\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe aims of this book are to present the updates and advances in the field of resuscitation including AHA guidelines, latest evidence for the airway protection equipment, the role of AED in cardiac arrest, latest advances and the evidence including ongoing updated research including return of spontaneous circulation and post resuscitation care and support including neurological and hemodynamic stability.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe content of this book will be focused on latest research in the field which will create a concise updated information for medical, nursing and paramedical personnel. Furthermore, the book will also touch upon controversial topics in resuscitation and will try to bring out latest evidence intending to solve the controversies in the field of resuscitation. This book will be an excellent extract of all available updates and ongoing research for a complete knowledge of resuscitation.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4e1d9c7965a911a1d2c3c1337a16acc5",bookSignature:"Dr. Mayank Gyan Vats",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8226.jpg",keywords:"CPR, Airway, Intubation, AED, BLS, ACLS, Cardiac Arrest, Arrhythmia, Advances",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 20th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 19th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 7th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:"Gyan",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148941/images/system/148941.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mayank Vats is a Senior Specialist, Interventional Pulmonologist, Pulmonologist, Intensivist, and Sleep Physician at Rashid Hospital and Dubai Hospital and developed the interventional pulmonology department in Rashid Hospital. Before coming to the United Arab Emirates, he was a consultant in Respiratory Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Medicine at Escorts Heart Institute and Apollo Hospital, New Delhi India, a tertiary level of care hospital in India. Dr Vats’s interest is to utilize his professional knowledge and interpersonal skills in order to provide the highest degree of patient care and satisfaction. Having worked in a busy tertiary level teaching hospital and specialty corporate hospitals as a consultant, he has been exposed to the complete spectrum of respiratory, critical care and sleep medicine.",institutionString:"Rashid Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Rashid Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3309",title:"Respiratory Disease and Infection",subtitle:"A New Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e85d47bf0576f1c2ccf642156ccbda2",slug:"respiratory-disease-and-infection-a-new-insight",bookSignature:"Bassam H. Mahboub",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6151",title:"Noninvasive Ventilation in Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e2fc8d909ac2458e0087490ea02a6d",slug:"noninvasive-ventilation-in-medicine-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5449",title:"Sleep Apnea",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a24e07959eedce97032e4191b88003bb",slug:"sleep-apnea-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank G. Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"32435",title:"Ayurveda the Ancient Science of Healing: An Insight",doi:"10.5772/31818",slug:"introduction-to-ayurveda-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32435.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32435",totalDownloads:7135,totalViews:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:55,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 5th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 16th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/32435",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/32435",book:{id:"1444",slug:"drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy"},signatures:"Manoj Goyal, D. Sasmal and B.P. Nagori",authors:[{id:"88815",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",fullName:"Manoj Goyal",slug:"manoj-goyal",email:"manojgoyal620@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1444",type:"book",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:"Research in Pharmacognosy",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery Research in Pharmacognosy",slug:"drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",bookSignature:"Omboon Vallisuta and Suleiman M. Olimat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1444.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0213-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6868-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:66,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"73943",title:"Prof.",name:"Omboon",middleName:null,surname:"Vallisuta",slug:"omboon-vallisuta",fullName:"Omboon Vallisuta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"252327",title:"Dr.",name:"Suleiman",middleName:"M.",surname:"Olimat",slug:"suleiman-olimat",fullName:"Suleiman Olimat"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1200"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32435",type:"chapter",title:"Ayurveda the Ancient Science of Healing: An Insight",slug:"introduction-to-ayurveda-",totalDownloads:7135,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manoj Goyal, D. Sasmal and B.P. Nagori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"88815",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",fullName:"Manoj Goyal",slug:"manoj-goyal"}]},{id:"32436",type:"chapter",title:"Developments in Phytochemistry",slug:"developments-in-phytochemistry",totalDownloads:6540,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Moronkola Dorcas Olufunke",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96700",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas",middleName:"Olufunke",surname:"Moronkola",fullName:"Dorcas Moronkola",slug:"dorcas-moronkola"}]},{id:"32437",type:"chapter",title:"Analytical Evaluation of Herbal Drugs",slug:"analytical-evaluation-of-herbal-drugs",totalDownloads:25040,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Anjoo Kamboj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65570",title:"Prof.",name:"Anjoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",fullName:"Anjoo Kamboj",slug:"anjoo-kamboj"}]},{id:"32438",type:"chapter",title:"Standardized Cannabis and Pain Management",slug:"standardized-cannabis-and-pain-management",totalDownloads:3910,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. Paul Hornby",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77594",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Hornby",fullName:"Paul Hornby",slug:"paul-hornby"}]},{id:"32439",type:"chapter",title:"The Research of Lygodium",slug:"the-research-of-lygodium",totalDownloads:2722,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhang Guo-Gang, He Ying-Cui, Liu Hong-Xia, Zhu Lin-Xia and Chen Li-Juan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99366",title:"Prof.",name:"Guogang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Guogang Zhang",slug:"guogang-zhang"},{id:"146761",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Cui",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Ying-Cui He",slug:"ying-cui-he"},{id:"146762",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong-Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Hong-Xia Liu",slug:"hong-xia-liu"},{id:"146763",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin-Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Lin-Xia Zhu",slug:"lin-xia-zhu"},{id:"146764",title:"Dr.",name:"Li-Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Li-Juan Chen",slug:"li-juan-chen"}]},{id:"32447",type:"chapter",title:"Natural Alkamides: Pharmacology, Chemistry and Distribution",slug:"natural-alkamides-pharmacology-chemistry-and-distribution",totalDownloads:8084,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"María Yolanda Rios",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Rios",fullName:"Yolanda Rios",slug:"yolanda-rios"}]},{id:"32450",type:"chapter",title:"A Comparison Between Lignans from Creosote Bush and Flaxseed and Their Potential to Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Activity",slug:"a-comparison-between-lignans-from-creosote-bush-and-flaxseed-and-their-potential-to-inhibit-cytochro",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jennifer Billinsky, Katherine Maloney, Ed Krol and Jane Alcorn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ed",middleName:null,surname:"Krol",fullName:"Ed Krol",slug:"ed-krol"},{id:"127957",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Billinsky",fullName:"Jennifer Billinsky",slug:"jennifer-billinsky"},{id:"127958",title:"Ms.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Maloney",fullName:"Katherine Maloney",slug:"katherine-maloney"},{id:"127959",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Alcorn",fullName:"Jane Alcorn",slug:"jane-alcorn"}]},{id:"32452",type:"chapter",title:"Potential Applications of Euphorbia hirta in Pharmacology",slug:"potential-applications-of-euphorbia-hirta-in-pharmacology",totalDownloads:10585,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mei Fen Shih and Jong Yuh Cherng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101058",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong Yuh",middleName:null,surname:"Cherng",fullName:"Jong Yuh Cherng",slug:"jong-yuh-cherng"}]},{id:"32454",type:"chapter",title:"Medicinal and Edible Plants as Cancer Preventive Agents",slug:"medicinal-and-edible-plants-as-cancer-preventive-agent",totalDownloads:6726,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Ken Yasukawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100634",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Yasukawa",fullName:"Ken Yasukawa",slug:"ken-yasukawa"}]},{id:"32456",type:"chapter",title:"Induction and Activation of Plant Secondary Metabolism by External Stimuli",slug:"induction-and-activation-of-plant-secondary-metabolism-by-external-stimuli",totalDownloads:2992,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Fumiya Kurosaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"89040",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumiya",middleName:null,surname:"Kurosaki",fullName:"Fumiya Kurosaki",slug:"fumiya-kurosaki"}]},{id:"32457",type:"chapter",title:"The Metabolites of Food Microorganisms",slug:"metabolites-of-food-microorganisms",totalDownloads:2752,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hirofumi Takigawa and Yusuke Shibuya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94915",title:"Mr.",name:"Hirofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Takigawa",fullName:"Hirofumi Takigawa",slug:"hirofumi-takigawa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4539",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",subtitle:"From Molecules to Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b7d070498947ef7a6005d547200bd39",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-from-molecules-to-medicine",bookSignature:"Omboon Vallisuta and Suleiman Olimat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73943",title:"Prof.",name:"Omboon",surname:"Vallisuta",slug:"omboon-vallisuta",fullName:"Omboon Vallisuta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47844",title:"The Evolving Role of Natural Products from the Tropical Rainforests as a Replenishable Source of New Drug Leads",slug:"the-evolving-role-of-natural-products-from-the-tropical-rainforests-as-a-replenishable-source-of-new",signatures:"Ibrahim Jantan, Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari, Mohamed Ali Seyed\nMohamed, Lam Kok Wai and Mohammed Ahmed Mesaik",authors:[{id:"172418",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Jantan",fullName:"Ibrahim Jantan",slug:"ibrahim-jantan"}]},{id:"48182",title:"Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms as Promising Agents in Cancer",slug:"edible-and-medicinal-mushrooms-as-promising-agents-in-cancer",signatures:"Ken Yasukawa",authors:[{id:"100634",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Yasukawa",fullName:"Ken Yasukawa",slug:"ken-yasukawa"}]},{id:"48125",title:"Challenges of Patient Selection for Phase I Oncology Trials",slug:"challenges-of-patient-selection-for-phase-i-oncology-trials",signatures:"Mark Voskoboynik and Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau",authors:[{id:"68479",title:"Prof.",name:"Hendrik-Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Arkenau",fullName:"Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau",slug:"hendrik-tobias-arkenau"},{id:"172261",title:"Prof.",name:"Hendrik-Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Arkenau",fullName:"Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau",slug:"hendrik-tobias-arkenau"},{id:"172343",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Voskoboynik",fullName:"Mark Voskoboynik",slug:"mark-voskoboynik"}]},{id:"48483",title:"Advanced Human In vitro Models for the Discovery and Development of Lung Cancer Therapies",slug:"advanced-human-in-vitro-models-for-the-discovery-and-development-of-lung-cancer-therapies",signatures:"Samuel Constant, Song Huang, Ludovic Wisniewski and Christophe\nMas",authors:[{id:"72832",title:"Dr",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Constant",fullName:"Samuel Constant",slug:"samuel-constant"},{id:"166624",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Mas",fullName:"Christophe Mas",slug:"christophe-mas"}]},{id:"48066",title:"Nuclear Receptor Modulators — Current Approaches and Future Perspectives",slug:"nuclear-receptor-modulators-current-approaches-and-future-perspectives",signatures:"Thales Kronenberger, Oliver Keminer, Carsten Wrenger and Björn\nWindshügel",authors:[{id:"172265",title:"Dr.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Wrenger",fullName:"Carsten Wrenger",slug:"carsten-wrenger"},{id:"175203",title:"Dr.",name:"Bjoern",middleName:null,surname:"Windshuegel",fullName:"Bjoern Windshuegel",slug:"bjoern-windshuegel"},{id:"175204",title:"Dr.",name:"Thales",middleName:null,surname:"Kronenberger",fullName:"Thales Kronenberger",slug:"thales-kronenberger"},{id:"175205",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Keminer",fullName:"Oliver Keminer",slug:"oliver-keminer"}]},{id:"48274",title:"Lipids and Liposomes in the Enhancement of Health and Treatment of Disease",slug:"lipids-and-liposomes-in-the-enhancement-of-health-and-treatment-of-disease",signatures:"Simon A. Young and Terry K. Smith",authors:[{id:"157734",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Terry Smith",slug:"terry-smith"},{id:"172548",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:"Alan",surname:"Young",fullName:"Simon Young",slug:"simon-young"}]},{id:"47981",title:"The Small Molecule Inhibitor of Protein Kinase Revolution for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis",slug:"the-small-molecule-inhibitor-of-protein-kinase-revolution-for-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis",signatures:"Charles J. Malemud",authors:[{id:"30427",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Malemud",fullName:"Charles Malemud",slug:"charles-malemud"}]},{id:"48043",title:"Current Management and Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Chronic Delta Hepatitis",slug:"current-management-and-novel-therapeutic-strategies-to-combat-chronic-delta-hepatitis",signatures:"Hrvoje Roguljic, Sonja Sarcevic, Robert Smolic, Nikola Raguz Lucic,\nAleksandar Vcev and Martina Smolic",authors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic"}]},{id:"47762",title:"Targeting Bacterial Persistence to Develop Therapeutics Against Infectious Disease",slug:"targeting-bacterial-persistence-to-develop-therapeutics-against-infectious-disease",signatures:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller and Sofiya N. Micheva-Viteva",authors:[{id:"68491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Hong-Geller",fullName:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller",slug:"elizabeth-hong-geller"}]},{id:"48130",title:"Assay Validation in High Throughput Screening – from Concept to Application",slug:"assay-validation-in-high-throughput-screening-from-concept-to-application",signatures:"Sergio C. Chai, Asli N. Goktug and Taosheng Chen",authors:[{id:"71406",title:"Dr.",name:"Taosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Taosheng Chen",slug:"taosheng-chen"},{id:"120804",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"C.",surname:"Chai",fullName:"Sergio Chai",slug:"sergio-chai"},{id:"165635",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Asli",middleName:"Nur",surname:"Goktug",fullName:"Asli Goktug",slug:"asli-goktug"}]},{id:"47707",title:"Structural Analogy — Direct Similarity Versus Topographical Complementarity",slug:"structural-analogy-direct-similarity-versus-topographical-complementarity",signatures:"Paweł Kafarski and Magdalena Lipok",authors:[{id:"172058",title:"Prof.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Kafarski",fullName:"Paweł Kafarski",slug:"pawel-kafarski"},{id:"172059",title:"Ms.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Lipok",fullName:"Magdalena Lipok",slug:"magdalena-lipok"}]},{id:"48435",title:"Clinical Trials in Paediatrics — Regulatory and Methodological Aspects",slug:"clinical-trials-in-paediatrics-regulatory-and-methodological-aspects",signatures:"Adriana Ceci, Viviana Giannuzzi, Donato Bonifazi, Mariagrazia Felisi,\nFedele Bonifazi and Lucia Ruggieri",authors:[{id:"172651",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Ceci",fullName:"Adriana Ceci",slug:"adriana-ceci"},{id:"172655",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",middleName:null,surname:"Giannuzzi",fullName:"Viviana Giannuzzi",slug:"viviana-giannuzzi"},{id:"172656",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Ruggieri",fullName:"Lucia Ruggieri",slug:"lucia-ruggieri"},{id:"176387",title:"Dr.",name:"Donato",middleName:null,surname:"Bonifazi",fullName:"Donato Bonifazi",slug:"donato-bonifazi"},{id:"176388",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariagrazia",middleName:null,surname:"Felisi",fullName:"Mariagrazia Felisi",slug:"mariagrazia-felisi"}]},{id:"48052",title:"Intranasal Drug Administration — An Attractive Delivery Route for Some Drugs",slug:"intranasal-drug-administration-an-attractive-delivery-route-for-some-drugs",signatures:"Degenhard Marx, Gerallt Williams and Matthias Birkhoff",authors:[{id:"71452",title:"Dr.",name:"Degenhard",middleName:null,surname:"Marx",fullName:"Degenhard Marx",slug:"degenhard-marx"},{id:"72854",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Birkhoff",fullName:"Matthias Birkhoff",slug:"matthias-birkhoff"},{id:"172384",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerallt",middleName:null,surname:"Williams",fullName:"Gerallt Williams",slug:"gerallt-williams"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8290",title:"Pharmacognosy",subtitle:"Medicinal Plants",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0288b7ddce8b6d3ff07a3d78db289282",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1444",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:"Research in Pharmacognosy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8bc52e1d2e327b804916b93037881500",slug:"drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy",bookSignature:"Omboon Vallisuta and Suleiman M. Olimat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73943",title:"Prof.",name:"Omboon",surname:"Vallisuta",slug:"omboon-vallisuta",fullName:"Omboon Vallisuta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6828",title:"Alkaloids",subtitle:"Their Importance in Nature and Human Life",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50b0f252045663a75760f2915a330575",slug:"alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-human-life",bookSignature:"Joanna Kurek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7855",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Oils of Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cbe4fd4ef95d61934405026e1702d4c",slug:"essential-oils-oils-of-nature",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1444",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:"Research in Pharmacognosy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8bc52e1d2e327b804916b93037881500",slug:"drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy",bookSignature:"Omboon Vallisuta and Suleiman M. Olimat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73943",title:"Prof.",name:"Omboon",surname:"Vallisuta",slug:"omboon-vallisuta",fullName:"Omboon Vallisuta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73622",title:"The Increase of Amines Content in the Intake of a Vegan Diet",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94095",slug:"the-increase-of-amines-content-in-the-intake-of-a-vegan-diet",body:'1. Introduction
Human metabolism is influenced by dietary, lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors [1]. Analysis of plasma metabolites by groups showed significant differences between meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and especially vegans [2]. Randomized clinical studies have shown that plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3]. The association of low CVD index and vegetarian dietary patterns are the result of the constant reduction of organisms’ exposure to harmful substances contained in products of animal origin (for example: saturated fat, cholesterol, heme iron, N-glycolylneuramine acid, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products), in addition to the increased consumption of fibers and phytochemicals present in whole plant foods. Phytochemicals in plant-food include carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, lycopene, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, tocopherols, biogenic amines, among others [4], which can act synergistically by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, providing protection against CVD [3, 5].
Biogenic amines are aliphatic organic bases of low molecular weight and have biological activity in microorganisms, plants and animals. Polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine) and biogenic amines (serotonin, dopamine, histamine, tyramine, among others) are called bioactive amines (BAs) and are relevant for both shelf life and final product quality, as well as for human health [6]. Some polyamines play an important role in growth and can act as antioxidants [7, 8, 9], while other amines are neuroactive or vasoactive [6]. In addition, amines are also described as being indicators of plant-food safety and some countries already limit the amount of some BAs, mainly in fermented foods [10, 11].
Although many BAs, such as histamine, tyramine and putrescine are necessary for many functions in humans, consumption of foods containing large amounts of these amines can have toxicological effects. For example, excessive consumption of histamine can induce histaminic intoxication and is mainly related to heart disease (hypotension and palpitations) and headache [12]. Tyramine is also considered harmful to the body [13]. Even though some studies show the levels of amines in plant-based food [7, 8, 9, 14], the number of studies that establish legal limits in foodstuffs is still insufficient.
While histamine and tyramine can have adverse effects, the ingestion of foods rich in some amines, such as spermidine and spermine, has been linked to longevity, both in humans [15] and in plants [16]. Diamines such as putrescine and cadaverine have been described due to their occurrence in higher levels in contaminated foods or in senescent plant tissue. Besides these polyamines, monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine have important neurological and antioxidant functions in both animals and plants. These amines can be obtained by eating some foods plant-based (banana, cauliflower, grapes - in natura and byproducts) and/or animal (fish and meat). However, the synthesis and turnover of serotonin depends on the intake of the amino acid tryptophan for the formation of serotonin in the brain, since this neutrotransmitter does not cross the blood–brain barrier [17]. In mammals, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that acts on the central nervous system, affecting appetite, sleep, anxiety and mood. In addition to being an important precursor to the formation of serotonin in the brain, tryptophan is also a precursor to melatonin, an indolamine, which has antioxidant action, besides acting in physiological processes related to the regulation of circadian rhythm, mood and sleep. This chapter provides an overview of the presence of amines in plant-based diets, the impacts of food handling and processing on these molecules, in addition to the mechanisms by which these compounds are absorbed and affect physiological functions in humans.
2. Fruit, vegetables and their bioactive amines against human diseases
Fruit and vegetables play an important role in human health, since they contain many essential nutrients and phytochemicals that are responsible for preventing or reducing the risk of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, certain types of cancer, inflammation, heart attack, stroke and septic shock. Additionally, vegans, vegetarians and omnivores, consume fruits and vegetable by-products that contribute to significant levels of important health compounds, which have been extensively researched, in addition to being profitable raw materials and easily available to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Cells are constantly exposed to oxidizing agents and a key point is the balance of the oxidative effect by antioxidant mechanisms. To reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases in humans and possibly delay the appearance of age-related problems, nutritional recommendations are that young and old people eat at least seven portions a day of different fruits and vegetables. For a lowest risk of total cancer, studies showed that it is important to intake of 600 g/day (7.5 portions/day), however, for coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality the lowest risk was observed at 800 g/day (10 portions/day) [18]. Many studies show a strong and positive correlation between the content of BAs and the antioxidant potential of fruits and vegetables [7, 8].
BAs are involved in several physiological processes and can act as antioxidants [7, 8] and some studies relate polyamines to ion channel regulation, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, protein biosynthesis, RNA translation, apoptosis and regulation of the immune response [19], in addition to being considered a secondary messenger, mediating some growth factors in plants [20]. Studies indicate that the BAs present in fruits and vegetables are strong antioxidant compounds with more effective free radical scavenging properties, compared to some natural antioxidants, for example, phenolic compounds [8, 21] or well-accepted synthetic compounds, such as α-tocopherol, octyl gallate and palmitoyl-ascorbic acid [22]. In fruits and vegetables, around 22 BAs have already been described, and the most detected BAs are tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermine and spermidine [10], while few studies report the detection of serotonin and dopamine [7, 8].
In addition to the ingestion of BAs by food, the body synthesizes endogenous amines by producing intestinal bacteria [19, 23], which can promote excess of these amines, facilitating the increase of diseases, mainly involving high cell proliferation. Amines such as spermidine have been described as being related to increased longevity. Spermidine - the most absorbed polyamine from the human gut - is most consumed by women and is related to the increase of survivability in humans [15], due to the capacity to restore or induce efficient autophagy [24], among others factors. However, ingestion of high levels can promote cancer development when critical immunoregulatory circuits are afflicted [25]. Studies demonstrate the lesser cytotoxic effect of spermine using an in vitro human intestinal cell model, compared to spermidine [26]. The cytotoxic level of spermidine ranges from 5 mM (NOAEL) to 10 mM (LOAEL), while for spermime, the levels are lower (NOAEL - 2.40 mM and LOAEL - 3.23 mM) [26]. Autophagy plays an important role in the prevention of several diseases [27], who demonstrated that spermidine may decrease the level of lipids and necrotic core formation.
In plants, putrescine is formed from ornithine or arginine by the action of ornithine decaborxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) or arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19). The addition of aminopropyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to putrescine is catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) decarboxylase (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) forming spermidine, through spermidine synthase. A new aminopropyl group is added to spermidine, forming spermine by the action of spermine synthase. In contrast, the action of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase leads to the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC), a precursor to ethylene [16]. Thus, ethylene and the polyamines spermidine and spermine use the same precursor, that is, SAM. Several studies have shown that higher levels of spermidine and spermine indicate juvenility, and the Put/(Spd + Spm) > 1 ratio would indicate the formation of ethylene, related to senescence. Evidently, the levels of these amines affect post-harvest life and the action of ethylene may be an indicator of a decrease in the content of spermidine and spermine. Thus, juvenile fruits and vegetables contain higher levels of spermidine and spermine and their consumption can lead to improved health, in addition to the fact that diets with adequate levels of these polyamines can increase longevity.
3. Factors that affect the content of bioactive amines in foods
Fresh fruits and vegetables contain BAs as endogenous components and, due to uncontrolled microbial enzymatic activity, they can be accumulated during storage or even after some type of post-harvest processing [8, 28]. Amines are generally not destroyed during thermal processing, using high temperature, or during storage. Often there may be an increase in content due to the ease of extracting amines from food after cooking or in overripe fruits, due to cell wall degradation, making these molecules more available [7, 8]. These data point out the importance of detecting these compounds in different food matrices for a better understanding of the amino acid profile in fresh and processed products [8, 29].
The levels of spermidine and spermine in plant-food vary depending on the physiological stage, the cultivation method and the type of thermal processing. In bananas, during the fruit ripening process, there was an accumulation of putrescine, mainly in plantains. High levels of spermidine and spermine have been found in some genotypes of plantains (Table 1) [8]. Besides the differences between genotypes of the same species, the BAs contents are also modified by thermal processing in colored cauliflowers [7], which often provides increased palatability, digestibility and flavor [30] (Table 1). The lowest levels of spd and spm were found in cauliflower ‘Grafitti’, although all other genotypes analyzed (‘Verdi de Maceratta’, ‘Cheddar’ and ‘Foratta’) showed an increase with cooking (boiling, steaming or microwaving) (Table 1). This effect is due to the ease of extracting the compounds by softening the cell wall; however, this same beneficial effect may induce losses to cooking water due to the hygroscopicity of BAs and other antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols. In colored green beans, boiling induced increased levels of BAs, and steaming maintained the lowest levels [30].
Food | Range of bioactive amine |
---|
DOP | SER | HIS | TYR | PUT | SPD | SPM | Citation |
---|
Fermented |
Mushrooms raw (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd | nd | nd–53.4 | 1686–2714. | nd | [32] |
Mushrooms pickled, pasteurized (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd | nd | 462.0–716.7 | 470.2–1129.3 | nd | [32] |
Mushrooms marinade, sterilized (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd | nd | 38.0–141.6 | 247.5–264.9 | nd–34.19 | [32] |
Mushrooms 48 h storage, 6°C (mg/kg d.w.) | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — | [34] |
Mushrooms 48 h storage, 20°C (mg/kg d.w.) | — | — | — | — | 368.0 | — | — | [34] |
Jurubeba picked (vinegar), after 1 h (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 8.5–75.3 | 33.9–105.7 | 255.7–582.3 | 95.7–323.2 | 4.9–6.8 | [14] |
Jurubeba picked (vinegar) after 90 days (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 0.1–59.6 | 1.6–59.8 | 208.3–537.1 | 0.4–93.1 | 0.2–21.4 | [14] |
Fermented fish product (fish sauce) (ppm) | — | — | 45–1220 | nd–42 | 2.0–243 | nd–98 | nd–121 | [48] |
Kimchi (green onion and mustard leaf) (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 8.7–386.0 | nd–181.1 | nd–254.5 | 2.3–28.5 | nd–58.6 | [53] |
Sauerkraut samples (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd–229 | nd–951 | 2.8–529 | nd–47.0 | — | [54] |
Sauerkraut, after 12 months | — | — | nd | 168–570 | 63.7–216 | 8.3–12.5 | nd–8.6 | [55] |
Sauerkraut (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 37.0 | 60.7 | 108.9 | 10.9 | 1.2 | [56] |
Fermented pickles (L. plantarum isolates) (mg/L f.w.) | — | — | nd–668 | — | nd–994 | — | — | [58] |
Soft tofu (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd–21.8 | nd–7.2 | 15.9–42.5 | nd–23.8 | — | [60] |
Firm tofu (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd–65.3 | nd–179.7 | nd–306.2 | nd–73.1 | — | [60] |
Household sauerkraut (mg/kg f.w.) Sterilized | — | — | nd–32.40 | nd–384.0 | 4.0–260.0 | nd–28.3 | — | [54] |
sauerkraut (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | nd–26.4 | 26.3–345.0 | 18.4–359.00 | nd–15.2 | — | [54] |
Fruits and vegetables |
Banana raw pulp (green, stg 2) (mg/100 g d.w.) | 26.8–38.1 | 7.9–20.3 | 6.9–7.4 | 8.9–10.3 | 13.9–21.4 | 16.0–19.0 | 13.8–14.8 | [8] |
Banana raw pulp (ripe, stg 5) (mg/100 g d.w.) | 26.7–34.4 | 7.5–13.7 | 6.8–8.6 | 9.1–9.6 | 17.4–27.1 | 15.8–17.5 | 13.5–14.2 | [8] |
Kiwi raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 952.0 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Banana raw peel (mg/100 g d.w.) | 32.7–305.5 | 8.2–74.3 | 11.8–118.3 | 9.2–14.0 | 16.5–25.0 | 15.0–23.6 | 15.1–31.0 | [8] |
Plantain raw pulp (mg/100 g d.w.) | 27.7–33.7 | 8.9–15.5 | 6.8–7.2 | 9.2–10.0 | 14.7–63.6 | 15.7–18.6 | 13.5–14.4 | [8] |
Plantain raw peel (mg/100 g d.w.) | 82.1–642.7 | 8.2–104.8 | 66.3–257.8 | 9.5–18.6 | 15.5–41.3 | 14.5–21.3 | 13.2–66.6 | [8] |
Banana and plantain cooked (mg/100 g d.w.) | 28.0–59.5 | 10.3–15.1 | 7.4–7.8 | 9.2–9.6 | 32.4–67.1 | 18.0–23.9 | 13.8–14.5 | [8] |
Tomato raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 881.0–1244 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Cauliflower raw (μg/100 g d.w.) | 8.0–42.0 | 45–203.0 | 4.0–46.0 | — | 34–358.0 | 52.0–460.0 | 13.0–85.0 | [7] |
Cauliflower raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 23.0 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Cauliflower cooked, 5 min (μg/100 g d.w.) | 0.02–0.35 | 0.73–3.0 | 0.10–0.65 | — | 0.71–8.08 | 0.63–27.7 | 0.32–7.6 | [7] |
Cauliflower cooked, 10 min (pg/100 g d.w.) | 0.02–0.28 | 0.70–4.3 | 0.12–0.71 | — | 0.78–12.0 | 1.20–37.4 | 0.55–8.2 | [7] |
Green beans (mg/100 g f.w.) | — | nd | nd | nd | 1.48–7.78 | 1.27–7.36 | 0.20–2.01 | [30] |
Canned apples, 1 month after production (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 165.86 | — | — | — | — | [44] |
Canned apples, 12 month after production (mg/kg f.w.) | — | — | 432.09 | — | — | — | — | [44] |
Green beans cooked (mg/100 g f.w.) | — | nd | nd | nd | 1.35–7.75 | 1.35–7.75 | 0.29–2.83 | [30] |
Brocolli raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 17.0 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Spinach raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 19.0 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Asparagus raw (μg/100 g f.w.) | — | 55.0 | — | — | — | — | — | [36] |
Table 1.
Bioactive amine content in food.
fresh weight: f.w.; dry weight: d.w.; nd: not identificad.
The processing temperature is an important measure to prevent or inhibit the formation of BAs in foods [31]. Heat treatment, such as cooking and pasteurization, can reduce the content of BAs in foods [31], recommending methods for reducing bioactive amines in mushrooms. For example, the pasteurized pickled and sterilized natural marinade of white button mushrooms showed substantially lower amounts of Spd compared to the unprocessed product (Table 1) [32]. The high temperature used in the processing contributes to the reduction of the microflora contained in the food, which is involved in the production of BAs [31], even though they are considered heat stable and are not destroyed by cooking, baking or even canning [33]. BAs are produced by mesophilic bacteria, especially at temperatures ranging from 20 to 37°C and, therefore, unprocessed and untreated mushrooms should preferably be stored under refrigeration conditions to avoid the accumulation amines, which can cause some type of toxicity to the human organism in excess [31]. Initial studies showed that intact fruit bodies of Agaricus bisporas stored for 48 h at 6°C did not exhibit the presence of Put and Cad, but when stored at room temperature (20°C) the levels of these amines increased significantly [34]. However, no amounts of Cad and Put were detected (only one of the three samples tested) after storage of mushrooms at room temperature [32]. These authors point out that the method of handling mushroom fruit bodies during harvest and after technological processing significantly influences the content of these amines during storage. Mechanical bruises caused by poor handling on soft mushroom tissues, during harvest and technological processing, can accelerate the activity of decarboxylating bacteria causing the synthesis and/or the accumulation of BAs [35].
4. Bioactive amines with neurotransmitter function present in food
As well as spermidine and spermine, other amines like monoamine serotonin, present in fruits and vegetables, have also been described for their antioxidant and anti-senescent actions in plant tissues, besides having beneficial (neurotransmitter) effects related to human health [36]. Considering the effects of serotonin in humans, diets enriched with plant-based food rich in serotonin may prevent certain diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome [36]. In humans, the ingestion of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan is essential for the formation of serotonin in the brain, since this neurotransmitter does not cross the blood – brain barrier, thus the synthesis and turnover of serotonin depends on the ingestion of these compounds through food [17]. The daily recommendation of tryptophan for adults is around 4 mg kg−1 body weight per day and 12 mg kg−1 body weight for children [17]. Thus, foods that contain higher levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan can help in the balance of serotonin and melatonin levels. Melatonin is produced from tryptophan and from serotonin and has also been identified in fruits and vegetables [7, 37].
Serotonin levels also vary depending on the ripening stage, as described in studies with wines grape [38] and bananas and plantains (Table 1) [8]. Reduced levels of amines, i.e., serotonin and dopamine in advanced stages of fruit ripening may be associated with an oxidative pathway activated during senescence, which can be considered markers of this development phase [7]. Serotonin levels can also be changed in function of the cooking (Table 1). An increase in the content of serotonin in banana pulps (‘Pelipita’) was also verified after cooking treatments in microwave with the peel (14.4%), in addition to boiling the fruit with the peel (3.8%) [8]. Cooking (i.e., boiling, steaming or microwave) induce an increase in serotonin levels in colored cauliflower, with emphasis on ‘Cheddar’ and ‘Forata’ cooked by microwave [7]. However, cooking time can be harmful (Table 1). Some studies on thermally processed foods indicate that prolonged exposure to high temperatures can result in substantial losses of amine compounds [39]. The frying process in Musa spp. fruit, for example, induced serotonin losses, and is not recommended when the objective is to ingest higher levels of this indolamine [8]. The significant decrease in serotonin has also been observed in other processes used in banana fruit (e.g., frozen fruit, ice cream and fruit nectar after pasteurization) [39].
Using fruits and vegetables with the peel for domestic processing can be a very interesting strategy to increase the intake of BAs. High amounts of catecholamines and indolamines have been identified in fruit (banana pulps) submitted to thermal processing with the peel (Table 1) [8]. Bananas boiled with the peel resulted in increases in serotonin content of up to 3% (cooking banana ‘Pelipita’) and 73% dopamine (‘D’Angola’). This effect can be attributed to the migration of serotonin and dopamine from the peel to the pulp, as already verified with other bioactive compounds analyzed in fruits submitted to the cooking process [8, 40]. Fruit and vegetable peels are generally more exposed to sunlight than pulp and can protect themselves from oxidative stress caused by strong sunlight and high temperatures, producing large amounts of antioxidants.
Amines considered to be dangerous to health, mainly histamine and tyramine, do not occur only in products of animal origin or processed or fermented. People who present intolerances, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) or diamine oxidase (DAO) deficiency, should avoid some fruits and vegetables due to the levels of these amines. Treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors can promote hypertension due to an increase tyramine and phenethylamine in susceptible individuals [41] Doses of 200 to 800 mg of tyramine increase the systolic blood pressure by 30 mmHg [42] and this increase can cause heart failure or brain hemorrhage [43]. The knowledge of the content of the levels of these amines in foods, whether of plant or animal origin, is important to avoid damages to health. However, few studies classify foods in relation to the levels of these amines. Despite the damages, histamine plays an essential role in promoting growth and metabolic activity of the gut and is active in nervous system [44].
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fermented drinks, as well as long-ripened cheese, meat, fish, and some fruits and vegetables should be avoided by people sensitive to histamine and/or tyramine. Preserving plant-food in canned form can affect histamine and tyramine levels, as well as shelf life. The storage time increases the histamine content in canned apple; i.e., after twelve months of production, the samples showed almost three times more histamine compared to those stored for 30 days [44]. However, other species do not have the same result. In canned jurubeba, there was a decrease in the content of histamine and tyramine during the storage time (90 days), mainly in fruits preserved in vinegar, compared to those preserved in soy oil [14]. To cause toxicity, histamine levels vary between 10 and 100 mg/100 g in food [19] and the effect can be enhanced when there are high contents of putrescine and cadaverine in the food [14]. In addition, the cooking method may increase histamine levels, as described in bananas (‘Pelipita’) cooked without the peel in microwave (Table 1) [8].
5. Fermented food and beverages and their bioactive amines against human
Amines can be found in fermented plant-based foods [45] and, in high concentrations, they can be undesired, due to causing an unpleasant aroma, in addition to physical problems such as headaches (Table 1). Thus, there is a growing interest in controlling the accumulation of biogenic amines using antimicrobial agents to inhibit the proliferation of amine-producing bacteria. An efficient way to control the accumulation and/or formation of undesirable amines would be to control the fermentation process and/or the introduction of spices, which can have significant potential as antimicrobial agents. The control of the fermentation process using initial cultures ensures quality control and product safety. For example, spontaneously fermented carrot juice, a novel food product, can benefit from the development of starter cultures to avoid high numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and/or high concentrations of BAs [46]. In general, Lactobacillus plantarum starter-culture strains are frequently used to control vegetable fermentation processes [46, 47].
Many vegetarians consume fish products. However, fish and fermented fish products (e.g., fish sauce) contain significant levels of aminoacids and BAs, some of which are undesirable, such as histamine, with levels greater than 500 ppm (Table 1) [48]. Besides histamine, undesirable amines such as putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine can occur in these products. Levels of 1257 and 1178 ppm of putrescine and tyramine, respectively, have been reported in fish sauce [49]. The addition of additives in the fermentation process, such as spices, can alter fermentation conditions, possibly leading to an increase or decrease in the quantities of some endogenous compounds, such as BAs in the final product [12].
In recent years, increased shelf life and food safety through the use of bioprotective microbial cultures, in particular lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and/or their antimicrobial compounds have gained great attention. One approach is based on the growing consumer demand for probiotic non-dairy products and beverages. Lactobacillus plantarum and L. delbrueckii were detected in fermented cabbage juice and can be interesting as probiotics for vegetarian and lactose intolerant consumers. In addition, certain strains of fermented LAB, which often belong to species of the genus Lactobacillus, can have health-promoting effects, for example, through immunomodulation and inhibition of pathogens [46, 50]. The food product itself could be used as a new product for traditional (dairy-based) marketed probiotics, allowing the access to a new market niche, focusing on consumers who are lactose intolerant and who do not want to purchase probiotics from products of animal origin (i.e., milk) [45].
Food companies specializing in vegetable products are looking for preservation methods that guarantee functional, sensory and nutritional quality and, at the same time, microbiological safety of products. The vegetable fermentations are gaining popularity for their rich flavors and health benefits, but due to the lack of information about the microbiological process, there are concerns about food safety [46]. Despite the controversy and the negative effects of the presence of some BAs in fermented products, studies indicate that amines present in fermented plant-based foods can be used as pharmaceutical compounds to promote cardiovascular health and longevity [51]. Histamine is well known for its pro-inflammatory effects on allergy and anaphylaxis; however, several studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory or immunoregulatory functions of histamine. For example, histamine derived from Lactobacillus reuteri can suppress the inflammatory action of TNF, a proinflammatory cytokine, leading to anti-inflammatory strategies for chronic immune-mediated diseases. Probiotic species can target specific signaling pathways and immune responses, that is, strains of these bacteria can represent future therapeutic agents that can serve to suppress chronic inflammation [52]. In addition, fermented plant-based foods can be an interesting source for the detection of new bacterial strains with great potential for various probiotic and industrial applications, thus the study of microbial ecosystems during the fermentation process is interesting [45].
In comparison to dairy-based food fermentations, fermentations that use plant materials as the main substrate are little explored, except for a few examples such as kimchi (fermented with Chinese mustard), sauerkraut (fermented with cabbage) and pickles and can be interesting to lactose intolerants, to people allergic to milk or to vegans [45]. In kimchi samples collected on the Korean market, histamine and tyramine content above safe levels were found (Table 1) [53]. Sauerkraut is one of the best known and most commercialized traditional vegetable foods in Europe. In a study working with 121 commercial and household samples of sauerkraut, low levels of amines such as tryptamine, spermidine and spermine were found, however, high values of putrescine and tyramine have been identified (Table 1) [54]. It is noteworthy that the amount of amines present in the sauerkraut depends on the market and/or on the method of preparation of the product, with variations between the works found in the literature. In sauerkraut spontaneously fermented for one year, low concentrations of spermine and spermidine have been reported, but with high concentrations of tyramine and putrescine, as the predominant amines (Table 1) [55]. In commercially distributed sauerkraut samples, high levels of tyramine and putrescine were also identified, but with also high concentrations of histamine [56]. The values obtained for the BAs in the sauerkraut in the different researches, place this product as of special care due to the negative effects on the consumer, taking into account that histamine and tyramine are considered toxic amines when found in high quantities.
Another important fermented vegetable product produced in the United States and Europe is pickles, which are produced by fermenting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with lactic acid bacteria [57]. In naturally fermented pickles (pepper, cucumber, cabbage, beans, tomatoes, Armenian cucumber and mixed vegetables) by L. plantarum for domestic consumption, high levels of cadaverine, putrescine and histamine were found, but not in a toxic limit [58]. However, these levels must be taken into account in people with a low level of tolerance to these amines.
Soy (Glycine max L.) and its derivative products are nutritional solutions for vegetarians, due to their high protein content and ease in preparing foods similar to meat and milk substitutes [59]. Tofu is one of the best known products made from soy and is an important source of minerals, proteins, among others. Firm tofu is produced by pressing and containing less water, thus they contain high levels of amines, when compared to soft tofu (Table 1) [60]. Tolerable levels of tyramine in foods are 100 mg/kg [61]. However, depending on the sensitivity to tyramine, some care must be taken regarding the ingested amount. Small doses of tyramine can often cause severe migraines with intracranial hemorrhaging in patients treated with classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). However, people who use reversible MAO-A inhibitor (RIMA) can tolerate doses between 50 and 150 mg of tyramine [41, 62].
6. Conclusions
Biogenic amines are known to occur in food, and the highest concentrations are reported especially in fermented products. Despite the association of a low disease index with vegan and vegetarian dietary patterns, these people consume some processed foods. Several processed food and by-products with high amounts of proteins and amino acids, including fermented products, can contain significant amounts of BAs, impacting the food quality and safety. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyamines can play an important role in preventing chronic health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In contrast, cancer is associated with high levels of some polyamines, caused by a change in your homeostasis. Basic care must be taken when purchasing food, which must be handled and/or industrialized under ideal hygienic quality conditions to avoid the proliferation of undesirable bacteria and, consequently, the accumulation of BAs that cause damage to health; however, more research on practical measures to reduce the BA content is needed to ensure food safety.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) (307571/2019-0), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2016/22665-2 and 2019/27227-1) and Vice President Office for Graduate Studies, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) (283).
\n',keywords:"antioxidants, biogenic amines, histamine, tyramine, food safety",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73622.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73622.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73622",totalDownloads:534,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 18th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 22nd 2020",datePublished:"March 31st 2021",dateFinished:"October 15th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Vegetarian and vegan consumers have increased in the last years. However, the food industry is facing problems responding to this growing market, since the food safety of several plant-based products is not well established. Fruits, vegetables and fermented products, such as nut and grains milks and cheeses, may be rich sources of biogenic amines; whereas, the levels of these compounds should be considered before the inclusion on a daily diet. Biogenic amines are a class of compounds with wide physiological activities as antioxidant properties, inductors of cell division and allergic processes, and sleep, sexual and behavioral disorders. In addition to the levels of biogenic amines, the levels of some of its precursors as tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and tryptamine will be presented. The foods eaten by vegans are consumed raw, cooked, fried, fermented and mainly through homemade processing methods, which have influence on the levels of bioactive compounds from the food matrix. Exposure to processing conditions such as handling, sanitary conditions, high temperatures, preparing methods (cooking in water or oil) influencing the levels of amines, will be discussed in this chapter to enrich the knowledge on food safety associated to vegan diets.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73622",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73622",signatures:"Cristine Vanz Borges, Hector Gomez Gomez, Igor Otavio Minatel and Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",book:{id:"8158",type:"book",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",fullTitle:"Veganism - a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",publishedDate:"March 31st 2021",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-849-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-848-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-861-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"268043",title:null,name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",email:"gpplima@ibb.unesp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",email:"cristine.vanzb@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",email:"igorminatel@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"327376",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez",email:"hgomez@unag.edu.hn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidad Nacional de Agricultura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Honduras"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Fruit, vegetables and their bioactive amines against human diseases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Factors that affect the content of bioactive amines in foods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Bioactive amines with neurotransmitter function present in food",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Fermented food and beverages and their bioactive amines against human",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[Scalbert A, Brennan L, Fiehn O, Hankemeier T, Kristal BS, van Ommen B, et al. Mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics: Limitations and recommendations for future progress with particular focus on nutrition research. Metabolomics. 2009;5(4):435-458]'},{id:"B2",body:'[Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Ferrari P, Carayol M, Achaintre D, Scalbert A, et al. Metabolic profiles of male meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans from the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(6):1518-1526]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Kahleova H, Levin S, Barnard ND. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(1):54-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.002]'},{id:"B4",body:'[Carlsen, M. H, Halvorsen, B. L., Hollte, K., Bohn, S. K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W., C., Philips, K. M., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Blomhoff R. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Eur food Res Technol. 2010;9(3):3-376]'},{id:"B5",body:'[Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S. Vegetarian diets and public health: Biomarker and redox connections. Antioxidants Redox Signal. 2010;13(10):1575-1591]'},{id:"B6",body:'[Muñoz-Esparza NC, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Comas-Basté O, Toro-Funes N, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC. Polyamines in food. 6, Frontiers in Nutrition. 2019]'},{id:"B7",body:'[Diamante MS, Borges CV, da Silva MB, Minatel IO, Corrêa CR, Gomez HAG, et al. Bioactive amines screening in four genotypes of thermally processed cauliflower. Antioxidants. 2019;8(8)]'},{id:"B8",body:'[Borges CV, Belin MAF, Amorim EP, Minatel IO, Monteiro GC, Gomez Gomez HA, et al. Bioactive amines changes during the ripening and thermal processes of bananas and plantains. Food Chem. 2019;298:125020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125020]'},{id:"B9",body:'[Gomez HAG, Marques MOM, Borges CV, Minatel IO, Monteiro GC, Ritschel PS, et al. Biogenic Amines and the Antioxidant Capacity of Juice and Wine from Brazilian Hybrid Grapevines. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2020;75(2):258-264]'},{id:"B10",body:'[Papageorgiou M, Lambropoulou D, Morrison C, Kłodzińska E, Namieśnik J, Płotka-Wasylka J. Literature update of analytical methods for biogenic amines determination in food and beverages. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 2018;98:128-142]'},{id:"B11",body:'[Tabanelli G. Biogenic Amines and Food Quality: Emerging Challenges and Public Health Concerns. Foods. 2020;9(7):7-10]'},{id:"B12",body:'[Zhou X, Qiu M, Zhao D, Lu F, Ding Y. Inhibitory Effects of Spices on Biogenic Amine Accumulation during Fish Sauce Fermentation. J Food Sci. 2016;81(4):M913-M920]'},{id:"B13",body:'[Ruiz-Capillas C, Herrero AM. Impact of biogenic amines on food quality and safety. Foods. 2019;8(2)]'},{id:"B14",body:'[Silva MB, Rodrigues da LFOS, Monteiro GC, Monar GRS, Gomez Gomez HA, Seabra Junior S, et al. Evaluation of biogenic amines and nitrate in raw and pickled jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) fruit. J Food Sci Technol. 2019;56(6):2970-8]'},{id:"B15",body:'[Kiechl S, Pechlaner R, Willeit P, Notdurfter M, Paulweber B, Willeit K, et al. Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: A prospective population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(2):371-380]'},{id:"B16",body:'[Lima GPP, Vianello F. Review on the main differences between organic and conventional plant-based foods. Int J Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2011 Jan 17 [cited 2015 Aug 6];46(1):1-13. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02436.x]'},{id:"B17",body:'[Palego L, Betti L, Rossi A, Giannaccini G. Tryptophan biochemistry: Structural, nutritional, metabolic, and medical aspects in humans. 2016, Journal of Amino Acids. 2016. p. 1-13]'},{id:"B18",body:'[Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum NN, Norat T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):1029-1056]'},{id:"B19",body:'[Larqué E, Sabater-Molina M, Zamora S. Biological significance of dietary polyamines. Nutrition. 2007;23(1):87-95 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113752]'},{id:"B20",body:'[Harindra Champa WA, Gill MIS, Mahajan BVC, Bedi S. Exogenous treatment of spermine to maintain quality and extend postharvest life of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Flame Seedless under low temperature storage. LWT - Food. Sci Technol [Internet]. 2015;60(1):412-419 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.044]'},{id:"B21",body:'[Nawaz MA, Huang Y, Bie Z, Ahmed W, Reiter RJ, Niu M, et al. Corrigendum: Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1-2]'},{id:"B22",body:'[Toro-Funes N, Bosch-Fusté J, Veciana-Nogués MT, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Vidal-Carou MC. In vitro antioxidant activity of dietary polyamines. Food Res Int. 2013;51(1):141-147 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096399691200508X]'},{id:"B23",body:'[Gomez-Gomez HA, Borges CV, Minatel IO, Luvizon AC, Lima GPP. Health Benefits of Dietary Phenolic Compounds and Biogenic Amines. In 2019. p. 3-27]'},{id:"B24",body:'[Eisenberg T, Knauer H, Schauer A, Büttner S, Ruckenstuhl C, Carmona-Gutierrez D, et al. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11(11):1305-1314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1975]'},{id:"B25",body:'[Gostner JM, Fuchs D. Cardioprotective effect of polyamine spermidine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(1):218]'},{id:"B26",body:'[del Rio B, Redruello B, Linares DM, Ladero V, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fernandez M, et al. Spermine and spermidine are cytotoxic towards intestinal cell cultures, but are they a health hazard at concentrations found in foods? Food Chem [Internet]. 2018;269(July):321-326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.148]'},{id:"B27",body:'[Michiels CF, Kurdi A, Timmermans JP, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W. Spermidine reduces lipid accumulation and necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic plaques via induction of autophagy. Atherosclerosis. 2016;251:319-327]'},{id:"B28",body:'[Jastrzebska A, Piasta A, Kowalska S, Krzemiński M, Szłyk E. A new derivatization reagent for determination of biogenic amines in wines. J Food Compos Anal. 2016;48:111-119]'},{id:"B29",body:'[Preti R, Vieri S, Vinci G. Biogenic amine profiles and antioxidant properties of Italian red wines from different price categories. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2016;46:7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.09.014]'},{id:"B30",body:'[Preti R, Rapa M, Vinci G. Effect of Steaming and Boiling on the Antioxidant Properties and Biogenic Amines Content in Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ) Varieties of Different Colours. J Food Qual. 2017;2017:1-8]'},{id:"B31",body:'[Doeun D, Davaatseren M, Chung MS. Biogenic amines in foods. Food Sci Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017;26(6):1463-1474 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0239-3]'},{id:"B32",body:'[Jabłońska-Ryś E, Sławińska A, Stachniuk A, Stadnik J. Determination of biogenic amines in processed and unprocessed mushrooms from the Polish market. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2020;92:103492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103492]'},{id:"B33",body:'[Feddern V, Mazzuco H, Fonseca FN, De Lima GJMM. A review on biogenic amines in food and feed: Toxicological aspects, impact on health and control measures. Anim Prod Sci. 2019;59(4):608-618]'},{id:"B34",body:'[Kalač P, Křížek M. Formation of biogenic amines in four edible mushroom species stored under different conditions. Food Chem. 1997;58(3):233-236]'},{id:"B35",body:'[Dadáková E, Pelikánová T, Kalač P. Content of biogenic amines and polyamines in some species of European wild-growing edible mushrooms. Eur Food Res Technol. 2009;230(1):163-171]'},{id:"B36",body:'[Islam J, Shirakawa H, Nguyen TK, Aso H, Komai M. Simultaneous analysis of serotonin, tryptophan and tryptamine levels in common fresh fruits and vegetables in Japan using fluorescence HPLC. Food Biosci [Internet]. 2016;13:56-59 Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2015.12.006]'},{id:"B37",body:'[Wang SY, Shi XC, Wang R, Wang HL, Liu F, Laborda P. Melatonin in fruit production and postharvest preservation: A review. Food Chem [Internet]. 2020;320(March):126642. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126642]'},{id:"B38",body:'[Murch SJ, Hall BA, Le CH, Saxena PK. Changes in the levels of indoleamine phytochemicals during véraison and ripening of wine grapes. J Pineal Res. 2010;49(1):95-100]'},{id:"B39",body:'[Plonka J, Michalski A. The influence of processing technique on the catecholamine and indolamine contents of fruits. J Food Compos Anal. 2017;57:102-108]'},{id:"B40",body:'[Tsamo CVP, Herent MF, Tomekpe K, Happi Emaga T, Quetin-Leclercq J, Rogez H, et al. Effect of boiling on phenolic profiles determined using HPLC/ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, physico-chemical parameters of six plantain banana cultivars (Musa sp). J Food Compos Anal. 2015;44:158-169]'},{id:"B41",body:'[EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Scientific Opinion on risk based control of biogenic amine formation in fermented foods. EFSA J. 2011;9(10):1-93]'},{id:"B42",body:'[Maintz L, Novak N. Histamine and histamine intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1185-1196]'},{id:"B43",body:'[Naila A, Flint S, Fletcher G, Bremer P, Meerdink G. Control of biogenic amines in food - existing and emerging approaches. J Food Sci. 2010;75(7):R139-R150]'},{id:"B44",body:'[Ziarati P, Sepehr E, Heidari S. Histamine , Nitrate , and Nitrite Content in Canned and Fresh Apple Products. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2017;14(June):827-34]'},{id:"B45",body:'[Wuyts S, Van Beeck W, Allonsius CN, van den Broek MF, Lebeer S. Applications of plant-based fermented foods and their microbes. Curr Opin Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020;61:45-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.023]'},{id:"B46",body:'[Wuyts S, Beeck W Van, Oerlemans EFM. Carrot Juice Fermentations as Man-Made Microbial Ecosystems Dominated by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018;84(12):1-16]'},{id:"B47",body:'[Wouters D, Grosu-Tudor S, Zamfir M, De Vuyst L. Applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum IMDO 788 as a starter culture to control vegetable fermentations. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;93(13):3352-3361]'},{id:"B48",body:'[Tsai YH, Lin CY, Chien LT, Lee TM, Wei CI, Hwang DF. Histamine contents of fermented fish products in Taiwan and isolation of histamine-forming bacteria. Food Chem. 2006;98(1):64-70]'},{id:"B49",body:'[Zaman MZ, Abdulamir AS, Bakar FA, Selamat J, Bakar J. A review: Microbiological, physicochemical and health impact of high level of biogenic amines in fish sauce. Am J Appl Sci. 2009;6(6):1199-1211]'},{id:"B50",body:'[Marco ML, Heeney D, Binda S, Cifelli CJ, Cotter PD, Foligné B, et al. Health benefits of fermented foods: microbiota and beyond. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017;44:94-102]'},{id:"B51",body:'[Nilsson BO, Persson L. Beneficial effects of spermidine on cardiovascular health and longevity suggest a cell type-specific import of polyamines by cardiomyocytes. Biochem Soc Trans. 2018;47(1):265-272]'},{id:"B52",body:'[Thomas CM, Hong T, van Pijkeren JP, Hemarajata P, Trinh D V., Hu W, et al. Histamine derived from probiotic lactobacillus reuteri suppresses tnf via modulation of pka and erk signaling. PLoS One. 2012;7(2)]'},{id:"B53",body:'[Lee JH, Jin YH, Park YK, Yun SJ, Mah JH. Formation of biogenic amines in pa (green onion) kimchi and gat (mustard leaf) kimchi. Foods. 2019;8(3)]'},{id:"B54",body:'[Kalač P, Špička J, Křížek M, Steidlová Š, Pelikánová T. Concentrations of seven biogenic amines in sauerkraut. Food Chem. 1999;67(3):275-280]'},{id:"B55",body:'[Kalač P, Špička J, Křížek M, Pelikánová T. Changes in biogenic amine concentrations during sauerkraut storage. Food Chem. 2000;69(3):309-314]'},{id:"B56",body:'[Mayr CM, Schieberle P. Development of stable isotope dilution assays for the simultaneous quantitation of biogenic amines and polyamines in foods by LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(12):3026-3032]'},{id:"B57",body:'[Zieliski H, Surma M, Zieliska D. The Naturally Fermented Sour Pickled Cucumbers. In: Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention; 2016 p. 503-16]'},{id:"B58",body:'[Alan Y, Topalcengiz Z, Dığrak M. Biogenic amine and fermentation metabolite production assessments of Lactobacillus plantarum isolates for naturally fermented pickles. Lwt [Internet]. 2018;98:322-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.067]'},{id:"B59",body:'[Rizzo G, Baroni L. Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets. Vol. 10, Nutrients. 2018]'},{id:"B60",body:'[Yue CS, Ng QN, Lim AK, Lam MH, Chee KN. Biogenic amine content in various types of tofu: Occurrence, validation and quantification. Int Food Res J. 2019;26(3):999-1009]'},{id:"B61",body:'[Shalaby AR. Significance of biogenic amines to food safety and human health. Food Res Int. 1996 Oct;29(7):675-690]'},{id:"B62",body:'[McCabe-Sellers BJ, Staggs CG, Bogle ML. Tyramine in foods and monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs: A crossroad where medicine, nutrition, pharmacy, and food industry converge. J Food Compos Anal. 2006;19(SUPPL.):58-65]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges",address:null,affiliation:'- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Hector Gomez Gomez",address:null,affiliation:'- Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Honduras
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel",address:null,affiliation:'- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",address:"pace.lima@unesp.br",affiliation:'- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8158",type:"book",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",fullTitle:"Veganism - a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",publishedDate:"March 31st 2021",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-849-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-848-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-861-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"268043",title:null,name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"179098",title:null,name:"Ricolindo",middleName:"L",surname:"Carino",email:"carino@cavs.msstate.edu",fullName:"Ricolindo Carino",slug:"ricolindo-carino",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Mississippi State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"50179",title:"Case Studies in Using MATLAB to Build Model Calibration Tools for Multiscale Modeling",slug:"case-studies-in-using-matlab-to-build-model-calibration-tools-for-multiscale-modeling",abstract:"This chapter illustrates the versatility of MATLAB for building interactive end-user software applications to support the pedagogy of a multiscale modeling approach to computational materials engineering. The case studies presented here demonstrate how preexisting codes that model complex material behavior, even if written in compiled computer languages such as Fortran or C++, may be utilized as computational libraries for model calibration software tools built with MATLAB. Intended for students in computational engineering (mechanics and materials), these tools execute on personal computers without MATLAB if the MATLAB Runtime shared libraries are installed. Publications coauthored by students using these tools to calibrate material models and to investigate the performance of engineering materials indicate that the tools enable advances in engineering design from a computational engineering perspective.",signatures:"Ricolindo L. Carino and Mark .F. Horstemeyer",authors:[{id:"179098",title:null,name:"Ricolindo",surname:"Carino",fullName:"Ricolindo Carino",slug:"ricolindo-carino",email:"carino@cavs.msstate.edu"},{id:"179184",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark F.",surname:"Horsetemeyer",fullName:"Mark F. Horsetemeyer",slug:"mark-f.-horsetemeyer",email:"mfhorst@predictivedesigntech.com"}],book:{id:"5141",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"2664",title:"Mr.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Yuksel",slug:"tolga-yuksel",fullName:"Tolga Yuksel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"109021",title:"Dr.",name:"Niculescu",surname:"Titu",slug:"niculescu-titu",fullName:"Niculescu Titu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitatea Din Petrosani",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"178108",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdurrahman",surname:"Sahin",slug:"abdurrahman-sahin",fullName:"Abdurrahman Sahin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yıldız Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"179144",title:"Mr.",name:"Arsen",surname:"Arakelyan",slug:"arsen-arakelyan",fullName:"Arsen Arakelyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"179184",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark F.",surname:"Horsetemeyer",slug:"mark-f.-horsetemeyer",fullName:"Mark F. Horsetemeyer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"184233",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcu",surname:"Marius",slug:"marcu-marius",fullName:"Marcu Marius",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"184234",title:"Mr.",name:"Niculescu",surname:"Vlad",slug:"niculescu-vlad",fullName:"Niculescu Vlad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"184379",title:"Ms.",name:"Lilit",surname:"Nersisyan",slug:"lilit-nersisyan",fullName:"Lilit Nersisyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"184380",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",surname:"Hakobyan",slug:"anna-hakobyan",fullName:"Anna Hakobyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"364785",title:"Dr.",name:"Popescu Florin",surname:"Gabriel",slug:"popescu-florin-gabriel",fullName:"Popescu Florin Gabriel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- European Commission
\\n\\t- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t- Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t- National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t- National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\\n\\t- Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\\n\\t- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\\n\\t- Chinese Academy of Sciences
\\n\\t- Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\\n\\t- German Research Foundation (DFG)
\\n\\t- Max Planck Institute
\\n\\t- Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\\n\\t- Australian Research Council (ARC)
\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n\n\t- European Commission
\n\t- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t- Wellcome Trust
\n\t- National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t- National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t- Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t- Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t- Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t- German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t- Max Planck Institute
\n\t- Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t- Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11644",title:"Structural and Molecular Aspects of DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"83dfefc2400d2d037281f1e25bbc544b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11644.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diana Kitala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11805",title:"Genome-Wide Association Studies - Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"006916e730c66d3b84d3ec036f769e00",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rafael Trindade Trindade Maia, Dr. Magnólia De Araújo Campos and Dr. Marco Antônio Alves Schetino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11805.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:23},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4380},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1047",title:"Pulmonology",slug:"pulmonology",parent:{id:"185",title:"Internal Medicine",slug:"internal-medicine"},numberOfBooks:37,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:948,numberOfWosCitations:343,numberOfCrossrefCitations:217,numberOfDimensionsCitations:521,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1047",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10324",title:"Recent Advances in Asthma Research and Treatments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"555c180ed3eefc77d38259cc57bd8dfe",slug:"recent-advances-in-asthma-research-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10324.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70021",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana P.",middleName:null,surname:"Chapoval",slug:"svetlana-p.-chapoval",fullName:"Svetlana P. Chapoval"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10542",title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29279e34f971687dc28de62534335ac4",slug:"molecular-epidemiology-study-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10330",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",subtitle:"A Current Conspectus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed4471e26a96efbcc23ba3683ad5ea69",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-a-current-conspectus",bookSignature:"Kian Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9815",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Facts, Management and Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69745423f00df1a6b73be06d7ae13601",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-facts-management-and-advances",bookSignature:"Prashant Mohite, Anna Reed and André R. Simon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9815.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"286049",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",middleName:null,surname:"Mohite",slug:"prashant-mohite",fullName:"Prashant Mohite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7990",title:"Update in Respiratory Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6451d7376123e392f1c86ad58c6efd27",slug:"update-in-respiratory-diseases",bookSignature:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera Garcia",slug:"jose-carlos-herrera-garcia",fullName:"Jose Carlos Herrera Garcia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9126",title:"Respiratory Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e57374d11c8da9e7c70631881dcf55fa",slug:"respiratory-physiology",bookSignature:"Ketevan Nemsadze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"149748",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketevan",middleName:null,surname:"Nemsadze",slug:"ketevan-nemsadze",fullName:"Ketevan Nemsadze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7872",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Heterogeneity and Personalized Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e2772740d2d4ebda048e06f2eee0b94",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-heterogeneity-and-personalized-treatment",bookSignature:"Dennis Wat and Dilip Nazareth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92549",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Wat",slug:"dennis-wat",fullName:"Dennis Wat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7155",title:"Diseases of Pleura",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c5e2d001498cc246b2c2e335e71b3dc",slug:"diseases-of-pleura",bookSignature:"Jelena Stojšić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Stojšić",slug:"jelena-stojsic",fullName:"Jelena Stojšić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8325",title:"Interventional Pulmonology and Pulmonary Hypertension",subtitle:"Updates on Specific Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eaef88d222f670a00c67f12c5ebdb5e0",slug:"interventional-pulmonology-and-pulmonary-hypertension-updates-on-specific-topics",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8250",title:"The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in the Young",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"576eea34382b48ecff475d3f267837a2",slug:"the-burden-of-respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-in-the-young",bookSignature:"Bernhard Resch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8250.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66173",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Resch",slug:"bernhard-resch",fullName:"Bernhard Resch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8674",title:"Interstitial Lung Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec93938ba596b2062c6744b2885d23ea",slug:"interstitial-lung-diseases",bookSignature:"Jelena Stojšić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Stojšić",slug:"jelena-stojsic",fullName:"Jelena Stojšić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:37,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42375",doi:"10.5772/54287",title:"Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infection",slug:"pathogenesis-of-viral-respiratory-infection",totalDownloads:4888,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3309",slug:"respiratory-disease-and-infection-a-new-insight",title:"Respiratory Disease and Infection",fullTitle:"Respiratory Disease and Infection - A New Insight"},signatures:"Ma. Eugenia Manjarrez-Zavala, Dora Patricia Rosete-Olvera, Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González, Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado and Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"91060",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Manjarrez",slug:"maria-eugenia-manjarrez",fullName:"Maria Eugenia Manjarrez"},{id:"95405",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Cabello Gutiérrez",slug:"carlos-cabello-gutierrez",fullName:"Carlos Cabello Gutiérrez"},{id:"95406",title:"Prof.",name:"Dora Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosete",slug:"dora-patricia-rosete",fullName:"Dora Patricia Rosete"},{id:"166672",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Horacio",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-González",slug:"luis-horacio-gutierrez-gonzalez",fullName:"Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González"}]},{id:"46627",doi:"10.5772/58252",title:"Lung Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution",slug:"lung-inflammation-oxidative-stress-and-air-pollution",totalDownloads:2123,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"3843",slug:"lung-inflammation",title:"Lung Inflammation",fullTitle:"Lung Inflammation"},signatures:"Elisa Couto Gomes and Geraint Florida-James",authors:[{id:"91768",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"elisa-gomes",fullName:"Elisa Gomes"},{id:"170705",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraint",middleName:null,surname:"Florida-James",slug:"geraint-florida-james",fullName:"Geraint Florida-James"}]},{id:"46655",doi:"10.5772/57392",title:"Nature and Consequences of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Induced by Lung Inflammation",slug:"nature-and-consequences-of-the-systemic-inflammatory-response-induced-by-lung-inflammation",totalDownloads:2427,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"3843",slug:"lung-inflammation",title:"Lung Inflammation",fullTitle:"Lung Inflammation"},signatures:"Kunihiko Hiraiwa and Stephan F. van Eeden",authors:[{id:"169583",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Van Eeden",slug:"stephan-van-eeden",fullName:"Stephan Van Eeden"},{id:"169584",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hiraiwa",slug:"kunihiko-hiraiwa",fullName:"Kunihiko Hiraiwa"}]},{id:"30257",doi:"10.5772/31495",title:"Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis: Clinical, Immunological and Histopathological Aspects",slug:"pulmonary-paracoccidioidomycosis-clinical-immunological-and-histopathological-aspects",totalDownloads:2021,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"969",slug:"lung-diseases-selected-state-of-the-art-reviews",title:"Lung Diseases",fullTitle:"Lung Diseases - Selected State of the Art Reviews"},signatures:"Luz E. Cano, Ángel González, Damaris Lopera, Tonny W. Naranjo and Ángela Restrepo",authors:[{id:"87441",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",slug:"luz-elena-cano",fullName:"Luz Elena Cano"},{id:"87467",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"angel-gonzalez",fullName:"Angel Gonzalez"},{id:"87469",title:"Dr.",name:"Damaris",middleName:null,surname:"Lopera",slug:"damaris-lopera",fullName:"Damaris Lopera"},{id:"87470",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonny",middleName:null,surname:"Naranjo",slug:"tonny-naranjo",fullName:"Tonny Naranjo"},{id:"87475",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Restrepo",slug:"angela-restrepo",fullName:"Angela Restrepo"}]},{id:"42381",doi:"10.5772/53957",title:"Structural and Functional Aspects of Viroporins in Human Respiratory Viruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Coronaviruses",slug:"structural-and-functional-aspects-of-viroporins-in-human-respiratory-viruses-respiratory-syncytial-v",totalDownloads:3595,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3309",slug:"respiratory-disease-and-infection-a-new-insight",title:"Respiratory Disease and Infection",fullTitle:"Respiratory Disease and Infection - A New Insight"},signatures:"Wahyu Surya, Montserrat Samsó and Jaume Torres",authors:[{id:"75210",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"jaume-torres",fullName:"Jaume Torres"},{id:"158475",title:"Mr.",name:"Wahyu",middleName:null,surname:"Surya",slug:"wahyu-surya",fullName:"Wahyu Surya"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]},{id:"42773",title:"Propionibacterium acnes as a Cause of Sarcoidosis",slug:"propionibacterium-acnes-as-a-cause-of-sarcoidosis",totalDownloads:2469,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3279",slug:"sarcoidosis",title:"Sarcoidosis",fullTitle:"Sarcoidosis"},signatures:"Yoshinobu Eishi",authors:[{id:"57567",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshinobu",middleName:null,surname:"Eishi",slug:"yoshinobu-eishi",fullName:"Yoshinobu Eishi"}]},{id:"57668",title:"Pneumonia of Viral Etiologies",slug:"pneumonia-of-viral-etiologies",totalDownloads:3038,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Pneumonia is a common illness that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are generally considered as the main pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia and Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia in atypical pneumonias. In contrast the proportion of pneumonias due to viruses has been both difficult to detect and quantify with any precision. However, with the advent of powerful molecular techniques and rapidly developing technologies a greater number of viruses are being implicated as pathogens and co-pathogens in pneumonia. In the case of adults, the most commonly detected viruses are influenza virus, RSV and parainfluenza. Other viruses that have recently received considerable attention, are H5N1 influenza virus and coronaviruses. Infectious causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients include measles, HSV, CMV, HHV-6 and Influenza viruses. Pneumonias caused by other viruses are more rarely reported and include outbreaks of rhinovirus, adenovirus (particularly serotype 14 in military institutions), coronavirus, and metapneumovirus. A range of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic treatments demonstrated to improve lung injury due to viral infections.",book:{id:"5938",slug:"contemporary-topics-of-pneumonia",title:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia"},signatures:"Al Johani Sameera and Akhter Javed",authors:[{id:"76522",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",middleName:null,surname:"Akhter",slug:"javed-akhter",fullName:"Javed Akhter"},{id:"80162",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameera",middleName:"M.",surname:"Al Johani",slug:"sameera-al-johani",fullName:"Sameera Al Johani"}]},{id:"67117",title:"Eosinophilic Asthma",slug:"eosinophilic-asthma",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Eosinophilic asthma is known as a main phenotype of asthma classified on the basis of immune cells involved in inflammatory response in the respiratory airway. Eosinophilic asthma can be related to increased severity of asthma, allergic sensitization, adult onset, and increased resistance to corticosteroids. The prevalence of eosinophilic asthma is 32–40% among asthmatic patients. Different cells and cytokines are involved in its pathogenesis including eosinophil, mast cells, type 2 helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Eosinophil count in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage is the yardstick for recognizing and distinguishing eosinophilic asthma from non-eosinophilic asthma, while various tests which are noninvasive such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide and periostin are arising as possible substitutes. Novel and advanced therapies new and advanced therapies and more convenient biological drugs, Leads to high requirement for particular endotype- and phenotype-related treatment plans. Identification and knowledge of the specific pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma have great association with disease management and chances for better patient prognosis.",book:{id:"8738",slug:"asthma-biological-evidences",title:"Asthma",fullTitle:"Asthma - Biological Evidences"},signatures:"Bushra Mubarak, Huma Shakoor and Fozia Masood",authors:null},{id:"66258",title:"Historical Aspects of Hyperbaric Physiology and Medicine",slug:"historical-aspects-of-hyperbaric-physiology-and-medicine",totalDownloads:1536,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The history of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) makes for fascinating reading. From pneumatic chambers and compressed air baths to empirical therapeutic applications during the nineteenth century, the impetus to scientific application of HBOT began in seeking solution for decompression sickness during various construction ventures. French physiologist Paul Bert’s research was pathbreaking and provided a scientific explanation on the etiology of the “bends.” In 1908, JS Haldane’s experiments recommended staged decompression and made diving safe. In 1921, OJ Cunningham employed HBOT to treat hypoxia secondary to lung infections successfully. It was cardiac surgeon Ite Boerema who put HBOT on a solid footing with his open-heart surgery results in various pediatric cardiac conditions and rightly deserved the title of father of modern-day hyperbaric medicine. From 1937 onwards, HBOT research snowballed into treating a wide variety of diseases. In 1999, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and Food and Drug Administration recognized the value of HBOT, and this led to its becoming a major tool in the armamentarium of clinicians, either as a primary or adjunctive therapy for a spectrum of diseases.",book:{id:"9126",slug:"respiratory-physiology",title:"Respiratory Physiology",fullTitle:"Respiratory Physiology"},signatures:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti",authors:[{id:"257885",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamurti",slug:"chandrasekhar-krishnamurti",fullName:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1047",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. Prof. Rashed was recognized in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/179098",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"179098"},fullPath:"/profiles/179098",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()