\r\n\tIn this book, the different factors of liquefaction, the field methods and laboratory tests to identify a potentially liquefiable soil aim to be reviewed; in addition with history cases (ground behavior during the occurrence of an earthquake, state of stress, deformation, shear strength, flow, etc.).
\r\n\tA very important aspect of this topic is the presentation of the different constructive techniques used to ground improvement (vibrocompaction, dynamic compaction, jet grouting, chemical injection, replacement, etc.), placing special emphasis on those constructive methods used to solve problems on structures already located in areas of low relative density with liquefaction potential, where the installation of monitoring and control equipment is also required (tiltmeters, piezometers, topographic points, seismographs, pressure cells, etc.).
Economics, which has evolved into set of principles that define rational behavior of various stakeholders, is the fountain for achieving sustainable development-appreciable level of social and economic well-being of the people that is inter-generationally balanced. Effective governance, resource endowments, and demography are complementary factors that need to be properly coordinated based on sound economic principles to underpin the process of sustainable development. The division of economics into microeconomics and macroeconomics has gained prominence in economic theory, but the distinction is mainly about whether analysis and economic decision-making focus on individual economic agents such as households and firms (microeconomics) or activities of the overall economy relating to such indicators as national income, employment, and government policies (macroeconomics). In practice, the microeconomics and macroeconomics intertwine such that the conditions of the overall economy influence the decisions of individual economic agents and in turn, the performance of the economy depends on the activities of individual economic agents. Essentially, all economic agents, at both micro and macro level of economic analysis, act in accordance with rational economic principles to optimize outcomes that collectively provide the basis for attaining economic growth and sustainable development.
As a demonstration of the essence of economics, in terms of both micro and macro, empirical analysis of various economic activities relating to emerging sustainable development issues, undertaken by different authors, is compiled and presented in the chapters of this book. This introductory chapter, however, provide overview of the essence of economics in the context of theory, philosophy, and principles that guide decision-making of economic agents with the coordination function of government to foster sustainable development. The remainder of this introductory chapter is classified into three sections. The section that follows focus on the nexus of economics and sustainable development, followed by the analysis of natural resource use for economic growth and implications for sustainable development. The concluding section articulates the imperativeness of effective governance in achieving sustainable development despite the existence of sound economic principles to guide economic agents.
The essence of economics is the well-being of the people, which is formulated as the maximization of social welfare function (SWF). Economic activities lead to transformation of natural resources into consumable/usable goods and services, in other words, production of goods and services, create income earning job opportunities for achieving best outcomes of SWF. However, as more intense economic activities push up the SWF, it generates environmental drawbacks such as pollution that tends to affect social welfare negatively. Besides, the exhaustibility of natural resources imposes limits on the extent to which economic activities could be intensively undertaken.
Thus, economics recognizes that apart from direct welfare benefits (income, consumption, etc.), there are positive and negative externalities-unintended consequences arising from economic activities. For instance, economic activities could give rise to positive externalities such as backward and forward linkages, learning-by-doing, and technological progress. It could also give rise to environmental challenges such as pollution and associated adverse health and social adversities in form of negative externalities. Rational economic principles require that policy formulation and implementation leads to chain of economic activities to generate growth while minimizing adverse effects arising from natural resource utilization. Hence, the most critical factor in achieving sustainable development lies in the proper management of the complex interactions among various forces within the economic, political, and social environment.
Natural resource utilization, pollution, and other environmental considerations have become critical to the possibilities of long-run economic growth and by extension sustainable development. The effect of natural resources on society is as old as human activities as the environment inserts itself between nature and society. Economic activities (production, exchange, and consumption) generate environmental problems while the depletion of scarce renewable and nonrenewable natural resources raise concerns about the sustainability of economic rents from the exploitation of natural resources. Sustainable development, a steady state long-term economic and social well-being, hinges on economic growth “a long term rise in capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population; this growing capacity is based on advancing technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands” [1].
Natural resources have a double-edge effect on economic growth, in that the intensity of its use raises output, but increases its depletion rate. Natural resource is a key input in the production process that stimulates economic growth. However, the depleting character of natural resources coupled with diminishing returns of factor input implies that dependence on natural resource utilization is not an optimal strategy for sustainable growth. By extension, intensive utilization of natural resources undermines sustainable development. Natural resources have limited direct economic use in satisfying human needs but transforming them into goods and services enhances their economic value to the society. Through the mix of productive activities by different sectors of the economy, transformation of natural resources into usable goods and services occurs to propel the overall economy to achieve sustainable growth that forms the basis for sustainable development.
The productivity of factors of production has positive relationship with absorptive capacity. Technological inter-connections among various sectors of the economy could evolve from structural and spatial interdependence of the production processes of the sectors. The rational response to incentives leads to increase in the level of activities of sectors of the economy in a self-reinforcing manner. The expansion of activities in the various sectors of the economy is mutually self-stimulating to provide opportunities for economies of scale that translate into lower per unit cost of production.
The temptation for rent-seeking behavior could undermine the efficient use of the natural resources to stifle economic growth and weaken the possibility of positive externalities. The use of rents derived from natural resource extraction to facilitate complacent consumption1 at the detriment of real production leads to the expansion of nontradable sector activities while tradable sector activities such as manufacturing shrink. This give rise to the “Dutch Disease”2, which is a chronic source of slow growth due to the absence of “backward and forward” linkages among sectors of the economy [2]. The manufacturing sector, with a sound service sector for support, is a vital source for economic growth through learning-by-doing, as such should have a pivotal link with natural resource sector to stimulate real productive activities that propels the economy toward sustainable growth and development. Ideas that emanate from production processes is the driving force for generating high levels of growth [3] to form the bedrock for sustainable development.
As the essence of sustainability is to maintain a given level of social welfare at a constant level [4], six key conditions are prerequisites. These are nondeclining consumption (utility), maintaining (constant) production opportunities over time, nondeclining natural capital stock, maintaining a steady yield of resource services, stability and resilience of the ecosystem through time, and the development of capacity for consensus building. These sustainability conditions require efficient management of resources as well as ethical and moral standards, which makes the crucial role of government in coordinating economic, social, and political activities imperative for achieving sustainable development.
Economic activities thrive with the existence of basic infrastructures and the rule of law that guarantees property rights (patents and copyright laws). In addition, human capital formation, which is the bedrock upon which all aspects of economic growth processes are hinged, requires to be nurtured by services that are provided by nonprofit making principles. Furthermore, natural resource sectors, around which many economic activities revolve, require legal and institutional framework based on robust institutional principles [5].
These essential services (provision of infrastructure, the rule of law, and human capital formation) are nonexcludable public goods; and therefore, not the function of economic agents that aim to maximize profit. It is imperative for government to undertake the crucial function of providing essential services as well as coordinating the activities of economic agents to ensure alignment with strategies for achieving sustainable development. A responsible government will ensure the formulation and implementation of policies for equity inter-generational balance in economic and social welfare for the benefit of both current and future generations, a sine qua non, for sustainable development. In conclusion therefore, even though economics is the fountain of human activities, effective governance, through the proper functioning of institutions and the implementation of robust policies, is crucial for achieving sustainable development.
An implementation of smart healthcare solutions can improve the quality of patient care to enhanced patient treatments. These kinds of solutions enable healthcare professionals to deliver the needed and adjusted medical treatment in a smarter and faster way [1]. With the increasing world population, the well-known conventional patient-doctor relationship has lost its effectiveness [2]. Hence, smart healthcare becomes very important and can be implemented at all levels in an organization or society starting from tracking vital signs in the elderly to temperature monitoring for babies. In other terms, smart healthcare technologies are not an end in itself [3]. With the implementation of healthcare technologies, organizations can create efficient workflows to ensure a high-quality in-patient treatment. This ambition is only achieved when technologies are put into use and fully utilized. The focus should therefore be in ensuring efficient use of both existing and new technologies [4, 5].
\nHealthcare technology is an interdisciplinary discipline that links technology and medical/clinical with a focus on developing new diagnostic and treatment methods [6]. Healthcare technology covers a number of technologies, such as medical technology, pharmacology, and biotechnology [7].
\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) has defined and described healthcare technology as the use of medicine, vaccines, procedures and systems—with the associated knowledge and skills—to address a health problem or improve quality of life [8]. Healthcare technology can be defined as technologies used to improve human health [9, 10]. The definition of health technology can be based on the WHO’s definition of health: “Health is not just freedom of disease, but maximum physical, mental and social well-being”
At the same time, one can apply a holistic approach to technology that covers technology, organization, knowledge, and product [12]. A user-oriented technology solution helps to maintain or even develop welfare services [13].
\nSmart healthcare feeds friendly hospital that enables patients and preferred partner in using hospital services with the best and newest health technology [14]. This means that hospitals must focus on developing services that motivate the use of healthcare technologies and focus on optimizing the workflows at clinics [15]. A better basis is needed, because without a better basis there cannot be a continuous focus on optimizing the internal processes and the ongoing support and maintenance of health technology and infrastructure [16]. Almost every hospital has the ambition to have effective use of health technology at the highest international level. The ambition to ensure efficient use of healthcare technology is all about how hospitals contribute locally and regionally to increase the quality of patient treatment and realize efficiency enhancements through health technology [17]. Therefore, healthcare technology plays a central role in supporting hospitals. Investing in healthcare technology has huge benefits. Realizing the need gains benefits through increased technology support and utilizing the experience gained at the individual hospitals. This means consistently developing and optimizing the task solution and patient treatment with health technology [18]. Services must be relevant and based on the needs of hospitals. The implementation should be based on deep knowledge, task solving, and priorities [19]. For effective and efficient use of health technology, it requires the greatest possible use of existing technology before developing new technologies with the necessary support for the users’ daily lives through qualified and efficient support. The journey toward becoming more efficient and therefore not to forget requires a common center and not a local branch. This means a constant balance for local needs, the overall gains for the region, and the ongoing standardization and follow-up [19].
\nResearch in new technology is developing rapidly in the health field. Six of the potential technologies to change the way we understand and safeguard human health is listed as follows [20].
\nIn term the telemedicine covers a broad concept [21]. This includes treatment and monitoring in patients’ own home, for example, through apps, video consultations, and automatic measuring equipment. Most municipalities over the world and regions are investing heavily in these technologies at the moment [22].
\nPhysiotherapists over video can do multi-patient exercises at once, and patients with severe wounds can consult remotely [23]. And people with heart problems can automatically get monitored blood pressure and distance activity. Even though the technology is in use there is still a long way to go [23].
\nHowever, telemedicine solutions do not work as intended [24]. In a small case study, a research team has shown a markedly increased mortality among patients treated via telemedicine [25].
\nNowadays, robots are used for surgeries when doing operation as gastric bypass, uterus, kidney, bladder, prostate, and colon. The advantage is that the robot surgery can be performed without opening the stomach up and the patient can leave the hospital earlier than with open surgery [26]. At the same time, the robot can see the body in 3-D; it is more flexible and has more precision. The result is less blood loss, fewer infections, less scars, shorter hospitalization, and fewer pains [27].
\nAmong young people, but it also spread quickly in the country’s nursing home, where the elderly also had the pleasure and benefit of the machine, because it was both entertaining and good training—a concept called exergaming, exercise and gaming [28, 29].
\nSince then, gaming technology has really gained momentum in healthcare. Today, games are used, among other things, for rehabilitation after cerebral hemorrhage and for the care of dementia, which through reversal play with old family pictures can get cognitive training and become calmer [30, 31].
\nImagine a home where it is being registered online every time you open the refrigerator door. The floor is pressure sensitive and can follow your walk around the house. In the potted plants, there are small sensors that measure every time you water the plant, and when you turn on the light, it is logged [32].
\nFor some, it sounds like a dystopic surveillance society. But for others, there are great opportunities to prevent hospital admissions among the elderly. The technology has huge potential. For example, pneumonia and urinary tract infections in the elderly can be traced in their everyday rhythms. If one can measure as soon as a breach of the patient ordinary routine occurs, treatment can put in much faster [33].
\nThese days, the body and technology are becoming closer and closer together. The so-called wearables—small pieces of electronics that you carry on the body, for example, in the form of clocks, glasses, or even electronic skin—can become the major revolution in the health world [34].
\nToday wearables are used to collect all sorts of data about your body: sleep rhythm, pulse, location, and, among other things, how much you exercise [35]. In the future, it will be even more comprehensive: reading insulin levels, anticipating ovulation, or monitoring how much sun you get.
\nHealth technology needs to be adapted to the users. Two basic elements of telescopic health must be present before it works: firstly, the technology must work, and secondly, the technology must be available to the many patient groups that need it. It is not the technology itself that is interesting, but what technology can be used for.
\nThere is one basic element of telecommunications health. The technology must be applicable to all the many patient groups, disease groups, and populations that need it, and where it can contribute valuable to health, safety, cohesion, learning, and quality of life [36].
\nThe patient, or the user, is thus the focal point. There is nothing new in that and it has been a good custom in healthcare and health technology for many years. But the demographic development of the Western world requires even more action than before to put action behind the words. Hence, a lot is needed to achieve a well-functioning telecommunications health when technology is ready.
\nOne of the pieces in this great puzzle is about “usability.” It must be easy, safe, useful and motivating for users to use the technology. The technology user interface must be intuitive and tailored to the specific user group, and when needed, the right effort must be organized to equip users to apply the technology properly. Human factors are an important part of health technology [37].
\n“Human factors” are becoming an increasingly important part as more and more patients with psychiatric disorders are being treated through technology [38]. Three aspects in particular are important in designing telecommunications health solutions, namely:
setting precise goals;
following and monitoring; and
giving feedback and promoting motivation [39].
Algorithms are already being researched, which can detect stress on the basis of voting, and early warning score (EWS) and mobile applications are being tested which, by means of individually adapted questions, can help schizophrenic patients maintain reality and achieve greater security [40].
\nThe technology itself is not interesting? Yes and no. It is only because of the many impressive technological achievements that it is even possible to create new value for patients, citizens, and communities. But the technologies only get value when they are realized for effective and usable health solutions. This includes competent involvement of human factors when developing, designing, and implementing telescopic health solutions [41].
\nHealth technology is rapidly evolving and embracing many areas and aspects where both public and private actors are at stake [42]. New terminologies and the development of new technology are constantly demanding health education programs [43, 44]. But there should also be a focus on the meeting between the health professional, the citizen, and the health technology. Furthermore, new technology requires a new set of skills, namely health and eHealth literacy. The concept of eHealth literacy is introduced and defined as the ability to seek, find, understand, and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply the knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem [45]. Health literacy refers to accessing, understanding, and using information to make health decisions [10].
\nIn Denmark, telecommunication is a commonly used technology. For example, the purpose of Patient@home is to develop welfare technology for the benefit of patients, the health sector, and society as a whole. Patient@home supports a general development toward more outpatient treatments and expansions to own home followed by home-monitored treatment, care, and/or rehabilitation. The goal of this is fewer and shorter hospital admissions as well as the development of new welfare technology, which in the long term can create jobs, exports, and growth in society. Patient empowerment is a central focus of Patient@home [46]. It is intended that a user-driven development of technologies is in progress so that the patient is supported in taking responsibility for their own health and treatment and at the same time makes it possible to be a patient in their own home [47].
\nFinland is one of the world’s leading countries in terms of health and welfare technology, and it needs to benefit the world [48, 49].
\nFinland is at the top of the world in terms of IT skills. This is reflected in a well-developed healthcare sector, where virtual reality, cloud-based data platforms, medicine robots, sensor systems, and more, which belongs to everyday life. Today, Finland ranks as the world’s third strongest country in health technology, and health technology is the country’s largest tech export product [49].
\nThe world faces convincing health challenges in an increased demand and fewer resources. Personal health technology enables a personalized, engaging, preventive, predictive effort in the field of prevention, diagnosis and monitoring, treatment, and assistive technology [50].
\nImplementation of welfare technology stands high on all municipalities’ agenda. Society is challenged by increasing life expectancy, fewer “warm hands,” and greater demands for charitable services [51].
\nWhen a patient is affected by illness or mister functioning, there is a need for rapid and effective efforts to resume an independent life, and, therefore, welfare technology is an optimal tool that can both contribute to training, support, and compensation and thereby help to promote the rehabilitation process. We already have the technologies.
\nThe challenge is to put them in play in everyday life for the benefit of both patient’s and healthcare professionals.
\nThere must not be health technology for the sake of health technology. The technology must be a need to and not nice to have the because it is something that gives value, either for healthcare professionals or patients- and very much for both healthcare professionals and patients. The staff’s knowledge and motivation are crucial for a good implementation.
\nDoes the healthcare professional not have the necessary knowledge of how a technology works, loses the face, seems unprofessional, and the technology is not being used? Instead, the staff should be thoroughly dressed so that they can safely operate and, not least, facilitate the citizens to use the technology [52].
\nPatients can seek their knowledge in the future and have less need to get the healthcare professionals’ expert knowledge. What they need is to be facilitated in how they use their knowledge and move on. Health professionals will change from being some who have the expertise to be someone who facilitates patients in using health technology [53].
\nHealthcare professionals’ motivation and engagement are also important to focus on in the implementation phase if they need to be adaptable and open to learning. Learn to take the new technologies, learn how to use them, and learn the new working methods that come with you.
\n\n
Experience of doubtful necessity
Implementation of welfare technology requires change in the organization. One of the most for achieving this change is that healthcare professionals experience the changes as compelling necessary. Does that mean that there must be an order from management that now they will use the technologies? No, the experience must come from the healthcare professionals themselves. Healthcare professionals must be able to see the benefits of using the technologies; for example, they can avoid heavy lifting with lifts and thus prevent many colleagues from being sick due to back problems [54].
If we can go to point out such things in collaboration with the healthcare professionals, so they can see that there is actually a scam here, they get an experience of imperative necessity. At the same time, it is important that we avoid self-satisfaction and “as we always have done.” If we fall into it, then there is no change.
Compose a working group
Next step is to put together a working group of motivated healthcare professionals who have an experience of imperative necessity and who wants changes. The workgroup should preferably consist of healthcare professionals, but there must also be a management level that can go in and take the organization and allocate the necessary resources, as well as being a technologist, with an overview of what technologies does the organization have and what they can used for. The working group must be present, where things happen.
Vision and strategy
The task of the working group is now to set the road. They must formulate the visions and strategies for where they are heading and how they will achieve the goal: to implement welfare technology. A strategy that ensures that staff feel safe using technology and taking it into service must be formulated.
It requires a clear vision and a clear strategy which are to be communicated internally within the working group and which are then communicated easily and clearly to the entire organization. These are not only for the healthcare professionals but also for the patients who come in as they may be able to use it when they get home [55].
Short-term goals against the goal
It is important that during the process that the workgroup can set some short-term goals that lead the organization toward the long-term goal: implementing welfare technology. The staff wants to experience and momentum and not get the whole change at once. There may be small instructional videos that present the solutions along the way or walked in living labs where staff can do things, so they are not used to using a new technology for the first time on a citizen, thus appearing insecure and unprofessional in working situation [56].
Give the healthcare professionals some resources and opportunities to practice, for example, in a living lab in a living room, safely and without being hurt because you do not know which button to press.
Consolidation via success stories
Finally, the technology must be consolidated by emphasizing all the small success stories that have been underway in the implementation phase. The healthcare professionals and patients must be able and encouraged to share and experience each other’s successor so that everyone can see that the technology can be used and that it works [57].
Healthcare technology is facing major challenges in relation to both human and financial resources. Therefore, there is a need for innovation. In the area of health and care, it is all about finding solutions where the technology makes us better able to service the patients remotely to free up resources, so that the patients achieve a much greater freedom and independence when the technology allows them to carry out several tasks from home via the technology themselves.
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). 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I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. 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