Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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A. Muchlisin was born in Banda Aceh, Indonesia and graduated in Aquaculture Department from University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia in 1997 (Bachelor in Aquaculture). After graduating his Bachelor Degree, he started working for Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia from 1999, where he continues to work.. Dr Muchlisin was obtained his PhD Degree from University Sains Malaysia in Ichthyology field of study. He has published many papers in several reputable journals for example : Theriogenology (Elsevier), Cryobiology (Elsevier), Applied Ichthyology (Blackwell), Aquaculture Research (Blackwell), AACL Bioflux . 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1. Introduction
Acrylic resins, which represented an important step forward in dentistry, have been used in manufacturing denture bases, artificial teeth, orthodontic appliances, maxillofacial prostheses, single-tooth or provisional restorations, as well as veneering materials, since the middle of the twentieth century [1].
Characterized by low density and thermal conductivity, good resistance to chemical solvents, acrylic resins became the most popular material for denture base fabrication because of the low fabrication cost, easy repair/reline, low weight, and aesthetical properties [2].
The most frequently used acrylic resins in dentistry are heat-cured. They seemed very promising at first, but, in time, it turned out that heat-cured acrylics had various shortcomings, such as poor resistance, dimensional stability issues, polymerization shrinkage, high degradation rate in wet environment, allergenic potential and citotoxicity due to the residual monomer, difficult processing, due to the awkward flasking and packing procedure (Figure 1) [3, 4, 5, 6].
Figure 1.
Flasking and packing of heat-cured acrylic dentures.
Acrylic resin becomes porous and permeable after prolonged use in the mouth wet environment, also being prone to discoloration [7].
The consequence may be denture base fracture, allergic reactions, and improper seating [8].
The fracture of the acrylic denture base is a very common clinical problem, partly due to its complex geometry, which favors stress concentration in certain areas [9]. Most of upper denture base fractures are caused by fatigue and impact, whereas in case of the lower denture base, impact and low fracture toughness are the main causes [10]. One of the primary problems of acrylics is the impact failure when the denture is accidentally dropped on a hard surface and fatigue failure when the unfit denture base deforms repeatedly through occlusal forces [11].
According to literature data, 68% of the acrylic dentures break within a few years after fabrication [12].
Acrylics are also well known for their allergenic potential, their citotoxicity being mainly due to the residual monomer [13, 14].
The adverse reactions of the oral mucosa, in case of conventional acrylic resins, may also be induced by porosity (Figure 2), poor hygiene, degradation due to water sorption [15, 16, 17].
Figure 2.
Porous acrylic denture base.
Inadequately cleaned dentures are subject to quick formation of a biofilm on their surface [18].
The anaerobic environment, characteristic under poorly cleaned denture bases, is associated with the proliferation of certain bacterial species, consequently leading to a pathogenic biofilm composition and inducing denture stomatitis by plaque accumulation (Figure 3) [19].
Figure 3.
Microbial flora found on the denture base surface: a. candida hyphae, b. cocci, c. mucinous conglomerate, d. trichomonas tenax (ATP Dragan coloration Ob. Im).
The often contaminated dentures of elderly patients may finally result in affecting the general health condition [20].
The high relative humidity of the oral environment, constant contact of the denture with saliva, cold and hot food and drinks, enzymes, bacteria, and the varying pH levels can severely affect the physical and mechanical properties of the denture [21]. Dental base materials, and especially acrylic resins, are prone to water sorption, as they tend to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, which also leads to deteriorated physical and mechanical properties [22].
In order to overcome these disadvantages, various attempts have been made. One of the methods considered was gold plating, which has proved to increase the retention and overcome plaque accumulation. However, the method did not prevail, as the adhesion between the acrylic resin and the gold plated layer deteriorates and abrades.
Later on, reinforced acrylic resins, characterized by better resistance and low/none residual monomer, became available. Alternative polymer systems, such as polyamide, epoxy, styrene, acetal, polycarbonate, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or vinyl resins, have been experimented, with promising results [23]. However, the desired denture base material has not been developed yet.
2. Alternative materials and techniques
There has been ongoing effort to enhance the strength and fatigue resistance of.
acrylic resins, by means of: reinforcement with the addition of filling materials, altering the chemistry of acrylic resins, and manufacturing alternative denture base materials [24, 25].
2.1 Reinforced acrylic resins
Previous studies have shown that favorable results in improving mechanical properties such as impact and transverse strength were overcome using various types of fillers such as glass, carbon, polylactic fiber, plyometric polyamide, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, aramid, rayon, ceramic particle (barium titanate, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, hydroxyapatite, titanium dioxide, and calcium carbonate), and metal plates or wires [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].
There are numerous studies focusing on the effect of glass fibers on the mechanical qualities of acrylic resins, which reported improvement of tensile and flexural strength and esthetic results [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39].
Different other materials have been used for reinforcement, such as viscose fibers, mica, juta, or vegetable fibers [40, 41, 42].
2.2 Alternative types of acrylic resins
Alternative manufacturing technologies for acrylic resins, which aimed at obtaining high-quality dentures, were constantly developed, using dedicated materials. These technologies including casting, injection, light curing, microwave polymerization, CAD/CAM milling, 3D printing have been more or less utilized [43].
Thermoplastic and CAD/CAM milled acrylates have a high impact rating resistance, long-term stability, being characterized by a dense and smooth surface. It’s highly biocompatible, due to the absence of residual monomer, and has very good long-term stability because of limited water retention [44].
Acrylic resins have been one of the most common commercial materials used for the manufacture of 3D printed denture bases. However, there were some technical challenges that hinder the application of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), such as large shrinkage, low degree of one-time curing, poor mechanical strength, low bacterial resistance, etc., limiting their clinical applications [45].
Nevertheless, great progress has been made in manufacturing alternative resin materials with outstanding properties.
2.3 Light-cured urethane-based resins
Urethane-based resins have no allergic potential, due to the absence of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups. Manufactured by light curing, full and partial urethane dentures do not need flasking, packing, and heat curing, which are time-consuming. The system is extremely efficient and consists of three wax-like types of resins: baseplate resin, setup resin, contour resin. A full denture base needs no more than 30 minutes to process, starting with complete setting of the master model. The “wax-up” is practically made on the denture’s light-cured base, and after try-in, esthetic and phonetic approval, the final conditioning and light curing are carried out (Figures 4–7) [46].
Figure 4.
Baseplate resin before light curing.
Figure 5.
Attaching the teeth to the cured baseplate, by using the setup resin.
Figure 6.
Contour resin, overlaid on the baseplate, exposed setup resin and necks of the teeth, processed using the warm air gun to create a smooth surface.
Figure 7.
Final light curing.
2.4 Thermoplastic resins
Thermoplastic denture base materials include different types of hypoallergenic resins: polyamide (nylon), acetal, PEEK, epoxy, styrene, polycarbonate, vinyl, their most prominent advantages being higher elasticity, toxicological safety, and use of heat molding instead of chemical polymerization, which prevents polymerization shrinkage and related deformation [47, 48].
Thermoplastic resins are monomer-free and consequently nontoxic and non-allergenic, with high biocompatibility. They provide better resistance, esthetic appearance, and lower weight, being much more comfortable for the patient [8, 49, 50].
Their manufacture implies injection by special devices (Figure 8), after preheating the material (at a temperature of 200–250°C), in granular form, wrapped in special cartridges (Figure 9), which prevents dosage errors. The technology excludes any chemical reaction [51].
Figure 8.
Injection devices for thermoplatic resins.
Figure 9.
Thermoplastic grain-like resins, wrapped in cartridges.
Thermoplastic materials are suitable for the manufacturing of removable partial dentures, which totally or partially eliminate the metallic framework and clasps, resulting in the so-called “metal-free removable partial dentures.” If desired, any combination of the metallic framework or clasps with thermoplastic resin saddles and clasps is possible (Figure 10) [52, 53].
Figure 10.
Combination between thermoplastic resin saddle, metallic and acetal clasps.
Their indications include: removable partial dentures, preformed clasps, removable partial denture frameworks, temporary or provisional crowns and bridges, full dentures, orthodontic appliances, anti-snoring devices, mouthguards and splints [54].
2.4.1 Polyamides
Polyamides (nylon) are the condensation result of a diamine and a dibasic acid [55].
In 1950, they were introduced in dentistry, as an alternative to denture acrylic base, and are being characterized by different degrees of flexibility, depending on the type of polyamide. Their main indications include patients with tissue allergies, cases of retentive dental fields (which are normally problematic for the insertion and disinsertion of the removable partial denture), and repeated denture fracture, as they are unbreakable [56, 57]. A polyamide denture may be bounced off the floor without cracking its base.
The types of polyamides include superflexible polyamide (Figure 11), extremely elastic, and medium-low flexibility polyamide, a half-soft comfortable material.
The clasps may be manufactured of the same material as the denture base. In the case of medium-low flexibility polyamide, ready-made clasps may be used. Metal clasps are also an option. (Figure 12).
Figure 12.
Superflexible polyamide removable partial denture with metal clasps (right after injection and ready-to-go).
2.4.2 Acetal resins
Acetal resins, also known as polyoxymethylene, are formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde. They have been used in dentistry since 1986, as alternative materials for denture base and clasps (Figure 13). Characterized by superior esthetics, acetal resins have been useful for low-weight removable partial dentures framework manufacturing in allergic patients [58]. They show high impact strength and elasticity [59]. Acetal resins are also indicated for Kemeny-type single unilateral partial dentures, provisional bridges, splints, and orthodontic appliances (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Acetal framework and clasps; acetal splint.
2.5 Polyether ether ketone
PEEK is a ketone-based semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties, used in dentistry since 2002, for crowns, implant superstructures, fixed partial dentures, and removable partial denture frameworks and clasps (Figure 14) [60, 61, 62, 63].
Figure 14.
Removable partial denture with PEEK framework and clasps.
PEEK is highly biocompatible, insoluble, lightweight, with superior resistance to wear and fracture and elasticity comparable to bone. It may be optimized by adding ceramic nanoparticles. The material may be injected (grains) at 400°C or milled (disks) using a CAD/CAM system (Figure 15) [44]. Recently, 3D printing using PEEK materials has been utilized. Direct-ink writing 3D printing uses soluble epoxy-functionalized PEEK (ePEEK) and fenchone, but the most widely used technique is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which requires increases in the nozzle and heating bed temperatures for PEEK materials [64, 65, 66].
Figure 15.
CAD/CAM milled PEEK framework.
2.6 CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed removable dentures
CAD/CAM systems, which enable manufacturing 3D objects, have been used in dentistry since 1980, at first for fixed prosthodontic restorations [67].
In the 1990s, the fabrication of removable prosthodontic restorations was attempted, using both 3D printing and milling technologies [68, 69].
They offer many advantages to both dentists and patients, such as reduced number of appointments and easily available spare dentures, as digital data are saved [70, 71, 72].
Compared with the traditional methods, the lab work can be completed more conveniently and cost-effectively. The high initial cost of the milling machine may be overcome by referring the data to a milling center, which will handle the actual manufacturing.
Currently, both CAD/CAM methods: substractive milling and additive printing, are being used for removable dentures manufacturing [73, 74]. By milling, the denture may be obtained as one item, teeth and denture base in a single body [75], or separate pieces, the artificial teeth requiring subsequent bonding to the denture base [76]. The latter is the most frequently used at present, as it allows using commercially available artificial teeth, with better esthetics and physical properties [77, 78].
In case of 3D printing, the light-curing resin used is quickly converted from a liquid to a solid under the action of ultraviolet or visible light. The emergence of nanomaterials provides a new way to improve the performance of 3D printed acrylics [79]. By incorporating TiO2, antibacterial effects have been obtained [80].
Cellulose nanocrystals were attempted to reinforce acrylic resins for 3D printing, with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties and no significant cytotoxic effect [81].
Light curing is a green technology and the main molding method involved in 3D printing of resin-based dental materials. When irradiated with light, the photosensitive resin undergoes stacking and curing [82].
It consists of three main technologies: stereolithogaphy, digital light processing (DLP), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The distinctive feature of DLP technology is the diversity of materials, from thermoplastics to resins and ceramics, even zirconia paste. FDM, one of the cheapest and most popular 3D printing technologies in dentistry, enables using polylactic acid, polycarbonate, polyamide, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers [83].
Besides full dentures and frameworks for removable partial dentures, 3D printing dental resins are also indicated for crowns and bridges, high-precision working models (Figures 16 and 17), splints, custom trays.
Figure 16.
3D printed high-precision models.
Figure 17.
3D printed working model for manufacturing a removable partial denture.
3. Conclusion
Long-term deterioration of acrylic dentures in the oral environment is still an unsolved problem. Their allergic potential, mainly due to the residual monomer, is well known. New choices of resins, with better properties compared with acrylics, have been constantly developed for dental applications. Alternative processing technologies, such as casting, injection, light curing, CAD/CAM milling, and 3D printing, have been aiming to improving their qualities.
Choosing the right material for manufacturing full or removable partial dentures is very important because it has direct effect on their characteristics and lifetime, especially in case of allergic patients.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Professor Cristina-Maria Bortun for her valuable contribution and support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"denture base, acrylic resin, polymers, polyamides, acetal resin, PEEK, allergy, CAD/CAM milling, 3D printing",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80020.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80020.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80020",totalDownloads:198,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 28th 2021",dateReviewed:"December 9th 2021",datePrePublished:"January 13th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"January 13th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Traditionally, a denture base is manufactured using a heat-cured acrylic resin. This type of resin was first used in dental labs in 1936, being a great step forward. Because of the many disadvantages as increased porosity, high water sorption, polymerization shrinkage, allergenic potential and citotoxicity due to the residual monomer, awkward flasking and packaging, and difficult processing, alternatives were continuously searched. Monomer-free and high-impact acrylics were developed, and gold plating of the denture base was experienced, in order to provide an alternative to allergic patients. Once polymers developed, new types of resins, such as polyamides (nylon), acetal, epoxy resins, styrene, polycarbonate, vinyl, urethane, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), became available on the dental market, accompanied by modern technologies, such as injection. CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed denture bases represent the present state of the art in this domain. Our chapter aims to present these alternative materials, which are safe to use in cases of allergic patients and guarantee a healthy oral environment and a high degree of comfort.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80020",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80020",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",book:{id:"10827",type:"book",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lavinia Ardelean and Prof. Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-124-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-123-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-125-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Alternative materials and techniques",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Reinforced acrylic resins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Alternative types of acrylic resins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Light-cured urethane-based resins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Thermoplastic resins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.4.1 Polyamides",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.4.2 Acetal resins",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.5 Polyether ether ketone",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.6 CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed removable dentures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ardelean L, Rusu LC, Bratu DC, Bortun CM. Diacrylic composite resins as veneering materials. Revista Materiale Plastice. 2013;50:93-96'},{id:"B2",body:'Patil SB, Naveen BH, Patil NP. 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Shear bond strength between CAD/CAM denture base resin and denture artificial teeth when bonded with resin cement. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics. 2020;12:251-258. DOI: 10.4047/jap.2020.12.5.251'},{id:"B68",body:'Maeda Y, Minoura M, Tsutsumi S, Okada M, Nokubi T. A CAD/CAM system for removable denture. Part I: Fabrication of complete dentures. The International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1994;7:17-21'},{id:"B69",body:'Kawahata N, Ono H, Nishi Y, Hamano T, Nagaoka E. Trial of duplication procedure for complete dentures by CAD/CAM. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1997;24:540-548. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1997.00522.x'},{id:"B70",body:'Pereyra NM, Marano J, Subramanian G, Quek S, Leff D. Comparison of patient satisfaction in the fabrication of conventional dentures vs. DENTCA (CAD/CAM) dentures: A case report. Journal of the New Jersey Dental Association. 2015;86:26-33'},{id:"B71",body:'Park JH, Cho IH, Shin SY, Choi YS. The treatment of an edentulous patient with Denta™ CAD/CAM denture. The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics. 2015;53:19-25. DOI: 368 10.4047/jkap.2015.53.1.19. 369'},{id:"B72",body:'Kim MJ, Kim KH, Yeo DH. Fabrication of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing complete denture and conventional complete denture: Case report. Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science. 2016;32:141-148. DOI: 10.14368/jdras.2016.32.2.141'},{id:"B73",body:'Kattadiyil MT, Goodacre CJ, Baba NZ. CAD/CAM complete dentures: A review of two commercial fabrication systems. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2013;41:407-416'},{id:"B74",body:'Kattadiyil MT, Al Helal A, Goodacre BJ. Clinical complications and quality assessments with computer-engineered complete dentures: A systematic review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2017;117:721-728'},{id:"B75",body:'Bidra AS, Farrell K, Burnham D, Dhingra A, Taylor TD, Kuo CL. Prospective cohort pilot study of 2-visit CAD/CAM monolithic complete dentures and implant-retained overdentures: Clinical and patient-centered outcomes. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2015;115:578-586.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.10.023'},{id:"B76",body:'Goodacre BJ, Goodacre CJ, Baba NZ, Kattadiyil MT. Comparison of denture base adaptation between CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2016;116:249-256. DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.02.017'},{id:"B77",body:'Kim TH, Varjao F. 3D printed complete dentures. In: Duarte S. Jr, editor. Quintessence of Dental Technology. Quintessence Publishing; 2016. p. 141-149'},{id:"B78",body:'Chung YJ, Park JM, Kim TH, Ahn JS, Cha HS, Lee JH. 3D printing of resin material for denture artificial teeth: Chipping and indirect tensile fracture resistance. Materials. 2018;11:1798. DOI: 10.3390/ma11101798'},{id:"B79",body:'Anne G, Oliganti SHB, Atla J, Budati S, Manne P, Chiramana S. The effect of aluminum oxide addition on the flexural strength of heat activated acrylic resin: An in vitro study. Journal of Dr Ntr University of Health Sciences. 2015;4:21-23. DOI: 10.4103/2277-8632.153307'},{id:"B80",body:'Totu EE, Nechifor AC, Nechifor G, Aboul-Enein HY, Cristache CM. Poly(methyl methacrylate) with TiO nanoparticles inclusion for stereolitographic complete denture manufacturing - the fututre in dental care for elderly edentulous patients? Journal of Dentistry. 2017;59:68-77'},{id:"B81",body:'Chen S, Yang J, Jia YG, Lu B, Ren L. A study of 3D-printable reinforced composite resin: PMMA modified with silver nanoparticles loaded cellulose nanocrystal. Materials. 2018;11:2444. DOI: 10.3390/ma11122444'},{id:"B82",body:'Rehbein T, Johlitz M, Lion A, Sekmen K, Constantinescu A. Temperature-and degree of cure-dependent viscoelastic properties of photopolymer resins used in digital light processing. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 2021;6:743-756. DOI: 10.1007/ s40964-021-00194-2'},{id:"B83",body:'Tian Y, Chen C, Xu X, Wang J, Hou X, Li K, et al. A review of 3D printing in dentistry: Technologies, affecting factors, and applications. Scanning. 2021;202:9950131. DOI: 10.1155/2021/9950131'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",address:"lavinia_ardelean@umft.ro",affiliation:'
Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Department of Oral Pathology, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
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Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
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IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
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Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
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Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
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Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
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Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. 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They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. 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Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10197,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16251,totalCrossrefCites:187,totalDimensionsCites:407,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83080",title:"Boron Doping in Next-Generation Materials for Semiconductor Device",slug:"boron-doping-in-next-generation-materials-for-semiconductor-device",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106450",abstract:"The article surveys the most recent achievements starting with the boron doping mechanism, mainly focused on doping in semiconductor materials such as Si, Ge, graphene, carbon nanotube, or other 2D materials. Frequently used doping methodologies are discussed, including ion implantation and solid-phase doping, mainly focused on recent developing techniques of monolayer doping. These doped materials’ structural, electronic, and chemical properties are addressed to understand the boron doping effect better. Theoretical and experimental information and data are used to support such atomic-level effects. Therefore, this review can provide valuable suggestions and guidelines for materials’ properties manipulation by boron doping for further research exploration.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Linh Chi T. Cao, Luqman Hakim and Shu-Han Hsu"},{id:"83055",title:"Boron Clusters in Biomedical Applications: A Theoretical Viewpoint",slug:"boron-clusters-in-biomedical-applications-a-theoretical-viewpoint",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106215",abstract:"In this chapter, we presented an analysis of the recent advances in the applications of boron clusters in biomedical fields such as the development of biosensors and drug delivery systems on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Biosensors play an essential role in many sectors, e.g., law enforcement agencies for sensing illicit drugs, medical communities for detecting overdosed medications from human and animal bodies, etc. The drug delivery systems have theoretically been proposed for many years and subsequently implemented by experiments to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. Boron clusters form a rich and colorful family of atomic clusters due to their unconventional structures and bonding phenomena. Boron clusters and their complexes have various biological activities such as the drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, treatment of cancer, and probe of protein-biomolecular interactions. For all of these reactivities, the interaction mechanisms and the corresponding energetics between biomaterials and boron clusters are of essential importance as a basic step in the understanding, and thereby design of relevant materials. During the past few years, attempts have been made to probe the nature of these interactions using quantum chemical calculations mainly with density functional theory (DFT) methods. This chapter provides a summary of the theoretical viewpoint on this issue.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Elham Tahmasebi, Long Van Duong and Minh Tho Nguyen"},{id:"83048",title:"Structural, Magnetic, and Magnetodielectric Properties of Bi-Based Modified Ceramic Composites",slug:"structural-magnetic-and-magnetodielectric-properties-of-bi-based-modified-ceramic-composites",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106569",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a promising composite material, which can be used as a potential candidate in the field of charge storage, sensors, and spintronic devices. The structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the pure cum composite samples are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data confirmed the presence of a single (A21am) and mixed phases (A21am + R-3c + Pbam) in the pure and composite sample, correspondingly. The SEM microstructure suggests the contrasting nature of the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of grains in the corresponding pure and composite sample. The magnetic properties of the composite sample increase due to the enhanced exchange interaction between the different magnetic ions. The frequency-dependent dielectric subjected to a constant magnetic field indicates the signature of magnetodielectric (MD) coupling for both the samples. The field variation of the MD loop shows the symmetric hysteresis loop in the composite due to the addition of magnetostrictive La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and the non-collinear antiferromagnetic Bi2Fe4O9 phase. The maximum value of MD% (~0.12%) is enhanced by ~13 times in the composite than in the pure sample. Therefore, the improved MD coupling and symmetric switching of the MD loop of the composite make it a suitable candidate for low power consumption storage devices.",book:{id:"11117",title:"Smart and Advanced Ceramics and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11117.jpg"},signatures:"Rasmita Jena, Kouru Chandrakanta and Anil Kumar Singh"},{id:"83035",title:"Breaking the Property Trade-Offs by Using Entropic Conceptions",slug:"breaking-the-property-trade-offs-by-using-entropic-conceptions",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106532",abstract:"Entropic conception has been used as an effective strategy for developing materials to break the property recordings of current materials, for example, breaking the trade-off between the high-strength and low-ductility structural alloys. The performance of materials usually under a complex circumstance, a balance of multiple properties, for example, combined the high-strength, high ductility, high conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high irradiation resistance, etc., the strategy of high-entropy-alloy (HEA) will provide a materials design and development technology to realize the goal. Magnetic materials usually exhibit excellent magnetic properties but weak mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The reported unique behaviors of HEAs, for example, self-healing effects may be the mechanism for the high irradiation resistance of the HEAs, and self-sharpening behaviors of the tungsten-based HEAs main closely be related to the serration behaviors.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan"},{id:"82929",title:"Prediction of Solubility and Miscibility Parameters of Bismuth-Arsenic Complex and Amorphous Mineral Compounds Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation",slug:"prediction-of-solubility-and-miscibility-parameters-of-bismuth-arsenic-complex-and-amorphous-mineral",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106316",abstract:"Bismuth is one of the most difficult impurities to remove in mining concentrates and low concentrations generate problems in silver and copper refineries. Therefore, financial penalties are established when concentrations exceed 0.05%. Some researchers had used arsenic to remove bismuth with results of up to 52% of extraction. Unfortunately, this mechanism is not yet fully understood. The objective of this research was to obtain the solubility parameters of amorphous mineral compounds, including bismuth-based compounds, through computational simulation using molecular dynamics. The composition of the mineral sample was determined by X-ray diffraction and the crystalline species were obtained and modeled using Materials Studio software. The nanostructures were optimized by an energy minimization methodology using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm and were validated using the figure of merit equation and density. Simulations were performed using the Universal Force Field at constant pressure and temperature. The results of the minerals identified in the sample were compared with arsenic trioxide, indicating miscibility between As2O3 and Bi2O3, possible miscibility with 10 other minerals, and immiscibility with the rest. The results indicate that As2O3 can be successfully used for the removal of Bi2O3 without a negative effect on the recovery of other minerals of higher commercial value.",book:{id:"11467",title:"Bismuth-Based Nanostructured Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg"},signatures:"Francisco Adrián De la Torre-Martínez, Efren Delgado, María Dolores Josefina Rodríguez Rosales, Hiram Medrano-Roldán, Javier López-Miranda and Damián Reyes-Jáquez"},{id:"82940",title:"Role of Surface Defects and Optical Band-gap Energy on Photocatalytic Activities of Titanate-based Perovskite Nanomaterial",slug:"role-of-surface-defects-and-optical-band-gap-energy-on-photocatalytic-activities-of-titanate-based-p",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106253",abstract:"In recent years, water pollution has become one of the major challenges faced by humans because of consistent rise in population and industrial activities. Water pollution due to discharge from cosmetics and pharmaceutical wastes, organic dyes, and heavy metal seen as carcinogens has the potential to disrupt hormonal processes in the body. Different approaches such as chlorination, aerobic treatment, aeration, and filtration have been deployed to treat wastewaters before being discharged into the streams, lakes, and rivers. However, more attention has been accorded to treatment approaches that involve use of nanomaterial due to non-secondary pollution, energy efficiency, and ease of operation. Titanate-based perovskite (TBP) is one of the most frequently studied nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications because of its stability and flexibility in optical band-gap modification. This chapter provided an overview of basic principles and mechanisms of a semiconductor photocatalyst, and current synthesis techniques that have been used in formulating TBP nanomaterial. The effect of reaction conditions and approaches such as doping, codoping, composites, temperature, pH, precursor type, surface area, and morphology on surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP nanomaterial was highlighted. Importantly, the impact of surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP on its photocatalytic activities was discussed. Finally, how to enhance the degradation efficiency of TBP was proposed.",book:{id:"11469",title:"Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11469.jpg"},signatures:"Izunna Stanislaus Okeke, Priscilla Yahemba Aondona, Amoge Chidinma Ogu, Eugene Echeweozo and Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:81},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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