:387-394. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1360.033\n'},{id:"B61",body:'Chen JL, Nedivi E. Neuronal structural remodeling; is it all about access? Current Opinion in Neurobioly. 2010;20:557-562. DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.06.002\n'},{id:"B62",body:'Ziemann U, Hallet M, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18:7000-7007\n'},{id:"B63",body:'Segal M. Dendritic spines: Morphological building blocks of memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2017;138:3-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.007\n'},{id:"B64",body:'Hutchinson S, Hui-Lin Lee L, Gaab N, Schlaug G. Cerebellar volume in musicians. Cerebral Cortex. 2003;13:943-949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/13.9.943\n\n'},{id:"B65",body:'Chaudhury S, Chandra Nag T, Wadhwa S. Effect of prenatal auditory stimulation on numerical synaptic density and mean synaptic height in the posthatch day 1 chick hippocampus. Synapse. 2008;63:152-159. DOI: 10.1002/syn.20585\n'},{id:"B66",body:'Martin SJ, Morris RG. New life in an old idea: The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis revisited. Hippocampus. 2002;12:609-636. DOI: 10.1002/hipo.10107\n'},{id:"B67",body:'Hannon EE, Trainor LJ. Music acquisition: Effects of enculturation and formal training on development. Trends in Cognitive Science. 2007;11:466-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.008\n'},{id:"B68",body:'Musacchia G, Sams M, Skoe E, Kraus N. Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2007;104:15894-15898. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701498104\n'},{id:"B69",body:'Chandrasekaran B, Kraus N. The scalp-recorded brainstem response to speech: Neural origins and plasticity. Psychophysiology. 2010;47:236-246. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00928.x\n'},{id:"B70",body:'Skoe E, Kraus N. Auditory brain stem response to complex sounds: A tutorial. Ear and Hearing. 2007;31:302-324. DOI: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181cdb272\n'},{id:"B71",body:'Song JH, Skoe E, Wong PC, Kraus N. Plasticity in the adult human auditory brainstem following short-term linguistic training. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2008;20:1892-1902. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20131\n'},{id:"B72",body:'Strait DL, Kraus N, Skoe E, Ashley R. Musical experience and neural efficiency: Effects of training on subcortical processing of vocal expressions of emotion. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2009;29:661-668. [PubMed: 19222564] DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06617.x\n'},{id:"B73",body:'Tzounopoulos T, Kraus N. Learning to encode timing: Mechanisms of plasticity in the auditory brainstem. Neuron. 2009;62:463-469. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.002\n'},{id:"B74",body:'Suga N. Role of corticofugal feedback in hearing. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 2008;194:169-183. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-007-0274-2\n'},{id:"B75",body:'Suga N, Ma X. Multiparametric corticofugal modulation and plasticity in the auditory system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003;4:783-794. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1222\n'},{id:"B76",body:'Rupp A, Hack S, Gutschalk A, Schneider P, Picton T, Stippic C, Scherg M. Fast temporal interactions in human auditory cortex. Neuroreport. 2000;11:3731-3736\n'},{id:"B77",body:'Schneider P, Scherg M, Dosch HG, Specht HJ, Gutschalk A, Rupp A. Morphology of Heschl’s gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nature Neuroscience. 2002;5:688-694\n'},{id:"B78",body:'van den Heuvel M, Hulshoff Pol H. Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;20:519-534. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008\n'},{id:"B79",body:'Bassett DS, Gazzaniga MS. Understanding complexity in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Science. 2011;15:200-209. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.006\n\n'},{id:"B80",body:'Friston KJ, Frith CD, Liddle PF, Frackowiak RS. Functional connectivity: The principal-component analysis ofl arge (PET) data sets. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 1993;13:5-14. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.4\n'},{id:"B81",body:'Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF. Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA. 2006;10313:848-853\n'},{id:"B82",body:'Luo C, Qiu C, Guo Z, Fang J, Li Q, Lei X, Xia Y, Lai Y, Gong Q, Zhou D, Yao D. Disrupted functional brain connectivity in partial epilepsy: A resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e28196. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028196\n'},{id:"B83",body:'Raichle M. The brain’s default network. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2015;8:433-447. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1440.011\n'},{id:"B84",body:'Wilkins RW, Hodges DA, Laurienti PJ, Steen M, Burdette JH. Network science and the effects of music preference on functional brain connectivity: From beethoven to eminem. Scientific Reports. 2014;4. Article number: 6130. DOI: 10.1038/srep0613\n'},{id:"B85",body:'van den Heuvel MP, Stam CJ, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009;29:7619-7624\n'},{id:"B86",body:'Fox MD, Raichle ME. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2007;8:700-711. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2201\n'},{id:"B87",body:'Janata PB, Tillmann B, Bharucha JJ. Listening to polyphonic music recruits domain-general attention and working memory circuits. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 2002;2:121-140\n'},{id:"B88",body:'Karmonik C, Brandt A, Anderson J, Brooks F, Lytle J, Silverman E. Music listening modulates functional connectivity and information flow in the human brain. Brain Connectivity. 2016;6:632-641. DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0428\n'},{id:"B89",body:'Cuddy L, Duffin J. Music, memory, and Alzheimer’s disease: Is music recognition spared in dementia, and how can it be assessed? Medical Hypotheses. 2005;64:229-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.005\n'},{id:"B90",body:'Jacobsen JH, Stelzer J, Fritz TH, Chetelat G, La Joie R, Turner R. Why musical memory can be preserved in advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 8):2438-2450. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv135\n'},{id:"B91",body:'Simmons-Stern N, Budson A, Ally B. Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48:3164-3167. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.033\n'},{id:"B92",body:'Seeley W, Crawford RK, Zhou J, Miller BL, Greicius MD. Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks. Neuron. 2009;62:42-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.024\n'},{id:"B93",body:'Baird A, Samson S. Memory for music in Alzheimer’s disease: Unforgettable? Neuropsycholigal Review. 2009;19:85-101. [PubMed: 19214750]\n'},{id:"B94",body:'Thaut MH, Peterson DA, McIntosh GC. Temporal entrainment of cognitive functions: Musical mnemonics induce brain plasticity and oscillatory synchrony in neural networks underlying memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005;1060:243-254. [PubMed: 16597771] DOI: 10.1196/annals.1360.017\n'},{id:"B95",body:'Brattico E, Tervaniemi M, Picton TW. Effects of brief discrimination-training on the auditory N1 wave. Neuroreport. 2003;14:2489-2492. DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000098748.87269.a1\n'},{id:"B96",body:'Lappe C, Herholz SC, Trainor L, Pantev C. Cortical plasticity induced by short-term unimodal and multimodal musical training. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28:9632-9639. DOI: 0.1523/JNEUROSCI.2254-08.2008\n'},{id:"B97",body:'Burunat I, Alluri V, Toiviainen P, Numminen J, Brattico E. Dynamics of brain activity underlying working memory for music in a naturalistic condition. Cortex. 2014;57:254-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.04.012\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Mark Reybrouck",address:"mark.reybrouck@kuleuven.be",affiliation:'
Musicology Research Group, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Belgium
IPEM Institute for Systematic Musicology, Ghent University, Belgium
Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music, Denmark
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6092",title:"Neuroplasticity",subtitle:"Insights of Neural Reorganization",fullTitle:"Neuroplasticity - Insights of Neural Reorganization",slug:"neuroplasticity-insights-of-neural-reorganization",publishedDate:"June 6th 2018",bookSignature:"Victor V. Chaban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6092.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"59474",title:"Neuroplasticity of Primary Sensory Neurons in Visceral Nociception",slug:"neuroplasticity-of-primary-sensory-neurons-in-visceral-nociception",totalDownloads:484,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victor V. Chaban",authors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban"}]},{id:"58107",title:"Plastic Adaptation: A Neuronal Imperative Capable of Confounding the Goals of Stem Cell Replacement Therapy for either Huntington’s or Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"plastic-adaptation-a-neuronal-imperative-capable-of-confounding-the-goals-of-stem-cell-replacement-t",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael I. Sandstrom, Kevin A. Anderson, Naveen Jayaprakash,\nParnit K. Bhupal and Gary L. Dunbar",authors:[{id:"82951",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Dunbar",fullName:"Gary Dunbar",slug:"gary-dunbar"},{id:"84116",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Ian",surname:"Sandstrom",fullName:"Michael Sandstrom",slug:"michael-sandstrom"},{id:"219655",title:"BSc.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Kevin Anderson",slug:"kevin-anderson"},{id:"219656",title:"Dr.",name:"Naveen",middleName:null,surname:"Jayaprakash",fullName:"Naveen Jayaprakash",slug:"naveen-jayaprakash"},{id:"219657",title:"BSc.",name:"Parnit",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupal",fullName:"Parnit Bhupal",slug:"parnit-bhupal"}]},{id:"57301",title:"Neuroplasticity in Young Age: Computer-Based Early Neurodevelopment Classifier",slug:"neuroplasticity-in-young-age-computer-based-early-neurodevelopment-classifier",totalDownloads:548,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hagit Friedman, Marina Soloveichick, Shai Barak, Omer Bar-Yosef,\nSaab Raunak and Smolkin Tatiana",authors:[{id:"206485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hagit",middleName:null,surname:"Friedman",fullName:"Hagit Friedman",slug:"hagit-friedman"},{id:"217798",title:"BSc.",name:"Moran",middleName:null,surname:"Moskovich",fullName:"Moran Moskovich",slug:"moran-moskovich"},{id:"217799",title:"Dr.",name:"Omer",middleName:null,surname:"Bar-Yosef",fullName:"Omer Bar-Yosef",slug:"omer-bar-yosef"},{id:"217800",title:"Dr.",name:"Shai",middleName:null,surname:"Barak",fullName:"Shai Barak",slug:"shai-barak"},{id:"217802",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Smolkin",fullName:"Tatiana Smolkin",slug:"tatiana-smolkin"},{id:"217803",title:"Dr.",name:"Rawnak",middleName:null,surname:"Saab",fullName:"Rawnak Saab",slug:"rawnak-saab"},{id:"217804",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Soloveichick",fullName:"Marina Soloveichick",slug:"marina-soloveichick"}]},{id:"60933",title:"Brain Reorganization in Late Adulthood: Rapid Left-to-Right Switch of Handedness Through Memory-Drawing Training",slug:"brain-reorganization-in-late-adulthood-rapid-left-to-right-switch-of-handedness-through-memory-drawi",totalDownloads:599,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lora T. Likova",authors:[{id:"207795",title:"Dr.",name:"Lora",middleName:null,surname:"Likova",fullName:"Lora Likova",slug:"lora-likova"}]},{id:"59437",title:"Music and Brain Plasticity: How Sounds Trigger Neurogenerative Adaptations",slug:"music-and-brain-plasticity-how-sounds-trigger-neurogenerative-adaptations",totalDownloads:1403,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mark Reybrouck, Peter Vuust and Elvira Brattico",authors:[{id:"196698",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Reybrouck",fullName:"Mark Reybrouck",slug:"mark-reybrouck"},{id:"209976",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",middleName:null,surname:"Brattico",fullName:"Elvira Brattico",slug:"elvira-brattico"},{id:"209977",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vuust",fullName:"Peter Vuust",slug:"peter-vuust"}]},{id:"57202",title:"Brain Dynamics and Plastic Deformation of Self Circuitries in the Dementia Patient",slug:"brain-dynamics-and-plastic-deformation-of-self-circuitries-in-the-dementia-patient",totalDownloads:469,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Denis Larrivee",authors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee"}]},{id:"60345",title:"Model Systems to Define Remyelination Therapies",slug:"model-systems-to-define-remyelination-therapies",totalDownloads:633,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robert H. Miller, Molly Karl, Reshmi Tognatta, Ahdeah Pajoohesh-\nGanji and Mohammad Abu-Rub",authors:[{id:"214054",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",fullName:"Robert Miller",slug:"robert-miller"},{id:"214568",title:"Ms.",name:"Molly",middleName:null,surname:"Karl",fullName:"Molly Karl",slug:"molly-karl"},{id:"214569",title:"Dr.",name:"Reshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Tognatta",fullName:"Reshmi Tognatta",slug:"reshmi-tognatta"},{id:"214570",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Abu-Rub",fullName:"Mohammad Abu-Rub",slug:"mohammad-abu-rub"}]},{id:"58757",title:"Dendritic Spine Modifications in Brain Physiology",slug:"dendritic-spine-modifications-in-brain-physiology",totalDownloads:626,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jun Ju and Qiang Zhou",authors:[{id:"219938",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ju",middleName:null,surname:"Jun",fullName:"Ju Jun",slug:"ju-jun"},{id:"219939",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhou",middleName:null,surname:"Qiang",fullName:"Zhou Qiang",slug:"zhou-qiang"}]},{id:"58530",title:"Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"sleep-disorders-in-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:593,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Montserrat González Platas and María Yaiza Pérez Martin",authors:[{id:"202099",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Platas",fullName:"Montserrat Gonzalez Platas",slug:"montserrat-gonzalez-platas"},{id:"231355",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Yaiza",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Martín",fullName:"Maria Yaiza Perez Martín",slug:"maria-yaiza-perez-martin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5435",title:"Irritable Bowel Syndrome",subtitle:"Novel Concepts for Research and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"809b69e057dbb5ffdf5a04ec922d659a",slug:"irritable-bowel-syndrome-novel-concepts-for-research-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Victor Chaban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"52702",title:"Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Functional Gastrointestinal Disease Regulated by Nervous System",slug:"irritable-bowel-syndrome-functional-gastrointestinal-disease-regulated-by-nervous-system",signatures:"Victor V. Chaban",authors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban"}]},{id:"53058",title:"Psychiatric Comorbidities in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)",slug:"psychiatric-comorbidities-in-irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-",signatures:"Mihaela Fadgyas Stanculete",authors:[{id:"188927",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Fadgyas Stanculete",fullName:"Mihaela Fadgyas Stanculete",slug:"mihaela-fadgyas-stanculete"}]},{id:"52921",title:"Inflammation as a Potential Therapeutic Target in IBS",slug:"inflammation-as-a-potential-therapeutic-target-in-ibs",signatures:"Alexandra Chira, Romeo Ioan Chira and Dan Lucian Dumitrascu",authors:[{id:"72369",title:"Prof.",name:"Dan Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Dumitrascu",fullName:"Dan Lucian Dumitrascu",slug:"dan-lucian-dumitrascu"},{id:"189838",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Chira",fullName:"Alexandra Chira",slug:"alexandra-chira"},{id:"190070",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",middleName:"Ioan",surname:"Chira",fullName:"Romeo Chira",slug:"romeo-chira"}]},{id:"53002",title:"Dietary Management in IBS Patients",slug:"dietary-management-in-ibs-patients",signatures:"Francesca Pasqui, Carolina Poli, Caterina Magrino and Davide Festi",authors:[{id:"189292",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqui",fullName:"Francesca Pasqui",slug:"francesca-pasqui"},{id:"194931",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Poli",fullName:"Carolina Poli",slug:"carolina-poli"},{id:"194942",title:"Dr.",name:"Caterina",middleName:null,surname:"Magrino",fullName:"Caterina Magrino",slug:"caterina-magrino"},{id:"194943",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Festi",fullName:"Davide Festi",slug:"davide-festi"}]},{id:"53108",title:"Non-Pharmacological Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome",slug:"non-pharmacological-approach-to-irritable-bowel-syndrome",signatures:"Elsa M. Eriksson, Kristina I. Andrén and Henry T. Eriksson",authors:[{id:"189926",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Elsa Eriksson",slug:"elsa-eriksson"},{id:"189990",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",middleName:null,surname:"Andrén",fullName:"Kristina Andrén",slug:"kristina-andren"},{id:"189991",title:"MSc.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Henry Eriksson",slug:"henry-eriksson"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64744",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Brief Semblance of the Sol-Gel Method in Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82487",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-brief-semblance-of-the-sol-gel-method-in-research",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
The emergence of the sol-gel process occurred in the year 1921. In the 1960s, its development was given due to the need of new synthesis methods in the nuclear industry. This development began to become popular around 1984 and reached its splendor in 2011 as shown in Figure 1 [1]. Dr. Jeffrey Brinker is a pioneer in the synthesis of materials and sol-gel-science and sets an important guideline for the flowering of the sol-gel method [2]. Other researchers who have developed their research in the sol-gel field making substantial and important contributions to this field are Dongyuan Zhao and David Avnir. The method of sol-gel is a route of synthesis more used worldwide that there is a meeting named International Sol-Gel Conference [3], which is held every 2 years, bringing together renowned scientists with the new generations, who give contributions of their work in different areas, all linked to the sol-gel method.
\n
Figure 1.
Temporal evolution of sol-gel publications.
\n
\n
\n
2. General mechanism
\n
A description of the sol-gel process can be formation of an oxide network through polycondensation reactions of a molecular precursor in a liquid.
\n
In general, in this process, several stages are identified, starting with a silicate solution and then forming a sol, which will then be transformed into a gel, and finally, a dry gel is obtained which is generally formed by a three-dimensional network of silica, with numerous pores of various sizes interconnected. Figure 2 presents an outline of the routes of this mechanism.
\n
Figure 2.
Stages of the sol-gel process.
\n
Among the advantages of using the sol-gel process in the synthesis is because it can be carried out at room temperature, it allows us to produce a wide range of novel and functional materials, with potential applications in different areas; and finally, it is really attractive compared to other methods, due to its low production costs.
\n
Sol-gel samples can be designed with a wide variety of morphologies, such as monoliths, films, fibers, and powders. In particular, films are the most important from the technological point of view.
\n
The process begins with the formation of a “sol,” which is a stable dispersion of colloidal particles (amorphous or crystalline) or polymers in a solvent. A “gel” is formed by a three-dimensional continuous network, which contains a liquid phase, or by the joining of polymer chains. In a colloidal gel, the network is built from agglomerates of colloidal particles. While in a polymer gel, the particles have a polymeric substructure composed of aggregates of sub-colloidal particles. Generally, van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds dominate the interactions between the sol’s particles. During synthesis, in most gel systems, covalent-type interactions dominate, and the gel process is irreversible. The gelation process may be reversible if there are other interactions involved [2].
\n
The purpose behind the sol-gel synthesis is to dissolve a compound in a liquid to obtain a solid controlling the factors of said synthesis. Using a controlled stoichiometry, sols of different reagents can be mixed to prepare multicomponent compounds. The sol-gel method prevents the problems with coprecipitation, which may be inhomogeneous, as it is a gelation reaction. It allows mixing at an atomic level to form small particles, which are easily sinterable.
\n
Typically, in the sol-gel chemistry, there is a reaction of an organometallic compound, which is generally an alkoxide, nitrate, or chloride under aqueous conditions to form a solid product. This product can be a dense glass monolith, a high surface area molecular filter, an aerogel to a metal oxide, a nitride coating, or nanoparticle. The process begins with reactions of hydrolysis and condensation of a precursor to form a gel followed by aging, solvent extraction, and finally drying. These reactions may be catalyzed by the addition of an acid or a base, which will produce dense or diffuse networks, respectively, by altering the hydrolysis kinetics. The selection of the precursor and catalyst depends ultimately on what you would like to make [4].
\n
In the gelation step, condensations are produced from the gel precursors in aqueous solution which are hydrolyzed and polymerized through alcohol or water. When starting the gelation, when the average size of the conglomerate is very small, they are best modeled with an approximation at the atomic level.
\n
In the last decades, a remarkable effort has been made to develop theoretical models for this, with convincing results. In the case of hierarchically structured gels and low density gels, these cannot be analyzed directly with molecular models; a mesoscale approach should be used. In contrast, relatively dense gels can be modeled with simulations at the atomic level or coarse grain simulations. Aging of the gel is an extension of the gelation step in which the gel network is reinforced by an additional polymerization, which can be controlled by varying the temperature and the type of solvent.
\n
In the next stage, syneresis can occur during the aging of the gel, which is the expulsion of solvent due to the contraction of the gel matrix. The process of drying the gel consists in eliminating the water from the gel system, with simultaneous collapse of the gel structure, under conditions of constant temperature, pressure, and humidity [5, 6].
\n
Usually, the dry gel is given a calcination treatment to turn it into a crystalline material. The following reactions usually occur: desorption of solvent and water physically absorbed from the walls of micropores (100–200°C), decomposition of residual organic groups into carbon dioxide (300–500°C), collapse of small pores (400–500°C), collapse of larger pores (700–900°C), and continued polycondensation (100–700°C). The phenomena of sintering and densification are produced through different mechanisms such as condensation by evaporation, surface diffusion, grain limit, and mass diffusion.
\n
\n
\n
3. Design of sol-gel materials
\n
As mentioned earlier, the sol-gel method allows the preparation of an infinity of materials and ceramics. Its great versatility allows us to cover different areas of knowledge that cover global problems such as energy, biotechnology, electronics, health, pollution, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and smart coatings molecular imprinting [7, 8, 9, 10]. In this way, sol-gel materials can be of different kinds, since catalysts, nanocarriers, inorganic pigments, drugs, magnetic and metallic nanoparticles. Also, it allows the encapsulation of biological molecules such as proteins and enzymes [11, 12, 13] which have applications as biosensors or the release of drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s, for example.
\n
Sol-gel chemistry tends to be particularly sensitive to the following parameters:
pH: any colloidal chemistry that involves water is sensitive to pH.
Solvent: in the polymerization process, as molecules are assembled into nanoparticles, the solvent plays two important roles; the first is that it must be able to keep the dissolved nanoparticles so that they do not precipitate out of the liquid; and second, it must play a role in helping nanoparticles connect with each other.
Temperature: the chemical kinetics of the different reactions involved in the formation of nanoparticles and the assembly of the nanoparticles in a gel network are accelerated with temperature, which affects the gel time. At very low temperatures, gelation is a slow process that can take weeks or months. In contrast, at high temperatures, the reactions that bind the nanoparticles to the gel network occur so quickly that lumps form in their place and a solid precipitates out of the liquid. The gelation temperature must be controlled to optimize the reaction time.
Time: depending on the type of gel to be obtained, the different steps in the gel formation process work differently at different time scales. In general, it is recommended that the formation of the gel should be slow to produce a very uniform structure, resulting in a stronger gel. Accelerating reactions through short times cause precipitates to form instead of gel network and can cause a gel to become cloudy and weak or simply not form.
Catalysts: a chemical reaction can be accelerated by the presence of a catalyst. In much of the sol-gel chemistry, this is very pH sensitive. This is because both acids (H+) and bases (OH−) are catalysts but accelerate chemical reactions by different mechanisms.
Agitation: at this stage, the mixing of the sol during gelation should ensure that the chemical reactions in the solution are produced uniformly, allowing all molecules to receive an adequate supply of the chemicals they need for these reactions to be carried out correctly. Generally, there are microscopic and macroscopic domains of gel networks partially formed throughout the liquid, and agitation can sometimes break up the formation of these domains; and the network fragments grow back into a wider network.
\n
Therefore, taking into account these factors and the type of application, many protocols have been used to design our materials in different scales, nano-, micro-, meso-, and macromaterials, all aimed at optimizing and maximizing their optical, electrical, magnetic, and nonlinear properties [7, 8, 14]. It is described how these factors influence said properties during sol-gel reaction [7].
\n
In this work, valuable contributions in different fields related to novel materials synthesized by the sol-gel route are shown, all with topics of great technological importance and which have an impact on engineering applications, at the level of electronics, health, and coatings.
\n
\n\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64744.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64744.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64744",totalDownloads:1129,totalViews:558,totalCrossrefCites:2,dateSubmitted:"October 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"November 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 12th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64744",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64744",signatures:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",book:{id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",fullTitle:"Sol-Gel Method - Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",email:"mvalverde@ipn.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. General mechanism",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Design of sol-gel materials",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nhttps://www.scopus.com/search/form.uri?display=basic\n\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Brinker CJ, Scherer G. Sol-Gel Science. New York: Academic Press; 1989. ISBN 9780080571034\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nhttp://solgel2019.ifmo.ru/\n\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Collins A. Nanotechnology Cookbook: Practical, Reliable and Jargon-Free Experimental Procedures. UK, Elsevier Science; 2012. ISBN-13: 978-0080971728\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Hench LL, West JK. The sol-gel process. Chemical Reviews. 1990;90:33-72\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Sakka S, Kozuka H. Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 1. Sol-Gel Processing. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7966-4\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Lee BS, Lin HP, Chan JCC, Wang WC, Tsai YH, Lee YL. A novel sol-gel derived calcium silicate cement with short setting time for application in endodontic repair of perforations. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2018;13:261-271\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Mokhtari K, Salem SH. A novel method for the clean synthesis of nanosized cobalt based blue pigments. RSC Advances;217(7):29899\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Shi C, Ding GS, Tang AN, Qiao YY. Synthesis and evaluation of ion-imprinted sol-gel material of selenite. Analytical Methods. 2017;9:1658-1664\n'},{id:"B10",body:'MRD K, Shafeeyan MS, AAA R, WMAW D. Application of doped photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation—A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017;198:78-94\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Karataş A, Algan AH. Template synthesis of tubular nanostructures for loading biologically active molecules. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2017;17:1555-1563\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Araújo-Gomes N, Romero-Gavilán F, Sánchez-Pérez AM, Gurruchaga M, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, et al. Characterization of serum proteins attached to distinct sol–gel hybrid surfaces. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research—Part B Applied Biomaterials. 2018;106:1477-1485\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Gill JK, Orsat V, Kermasha S. Screening trials for the encapsulation of laccase enzymatic extract in silica sol-gel. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2018;85:657-663\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Ben-Arfa BAE, Miranda Salvado IM, Ferreira JMF, Pullar RC. Novel route for rapid sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite, avoiding ageing and using fast drying with a 50-fold to 200-fold reduction in process time. Materials Science and Engineering C. 2017;70:796-804\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",address:"mvalverde@ipn.mx",affiliation:'
Department of Nanotechonology and Functional Materials, CICATA Unidad Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",fullTitle:"Sol-Gel Method - Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"181028",title:"Ms.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Carico",email:"christinecarico@gmail.com",fullName:"Christine Carico",slug:"christine-carico",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Updates in Mechanical Thrombectomy",slug:"updates-in-mechanical-thrombectomy",abstract:"Strokes are a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The long-standing gold standard in stroke therapy, intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is limited by strict timing parameters and modest efficacy in large strokes caused by thrombi in the proximal cerebral vasculature. Multiple recent randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy for patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs). Recent clinical guidelines have been updated to include mechanical thrombectomy as a standard of care in properly selected stroke patients, with ongoing and future studies working to refine the optimal clinical and technical variables of this approach.",signatures:"Robert C. Rennert, Arvin R. Wali, Christine Carico, Jeffrey Scott\nPannell and Alexander A. Khalessi",authors:[{id:"180917",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Rennert",fullName:"Robert Rennert",slug:"robert-rennert",email:"rrennert@ucsd.edu"},{id:"181028",title:"Ms.",name:"Christine",surname:"Carico",fullName:"Christine Carico",slug:"christine-carico",email:"christinecarico@gmail.com"},{id:"181029",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Scott",surname:"Pannell",fullName:"J. Scott Pannell",slug:"j.-scott-pannell",email:"jpannell@ucsd.edu"},{id:"181030",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Khalessi",fullName:"Alexander Khalessi",slug:"alexander-khalessi",email:"akhalessi@ucsd.edu"},{id:"187843",title:"Mr.",name:"Arvin",surname:"Wali",fullName:"Arvin Wali",slug:"arvin-wali",email:"awali@ucsd.edu"}],book:{title:"Ischemic Stroke",slug:"ischemic-stroke-updates",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"49804",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chiang",surname:"Hung",slug:"yu-chiang-hung",fullName:"Yu-Chiang Hung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"72488",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan Antonio",surname:"Ibarra Arias",slug:"jose-juan-antonio-ibarra-arias",fullName:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72488/images/system/72488.png",biography:"Dr. Antonio Ibarra is Head of the Health Sciences Research Center at the Anáhuac University. He earned a Masters and Doctorate\nin Sciences in Neuroimmunology from the National Autonomous\nUniversity of Mexico. As a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory\nof Professor Michael Schwartz at the Weizmann Institute of Science, and later as a scientist, he has studied the beneficial effects\ninduced by protective autoimmunity after spinal cord injury.\nDr. Ibarra has published 70 articles and 12 book chapters. His findings led him to\nlecture in different international meetings. He has been a reviewer of several international journals. Finally, Dr. Ibarra holds advisory academic appointments in the\nAnahuac University (private) and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.",institutionString:"Universidad Anáhuac",institution:{name:"Universidad Anáhuac",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"87527",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",surname:"Yamagata",slug:"kazuo-yamagata",fullName:"Kazuo Yamagata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"180887",title:"MSc.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Cruz",slug:"yolanda-cruz",fullName:"Yolanda Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"180901",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Karla Alejandra",surname:"Cantú Saldaña",slug:"karla-alejandra-cantu-saldana",fullName:"Karla Alejandra Cantú Saldaña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:"I am a clinical nutritionist, I have my own private practice and teach at ITESM. I have worked with stroke, and neuroprotection before and I would like to also collaborate in other books related to nutrition.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"180917",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Rennert",slug:"robert-rennert",fullName:"Robert Rennert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, San Diego",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"181029",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Scott",surname:"Pannell",slug:"j.-scott-pannell",fullName:"J. Scott Pannell",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"181030",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Khalessi",slug:"alexander-khalessi",fullName:"Alexander Khalessi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"187843",title:"Mr.",name:"Arvin",surname:"Wali",slug:"arvin-wali",fullName:"Arvin Wali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+4,800 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+4,800 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"277",title:"Social Policy",slug:"social-policy",parent:{title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:37,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"social-policy",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:"who-wants-to-retire-and-who-can-afford-to-retire-",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6682",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6bce9af9756cd41e5d336fa8945b2ea",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Natasha Potgieter and Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55305",title:"Prof.",name:"Natasha",middleName:null,surname:"Potgieter",slug:"natasha-potgieter",fullName:"Natasha Potgieter"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6938",title:"Elections",subtitle:"A Global Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a122ebf3b961d2c46bbfc8def2916fe",slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",bookSignature:"Ryan M. Yonk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5392",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a9795772c4001a5a648421ebf11cee7",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",bookSignature:"Rosario Laratta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118227",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Laratta",slug:"rosario-laratta",fullName:"Rosario Laratta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2757,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"63322",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80355",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]},{id:"52475",doi:"10.5772/65462",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:5893,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:5902,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"63707",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"63322",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]},{id:"52455",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of the Book",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-overview-of-the-book",totalDownloads:1034,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Rosario Laratta",authors:[{id:"118227",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Laratta",slug:"rosario-laratta",fullName:"Rosario Laratta"}]},{id:"63851",title:"Electoral Behavior and Politics of Stomach Infrastructure in Ekiti State (Nigeria)",slug:"electoral-behavior-and-politics-of-stomach-infrastructure-in-ekiti-state-nigeria-",totalDownloads:577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Mike Omilusi",authors:[{id:"256067",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Omilusi",slug:"mike-omilusi",fullName:"Mike Omilusi"}]},{id:"63923",title:"The Electoral Cycle and Grassroots Realities in Cameroon: The Omnipresent, Overbearing and Contested Political Elite",slug:"the-electoral-cycle-and-grassroots-realities-in-cameroon-the-omnipresent-overbearing-and-contested-p",totalDownloads:457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Numvi Gwaibi",authors:[{id:"256697",title:"Dr.",name:"Wallace",middleName:null,surname:"Numvi Gwaibi",slug:"wallace-numvi-gwaibi",fullName:"Wallace Numvi Gwaibi"}]},{id:"64192",title:"Who Does Not Vote and Why? Implication for New Democracies",slug:"who-does-not-vote-and-why-implication-for-new-democracies",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Elvis Bisong Tambe",authors:[{id:"255692",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis Bisong",middleName:null,surname:"Tambe",slug:"elvis-bisong-tambe",fullName:"Elvis Bisong Tambe"}]},{id:"61814",title:"Inequalities in Households’ Environmental Sanitation Practices in a Developing Nation’s City: The Example of Ile-Ife, Nigeria",slug:"inequalities-in-households-environmental-sanitation-practices-in-a-developing-nation-s-city-the-exam",totalDownloads:490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Faniran Gbemiga and Ojo Deborah",authors:[{id:"232193",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbemiga",middleName:null,surname:"Faniran",slug:"gbemiga-faniran",fullName:"Gbemiga Faniran"},{id:"233650",title:"Mrs.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Ojo",slug:"deborah-ojo",fullName:"Deborah Ojo"}]},{id:"52198",title:"Unemployment and Causes of Hospital Admission Considering Different Analytical Approaches",slug:"unemployment-and-causes-of-hospital-admission-considering-different-analytical-approaches",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriel Gulis, Carsten Kronborg Bak and\nPernille Tanggaard Andersen",authors:[{id:"188461",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Berg-Beckhoff",slug:"gabriele-berg-beckhoff",fullName:"Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff"},{id:"188463",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Gulis",slug:"gabriel-gulis",fullName:"Gabriel Gulis"},{id:"188465",title:"Dr.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Kronborg Bak",slug:"carsten-kronborg-bak",fullName:"Carsten Kronborg Bak"},{id:"188466",title:"Dr.",name:"Pernille",middleName:null,surname:"Tangaard Andersen",slug:"pernille-tangaard-andersen",fullName:"Pernille Tangaard Andersen"}]},{id:"63191",title:"Household Water Handling Practices in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya",slug:"household-water-handling-practices-in-the-arid-and-semi-arid-lands-in-kenya",totalDownloads:438,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Edith J. Kurui, George M. Ogendi, Wilkister N. Moturi\nand Dishon O. Nyawanga",authors:[{id:"78236",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilkister",middleName:null,surname:"Moturi",slug:"wilkister-moturi",fullName:"Wilkister Moturi"},{id:"234029",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Edith",middleName:null,surname:"Kurui",slug:"edith-kurui",fullName:"Edith Kurui"},{id:"247927",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Ogendi",slug:"george-ogendi",fullName:"George Ogendi"},{id:"247930",title:"Mr.",name:"Dishon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyawanga",slug:"dishon-nyawanga",fullName:"Dishon Nyawanga"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"social-policy",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/181028/christine-carico",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"181028",slug:"christine-carico"},fullPath:"/profiles/181028/christine-carico",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()