\r\n\tThe development of sustainable waste management strategies has become a major concern throughout the world. Therefore, the new book focuses on “recycling” and “recovery” of waste material while paving the way towards a circular economy including land reclamation, and water and wastewater treatments.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book aims to provide a platform to present research in regards to:
\r\n\t(1) Sustainable Waste Management;
\r\n\t(2) Micro(nano)plastics in the Environments;
\r\n\t(3) Electronic Waste and Circular Economy;
\r\n\t(4) Reducing, Recycling and Recovery of Agricultural and Food Waste;
\r\n\t(5) Biomass Valorization: Waste to Resources;
\r\n\t(6) Governmental Policy on Waste Management and Valorization.
\r\n\tThis book will offer a timely opportunity for knowledge exchange of sustainable management agenda for biological waste and remediation of soil, water and air in the local context, which satisfies the environmental compatibility, financial feasibility and social needs. It will deliberate on state-of-the-art treatment technologies, advanced management strategies, and political issues pertaining to recycling and recovery of organic waste.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-913-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-912-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-914-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4ef7ac85e87a3131afb9b858b79aa870",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Tao Zhang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11256.jpg",keywords:"Waste Management, Microplastics, Nanoplastics, Electronic Waste, Agricultural Waste, Food Waste, Recycling, Recovery, Biomass, Resources, Governmental Policy, Environmental Protection",numberOfDownloads:64,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 10th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 8th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 26th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Dr. Zhang was a visiting scholar at Arizona State University in 2014 and at the University of Hohenheim in 2017. He is the director of the Circular Economy Committee of the Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences and Water Treatment and Recycling Committee of the Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences. He has been authorized 17 invention patents in China and has won the Chinese prize for the "Outstanding Young Scientist” in 2019.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"185487",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"tao-zhang",fullName:"Tao Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185487/images/system/185487.jpg",biography:"Dr. Tao Zhang is an Associate Professor and Ph.D. Supervisor at the College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, China. His academic background covers waste management, wastewater treatment, utilization of agricultural waste. He is awarded the Scientific Chinese - Outstanding Young Scientist Award, the Innovation Award for Industry-University-Research Cooperation of China, the Character Award - Invention and Entrepreneurship Award of China Association of Inventions. His H-index is 23 (Scopus) and he has published more than 50 papers in Chemical Engineering Journal, Water Research, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Green Chemistry, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, and so on. Amongst, 11 ESI Highly Cited Paper and 4 ESI Hot Paper. He has authorized more than 20 Chinese invention patents.",institutionString:"China Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"China Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"81303",title:"The Role of Biochar Systems in the Circular Economy: Biomass Waste Valorization and Soil Remediation",slug:"the-role-of-biochar-systems-in-the-circular-economy-biomass-waste-valorization-and-soil-remediation",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82341",title:"Circular Economy - Recent Advances in Sustainable Construction Waste Management",slug:"circular-economy-recent-advances-in-sustainable-construction-waste-management",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82278",title:"Use of Saline Waste from a Desalination Plant under the Principles of the Circular Economy for the Sustainable Development of Rural Communities",slug:"use-of-saline-waste-from-a-desalination-plant-under-the-principles-of-the-circular-economy-for-the-s",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55654",title:"Annexin Proteins: Novel Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68909",slug:"annexin-proteins-novel-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-development",body:'\nAnnexins are commonly known to be a large multigene family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins.They were discovered in the late 1970s and before the name “annexin”, they were first introduced in diverse names which in Greek means “hold together” [1].
\nOver a hundred annexin proteins have been discovered in various species. Among these, 12 proteins are found in humans referred as A1–A13 (leaving A2 unassigned) [2], each having a differently positioned calcium/membrane-binding site within the core domain and a different N-terminal domain [3].
\nAnnexins have a unique structure that allows them to locate onto membranes reversibly. They contain a conserved calcium and membrane-binding unit, which constitutes the core domain. It consists of four annexin repeats of about 70–80 amino acids. Its alfa-helical shape forms a slightly curved disc. The convex surface of it carries the calcium and membrane-binding sites as well as binding sites for phospholipids, heparin, and F-actin. The concave side on the other hand is responsible for other interactions. Ahead of the core domain comes the N-terminal region which differs in length and in sequence. It mediates regulatory interactions with protein ligands and annexin-membrane association [2]. It has been recently demonstrated that a part of N-terminal region integrates into the folded core, allowing the N-terminal region to be exposed for additional interactions upon calcium binding [4].
Annexins are responsible for calcium-regulated endocytotic and exocytotic events along with stabilizing organelle membranes and the plasma membrane [3]. One of the major roles of annexins is acting as scaffold proteins through calcium-regulated binding to phospholipids on the membranes. This allows the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane to interact accordingly [5]. Mobilization of intracellular calcium triggers annexins to be recruited by cell membranes. However, some annexins can bind to membranes in the absence of calcium as well, such as annexins A9 and A10 [2].
\nSome annexin members specifically engage with certain sites of actin assembly at cellular membranes. For instance, the organization of raft and non-raft microdomains of smooth muscle cell membranes is regulated by annexins A2 and A6 through mediating interactions with the cytoskeleton [6].
\nAnnexins are able to engage with cytoskeleton components reversibly. However, under certain circumstances, some annexins (A2 and A11) are found to be working together in the nucleus in the cell cycle [7]. Especially, annexin A11 plays an essential role in the terminal phase of cytokinesis. Without it, cells cannot form a midbody and hence end up in apoptosis [8]. Additionally, some annexins can be present on the cell surface. For instance, when cells are exposed to glucocorticoids, annexin A1 is found to be translocating from the cytosol to the cell surface [9]. It has also been demonstrated that annexin A2 functions as a co-receptor for plasminogen in several cell types including tumor cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. There is also evidence that annexin A2 might be taking part in preserving vascular patency [10].
Annexins are typically known to be cytosolic proteins. However, some annexins can be found in extracellular fluids as well. There are binding sites on the outer side of cell membranes for these annexins, and they take part in several extracellular functions such as the role of annexin A5 as an anticoagulant protein, annexin A2 as an endothelial cell surface receptor for plasminogen, and the role of annexin A1 with anti-inflammatory activities on leukocytes [11]. As it is mentioned, annexin A2 functions as a receptor for plasminogen through its activities in fibrinolytic cascade as a positive modulator [12]. As a result, overexpression of annexin A2 on the surface of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells could lead to occurrence of bleeding [13].
\nAnnexin A1 is the first member of the annexin family known to be present extracellularly. There are several findings about the extracellular activity of annexin A1. It can be found in human serum, particularly in inflammatory events such as colitis and myocard infarctus [14]. Even though annexins A1 and A4 are both present in ductal prostate epithelium cells, only annexin A1 is present extracellularly [15]. Several studies have shown that annexin A1 strongly inhibits the transendothelial migration of leukocytes, hence limiting the extent of inflammation [16].
The absence of annexin proteins can cause several abnormalities in the body. Altered expression of annexin A1 has led to a change in the inflammatory response of glucocorticoids and an increase in leukocyte migration. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that expression of other annexin proteins was affected by the loss of annexin A1 as well [17].
\nRecent studies have revealed that there are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome of annexin proteins. According to studies, annexin A2 gene SNP exists in a higher level in sickle cell patients compared to control groups and is associated with osteonecrosis [18], and annexin A5 gene polymorphism has a role in recurrent pregnancy loss [19].
\nAnnexins also take part in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. High levels of annexin V cause annexin V autoantibodies to be produced more than necessary, which may play a role in pathogenesis of these diseases [20, 21]. On the other hand, annexin A11 gene polymorphism is found to be associated with sarcoidosis, which is another autoimmune disease characterized by accumulation of epithelioid granulomas in many organs such as kidney and lungs [22].
Annexin proteins generally exhibit diverse functions in coagulation, inflammation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor development, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, and drug resistance. Several studies have revealed that annexins might be playing an important role in the process of tumor differentiation and tumor development through various mechanisms.
\nAnnexin A1 also known as lipocortin is a member of annexin family [23], expressed in many cell types such as prostate, brain, epithelial cells, and phagocytes. It participates in various intracellular events such as cell growth, migration, cell differentiation, and mediating anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids [24].
\nUp-regulation of annexin A1 functions as a tumor progression marker in hepatic, pancreatic, breast, and stomach carcinomas [25]. In contrast, it is down-regulated in head and neck cancers, prostate cancer, and esophageal cancers [26]. Increased annexin A1 levels have been correlated with various multidrug-resistant tumor cells as well. Annexin A1 regulates the expression of metastatic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its activity and induces the activation of NF-kB as well as promoting migration and invasion in MDA-MD-231 cells [27]. The studies have reported a significant correlation between annexin A1 levels and pathological differentiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues [28]. According to data, the presence of annexin A1 also promotes small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells adherence to brain endothelium leading to transendothelial migration [29]. These findings suggest that annexin A1 plays an important role in the regulation of tumor cell behavior and can be used as a potential target in breast cancer therapy.
Annexin A2, also known as Calpactin I or Lipocortin II, is a 36 kDa member of annexin family expressed by various cell types such as endothelial cells, tumor cells, and macrophages [30]. The N-terminal region of annexin A2 contains tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) [31] as well as S100A10 protein binding site [32]. On the other hand, the C-terminal region contains heparin [33], F-actin [3], and plasminogen binding sites [34].
\nLike the other members of annexin family, intracellular annexin A2 participates in endocytotic and exocytotic events. The down-regulation of annexin A2 inhibits cell proliferation and cell division [35], and degradation of this protein has been linked with apoptosis promoted by p53-induced pathways [36]. Annexin A2 can also function as an antioxidant. Down-regulation of annexin A2 leads tumor cells to apoptosis through pro-apoptotic p38MAPK/JNK/Akt signaling pathways upon hydrogen peroxide exposure [37].
\nAnnexin A2 interacts with tPA which transforms plasminogen into plasmin, hence leading to extracellular matrix degradation and cell invasion. However, blocking off the surface of annexin A2 can prevent tumor cell growth and metastasis [38]. Overexpression of annexin A2 is observed in a wide range of cancer cells such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), breast cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), lung cancer, and many others.
\nIn acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, annexin A2 has been linked with drug resistance. Experiments revealed that phosphorylated annexin A2 expression (and not annexin A2) is higher in prednisolone-resistant cells than in drug-sensitive cell lines, suggesting that preventing annexin A2 phosphorylation can bring therapeutic benefit to the treatment of drug-resistant ALL cells [39].
\nIn pancreatic tumors, annexin A2 levels were observed to be 2- to 8-folds higher than in normal pancreas cells [40]. On the other hand, higher annexin A2 immunoreactivity is observed in lung and squamous cell carcinoma compared to control group [41]. The studies also suggest that annexin A2-dependent plasmin in human breast cancer cells may participate in angiogenesis and metastasis through ubiquitination in breast cancer tissue [42]. Recent studies have demonstrated that annexin A2 is a receptor for gastrin and progastric peptides, which are associated with growth-stimulatory effects on intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells [43]. Annexin A2 expression is strongly correlated with disease recurrence. Hence, it could be regarded as a potential biomarker for CRC patients.
The absence of annexin A3 is believed to play an important role in drug resistance and tumor development. According to available data, there is a correlation between up-regulation of annexin A3 and increased drug resistance in ovarian carcinoma. It also increases the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocarcinoma. On the other hand, development of prostatic and renal carcinoma was observed with the down-regulation of annexin A3 [44].
\nAmong digestive tract cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is seen very commonly. Since it bears no clinical symptoms at early stages, discovering a biomarker that will aid in diagnosis has become necessary. Annexin A3 is considered to be a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer. The higher level of annexin A3 expression has been determined in blood samples of patients with CRC, indicating the importance of annexin A3 as a biomarker in CRC [45].
Annexin A4 is a member of annexin family, also known as lipocortin IV with a size of 35.9 kDa [46]. It consists of four annexin repeats, and each region includes 5 alfa-helixes with a calcium-binding motif [47].
\nAnnexin A4 plays an important role in membrane repair, promoting vesicle aggregation and regulation of passive membrane permeability [48]. It also takes part in calcium signaling, anticoagulation, and resistance to apoptosis [49]. Accumulated data show that annexin A4 also involves in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in various cancer types [50].
\nExperiments revealed that there is a positive correlation between annexin A4 and colorectal cancer progression [51]. Moreover, annexin A4 was found to be directly binding to HPA (one of the markers of CRC metastasis), which indicates that it can be considered an important marker for CRC progression [52]. Annexin A4 is also overexpressed in
Annexin A5, also known as Endonexin II, Lipocortin V, or thromboplastin inhibitor V, plays an important role in cell membrane repair during anti-inflammatory, profibrinolytic, and anti-thrombotic activities. Intracellular annexin A5 participates in calcium channel activity on plasma membrane interacting with actin in platelets during the coagulation process [57]. On the other hand, extracellular annexin A5 plays an important role in apoptosis and phagocytosis [58].
\nAs the most studied member of annexin family, annexin A5 also plays important role in cancer development and progression.
\nExperiments on tumor samples obtained from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma revealed that annexin A5 was up-regulated by 134% [59]. Hence, it could be a novel biomarker for portal vein tumor thrombus formation. Annexin A5 was also correlated with hepatocarcinoma lymphatic metastasis. Half of tumor metastasis occurs through lymphatic system leading to poor prognosis. Studies showed that in metastatic hepatocarcinoma, annexin A5 was increased by 216%, which indicates that annexin A5 levels could be used in diagnosing lymphatic metastasis of tumors [60]. Annexin A5 has been found overexpressed in human cutaneous SCC cell lines. Experiments showed that annexin A5 is mainly present in growing tumor areas [61], suggesting that annexin A5 may involve in cell proliferation and metastasis. On the other hand, knockdown of annexin A5 by siRNA decreased the invasion capability of human oral carcinoma cells while up-regulating a metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1 [62].
\nAnnexin A5 is significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxia condition, indicating that it may be a significant reference value in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [63]. Results obtained from studies suggest that annexin A5 is involved in breast cancer since up-regulation of this protein suppressed Raf-1, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation of breast cancer cells [64].
\nAdditionally, the studies revealed that annexin A5 is also involved in cervical, colorectal, bladder carcinomas, and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis of fibrosarcoma by different mechanisms.
Annexin A7 (also known as synexin) is a member of annexin family. On human chromosome, it is located where several tumor-suppressor genes are present [65]. Although it can be found in the nucleus, it is mostly found in membranes [66].
\nAvailable data indicate that annexin A7 might function as a tumor-suppressor gene in prostate cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma; however, it might act as a tumor promoter in gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Additionally, down-regulation of annexin A7 could participate in tumor invasion and metastasis [65].
The certain members of annexin family have important functions in the development and prognosis of several carcinomas mentioned above. Thus, the studies are focused on targeting these proteins to prevent or treat the disease. The recent findings on annexin-targeted treatments are summarized hereafter.
\nProstate cancer is the most common malignant cancer diagnosed in men. It accounts for 10% of all male cancers and is difficult to detect at early stages. Therefore, it is necessary to discover a novel biomarker that will aid in early diagnosis [67]. To investigate the effect of Simvastatin and annexin A10 in human PC-3 prostate cancer cells, a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was used. Simvastatin was administered with 5 and 50 mg/kg doses. According to results obtained, Simvastatin up-regulated the expression of annexin A10 which led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration as well as a reduction in tumor size. In contrast, down-regulation of annexin A10 by siRNA increased the cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in PC-3 cells. Taken together, targeting annexin A10 with statins could be used in preventing or treating prostate cancer [68].
\nS100 proteins are known to regulate cell functions through interacting with other proteins, particularly with annexins [69]. The interaction between annexin A2 and S100A10 plays an important role in tumor metastasis and neo-angiogenesis [70]. Therefore, inhibiting this interaction could bring therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment. Several inhibitors have been identified using biochemical screening and receptor-guided random docking techniques based on \'1,2,4-triazole\' structure. One of these compounds was found to be a potent inhibitor: 2-[(5-{[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-4-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl]-N-[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]acetamide [71].
\nVarious chemicals can cause DNA damage and mutagenesis such as As3+ or reactive oxygen species, and mutagenesis has an important role in cancer initiation and progression [72]. Annexin A1 is known to participate in signal transduction of growth factors and cell proliferation or differentiation. Nevertheless, in certain types of cancers, the expression of annexin A1 can be reduced such as squamous cell carcinoma, whereas it can be increased in other cancers such as bladder cancer [73]. Moreover, in some cancer cells, the expression of annexin A1 is found higher in nucleus than in cytosol, which indicates that the nuclear presence of annexin A1 could correlate with progression of certain cancers [74]. Annexin A1 requires calcium signaling and tyrosine phosphorylation in order to translocate into the nucleus. This process is triggered by DNA-damaging agents and oxidative stress [75]. Signals of damage in DNA form a mono-ubiquitinated annexin A1, which stimulates translesion DNA synthesis by heavy metals [76]. Since annexin A1 is thought to involve in responses of DNA damage and mutagenesis, the inhibition of binding activity of annexin A1 by several substances including flavonoids has been researched. Results have revealed that Quercetin, Silibinin, and Genistein inhibited the binding activity of annexin A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, they inhibited thymidine kinase gene mutation induced by As3+ in lymphoma cells through suppressing the translesion DNA synthesis which was mediated by mono-ubiquitinated annexin A1 in the nucleus [77]. These findings indicate that annexin A1 could be a novel target protein in preventing DNA damage induced by gene mutation.
\nHepatocarcinoma is one of the most common malignancies with a high mortality rate and no effective treatment. A study has shown that in a mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line (Hca-P), down-regulating the expression of annexin A7 decreases the proliferation and induces apoptosis [78]. To investigate the role of it further, an experiment targeting annexin A7 has been performed. In order to down-regulate the expression of annexin A7, an RNA interference technique (RNAi) was used to demonstrate the changes in cell viability where annexin A7 levels are altered after Cisplatin treatment. According to data obtained, following the down-regulation of annexin A7, treatment with Cisplatin reduced the proliferation of Hca-P cells significantly and induced apoptosis. Additionally, altering the expression of annexin A7 decreased the expression of Bcl2 and increased the expression of caspase-3 and cytochrome-C, which indicates that presence of annexin A7 inhibits apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway [79] (see Figure 1).
Schematic representation of annexin-targeted novel studies (the centered protein figure was prepared by Pymol Educational Program using annexin IV protein (PDB ID: 2ZOC) from Protein Data Bank).
Annexin A1 is known to participate in the process of inflammation along with a wide range of cellular activities [2]. It has been revealed that annexin A1 plays a role in the process of apoptosis in inflammatory cells as well [80]. Experiments have shown that elevated annexin A1 levels in U937 cells and bronchoalveolar epithelial cells induce apoptosis through caspase-3 activation [81]. Moreover, it has been shown that in thyroid cancer cells, apoptosis induced by TRAIL is also mediated through annexin A1 expression [82]. Additionally, in prostate cancer cells, down-regulation of annexin A1 has been suggested to contribute in cancer initiation and progression [83]. On the other hand, up-regulation of annexin A1 has decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis through caspase activity [84], which indicates that annexin A1 could be taken as a tumor-suppressor protein in prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP).
\nExperiments have shown that the expression of annexin A1 decreases in prostate cancer cells. Therefore, the mechanism of this reduction has been investigated. The fact that annexin A1 levels only decrease and are not completely eliminated brings the possibility that dysregulation of annexin A1 occurs at the level of gene transcription [85]. It has been proposed that deacetylation of histone proteins leads to altered gene expressions [86]. The turnover of histone acetylation is mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). These enzymes can induce and inhibit transcription [87], and they show dysregulated activities in human cancers leading to neoplastic transformation of tumor cells [88]. Hence, the balance of HAT/HDAC has been a target in cancer therapy. Various compounds have shown antitumor effects through inhibiting HDACs such as valproic acid and some cyclic peptides (FK228) [89].
\nRecently, a novel compound, FR235222, with inhibitory effect on histone deacetylases has been isolated from a fungus [90]. Experiments have revealed that FR235222 induces apoptosis and regulates annexin A1 expression in leukemia cell lines. The possible mechanism suggested was that reduced levels of annexin A1 could be mediated by deacetylation of histone proteins [85]. To confirm this hypothesis, the effect of FR235222 on apoptosis and annexin A1 expression has been studied in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP). Western blotting results have shown that FR235222 induces the expression of annexin A1 in a time-dependent manner with a peak at 48 h. Also, experiments with actinomycin D indicated that the increase of annexin A1 was at transcription level. In contrast, when annexin A1 expression was down-regulated by siRNA transfection protocol, a partial decrease in FR235222-induced apoptosis has been observed by 26% and in caspase-3 activity by 22% in LNCaP cells [91]. These findings suggest that transcriptional activation of annexin A1 is induced by FR235222 through acetylation of histone proteins and inhibition of HDACs in LNCaP cells, and the increased levels of annexin A1 lead to apoptosis through caspase activity.
\nLung cancer is one of the most common cancer types with a high rate of mortality [92]. Studies have shown that inflammation participates in the development of lung cancer. One of the components of inflammatory pathways is the COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Increased expression of COX-2 is often seen in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This leads to overexpression of PGE2 which involves in various cancer-related activities such as resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis [93]. Annexin A1 acts as a phospholipase A2 inhibitor and is associated with several functions such as cell differentiation, cell growth arrest, and anti-inflammation [94]. The effect of annexin A1 in human NSCLC cell line (A549) has been investigated. Studies have concluded that Dexamethasone increased the expression of annexin A1 in A549 cells which inhibited cell growth [95]. In contrast, gene deletion of annexin A1 led to an excessive inflammatory stimuli characterized by increased leukocyte migration and IL-1B generation [17].
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Annexin A2 is present in various cell types including endothelial cells, neuronal cells, and cancer cells. It acts as a co-receptor for plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) [99]. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, annexin A2 is found to be overexpressed. This causes plasmin to be highly produced leading to hyperfibrinolysis and then abnormal bleeding in patients [100]. A study has been performed to investigate the regulation of annexin A2 expression in APL cells as well as the effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Results have shown that annexin A2 is expressed abnormally on the surface of APL cells. Additionally, it has been observed that annexin A2 exhibits a unique activity of binding the tPA substrate plasminogen leading to enhanced plasminogen activity in APL cells [101]. Following the administration of As2O3 and ATRA in patients with APL, the expression of annexin A2 was significantly down-regulated on the surface of APL cells compared to the control group. Bleeding started to disappear a week after the treatment with ATRA and As2O3 as well as parameters of fibrinolysis [102]. These findings suggest that targeting annexin A2 could help treat the abnormal bleeding in patients with APL.
Nowadays, Carbon science is immensely popular in several areas of material, nanoscience and, engineering [1] because of its unique and fundamental properties. Basically, the word carbon meaning Charcoaloriginates from Latin
Graphite, diamond and amorphous carbon were only carbon allotropes known to exist in the early 1980s [4]. Where amorphous carbon does not have a crystalline structure and is used in various applications like ink, rubber filler, and paint. Carbon has a remarkable capability to bind with numerous other elements to make it essential to nearly all life. The current era is abounding with a variety of novel materials and undeniably the 20th-century capitulates a significantly more materials than previous centuries. Various materials have significant impact on society. Carbon has emerged as the most crucial substance for transforming 21st-century illumination for two reasons, carbon is immensely strong and very lightweight [5].
Discovery of fullerene developed the new aspect to the cognizance of carbon science, and it is the fourth allotrope of carbon at the nano level in which Spherical fullerene are buckyballs (C60) is most common. In 1970, the existence of C60 was purposed by E. Osawa. Buckyball was discovered, in 1985 by R.F. Curl, and co-workers. In 1996, R.F. Curl and co-workers win Nobel Prize for this great discovery. Thereafter, in different natural environments, C60 was found in rock, on earth, and in space [6, 7]. In buckyballs, atoms are covalently bonded to three nearest atoms in closed-shell [3]. This serendipitous discovery gave rise to a new epoch for synthesized carbon allotropes. The next major breakthrough in this area was the carbon nanotubes synthesis mechanism. Carbon nanotubes were discovered by S. Iijima, in 1996 [8]. By using evaporated graphite, synthesis of semi uni-dimensional carbon tubes was reported forthwith the discovery of fullerenes [9]. Later on, by using the chemical vapor deposition fabrication technique, carbon nanotubes were developed [10]. One of the types of carbon nanotube is single-walled (SWNTs) in which consist of one atom thick layer while multi-walled (MWNTs) many layers of graphitic carbon in the wall [11]. Carbon nanotubes were discovered later but they give new dimensions towards the field of advanced carbon.
In 2004, A. Geim and his colleagues investigated and fabricated graphene, which is the final stage of succeeding progress of carbon-based material. In 2010, Andre Geim and his team won Nobel Prize for their innovative research on graphene. Graphene is considered as a primary constituent of various allotropes of carbon and knowing as a mother of carbon-based materials especially graphite [12]. Graphene has a honeycomb-like structure, that is made up of a single atom thick sp2 hybridized carbon atom (Figure 1).
Time line of advanced carbon materials.
Diverse allotropes of carbon materials are mostly employed in renewable energy resources for the generation and storage of energy. Carbon nanomaterials offer tremendous potential for enhancing biology, medicine [13], electronics, energy technologies [14], and drug delivery. Scientists are currently working feverishly to achieve the inimitable electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of their carbon materials for potential applications. Hence the interest in synthesis and applications of sustainable materials is emerging. Especially, for the sake of applications in future chemical and energy sector are becoming recognized. This chapter will introduce different fabrications methods for sustainable carbon materials as well as highlights their applications in essential energy and environmental-related field.
With the innovation of industrial and commercial growth, the globe is confronted with a slew of crisis, including energy shortage and environmental issues, which have hampered the advancement of human civilizations. Researchers have employed a variety of methods to address these issues and have achieved certain results [15]. The synthesis for advanced carbon materials (Carbon nanotubes, Graphene and, fullerenes) has been developed tremendously. So, this material can fabricate by two methods physical methods and chemical methods. During the chemical production of nanoparticles, it is feasible to control particle size at a nanometer scale [16]. While the devoid of solvent and uniform nanoparticle dispersion is a fundamental aspect of this physical method over the chemical method [17].
Smalley and his team established, method of laser vaporization for the preparationof fullerene as well as carbon nanotubes [18]. it was initially used for the synthesis of fullerene and then later it is used in the production of CNTs, particularly single-wall CNT [19]. Laser ablation is a technique that is used for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. A furnace, graphite target, reactor tube and, laser beam source is used in this process (Figure 2).
Pictorial diagram of laser ablation method.
A small graphite pellet is positioned at the mid of the quartz reactor tube inside the furnace at a specific temperature. Once the air from quartz has been evacuated, temperature of the furnace is raised to 1000°C- 1200°C. The quartz tube is saturated with inert gas. Scanning the surface of the pellet by beam of laser, graphite is vaporized whereas to preserve the smooth and homogenous surface. When gases flow through chamber as a result, carbon constituents obtained via sublimation of graphite are displaced. Coalesce phenomena took place in gaseous state. After that, they deposit on the surface of the collector of cooled copper. The fundamental distinction between pulsed and continuous laser vaporization is that pulsed laser produced significantly higher power density. Many parameters influence the properties of CNTs synthesized by the pulsed laser deposition process (PLD), including laser properties, target material compositional and structural properties, chamber pressure, and chemical composition [5].
By using arc discharge method, Zhai etl fabricated amazing form of carbon [11]. The AC/DC arc discharge technique may be used to prepared CNTs. The electric arc discharge synthesis method involves high voltage delivered between two graphene electrodes and high temperature. The synthesis process successfully accomplished by filling a chamber with inert gas, such as He/Ar gas. Potential difference is supplied among two water-cooled electrodes that are made up of graphite. Subsequently, gradually electrodes are brought closer together till the gap among the electrodes narrows reaches the point, where electric arc collapse happening. Afterward, sublimation of anode occurred, yielding the plasma at the region among the two electrodes, wherever temperature approaches 6000oC high enough to cause graphite sublimation (Figure 3).
Schematic diagram of Electric arc discharge.
The carbon atoms are evacuated from the solid during sublimation, the pressure is extremely high. Then these atoms migrate to the colder zone of the chamber, allowing a nanotube to deposit to accumulate on carbon. This type of nanotube is produced highly dependent on the composition of the anode. In comparison to other methods, this methodology leads to the growth of CNTs with few structural defects [5].
Novoselov and Geim developed a very simple efficient method. This method involves, repeat the adhere and peel steps multiple times by using ordinary scotch tape, culminating a few mm -thick flakes of graphite of auni-layer thin specimen. By using manually mechanically cleavage graphite with scotch tape, the first graphene sheet was produced. Deifying the fact that no two-dimensional crystal can occur underneath the environmental conditions and, also displaying a variety of unique characteristics [20]. Mechanical exfoliation can produce high-quality graphene for characteristics research. But it not appears innovative for the huge areas. Mechanical exfoliation produced particles of graphene, with few microns of sideways dimension [21].
Arc discharge techniquehas beenused to prepared sheets of graphene. For the first time, Rao et al. showed that this method may also be used to fabricate the sheets of graphene [22]. Here graphite is used as an electrode, they used comparatively high hydrogen pressure and produce graphene having 2–4 sheets in the innermost arc area. No catalytic agent has been employed in this process. Furthermore, doping of nitrogen and boron, sheets of graphene, can easily obtained by a nitrogen source (pyridine) and boron source (B2H6). Nevertheless, the graphene sheet’s dimensions and shape can be optimized [23].
CVD technique is utmost popular, uncomplicated as well as cost-effective for producing Carbon nanotubes, at relatively low temperature. In this approach, a gaseous carbon source is used. Transmit energy to the gaseous state of carbon molecules by using av ariety of energy sources such like a Heating coil or plasma source. As a source of carbon, CVD employing different hydrocarbons such as, carbon monoxide/methane. During this process, a substrate is coated with a metallic catalyst is heated around 700°C.When two different gases, one is actually carrier gases (Argon /Nitrogen/hydrogen) and, hydrocarbon transported via chamber, growth begins (Figure 4) [24].
Schematic diagram of CVD.
When chamber is heated up using heating coil, then disintegrated gasses causing a reaction between reactive species from the gas and catalyst resulting in carbon deposition on a substrate. Through an elimination system, hydrogen gas as a residue will eliminate from the chamber [25]. The temperature range for the vapor deposition is 600°C-1200°C. The vapor of hydrocarbon will mix with a metallic catalytical agent till carbon and hydrogen are produced. While carbon will soluble in metallic substrate and evaporation of hydrogen will occur [23].
The latest approach known as a hydrothermal method, use to synthesize the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at low temperature, reducing the cost of CNTs production on a wide scale. Furthermore. Hydrothermal synthesis of materials has several advantages, environmentally Benefield, simple and quick. CNTs are made by utilizing the hydrothermal method, which uses ferrocene as carbon percussor and sulfur as a catalyst. Under constant stirring, sulfur and ferrocene have been mixed with NaOH solution containing ethanol and distilled water. Under the ultrasonic bath, the mixture has been sonicated at ambient temperature and constant stirring. The homogeneous solution is transferred to an autoclave reactor for hydrothermal treatment in an electric oven. Once the reaction is completed, the autoclave reactor has been cooled at room temperature. Black participate in the autoclave is filtered, and washed with ethanol, HCl, and then distilled water, until the pH 7 of washing solution is obtained [26].
W.S. Hummers and R.E. Offeman developed this method in 1958 [27]. This method is appropriate for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) on wide-ranging. Hummer method emphasized three Phase responses [28]. Intercalation at a lower temperature around 5°C, moderate temperature approximately 35-40°C oxidation of graphite intercalation compounds, and hydrolysis due to higher temperature. For the preparation of GO, untainted graphite, concentrated sulfuric acid and, sodium nitrate is added to the flask. Kept that flask at temperature 5°C in an ice bath, under constant stirred for few minutes. After that, to avoid intense reaction at a certain spot, potassium permanganate has been slowly added to the flask. Next step, to remove the ice bath. Temperature of the reaction is gradually raised to a maximum temperature that is 35-40°C, and maintained for half an hour with continuous stirring. Demineralized water is then added to the mentioned suspension. As a result, hydration of heat, producing a large exotherm of approximately 98°C. After that bath process is maintained at maximum temperature. Later on, deionized water and hydrogen peroxide have been added to finish the reaction. Vacuum filtration extracts the finished product from the solution, which is in yellowish/brown color. The GO granules are then rinsed five times in dilute hydrochloric acid. and warm deionized water to eliminate any residual Mn ions or acid [29]. The graphene oxide (GO) has been synthesized via filtering and drying under the vacuum at room temperature (Figure 5).
Schematic flow chart of GO synthesis by Hummer’s Method.
Modified Hummer method is used to synthesized GO. In this procedure, graphite is added to concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid (relatively 9:1 ratio of volume) [30]. Stirred for 10–20 minutes in bath ice. A double amount of potassium permanganate has been gradually added into the mixture under stirring. Keeping temperature of solution around 3-5°C solution. The mixture has been reacted for 2–4 hours in a cold bath. Once again mixture has been stirred, at a 38–40°C water bath. Consequently, for one hour, the temperature of the mentioned mixture is maintained at 98°C [31]. Deionized water is continually added. Along with hydrogen peroxide also has been added dropwise in the said suspension. After filtration, mixture is washed with deionized water and Hydrochloric acid multiple times. At last, the end product is dried to get final outcome of GO (Figure 6).
Schematic flow chart of GO synthesis by Modified Hummer’s Method.
Tour’s group developed an improved version of Hummer’s method in 2010 at Rice University. In the mixture of H2SO4/ H3PO4 (9:1), they replaced the sodium nitrate with orthophosphoric acid and increased the quantity of KMnO4. There is no generation of hazardous gas such as NO2, N2O4, or ClO2are regarded as the benefit of this method, and temperature is easily controllable in Tour’s method. According to the author, the existence of orthophosphoric acid leads more intact graphitic basal plane [32]. Tour’s method is most efficient for GO as, it is inexpensive, non-toxic and also, environmentally benign [33].
Advanced carbon nanomaterials are receiving a lot of attention of scientific research in last few years owing to their unique mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and electrical properties. Advanced carbon materials, comprising of graphene, fullerene, carbon fibers, activated carbon and carbon nanotubes are considered as backbone of material science and technological innovation [34]. These advanced carbon materials also find applications in electronics, organic photovoltaic, energy conservation technology and drug delivery as illustrated in Figure 7 [35].
Advanced carbon material’s applications.
The advancement of drug delivery systems is appealing as it permits to improve the therapeutic properties of already existing drugs. The main purpose of developing an improved drug delivery system (DDS) is to transport therapeutic agents to the diseased area in a controlled way with few side-effects on other healthy tissues [36]. In the last few years, the advancement in nanotechnology has avoided some problems in this area by inserting nanosacled drug carriers with useful applications in drug delivery system (DDS). Among different nano-sized drug carrier, advanced carbon materials have been extensively discussed for delivering therapeutic molecules, owing to their advantageous physical as well as chemical characteristics [37].
Recently, graphene has been explored as novel and inexpensive DDS with the possibility of being employed for systemic, targeting and local DDS [38]. Graphene is considered as one of the best nanocarrier for drug delivery because of its many reasons. Firstly, it can load more drugs than other nanocarriers owing to larger surface provided by arrangement of atoms in two dimensions. Secondly, graphene and GO are suitable for different delivery environments due to their high chemical and mechanical stability. Thirdly, toxicity and side effects of graphene and GO can be reduced by simple functionalization process such as coating with biocompatible material [39]. As graphene has an excellent ability to deliver protein, peptide and nucleic acid into the cell by crossing the cell membrane so it has been explored for delivering various therapeutics drugs, including antibodies, genes, antibiotics, anti cancer medicine, RNA, DNA and insoluble drugs. Delivery of multiple drugs at once by graphene based nanomaterials has also been investigated for chemotherapeutic efficacy [40].
In addition to graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT) has been investigated as fast and effective nanocarrier for delivering therapeutic molecules. It has become an attractive task for many research groups for its excellent drug delivery applications owing to its unique biological, physical as well as chemical properties [41]. CNT also has ability to attach desired functional groups on its outer layer due to its hollow monolithic structure, which makes the CNT a promising nanocarrier for drug delivery. Furthermore, functionalized CNTs can easily penetrate into the cells so they have potential to work as vehicles for drug delivery of small therapeutic molecules [42].
In addition, fullerene is also considered a promising material for drug delivery in the body as catalyst and as a lubricant. It is mostly used to deliver the drugs for cancer therapy, drugs needed to enter the brain and -tumor drugs. It acts as hollow cages to capture other molecules. That is how it delivers drug molecules to the site of action inside the body [43]. It can also transport multiple drugs to different tumors by combining monoclonal antibody. Fullerene is efficient for delivering the drugs owing to its capability to pass blood through brain barrier, deliver directly to the targeted cells, not dissolve before reaching the targeted region and carry the load of multiple drugs [44].
In recent years the demand for highly efficient energy storage devices has increased significantly and a lot of work has been done to develop advanced electrode materials. In this respect, advanced carbon materials have been widely investigated for sustainable clean-energy storage systems owing to their excellent physicochemical and thermo-mechanical characteristics [45]. As advanced carbon materials have controllable porous structure, high surface area, high conductivity, high temperature stability, excellent anti-corrosion property and compatibility in composite materials so they can be used in energy storage devices as electrocatalysts, electro-conductive additives, intercalation hosts and ideal substrate for active materials [46].
Within family of advanced carbon materials, graphene is attracting a lot of scientific attention for its remarkable characteristics including significant surface area, mechanical stability and excellent electrical conductivity, making it suitable to use as electrodes in energy storage systems [47]. They can used to increase the efficiency of currently used energy storing devices for instance super-capacitor and Lithium ion batteries as well as make next generation devices such as Sodium ion batteries, Lithium sulfur batteries and Lithium O2 batteries, more practical. In supercapacitor, in order to form an effective electric double layer coating, graphene is used in the carbon coatings. These supercapacitors are then utilized to store large amount of energy. Graphene is also used as electrode material in supercapacitor and pseudocapacitors [48].
Carbon nanoube is also another promising material to be used in different energy storage applications. It is used as electrodes in supercapacitor and lithium ion batteries owing to its extraordinary tensile strength, electrical conductivity as well as ultrahigh surface region. Energy storage devices employ CNTs as additives in order to increase electrical conductivity of cathode and also as anode components [49, 50].
Apart from graphene and CNTs, activated carbon also finds its potential as electrode material in energy storage applications due to its wide surface region and excellent electronic conductivity. These properties can be increased by adding other materials such as polymer and other carbon based materials [47].
Fullerene is also used in advanced energy storing devices as electrodes because of their being lightweight, controllable electrochemical performance, flexibility and excellent electrical conductivity [51].
Electrochemical fuel cell technology is a source of continuous supply of energy and is important for providing sustainable energy conversion system. Fuel cell has become a unique device for energy storage applications varying from mobile phones to power plants because of their excellent efficiency, high performance and less pollutant’s emission [52]. For development of fuel cells, one of the crucial components of fuel cell is catalyst support. Catalyst support determines the level of catalyst dissemination and increases the catalyst reactivity. The main characteristics of catalyst support include large surface area, excellent thermal and electrical conductor, stable in different types of working media and good absorbent to allow reactant movement. Catalyst support is necessary to improve fuel cell’s efficiency [53]. All these properties are possessed by advanced carbon materials. In fuel cells, advanced carbon materials are used as catalyst as well as catalyst support in order to enhance cell performance. As compare to other materials, advanced carbon materials have several advantages, such as good stability in alkaline and acidic media, electric conductivity and wide surface region. Moreover, these advanced nanomaterials are also used in membranes electrode assemblies (MEA) in fuel cell applications [52, 54].
Among these advanced carbon materials, graphene is favorable for energy conversion systems owing to its certain characteristics including high tensile strength, ultrahigh surface area, chemically stable as well as electronic conductivity, making it a potential candidate for fuel cell applications [55]. Due to all these extraordinary properties, graphene is mostly employed as electro-conductive electrode, catalyst support, bipolar plates and additives in fuel cell technology as shown in Figure 8. As an additive, graphene is used in electrodes either individually or mix with other carbon based materials [56]. They are incorporated in electrodes (anode and cathode) in order to enhance reactions in fuel cell. So in this way graphene offers its potential as catalyst to enhance fuel cell performance [57].
Graphene’s applications in fuel cell technology.
Besides graphene, carbon nanotubes are also favorable material for fuel cell applications. Properties of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be modified via functionalization process in order to produce good combination and improve performance to be used as catalyst support. Furthermore, they can be incorporated in the mixture of platinum/carbon catalyst at the anode to increase the efficiency of the catalytic reactions in the fuel cell [54]. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes have been employed in fuel cells in order to decrease the oxygen level at the cathode. Carbon nanotubes in fuel cells are also used to reduce the demand of metals that are utilized as catalyst as well as enhance the fuel cell’s efficiency.
As a catalyst support, carbon nanotubes have efficiently improved the catalyst performance and usage. The fuel cell employing carbon nanotubes as a catalyst support possess larger current density and high performance as well as catalytic activity [58].
In fuel cell technology, fullerene also finds its potential applications as electrocatalyst support at the anode for fuel oxidation reaction, for oxygen reduction reactions occurring at cathode and as proton conducting membrane [59].
Recently, organic photovoltaic (OPVs) have gain the interest of many research groups because of their usage as conformal, flexible, lightweight and inexpensive power supplies for different commercial applications. OPVs are most effective transformative solar technology made of earth abundant and nontoxic materials on larger scale. Their performance for commercial applications can be improved despite their high capability in large scale development [60]. In order to meet these performance goals, advanced carbon based materials are extensively used as transparent flexible electrodes, hole transporters and electron acceptor in OPV devices. Advanced carbon-based photovoltaic devices have attracted much attention for both scientific research and commercial applications. Advanced carbon nanomaterials namely fullerenes, graphene, activated carbon and carbon nanotubes possess attractive properties to be employed as active materials for the development of OPV devices [61].
In OPV devices, organic solar cell is most extensively used device for potential applications. The aim of organic solar cell is to provide effective and low cost energy production photovoltaic device as compared to already present solar technologies. Generally, organic solar cell is a very simple device made up of small organic molecules, polymers, or mixture of both materials with or without other nanomaterials added into whole device [62]. These cells are not only flexible but also their fabrication cost is just one third of the price of silicon cell. They can be inserted in infrastructures including walls, windows, car windshields and many others [60].
Although graphene has single atom thick sheet structure but due to high hole transport movement and larger surface region, graphene finds its applications in organic solar cells [30]. In organic solar cells, graphene thin films are extensively utilized as window electrodes. There are many advantages of using graphene in these cells. Firstly, it generates a window for inducing photon energy in a wide range of wavelengths (from UV to far infrared) inside solar cells. Secondly, it builds a flexible transparent device with robust architecture. Thirdly, it possesses high charge transfer mobility at the interface of electrochemical cells and allows for more heat dissipation [63].
In addition to graphene, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique characteristics, such as excellent electrical conductivity, that make them ideal for combining with conducting polymers to create composites being used in organic solar cell. These cells have been made by incorporating carbon nanotubes into conjugated polymers. In principle, carbon nanotubes and their composites can replace all parts of a solar cell, including the light sensitive component, carrier selective contacts, passivation layers, and transparent conducting films [64]. Over the last decade, carbon nanotube has been employed in organic solar cell as additives, carrier transporters, transparent electrodes and light absorbers. Single walled carbon nanotube has been widely utilized as an electron donor with fullerene-derivates as an acceptor in organic solar cell using carbon nanotubes in photoactive layer to produce a type II heterojunction [65].
With the discovery of photo-induced electrons transfer from conducting polymers to fullerene, fullerene has been the most favored electron accepting and transferring material for organic solar cell. Importantly, to improve the organic solar cell’s efficiency, the thickness of photoactive layer can be decreased by utilizing single-crystal fullerene [66].
Advanced carbon materials are well recognized for their usage in electronics because of their distinctive properties. Among advanced carbon materials, graphene is the outstanding material with its attractive characteristics which make it preferable choice for advanced electronics applications. Graphene finds its potential to bring revolution in electronics due to its remarkable strength, thermal and electrical conductivity and electron mobility [67]. In electronics graphene is mostly used as transistor, interconnect, sensor and thermal management. It’s one of the most efficient electrical conductors on the Earth.
In electronics and integrated circuits, the characteristics of graphene have made it a viable alternative to silicon and the basis for developing superconductors which permit to generate higher voltage lines that will effectively transfer energy to our houses [68]. Microchips and transistors, both fundamental components in almost all electrical devices, can be made from graphene. Graphene is used to build circuitry of computer resulting in the development of significantly faster computers with low power consumption than existing silicon. It is used to build circuitry Touch screens for cell phones and tablets can be improved by using graphene as a coating [69].
Besides graphene, carbon nanotubes for electronic applications are also interesting topic for research and printable carbon nanotube inks are making their way to the market. Carbon nanotubes are utilized in the manufacture of transistors and are used as conductive layers in the rapidly expanding touch screen sector. In some applications, carbon nanotubes are thought to be a good substitute for Indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductors [70]. For instance, carbon nanotubes, when fabricated as transparent conductive films (TCF), might be utilized as transparent, highly conductive and inexpensive alternative in flexible displays and touch panels. Significant development has been achieved on carbon nanotubes field effect transistor (FET). Carbon nanotube-based field effect transistors (FETs) exhibit operating characteristics that are almost comparable to those of silicon-based components [71].
Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) is promising candidate for the channel material of flexible thin film transistor (TFT). Thermal management of electrical circuits is achieved using large structure of carbon nanotubes. Random networks of SWCNTs have also been used to fabricate integrated logical circuits. Carbon nanotubes also act as a rectifying diode [72]. In molecular electronics carbon nanotube is good candidate for connection because of their structure, electronic conductivity as well as capability to be precisely generated. It is also recently revealed that SWNTs, when employed as interconnects on semiconductor devices, they can transmit electrical signals at high speed [73]. Fullerene is also used in electronics in a variety of ways, including as a diode, transistor, and photocell. Moreover, fullerene also behaves as device interconnects [74].
One of the most intriguing properties of graphene is that it is the lightest and strongest substance known. It is lighter than aluminum and more elastic than rubber. The reason that graphene stands out as a reinforce ingredient in composite material is its outstanding intrinsic mechanical characteristics, such as stiffness, strength, and toughness [75]. Currently, graphene is expected to be used (possibly incorporated with plastic) to make a material that would substitute steel in airplane structures, improving its performance, range, and weight. Because of its electric conductivity, it is utilized to cover airplane outer surface to protect it from electrical damage. This covering is also utilized to determine strain rate, alerting the pilots to any variations in the stress levels on the airplane’s wings. The advancement in high strength demanding potential applications just like body armor for armed persons is possible with the help of useful properties of graphene [76]. Graphene is a promising material for the development of speakers as well as electrostatic audio microphones because of its lightweight property, which in turns show fairly good frequency response. For applications considering strength and weight as limiting factors such as in aerospace industry, graphene can be added into a variety of composites. It is incorporated in different materials in order to make existing materials more stronger and lightweight. So a composite material that is more lighter and stronger than steel, gives the necessary strength required for the aviation industry and save more money on fuel consumption. This is the main reason of incorporating graphene into these materials [77, 78].
Carbon nanotubes also possess extraordinary mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus of carbon nanotubes is about 1TPa and their tensile strength is about 11–63 GPa. Due to these unique properties, carbon nanotubes have gained much attention for many mechanical applications such as rotational actuators, nanometer cargoes, high frequency oscillators and nanometer tweezers. Extraordinary mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes make it preferable material for load-bearing reinforcement in composite materials as well as also for structural applications [79]. Moreover, low specific weight and high young modulus of SWCNT enable them to employ as ultimate mechanical resonators for analyzing mechanical motion in quantum field. Tip used in scanning probe microscopy can be made of carbon nanotubes due to its high elasticity property that avoids the mechanical destruction of tip when in contact with the substrate. Carbon nanotubes are also widely used in various sensor applications such as in mechanical sensors [80].
Advanced carbon nanomaterials are receiving a lot of attention of scientific research in last few years owing to their unique mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and electrical properties. Advanced carbon nanomaterials, comprising of graphene, fullerene, carbon fibers, activated carbon and carbon nanotubes are considered as backbone of material science and technological innovation. These nanomaterials are fabricated by using different physical and chemical methods to get high materials with excellent characteristics. Advanced carbon materials also find applications in electronics, organic photovoltaic, energy conservation technology and drug delivery etc. In future these advanced materials can be used to develop several materials with different applications. A lot of research is taking place for producing these materials on industrial level. These advanced materials are the future of sustainable energy production and storage devices owing to its capability to store energy on large scale. Fuel cells also in the near future are thought to replace battery based energy systems. Graphene sheets may have the potential to be a game-changing use in microelectronics. The demand for advanced carbon materials will be further growing for technological innovation.
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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"