The essential oils of
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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This book focuses on cutting-edge and important research topics such as flavor physics to search for new physics via charged particles that appear in different extensions of the standard model, as well as the analysis of ultra-high energy muons using the pair-meter technique. Also included in this book are the idea of the Eloisatron to PeVatron, the important research field of electrostatic waves in magnetized electron/positron plasmas, and the application of charge bodies.",isbn:"978-1-78985-396-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-395-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-035-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73999",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"charged-particles",numberOfPages:104,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c456f670b68b3512e9e9866f9837fd98",bookSignature:"Malek Maaza and Mahmoud Izerrouken",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7199.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5343,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 23rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 22nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 10th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 9th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"192286",title:"Prof.",name:"Malek",middleName:null,surname:"Maaza",slug:"malek-maaza",fullName:"Malek Maaza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192286/images/system/192286.jpg",biography:"Prof. M. Maaza, holds a DESS in Solid State Physics from the University of Oran-Algeria, an MSC in Lasers & Photonics & a PhD in Quantum wave matter Optics from the University of Pierre-Marie Curie& the Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique respectively. He is currently a permanent joint staff member of the\r\nNational Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) and the University of South Africa\r\n(UNISA). Prof. Maaza is the current UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences &\r\nNanotechnology via a trilateral partnership between UNESCO, NRF and the University of\r\nSouth Africa (UNISA). Among other positions held, he was the Southern Africa representative\r\nof the International Commission of Optics, He is the chair of the ICTP/AU supported official Nanosciences African Network. \r\nHe is a fellow of the African European Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Chemistry, New York Academy ofSciences & the Islamic Academy of Sciences.Recently, ProfM. Maaza has been elected as\r\nFellow of the American Association for Advancement of Sciences. His expertise is in the multidisciplinary field of nanosciences, photonics and solar energy. Prof. M. Maaza has published more than 300 ISI International publications and supervised several postgraduates from all over Africa & the South.",institutionString:"University of South Africa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of South Africa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"251161",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Izerrouken",slug:"mahmoud-izerrouken",fullName:"Mahmoud Izerrouken",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251161/images/7175_n.png",biography:"Mahmoud Izerrouken joined Nuclear Research Centre of Draria in 1996 and currently holds the position of the head of the Nuclear Techniques Department, Nuclear Research Center of Draria, Algiers, Algeria. He has co-authored over 30 publications in SCI journals and supervised several Master and PhD students. His research interests are focused on Ion and Neutron induced damage in materials. He obtained his PhD at Ferhat Abbas University, Faculty of Sciences, Setif, Algeria.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"229",title:"Plasma Physics",slug:"plasma-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"64835",title:"Introductory Chapter: Charged Particles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82782",slug:"introductory-chapter-charged-particles",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mahmoud Izerrouken and Ishaq Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64835",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64835",authors:[{id:"204045",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishaq",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"ishaq-ahmad",fullName:"Ishaq Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"64221",title:"Analysis of Ultra-High Energy Muons at INO-ICAL Using Pair Meter Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81368",slug:"analysis-of-ultra-high-energy-muons-at-ino-ical-using-pair-meter-technique",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The proposed magnetized Iron CALorimeter (ICAL) detector at India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a large-sized underground detector. ICAL is designed to reconstruct muon momentum using magnetic spectrometers as detectors. Muon energy measurements using magnets fail for high energy muons (TeV range), since the angular deflection of the muon in the magnetic field is negligible and the muon tracks become nearly straight. A new technique for measuring the energy of muons in the TeV range, used by the CCFR neutrino detector is known as the pair meter technique. This technique estimates muon energy by measuring the energy deposited by the muon in several layers of an iron calorimeter through e+ and e− pair production. In this work we have performed Geant4-based preliminary analysis for iron plates and have demonstrated the feasibility to detect very high energy muons (1–1000 TeV) at the underground ICAL detector operating as a pair meter. This wide range of energy spectrum will not only be helpful for studying the cosmic rays in the Knee region which is around 5 PeV in the cosmic ray spectra but also useful for understanding the atmospheric neutrino flux for the running and upcoming ultra-high energy atmospheric neutrino experiments.",signatures:"Jaydip Singh, Srishti Nagu and Jyotsna Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64221",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63295",title:"From the Eloisatron to the Pevatron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80579",slug:"from-the-eloisatron-to-the-pevatron",totalDownloads:795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the late 1970s the experimental physics community was active in promoting the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider and its associated experiments to study the Z- and W-bosons, and with the expectation that the tunnel could subsequently house a hadron collider (LHC), providing a center-of-mass energy for discoveries at the frontier of knowledge. At this time, Antonino Zichichi, who had chaired a Working Group in charge of promoting LEP among the community of experimental and accelerator physicists, realized that one should envisage building as large a ring as possible, for which LEP/LHC would be but a scale model, and it was thus the idea of the Eloisatron, or ELN, in a ring of about 300 km in circumference, was born. CERN and IHEP, China, are now engaged in studies for future colliders of 100 km in circumference, aiming to extend center-of-mass energy in hadron collisions to 100 TeV by using very high field magnets. The ELN idea lives on, but it is time to envision an update. A ring of diameter 300 km would make possible the installation of a sequence of increasingly complex accelerators culminating in one eventually capable of providing a center-of-mass energy of 1000 TeV, i.e. a peta-electron-volt or PeV.",signatures:"Thomas Taylor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63295",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64112",title:"Flavor Physics and Charged Particle",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81404",slug:"flavor-physics-and-charged-particle",totalDownloads:902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We have new charged particles in many scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model where these particles are sometimes motivated to explain experimental anomalies. Furthermore, such new charged particles are important target at the collider experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider in searching for a signature of new physics. If these new particles interact with known particles in the Standard Model, they would induce interesting phenomenology of flavor physics in both lepton and quark sectors. Then, we review some candidate of new charged particles and its applications to flavor physics. In particular, vector-like lepton and leptoquarks are discussed for lepton flavor physics and B-meson physics.",signatures:"Takaaki Nomura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64112",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64112",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63654",title:"Electrostatic Waves in Magnetized Electron-Positron Plasmas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80958",slug:"electrostatic-waves-in-magnetized-electron-positron-plasmas",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The behavior of arbitrary amplitude linear and nonlinear electrostatic waves that propagate in a magnetized four component, two-temperature, electron-positron plasma is presented. The characteristics of the dispersive properties of the associated linear modes using both fluid and kinetic theory are examined. The fluid theory analysis of the electrostatic linear waves shows the existence of electron acoustic, upper hybrid, electron plasma and electron cyclotron branches. A kinetic theory analysis is then used to study the acoustic mode, in particular the effect of Landau damping, which for the parameter regime considered is due to the cooler species. Consequently, it is found that a large enough drift velocity is required to produce wave growth. Nonlinear electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), similar to those found in the broadband electrostatic noise observed in various regions of the earth’s magnetosphere is further investigated. A set of nonlinear differential equations for the ESWs, which propagate obliquely to an external magnetic field is derived and numerically solved. The effect of various plasma parameters on the waves is explored and shows that as the electric driving force is increased, the electric field structure evolves from a sinusoidal wave to a spiky bipolar form. The results are relevant to both astrophysical environments and related laser-induced laboratory experiments.",signatures:"Ian Joseph Lazarus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63654",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63057",title:"Biological Effects of Negatively Charged Particle-Dominant Indoor Air Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79934",slug:"biological-effects-of-negatively-charged-particle-dominant-indoor-air-conditions",totalDownloads:787,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To identify health-promoting indoor air conditions, we developed negatively charged particle-dominant indoor air conditions (NCPDIAC). Experiments assessing the biological effects of NCPDIAC comprised (1) 2.5-h stays in NCPDIAC or control rooms, (2) 2-week nightly stays in control followed by NCPDIAC rooms, (3) 3-month OFF to ON and ON to OFF trials in individual living homes equipped with NPCDIAC in their sleeping or living rooms, and (4) in vitro assays comparing the immune effects between negatively charged particle-dominant and control cell culture incubators. The most significant difference examined between NCPDIAC and control rooms in the 2.5-h stays was an increase in interleukin (IL)-2 with occupancy of the NCPDIAC room. For the 2-week nightly stay experiments, natural killer (NK) cell activity increased with occupancy of the NCPDIAC room. The 3-month OFF to ON trial showed an increase in NK cell activity, while the ON to OFF trial yielded a decrease in NK cell activity. Additionally, the in vitro assays also showed an increase in NK cell activity. The use of NCPDIAC resulted in increased NK cell activity, which has the effect of enhancing immune surveillance for the occurrence of cancer and improving symptoms associated with viral infections.",signatures:"Suni Lee, Yasumitsu Nishimura, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Hidenori Matsuzaki,\nMegumi Maeda, Nagisa Sada, Kei Yoshitome and Takemi Otsuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63057",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63057",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6861",title:"Plasmonics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e33a5b5eaffb8edd2de62ce2a21486ea",slug:"plasmonics",bookSignature:"Tatjana Gric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212653",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Gric",slug:"tatjana-gric",fullName:"Tatjana Gric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7393",title:"Atmospheric Pressure Plasma",subtitle:"from Diagnostics to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e06b02c1a2008b06370a0ed2f36521c",slug:"atmospheric-pressure-plasma-from-diagnostics-to-applications",bookSignature:"Anton Nikiforov and Zhiqiang Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176861",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Nikiforov",slug:"anton-nikiforov",fullName:"Anton Nikiforov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6735",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:"Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6438c65002222003fa8943fe40ebdb7b",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-basic-fundamentals-and-modern-applications",bookSignature:"Haikel Jelassi and Djamel Benredjem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6735.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233397",title:"Dr.",name:"Haikel",surname:"Jelassi",slug:"haikel-jelassi",fullName:"Haikel Jelassi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8856",title:"Electrostatic Discharge",subtitle:"From Electrical breakdown in Micro-gaps to Nano-generators",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc66d347ac7bb73c1ae552a0dcbc976c",slug:"electrostatic-discharge-from-electrical-breakdown-in-micro-gaps-to-nano-generators",bookSignature:"Steven H. 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It presents various examples of optimization including cost, energy, profits, outputs, performance, and efficiency. It also discusses different types of optimization problems like nonlinearity, multimodality, discontinuity, and uncertainty. Over thirteen chapters, the book provides researchers, practitioners, academicians, military professionals, government officials, and other industry professionals with an in-depth discussion of the latest advances in the field.",isbn:"978-1-83968-766-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-765-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-767-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87788",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"computational-optimization-techniques-and-applications",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d2c7d240aed947e7780605dab6dde1c3",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz and Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim",publishedDate:"August 25th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9965.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4019,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 10th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 8th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 25th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 26th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An expert in computer graphics and imaging, professor and director of MSIT in the Department of Information Science, author of 400 publications, international keynote speaker, chair of many international conferences, editor-in-chief, editor, and guest editor of various international journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A senior lecturer at Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia for ten years. Dr. Ariffin has over 20 years of experience using Mathematica and MATLAB software for teaching and research activities and his list of the publication contains around 60 journal articles.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"121328",title:"Mr.",name:"Samsul Ariffin",middleName:"B",surname:"Abdul Karim",slug:"samsul-ariffin-abdul-karim",fullName:"Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121328/images/system/121328.jpg",biography:"Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim is a senior lecturer at the Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He has been in the department for more than ten years. He obtained his BAppSc, MSc, and Ph.D. in Computational Mathematics and Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). He has twenty years of experience using Mathematica and MATLAB software for teaching and research activities. His research interests include curves and surfaces designing, geometric modeling, and wavelets applications in image compression and statistics. He has published more than 140 papers in journals and conferences as well as seven books, including two research monographs and three edited conference volumes, and thirty book chapters. He was the recipient of the Effective Education Delivery Award and Publication Award (Journal & Conference Paper), UTP Quality Day 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. He is a Certified WOLFRAM Technology Associate, Mathematica Student Level.",institutionString:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"969",title:"Mathematical Optimization",slug:"mathematical-optimization"}],chapters:[{id:"75032",title:"Optimization Directions for Monitoring of Ground Freezing Process for Grzegorz Shaft Sinking",slug:"optimization-directions-for-monitoring-of-ground-freezing-process-for-grzegorz-shaft-sinking",totalDownloads:339,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"318919",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Kamiński",slug:"pawel-kaminski",fullName:"Paweł Kamiński"}]},{id:"76019",title:"A Novel PID Robotic for Speed Controller Using Optimization Based Tune Technique",slug:"a-novel-pid-robotic-for-speed-controller-using-optimization-based-tune-technique",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"279363",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Mohd. 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Huds.: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92732",slug:"study-biochemistry-of-em-mentha-longifolia-em-l-huds-a-review",body:'\n\n
Mentha is classified into 42 species including subspecies, varieties, cultivar, as well as several of hybrid species. There are five sections of
\n
Morphology of
\n
The oils of
The phytochemical compounds of the essential oil of
Dzamic et al. [3] studied the
10 MIC in
5 MIC in
2.5 MIC in
1 MIC in
The values of fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of
10 MFC in
5 MFC in
2.5 MFC in
They also illustrate antioxidant activity of
Antioxidant activity of
The major components in the polish
According to Khani and Asghari [15], the major volatile compounds were oxathiane (9.3%), tripal (14.3%), piperitenone (43.9%), piperitone oxide (5.9%), and d-limonene (4.3%) in
The major volatile compounds of the Iranian
The most abundant components in the essential oil of
Piperitone oxide and piperitenone oxide were the major components in the essential oil of
In Egypt, a study prepared from
\n
The chemical compounds of some species of the genus Mentha are explained in [21], and the Mentha longifolia was among them, mentioning the essential oils as shown in Table 1 and the phenolic compounds as shown in Table 2 in the
As for the other species of the genus
Patil et al. [28] reported that
Authors [29, 30, 31] also recorded menthofuran as an aromatic oil that ranges between 11 and 70.5% of the total content of the
In
The
As mentioned by [13, 17],
Guedes
Main components of
The major component of essential oil in
Al-Okbi et al. [20] studied chemical content
Fatty acids | \n% | \n
---|---|
Palmitic | \n11.645 | \n
Stearic | \n8.437 | \n
Oleic | \n25.706 | \n
Linoleic | \n8.986 | \n
Behenic | \n3.777 | \n
Total saturated fatty acids | \n23.859 | \n
Total unsaturated fatty acids | \n34.692 | \n
Fatty acids’ content of the petroleum ether extracts of
Hydrocarbon and sterols | \n% | \n
---|---|
Hydrocarbon (higher alkanes) | \n|
Hexadecane | \n0.005 | \n
Heptadecane | \n0.231 | \n
Octadecane | \n0.256 | \n
Nonadecane | \n0.527 | \n
Icosane | \n0.663 | \n
Heneicosane | \n0.142 | \n
Docosane | \n0.423 | \n
Tricosane | \n24.715 | \n
Tetracosane | \n1.816 | \n
Pentacosane | \n0.266 | \n
Hexacosane | \n4.217 | \n
Octacosane | \n6.792 | \n
Total hydrocarbon | \n40.053 | \n
Phytosterols | \n|
Campesterol | \n4.284 | \n
Stigmasterol | \n0.341 | \n
β-Sitosterol | \n5.748 | \n
Total phytosterols | \n14.657 | \n
GLC analysis of unsaponifiable matter
Components | \n% | \n
---|---|
Linalool | \n20.99 | \n
Isopulegol | \n0.17 | \n
Menthol | \n0.25 | \n
Phenyl ethylalcohol | \n1.32 | \n
α-Terpineol | \n2.89 | \n
1,8-Cineole | \n2.82 | \n
β-Ocimene | \n1.01 | \n
α-Terpinolene | \n0.53 | \n
Some chemical compounds (%) isolated from
Iqbal et al. [18] showed dichloromethane and methanol extracts of
The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of
The antioxidant activity of
The antioxidant activity of
Antimicrobial, anti-catarrhal, antispasmodic carminative, and antirheumatic
Antiemetic, sedative, diuretic, and aphrodisiac
Insect repellent and deworming
Treatment of headaches
Blood purifier
Digestive disorders, jaundice and gallstone
Dyspnea, common cold, asthma, and cough wound healing
And other uses
This review discusses the chemical constituent of
Essential oils and other chemical compounds in plant are natural products, which have been used for several applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and bioactivity example stems, leaves, and flowers.
\n\n
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), despite being a human virus, was first isolated in 1955 from a chimpanzee with respiratory illness [1]. Since its first discovery, it did not take long to isolate RSV from infants with respiratory diseases. Indeed, serological studies verified the existence of RSV infection in infants and children [2, 3]. Now, RSV infection is a prominent cause of lower respiratory tract diseases (bronchiolitis and pneumonia) and hospitalization in children worldwide [4]. According to the most recent virus taxonomy, RSV now belongs to a new family
RSV is an enveloped and cytoplasmic virus with non-segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome [6]. RSV virions are known to bud out on the infected cell surface. The filamentous virion is up to 12 μm in length and 60 to 200 nm in diameter (Figure 1) [7, 8, 9]. RSV virions can be irregular-shaped spherical particles with a diameter ranging from 100 to 350 nm. Both filamentous and spherical virus particles mostly remain cell-associated [9].
RSV virion. A photomicrograph of an RSV filamentous virion. The image was taken under electron microscope.
There are two RSV strains as RSV A and RSV B and are categorized on basis of genetic and antigenic differences [10]. However, mostly extensive antigenic and nucleotide sequence variation was observed between RSV A and RSV B, however, genetic as well as antigenic variability was also studied within the individual groups of RSV [11]. Multiple studies demonstrated the differences in viral replication between these two groups; specifically, RSV A replicated to higher titers than RSV B viruses in both cell culture and animal models [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. In addition, RSV A infection is more virulent and severe than RSV B [17].
The RSV genome is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA whose length is ranging from 15,191 to 15,226 nucleotides [9]. The RSV genome contains ten genes in the order 3′-NS1-NS2-N-P-M-SH-G-F-M2-L-5′ that are transcribed sequentially into 10 independent messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (Figure 2). Each RSV mRNA encodes a single major protein except for M2, which encodes two separate open reading frames (ORF) for M2–1 and M2–2 proteins, respectively [9, 18, 19, 20]. The M2–1 and M2–2 ORF are located in the upstream and downstream parts of the mRNA, respectively [9]. Like many RNA viruses, RSV brings ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex as a piece of transcriptional machinery for its genome transcription and replication inside the infected cell cytoplasm. The RNP complex consists of the viral genome, nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [L) [21].
Schematic of an RSV genome. RSV genome is a negative-sense non-segmented single-stranded RNA. The genome contained 10 genes oriented from 3′ end: NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2 (M2–1 and M2–2), and L.
The RNA genome is wrapped by N (391 amino acids) to create a nuclease-resistant, helical RNP complex called nucleocapsid (NC), and it functions as the template for both replication and transcription [22, 23]. RSV virus genome for replication does not follow the “rule of six” [24], which is common to most paramyxoviruses [25]. The three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure revealed a decameric, ribonucleoprotein complex of N protein and RNA with 3.3 A° resolution and suggested N protein can function as a helicase to separate temporary double-stranded RNA during RNA synthesis [23]. As a decameric structure, every N subunit has a core region comprising two domains, N-terminal and C-terminal, which are linked by a hinge region and the RNA genome turns inside a basic surface groove located at the interface of N-terminal/C-terminal; specifically, every N subunit interacts with seven ribonucleotides of RNA [23].
The L protein (2165 amino acids) has three enzymatic domains including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain, polyribonucleotidyl transferase domain which is essential for capping located in its N-terminal, and methyltransferase domain which is necessary for cap methylation located in C-terminal [26, 27, 28, 29]. Viral mRNA undergoes a post-transcriptional modification before translation and methyltransferase plays a significant role by catalyzing the methylation of cap structure at both N7- and 2′-O-positions because N7-methylation is vital for viral RNA translation and 2′-O-methylation is important for hiding viral RNA from the innate immunity system [30].
The P protein (241 amino acids) is a homotetrameric protein consisting of N-terminal domain, oligomerization domain, and C-terminal domain and it functions as a cofactor of RdRp and plays a significant role in transcription and replication by networking with other RSV proteins [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. P protein functions as a multimodular adaptor for RNA synthesis by interacting with N-RNA, L, and M2–1 [36]. P can act as a chaperone for newly synthesized N (N0) protein by forming an N0-P complex that prevents the association of N0 with host RNA [37]. This protein is heavily phosphorylated by host kinase enzymes and it has 41 serine and threonine residues as potential phosphorylation sites; specifically, phosphorylation at residues T105, T188, T210, and S203 are essential for replication, and phosphorylation at residue S156 is vital for viral RNA synthesis [38].
As an enveloped virus, the RSV lipid envelope contains three transmembrane glycoproteins including a fusion (F) protein, an attachment glycoprotein (G), and a small hydrophobic (SH) protein; F and G proteins are essential for viral attachment and entry whereas SH protein is less likely involved in viral entry and budding [39, 40].
Fusion protein is a type 1 transmembrane protein (574 amino acids including a cytoplasmic tail domain of approximately 24 residues) involved in viral entry and assembly [39, 41]. Initially, F protein is synthesized as F0 protein and subsequently, F0 undergoes post-translational modification with multiple N-linked glycosylations depending on RSV strains [42]. To obtain fusion competence, precursor F0 protein (approximately 68–75 KDa) undergoes proteolytic cleavage by furin-like protease which cleaves two polybasic sites and removes a glycosylated peptide of 27 amino acids (Peptide 27 or Pep27) [43, 44]. This cleavage process occurs in the trans-Golgi network and then fusion protein transport to plasma membrane generating two subunits: one is amino-terminal F2 subunit (approximately 15–20 KDa) and another is carboxy-terminal F1 subunit (approximately 50–55 KDa) [45, 46]. A heterodimeric protomer is formed by F1 and F2 subunits covalently connected by disulfide bonds and three protomers combinedly form the matured trimeric form of F protein [47]. After trimerization, F protein exists as a prefusion conformation remaining approximately 12 nm above the membrane of the virus [48]. This prefusion conformation is not a stable form and undergoes a refolding process [6, 49]. This refolding process creates a more stable post-fusion conformation of F protein remaining approximately 17 nm above the viral membrane [50, 51]. The sequence difference of F ectodomains is almost 5% between RSV A and RSV B and therefore, F protein undergoes less antigenic drift and gets preference for suitable vaccine candidates [52].
In RSV-infected cells, G protein can exist in two forms; one is a membrane-bound form responsible for viral attachment and another is a secreted isoform responsible for immune evasion [53, 54]. The membrane-bound form (298 amino acids) is a type 2 integral membrane protein [55]. G protein has an amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain and a hydrophobic transmembrane domain; moreover, its ectodomain which undergoes post-translational modification with 4–5 N-linked glycans and 30–40 O-linked glycans, has two mucin-like regions and heparin-binding domains [55, 56, 57]. The translation of secreted G protein starts at an alternative AUG (Met48) located in the transmembrane domain allowing the ectodomain to secrete from the cell [58]. Both membrane-bound and secreted forms of G proteins are thought to be involved in RSV pathogenesis [59]. The higher variation of the mucin-like domain caused two subtypes of RSV: RSV A and RSV B [60].
SH glycoprotein is a small transmembrane protein (64 amino acids for RSV A and 65 amino acids for RSV B) attached by a hydrophobic signal-anchor sequence closer to the N-terminal with extracellular C-terminal orientation; in addition, this protein is considered as less immunogenic because of smaller size and lower abundance during RSV infection [61]. It can exist in several forms including full-length form or post-translational modified form by glycosylation and phosphorylation [62]. Although its function is not clearly understood like other glycoproteins, several studies suggested SH protein can play an auxiliary role during viral fusion along with F glycoprotein; however, SH protein is not crucial for viral entry and syncytium formation [63, 64, 65]. SH protein primarily amasses in the lipid raft membrane of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum; however, lower levels of SH protein are associated with the envelope of filamentous virus [40]. SH protein did not play an essential role during viral replication in cell culture but SH-deleted RSV infection caused 10-fold lower titers in animal models [39, 66]. It can induce membrane permeability and form pentameric ion channels suggesting its role as viroporins which are short (approximately 100 amino acids) membrane proteins forming oligomers to act as ion channels [67]. Moreover, SH protein is essential to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome [68, 69]. The role of SH protein on apoptosis is not clear because RSV infected A549 cells produced TNF-α and cells were not sensitive to TNF-α-induced death but cells demonstrated a higher level of apoptosis after SH-deleted RSV infection indicating that RSV SH protein may affect the TNF-α pathway resulting in apoptosis delay by an alternative mechanism [70].
RSV has two matrix proteins including M protein and M2 protein [58].
M protein (256 amino acids) is a non-glycosylated protein located in the innermost part of the viral envelope [71]. It is the main protein responsible for viral assembly and budding by interacting with the cell membrane, viral envelope, and viral nucleocapsid [72, 73]. M protein has a zinc finger domain, two clusters of basic amino acids indicating a nuclear localization signal and two nuclear export signals and its N-terminal has lower hydrophobicity; in contrast, C-terminal has higher hydrophobicity [74]. M protein contains multiple phosphorylation sites and undergoes phosphorylation during infection but it is unclear whether these phosphorylations control its function [75]. During the early phase of infection, M protein is present in the host nucleus and inhibits host cellular transcription [76]. During the late phase of infection, M protein is mostly cytoplasmic, interacts with nucleocapsid, and inhibits the activity of viral transcriptase [77]. M protein is located in the cytoplasmic part of the plasma membrane-associated with the lipid rafts along with G and N proteins implying that lipid rafts can function as a platform for the assembly and budding of RSV [73]. M protein is active in a dimer form and the conversion of M-M dimer to oligomer is essential for viral assembly because the interference of dimer formation reduces viral filament maturation and budding [21].
M2–1 and M2–2 are nucleocapsid associated proteins [78]. RSV M2 gene has two overlapping ORFs as M2–1 and M2–2 [79]. The recent crystal structure of the M2–1 (194 amino acids) protein has revealed its native tetrameric form with 2.5 Å resolution and each of its monomers contains three domains including zinc-binding, oligomerization, and core domains [80, 81]. M2–1 functions as a transcriptional anti-terminator and processivity factor [79, 82]. M2–1 did not affect genome and antigenome synthesis indicating that M2–1 is not involved in RNA replication [79, 83]. M2–2 protein (90 amino acids) acts as a regulatory factor switching from transcription to RNA replication because mRNA accumulation was intensely higher after 12–15 hours of infection and then flattened in case of wild-type virus infection but M2–2 knockout virus infection showed continued accumulation [80]. Another study showed M2–2 protein could negatively regulate transcription and positively modulate RNA replication because recombinant RSV infection without NS1 and M2–2 protein demonstrated ten times lower viral growth kinetics in the upper respiratory tract of infants [84].
RSV NS proteins including NS1 (139 amino acids) and NS2 (124 amino acids) play a crucial role in interfering with host innate immunity by forming a “Nonstructural degradosome complex” which can act as a proteasome-like complex that disintegrates a massive number of proteins involved in the innate immune system [85, 86]. Infection with NS1 and NS2 single- and double-gene-deleted RSV demonstrated that both proteins function individually and jointly to accomplish the complete inhibitory effect on type I and III IFNs whereas NS1 has a more individual function [87, 88]. Both NS1 and NS2 target retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs), which are considered as host pattern recognition receptors for RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) [89]. Both NS1 and NS2 induce multiple chemokines and cytokines like RANTES, IL-8, TNFα during viral infection [90]. RIG-I activation by ubiquitination is vital for stimulating antiviral response and tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25)-mediated K63-polyubiquitination is essential for RIG-I activation [91]. NS1 protein inhibits RIG-I ubiquitination by interacting with TRIM25 and eventually suppresses type-I interferon (IFN) signaling [92]. Cytosolic NS1 can go to the host nucleus and interacts with the gene regulatory domains of immune response genes, which can control gene transcription and eventually modulates host response against RSV infection [93]. NS1 localized to mitochondria inhibits type-I interferon (IFN) signaling by binding with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) because the MAVS-RIG-1 complex is essential for type-I IFN activation [94]. NS1 also stimulates miR-29a expression, which affects mRNA coding for interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1) [95]. NS1 enhances autophagy by the mTOR pathway, which is beneficial for RSV replication but inhibits apoptosis and multiple inflammatory cytokines and IFN-α [96]. Recombinant RSV (NS-deficient) infection showed that mostly NS1 (partially NS2) inhibits the maturation of Dendritic cells, which in turn activates B and T cell responses [97]. NS1 can also inhibit the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids [98]. The recent X-ray crystal structure of NS2 reveals that it has a unique fold that allows to target molecules different from NS1 and activates distinct IFN antagonism pathway compared to NS1 [99]. Recombinant RSV virus without NS2 showed lower viral growth indicating the role of NS2 in viral replication by evading host immunity [100]. The increased level of IFNβ was not as high when recombinant RSV without NS1 or NS1/NS2 were applied suggesting that both NS1 and NS2 work together for interferon signaling suppression [84]. NS2 also plays a significant role in NF-κB activation, which can initiate a cascade by binding transcription promoters of several proinflammatory cytokines along with IRF-3 and IFN-α/β [90]. In addition to innate immunity, NS2 interferes with adaptive immunity by suppressing CD8+ T-cell responses as a consequence of controlling type 1 IFN [101]. Mostly NS2 along with NS1 play a role in delaying apoptosis, which can enable prolonged RSV replication by activating 3-phophoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK)-RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) pathway [102]. In addition, NS2 plays a significant role in modulating cell morphology, which causes the shedding of infected cells and the spreading of RSV virions [103].
RSV infection mostly occurs in the apical side of ciliated cells and type 1 pneumocyte; however, several reports suggested the presence of RSV RNA in the extrapulmonary sites and fluids, but more investigations are required [104, 105, 106, 107]. RSV entry has two major phases; the first step is virion attachment to the host cell and the next step is the fusion of viral and host cell membranes in which host factors can involve in both or any individual phases [52]. Heparin-binding domain located between mucin-rich domains of G protein interacts with the unbranched disaccharide polymers specifically glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) connected to transmembrane proteins on the cell surface for the attachment observed in multiple cell culture studies [108, 109, 110]. Variation of G protein lacking heparin-binding domain showed viral attachment indicating the involvement of other regions of G protein during attachment [108]. Negatively charged regions of heparin sulfate contribute mostly and iduronic acid-containing GAG contributes minimally to the attachment [111, 112, 113]. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSGP) act as the receptor for G protein in cell lines; however, recombinant RSV without G protein showed its infectivity; in contrast, HSGP does not express in ciliated epithelial cells, but G protein is still essential for infection in vivo [114, 115, 116]. However, the apical side of ciliated cells, which is the major site of RSV infection lack heparin sulfate indicating the involvement of other host factors, specifically, fractalkine receptor CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) bind to CX3C motif of G protein for the attachment [117, 118]. CX3CR1 expressed on the ciliated cells, acts as the receptor of G protein by interacting with its CX3C motif and mutations in the CX3C motif of G protein reduces RSV infection in vivo [117, 119, 120, 121]. F protein is involved in the viral attachment because RSV lacking G and SH proteins grows in cell culture studies and it interacts with heparin sulfate like G protein causing attachment and subsequent infection [63, 122, 123]. Almost 50% infection was observed after heparinase treatment and without GAG synthesis while RSV has F protein suggesting the interaction of F with other host factors; particularly, F protein facilitates entry by interacting with intercellular adhesion molecule 1, insulin-like growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and nucleolin [124, 125, 126, 127]. Host and viral membrane then fuse after attachment so that viral particles can enter the cytoplasm and this fusion process is pH-independent and insensitive to lysosomal acidification [128, 129]. RSV infection induces an actin mediated rearrangement followed by plasma membrane blebbing and excess fluid uptake causing internalization of viral particles in a Rab5 positive macropinisome and this endocytic entry depends on the activation of F protein by a second proteolytic cleavage catalyzed by furin-like enzymes after endocytosis observed in A549 cell [130].
RSV replication and transcription are dependent on viral components including viral RNA, N, P, L, and M2–1 [131]. RSV utilizes its own machinery (RNP complex) to replicate in the host cytoplasm [132]. Inclusion body formation is a hallmark of RSV infection produced by multiple viral proteins including N, P, L, and M2–1 and this cytoplasmic structure is increased with RSV infection in epithelial cells [72, 133, 134]. Specifically, N and P proteins are important for inclusion body formation because the expression of these proteins with or without RSV infection showed inclusion body formation [135]. P protein can hijack host cell machinery by forming a complex with host phosphatase (PP1) and this P-PP1 complex dephosphorylates M2–1, as a result, P protein can recruit M2–1 protein in the inclusion body to facilitate viral RNA synthesis [136]. M protein is also reported to localize in inclusion bodies mediated by M2–1 protein [137]. The inclusion body is thought to be the first place where M protein interacts with the ribonucleoprotein complex and M protein is involved in the release of RNP from inclusion bodies towards budding [138]. Host actin cytoskeleton and Hsp70 proteins are also observed in inclusion bodies, but their role is not clear yet and they perhaps facilitate viral machinery [139]. RSV infection causes vigorous stress on the host cell resulting formation of cytoplasmic stress granules, which are different from cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and these stress granule formations facilitates viral replication [140].
Both viral RNA replication and mRNA transcription start from the same single promoter in leader (le) region (44-nucleotide long) at the 3′ end of RSV genome and it produces methyl-guanosine capped and polyadenylated mRNA during transcription and antigenome during replication [20, 141, 142, 143]. Each RSV gene has two conserved cis-acting elements including a gene start (gs) signal at the beginning and a gene end (ge) signal at the end [144]. The promoter of leader (Le) region at the 3′ end of RSV genome has two initiation sites, one is at position +1 or 1 U required for replication and another one is at position +3 or 3C required for transcription [145]. 9 out of 10 gs signaling sequences are highly conserved whereas the tenth one has minimal sequence difference in RSV genome [19]. During transcription, both gs and ge signaling sequences play significant role, specifically, gs signal provides direction to RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) for initiating RNA synthesis and ge signal provides direction to RdRp to polyadenylate and release the mRNA [146, 147]. Then RdRp connected to the template can initiate transcription again at the next gs signal and this process persists along RSV genome [144]. During replication, RdRp attaches a similar promoter sequence in le region, but it ignores ge signal and continues to proceed throughout the genome to produce an antigenome, which is a full-length positive-sense complement of RSV genome [145]. Viral genome and antigenome RNA are encapsidated in RSV nucleoprotein whereas viral mRNAs are not encapsidated [145]. Every nucleoprotein monomer interacts with 7 nucleotides of viral RNA and this complex forms a helical nucleocapsid acting as a template for the next RNA synthesis. This encapsidation is thought to increase RdRp activities to override ge signal during replication, therefore, encapsidation is the distinguishing factor between replication and transcription [23, 148, 149]. The trailer (tr) region (155-neucleotide long) at the 3′ end of RSV antigenome has a promoter, which allows RdRp towards RSV genome synthesis [142, 143, 150]. The first 12 nucleotides of tr promoter are like those of the le promoter and the signal starts from position +1 and + 3 undergoes replication and transcription, respectively, but tr promoter cannot produce capped and polyadenylated mRNA because of lacking ge signal sequence adjacent to tr promoter [151, 152]. However, it is reported that tr promoter can initiate transcription of short RNA, which can inhibit cellular stress granules [153]. The concentration of ATP or GTP can determine the fate of replication and transcription at positions +1 (1 U) or position +3 (3C) observed at in vitro model, specifically, higher ATP concentration stimulates initiation from 1 U and evades initiation at 3C, in contrast, higher GTP concentration displays opposite effect [154]. Overall, L and P proteins form the core RdRp and L-P complex then form L-P-N and L-P-M2–1 complex to initiate replication and transcription, respectively [79, 155].
Both assembly and budding of RSV occur at the apical side of ciliated cells [156]. RSV assembly is associated with lipid microdomain or lipid raft rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids; specifically, RSV filament formation observed in caveolin-1 and lipid-raft ganglioside GM1 rich regions of host cell surface membrane [157, 158, 159]. RSV assembly into viral filament occurs at the cell surface requiring the activity of F protein cytoplasmic tail and M protein and this process are not dependent on actin polymerization [160]. However, Mehedi et al., showed the depletion of ARP2 resulted in perturbation of RSV progeny virion on the infected cell surface, consequently reducing viral shedding [8]. Viral assembly requires the activity of F protein cytoplasmic tail and M protein because both proteins accumulate in inclusion bodies cytoplasmic tail of F protein enables the release of the complex of matrix and RNP from inclusion bodies [161]. Although previous studies showed that three proteins including M, P, and F proteins are enough to create virus-like particles, a recent nuclear magnetic resonance study suggests that three novel interaction sites of M on P including site I in αN2 region, site II in 115 to 125 region and oligomerization domain where oligomerization domain is necessary for virus-like structure formation and virus release [137]. The incorporation of RSV proteins into lipid microdomains during virus assembly can cause the interaction of F protein with host factors including caveolin-1, CD44, RhoA, causing microvillus-like projections essential for virus filament and syncytium formation [162, 163]. Actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated pathways linked with PI3K and Rac GTPase are involved in RSV assembly [164]. M protein can bind DNA as well as RNA and it localizes into the nucleus mediated by importin-β1 nuclear import receptor, which forms a complex with guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ran and binds M protein amino acid 100–183 [165, 166]. During the early phase of infection, nuclear accumulation of M protein was observed when M protein interacts with nuclear components mediated by its zinc finger domain resulting in the inhibition of host cell transcription [165]. During the later phase of infection, M protein undergoes phosphorylation inducing nuclear export mediated by Crm1 by unmasking the nuclear export signal [78]. Therefore, M protein is thought to play a regulatory role as a transcription inhibitory factor by inhibiting viral transcriptase to facilitate RSV assembly and budding [77, 167]. RSV glycoprotein and RNP vesicles combined together prior to the filamentous virus formation and G protein recycling has been observed via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which might be connected with filamentous RSV formation [168]. RSV budding preferentially appears at the apical membrane of epithelial cells by an apical recycling endosome (ARE)-mediated apical protein sorting pathway [169]. RSV budding is independent of the endosomal sorting complex necessary for transport (ESCRT) mechanism controlled by ARE-associated protein, Rab11 family interacting protein 2 (FIP2) [170]. Recently, ARP2 is identified as a novel host factor of RSV budding and cell-to-cell spread [8].
Although RSV progeny virions mostly remain cell-associated, virus shedding occurs from the infected cell’s surface and through cellular protrusions namely filopodia [8, 9]. RSV-induced syncytium (multinucleated cell) formation is a common feature of RSV infection in vitro. The syncytium involves the merging of infected cells with the adjacent uninfected cells, which allows the transfer of viral components from infected cells to the adjacent uninfected cells [171] (Figure 3). Mehedi et al., first showed that RSV uses a novel filopodia-driven cell-to-cell spread mechanism in the lung epithelial cells in vitro (Figure 4). It appears that RSV infection modulates cellular actin dynamics; particularly, actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex-driven actin polymerization contributes to lamellipodium and filopodium formation of cell motility. They showed the depletion of ARP2, a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex resulted in a substantial reduction of RSV budding and filopodia-driven cell-to-cell spread [8, 172, 173, 174].
RSV-induced syncytium (multinucleated cell) formation. A549 cells were infected with GFP-expressing RSV (RSV-GFP) at a multiplicity of infection of 1. At 48-hour post-infection, cells were fixed and imaged under an epifluorescence.
Filopodia-driven RSV cell-to-cell spread. A549 cells were infected with RSV-WT (strain A) at a multiplicity of infection of 1. At 24-hour post-infection, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained for RSV F protein by using F-specific immunofluorescence (IFA) (green). F-actin was detected by rhodamine phalloidin staining (red). The image was taken under a stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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A simulation-based comparison will also be provided to analyse the performance of the standard as well as the modified versions of the algorithm.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Waqar A. Khan, Nawaf N. Hamadneh, Surafel L. Tilahun and Jean\nM. T. Ngnotchouye",authors:[{id:"180330",title:"Dr.",name:"Surafel",middleName:null,surname:"Tilahun",slug:"surafel-tilahun",fullName:"Surafel Tilahun"},{id:"180784",title:"Dr.",name:"Waqar Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"waqar-ahmed-khan",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed Khan"},{id:"185148",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaf",middleName:null,surname:"Hamadneh",slug:"nawaf-hamadneh",fullName:"Nawaf Hamadneh"},{id:"185149",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean M. T.",middleName:null,surname:"Ngnotchouye",slug:"jean-m.-t.-ngnotchouye",fullName:"Jean M. T. 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While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]},{id:"74032",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter introduces the applications of wavelet for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. First, the overview of EEG signal is discussed to the recording of raw EEG and widely used frequency bands in EEG studies. The chapter then progresses to discuss the common artefacts that contaminate EEG signal while recording. With a short overview of wavelet analysis techniques, namely; Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD), the chapter demonstrates the richness of CWT over conventional time-frequency analysis technique e.g. Short-Time Fourier Transform. Lastly, artefact removal algorithms based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet are discussed and a comparative analysis is demonstrated. The techniques covered in this chapter show that wavelet analysis is well-suited for EEG signals for describing time-localised event. Due to similar nature, wavelet analysis is also suitable for other biomedical signals such as Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj"}]},{id:"70067",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"163",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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