NPRS-domains’ core-motifs [14].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7633",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Energy Policy",title:"Energy Policy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to provide energy conservation, increase energy efficiency, reduce the costs of alternative and renewable energy sources, improve energy management systems, and provide energy for world peace. The chapters collected in the book are contributions by invited researchers with long-standing experience in different research areas. I hope that the material presented here is understandable to a wide audience, not only energy and mechanical engineering, but also scientists from various disciplines. The book contains seven chapters in four sections: “Introduction to the Energy,” “Energy Policy,” “Energy Application for Country,” and “Implementation of Other Energy Technologies and Policies and Policies.” This book shows detailed and up-to-date evaluations in different areas and was written by academics with experience in their fields. It is anticipated that this book will make a scientific contribution to energy and environmental regulations, quality and efficiency of energy services, energy supply security, energy market-based approaches, government interventions, and the spread of technological innovation for a broad spectrum of researchers, academics, graduate and doctoral students, and other scientists both today and in the future.",isbn:"978-1-78923-874-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-873-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-954-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77437",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"energy-policy",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7b3214f2f9bbd4ca03ca927267b13cbf",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",publishedDate:"July 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7633.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7196,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:57,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197240/images/system/197240.jpg",biography:"Dr. Tolga Taner is the head of the Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology at Aksaray University, Turkey. He received a BS in Mechanical Engineering in 1998; an MS in Mechanical Engineering from Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey, in 2002; and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the Gazi University of Engineering Faculty, Ankara, Turkey, in 2013. In 2018, he received the title of Associate Professor from the Inter-University Council (UAK). He also worked as a part-time lecturer in the Department of Technical Programs, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, from 2003 to 2006. His current research interests include exergy, renewable energy, and PEM fuel cells. He has published many scientific and conference papers and books. In addition, Dr. Taner has been a manager and researcher for many research projects.",institutionString:"Aksaray University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Aksaray University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1352",title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"technology-environmental-engineering-energy-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"72587",title:"Introductory Chapter: Trends and General Information on Energy Policies in the World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92882",slug:"introductory-chapter-trends-and-general-information-on-energy-policies-in-the-world",totalDownloads:633,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Tolga Taner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72587",authors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],corrections:null},{id:"71825",title:"Towards Energy Security for the Twenty-First Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90872",slug:"towards-energy-security-for-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Energy security is a goal that many countries are pursuing to ensure that their economies function without interruption and that their people have access to adequate, reliable and affordable supplies of modern and clean energy. It is a pressing concern because the demand for energy is growing rapidly due to robust economic expansion, population growth, new uses of energy and income growth, and yet the supplies of energy resources required to power these needs are finite and in most cases non-renewable. Furthermore, the production, transportation and utilization of energy are a major source of greenhouse gases that cause global warming and climate change. This chapter examines the multidimensional nature of energy security, presents some indicators that can be used to assess changes in energy security and outlines a range of policy measures that can be used to improve energy security. These include more investments in energy production and transmission; promotion of energy efficiency in various end-use sectors; modernization of the grid to enable the integration of renewables such as wind, solar and geothermal energy into the energy system; undertaking reforms in energy markets to attract private sector investment in energy production, increase competition, reduce wastage and lower costs to energy users and fostering greater international collaboration on energy issues and regional energy trade.",signatures:"Collins Ayoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71825",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71825",authors:[{id:"224658",title:"Dr.",name:"Collins",surname:"Ayoo",slug:"collins-ayoo",fullName:"Collins Ayoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"64917",title:"Energy Savings Analysis of a Recommended Residential Air Conditioning Incentive Program in Saudi Arabia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82634",slug:"energy-savings-analysis-of-a-recommended-residential-air-conditioning-incentive-program-in-saudi-ara",totalDownloads:911,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over the past couple of decades, the kingdom’s annual per capita electricity consumption has been steadily growing by around 7%. One of the key causes for such a high growth is the intensive use of non-energy-efficient equipment, which was dominating the Saudi market. In 2017, the residential sector consumed around 143 TWh, which represents around 48% of the country’s total electricity consumption. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of an air conditioning incentive program for citizens from energy and economic sides. This chapter is a detailed study where program gains from energy and economic standpoints were based on substituting participants’ old air conditioning units with new units that are better in performance. The proposed program was designed over an 8-year period with three scenarios where the government will take care of all the capital cost, 75%, and none of the capital cost in these scenarios. The results of this study indicated that an accumulated savings of up to 17.11 TWh by 2025 with NPVs above $13 billion can be achieved in all scenarios. Moreover, it was estimated that the program will add an average of $0.5 billion per year to the kingdom’s GDP over the duration of the program.",signatures:"Faisal Fahad Al-Musa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64917",authors:[{id:"281786",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Faisal",surname:"Al Musa",slug:"faisal-al-musa",fullName:"Faisal Al Musa"}],corrections:null},{id:"66151",title:"Primary Energy Factor for Electricity Mix: The Case of Slovenia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84570",slug:"primary-energy-factor-for-electricity-mix-the-case-of-slovenia",totalDownloads:829,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"According to the European energy policy, the energy use of technical systems in buildings is given at the level of primary energy. This calculation requires knowledge of the primary energy conversion factors according to their source; however, there is currently no single European-wide recognized method for their determination. The aim of this study is to present and compare three methods for determining primary energy factors, namely the method of partial substitution, the physical energy method, and calculation according to EN 15603 standard. For the case study, the electricity factor for Slovenia was calculated according to the aforementioned methods. The results of this study showed that the methods differ in the evaluation of individual primary sources, which has a significant impact on the PEF value. We found that with the partial substitution method, we do not get representative results about the PEF. The method of physical energy defines the efficiency of production from renewable energy sources as 100%. The question arises if we can truly assume that the use of PE is equal to the actual production of electricity. In the third method, defined in the EN 15603 standard, which provides two PEFs, a certain measure of criticality of the assumed factors for the different sources of energy is used.",signatures:"Matjaž Prek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66151",authors:[{id:"144302",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaz",surname:"Prek",slug:"matjaz-prek",fullName:"Matjaz Prek"}],corrections:null},{id:"63914",title:"Determinants of Energy Demand Efficiency: Evidence from Japan’s Industrial Sector",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81482",slug:"determinants-of-energy-demand-efficiency-evidence-from-japan-s-industrial-sector",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the growing demand for energy, improving energy efficiency has become a key policy issue in Japan. Therefore, this study estimates the energy demand function of Japan’s industrial sector using a stochastic frontier model and analyzes the level of energy efficiency and its determinants. An empirical analysis based on the data of 47 Japanese prefectures presents three main findings. First, installment in large production facilities deteriorates energy efficiency and second, it is effective in increasing the electrification rate to improve energy efficiency. Finally, improving productivity leads to an increase in the electrification rate. These results suggest that policies aimed at increasing electrification by enhancing the productivity of factories and offices significantly contribute to improving energy efficiency.",signatures:"Akihiro Otsuka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63914",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63914",authors:[{id:"260436",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",surname:"Otsuka",slug:"akihiro-otsuka",fullName:"Akihiro Otsuka"}],corrections:null},{id:"65521",title:"Nuclear Energy Policy after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident: An Analysis of “Polarized Debate” in Japan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83435",slug:"nuclear-energy-policy-after-the-fukushima-nuclear-accident-an-analysis-of-polarized-debate-in-japan",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Tokyo Electric Power’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in 2011 was a turning point for Japan’s nuclear energy and overall energy policy. In reality, Japan has reduced its dependence on nuclear energy drastically despite the government’s policy to maintain nuclear energy as a major power source. Even with sharp drop in production from nuclear energy, Japan could achieve carbon reduction of around 60–70% by 2050 even without nuclear power. But the biggest impact of the Fukushima accident is the loss of public trust. The policy debate on nuclear energy is now divided between “pro” and “anti” of nuclear power. The aim of this study is to analyze why such “polarized debate” has not been resolved and find a way to restore public trust. This study analyzes three important nuclear energy policy issues, i.e., decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, spent nuclear fuel and waste management, and plutonium stockpile management. The analysis of these three cases suggest that lack of independent oversight organizations is a common cause of impasse of nuclear energy policy debate. The author argues that Japan needs to establish independent oversight organizations in order to gain public trust and solve important policy issues regardless of the future of nuclear energy.",signatures:"Tatsujiro Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65521",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65521",authors:[{id:"277612",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsujiro",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"tatsujiro-suzuki",fullName:"Tatsujiro Suzuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"64590",title:"Acoustic Filters for Sensors and Transducers: Energy Policy Instrument for Monitoring and Evaluating Holy Places and Their Habitants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81949",slug:"acoustic-filters-for-sensors-and-transducers-energy-policy-instrument-for-monitoring-and-evaluating-",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of the study is to present a brief overview of energy policy instrument for monitoring and evaluating holy places and their habitants with the aid of acoustic filters for sensors and transducers. A monitoring protocol for policy instrument is presented for noise protection and security from power systems. Methods of information and data collection are briefly elaborated. The power systems are classified as per source signals of solar power, electric power, light power, sound power, heat power, fluid power and fire power. The acoustic filters as per source of noise signals from power systems are defined. The filters are differentiated as per source signal of unwanted frequencies from solar power, electric power, light power, sound power, heat power, fluid power and fire power. Some examples of acoustic filters are mentioned as per source of noise signal. A slide rule for noise measurement is illustrated along with its noise grades and flag colors under limiting conditions. Some noise filtering results from various power systems of an outdoor duct are also tabulated. An overview of noise systems integration with command and control center is described. A brief discussion on management of holy places and their habitants through monitoring and evaluation is also mentioned.",signatures:"Himanshu Dehra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64590",authors:[{id:"12304",title:"Mr.",name:"Himanshu",surname:"Dehra",slug:"himanshu-dehra",fullName:"Himanshu Dehra"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6469",title:"Application of Exergy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0836749bb350a373d5e2628c73539698",slug:"application-of-exergy",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6285",title:"Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed010c881a38d577f89ccb714c17f785",slug:"proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6285.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6838",title:"Power Plants in the Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e647d27dab23e014dd8881ac3d5931c",slug:"power-plants-in-the-industry",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3704",title:"New Trends in Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-trends-in-technologies",bookSignature:"Blandna Ramov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3704.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2518",title:"doc. 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Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. 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Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. 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\r\n\tAfter an initial decline in the sulfur industry in the 1990s due to environmental restrictions and other legislation, the sulfur industry has steadily been recovering, especially in the most recent years. And, even though traditionally sulfur was obtained mainly in elemental form from mining, at the moment, sulfur recoveries from oil, coal, and gas processing plants are increasingly becoming important alternate sulfur sources for the industry. In the same way sulfur had an uninhabited application in agriculture, medicine, rubber, building, and materials industries but now the changing global economic environments occasioned by environmental restrictions and technological transformations, among other forces, are creating new market opportunities in the sulfur value addition chains.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book aims to provide an overview of the traditional sulfur industry by examining the historical development of the industry and examining global trends in sulfur production, distribution, and consumption. It also aims to explore emerging trends in the sulfur industry to inform the immanent tendencies, especially in technology development in sulfur productions, utilization, and marketing. Because of the importance of the sulfur industry to the universal environment, an entire section of this book is intended to be devoted to the analysis of trends in environmental pollution and emerging mitigation technologies. Nonetheless, more than ever before, the demand for sulfur has been growing steadily and many players in the industry have increasingly been pursuing emerging market opportunities. It is anticipated that many players in the industry, technology, academia, and related fields will find this volume to be particularly a useful resource for strategic research, training, and in their day-to-day operations within their areas of specialization.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-786-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-785-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-787-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",keywords:"Elemental Sulfur, Oil Recovery, Gas Recovery, Emerging Sulfur Sources, Sulfuric Acid Production, Environmental Standards, Legislations, Medical Industry, Atmospheric Emissions, Water Pollution, Global Distribution, Agriculture",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An accomplished environmental chemist, currently heading of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Eldoret, he has over fifteen years of experience in active research. Dr. Enos Wambu is a member of the Kenya Chemical Society.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"She has 15 years’ work experience, currently teaching analytical and physical chemistry at Dedan Kimathi University in Kenya, she is also the Director of Gender, Disability, and Equity affairs at Dedan Kimathi University.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",middleName:"Wamalwa",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187655/images/system/187655.jpg",biography:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu is a lecturer at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Kenya. He holds a PhD in Chemistry, and also a master’s degree in Chemistry from the Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Currently, he is the Head of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Univrsity of Eldoret, and the chairperson of Inspection and Acceptance Committee of the University of Eldoret, in charge of inspection of university laboratory and teaching materials. He has also previously acted as the University Coordinator for Students’ Field Trips and Industrial Attachments, and as a chairperson of the transport committee. He has twenty-three years of work experience, eleven of which include university teaching. His fifteen-year research experience includes contributions as journal reviewer for more than five international journals and thesis review for several universities. He has supervised two doctorate theses, five masters’ theses and over twenty-five undergraduate students’ projects to completion. He has participated in six local and international collaborative research projects, four of which as the lead investigator. He has authored over twenty-two research articles published in international peer reviewed journals, and attended and presented in eight scientific conferences, both locally and internationally. His main research interests are in the area of environmental chemistry, pollution and mitigation of environmental degradation.",institutionString:"University of Eldoret",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Eldoret",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kenya"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"426188",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Nthiga",slug:"esther-nthiga",fullName:"Esther Nthiga",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Esther is a Lecturer in the Chemistry Department, School of Science Dedan Kimathi University of Technology. A holder of PhD in Physical Chemistry, master’s degree in Applied Analytical chemistry and bachelor’s degree in B.Ed. Science (Chemistry and Mathematics) from Kenyatta University. She has 15 years’ work experience. She is currently a lecturer in Analytical and Physical Chemistry at Dedan Kimathi University. She is also currently the Director Gender, Disability and Equity affairs at Dedan Kimathi University. She is currently mentoring and supervising postgraduate students in Dedan Kimathi University and other Universities. Actively involved in research in Physical Chemistry, Applied Analytical Chemistry and water treatment. She has published several papers in peer Reviewed Journals and presented in both national and Editorial team in Journal of Food Research, External reviewer for Meru University of Technology. And a member of Kenya Chemical Society.",institutionString:"Dedan Kimathi University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Dedan Kimathi University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kenya"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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While mature microelectronics can generate the impulse signals with perfect quality [9, 10, 11], the increasing demands for wireless bandwidth have driven the UWB-IR moving to higher frequency like W band (100 GHz). Besides, UWB is limited to coverage of its immediate surrounding area (up to 10 m) because of its low radiation power. Due to its light weight, low power consumption, low latency, and large bandwidth, optical fiber is considered to be an optimal solution to distribute the wireless signal over several tens of meters or kilometers. As such, it is no longer an economical way to process the UWB signals in electrical domain since an additional electrical-to-optical conversion (EOC) is needed, which increases the cost and power budget of the whole system. Alternatively, an all-optical UWB transmitter that includes impulse generation and data encoding will be highly desirable as no EOC is required. The signal generated in optical domain can be directly fed into the local optical fiber network for distribution. Such UWB-over-fiber solution can be fully compatible with the infrastructure of the current passive optical network (PON). It means that the wireless signal and the wired signal can share the same optical fibers, which further reduce the costs.
\nDue to the advantages of optics, such optical approaches have been widely studied for microwave applications, and it has become a promising research area—microwave photonics (MWP). Over the past two decades, the wireless communication community holds the continuous demands for low power consumption, larger transmission capacity, flexibility in signal distribution, and so forth. Particularly, the optical communications have advanced significantly, and it gives rise to a plethora of mature device and system technologies, which can handle many problems with frequencies from microwave to millimeter wave and THz range. MWP has been reported to offer a wide range of promising solutions to arbitrary microwave signal generation, modulation, multicasting, beam forming, filtering, phase shift, interference cancelation, frequency conversion, and so on. Compared with components working at radio frequencies, optical and electrooptic devices in MPW have nearly no bandwidth limitation, which allow for very high-speed microwave signal processing. The MWP device platform mainly includes fiber optics, integrated materials like silicon or III–V semiconductors, electrooptic crystals, and other material systems. The principal idea for MWP is to manipulate the optical wave using optical techniques, which includes optical nonlinear effects, electrooptic effects, optical filtering, optical spectrum shaping, and so on. After proper optical processing, the optical signal can be downconverted to microwave domain by photodetection.
\nMWP has a wide scope of topics like signal generation, modulation, distribution, photonic analog-to-digital conversion, and many other signal processing applications. It should be noted that signals with frequencies located in a wide spectral band spanned from several GHz to one millimeter can be handled by MWP. Among such a broad area, UWB signal processing in optical domain is one of the most interesting research topics within the MWP community due to its intrinsic advantages of low power density and high data rate. To make it work, a handful of approaches have been proposed, and some of the excellent results have been demonstrated so far. In this chapter, we will provide some technology introduction, literature review, and insight of application prospect that are related to UWB photonics.
\nUWB-IR is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for indoor wireless access operating in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz [1]. Based on the FCC definition, a UWB signal should have a spectral bandwidth that is greater than 500 MHz or a fractional bandwidth that is greater than 20% [1]. The UWB-IR can be generally classified into two categories: (1) the direct sequence UWB-IR [7] and (2) the multiband UWB-IR [8]. Direct sequence impulse radio is a simple and widely accepted form for UWB communications since it is carrier free. Thus, there is no need for complicated frequency mixers and local oscillators to up- or downconvert the carrier frequency. The generation of UWB pulses is one of the most important considerations within a UWB transmitter because the impulse quality will affect the system performance significantly [12].
\nGaussian pulses are the most widely used waveforms in UWB-IR communications as they offer the advantages like simplicity and achievability. In principle, different orders of UWB-IR waveforms can be generated by using different orders of frequency differentiator filter with a Gaussian pulse input [2]. The optical band-pass filter is normally able to act as a first- or second-order frequency discriminating filter. However, it has been demonstrated that the frequency spectra of both UWB monocycle and doublet pulses have significant components in the low frequency range (<2 GHz) and thus violate the dip in the FCC spectral mask [13, 14]. Higher-order derivative of Gaussian pulses like triplet, quadruplet pulse, and some other waveforms that are more power efficient are highly desirable but rather difficult and expensive to achieve [15, 16, 17]. Here, we introduce the typical UWB signal generation techniques that relied on electrooptic components. These approaches include [2]: (1) phase modulation to intensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion, (2) optical nonlinear effects, (3) optical spectral shaping and frequency-to-time mapping, (4) microwave delay-line filter, and (5) injection locking.
\nPM-IM conversion is one of the earliest methods that developed for UWB-IR generation, which was realized by changing the phase relationships among all the frequency components of the optical phase-modulated signal. A frequency discriminating filter is normally needed to convert the phase to intensity, and thus, it can also be considered as optical filtering technique. A single-stage filter can generate the monocycle pulses when the optical carrier is biased at the linear slope of the filter. Higher-order Gaussian derivative pulses can be generated by using multiple filter and superimposing their outputs. Figure 1 illustrates how a single filter produces the monocycle pulses. An electrical Gaussian pulse should be first converted to the optical domain using a phase modulator. The phase-modulated signal is then applied to a frequency discriminating filter. The laser wavelength can be adjusted to either side of the linear region of the filter spectrum slope. The operation of phase modulation and frequency discrimination is equivalent to a first-order differentiation of the input Gaussian pulses encoded on the optical phase. The phase-modulated signal with a constant intensity will be converted to an intensity monocycle waveform through the PM-IM process as shown in Figure 1. The converted signal is then detected at a PD, which serves as an envelope detector.
\nThe schematic diagram of the monocycle pulse generation based on PM-IM conversion.
The normalized optical field being phase-modulated by the Gaussian pulse train can be expressed in the form of
\nwhere
Based on the configuration shown in Figure 1, when the phase-modulated light is located at the linear region of the filter spectral slopes, as shown in Figure 1 at A, the ac part of the recovered signal at the output of the PD can be written as [7].
\nwhere R is the responsivity of the PD, P is the optical power after the filter, K is the slope steepness factor of the filter transmission spectrum, and s′(t) is the first-order derivative of the modulating signal s(t). Then, the UWB monocycle pulses are obtained.
\nMonocycle UWB-IR is the simplest waveform that can be directly generated from a single optical filter, but the power spectrum of the monocycle is not efficient. Here, we introduce a more advanced PM-IM conversion scheme with multiple filters, which allows for more power-efficient UWB-IR generation. The principle is described in Figure 2(a and b
The schematic diagram of the (a and b) generation of asymmetric monocycle pulses; (c) generation of higher-order Gaussian pulses using combination of different asymmetric monocycle pulses.
The schematic setup of a typical FBG-based monocycle pulse generation system.
The selection of an optical frequency-discriminating filter is important in the PM-IM conversion process. In optics, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG), thin-film band-pass filter, arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), Sagnac filter can be the excellent candidate. For example, FBG, a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others, can be flexibly designed and a frequency discriminator with the desired optical spectrum that is suitable for PM-IM conversion. A typical setup for FBG-based UWB-IR generation is shown in Figure 3. Light from a laser diode is fiber coupled to an electrooptic PM, which is driven by a sequence of Gaussian pulses.
\nThe schematic block diagram of the four-wave mixing (FWM)-based triplet pulse generation.
The phase-modulated optical signal is then applied to an FBG via an optical circulator. The PM-IM conversion is achieved by using the FBG serving as a frequency discriminator. The converted UWB signal is then detected at a PD, which serves as an envelope detector.
\nOptical nonlinear effects in optical waveguides like optical fiber, periodically poled lithium niobite, integrated nanowire waveguide are ultrafast processes that can be highly functional in many areas. Here, we introduce several nonlinear processes that can be applied to UWB-IR generation [18, 19]. It is important to point out that most of such techniques are associated with the PM-IM conversion. We still consider them as a new class of technique due to their unique mechanisms compared with the typical PM-IM approaches.
\nTypically, by sending a phase-modulated Gaussian pulse to a frequency-discriminating filter, a Gaussian monocycle pulse can be generated via frequency discrimination. Higher-order Gaussian pulses can be obtained by combining time-delayed UWB monocycles at different wavelengths with inverted polarities [20, 21]. Alternatively, for example, triplet pulses can be generated through four-wave mixing effect combined with an optical band-pass filter. In this scheme, the high-order Gaussian triplet pulse is directly generated by performing the first-order derivative of a phase-modulated Gaussian doublet pulse without complicated superposition of different pulses.
\nA general schematic block diagram of such four-wave mixing (FWM)-based UWB generation is depicted in Figure 4. The two paths of input optical continuous waves (CWs) are phase modulated. The phase modulators are driven by two sets of electrical Gaussian pulses that can be divided from a single-pulse pattern generator. For the upper electrical path, the Gaussian pulse is processed by an electrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) before driving to the phase modulator. An optical delay is between the two light waves. The two light waves are then combined together and fed into the nonlinear medium such as highly nonlinear fiber, silicon waveguide, or chalcogenide waveguide to perform FWM. The output signal is converted to the triplet pulses by a discriminating filter via PM-IM conversion. An UWB triplet can be generated by converting the signal into the electrical domain using a photodetector.
\nThe working principle of this method is shown in Figure 5 where the electrical MZI modulated the light wave (ω1) with a modified Gaussian pulse and the other carrier (ω2) with a normal Gaussian pulse. An FWM process will function as a phase conjugation that modulates the idler phase with a triplet Gaussian pulse as shown in the inset of Figure 5. Then, an optical band-pass filter will translate this phase response into intensity triplet pulses. Compared with the monocycle pulse, triplet pulse has a suppression in the low frequency range that makes the spectrum fit the FCC mask better.
\nThe schematic illustration of the working principle for triplet pulse generation using FWM.
Two-photon absorption (TPA) is another optical nonlinear effect that can be used for UWB signal generation. The schematic block diagram of the all-optical UWB monocycle pulse generation using non-degenerated TPA in a nonlinear WG is shown in Figure 6. A CW probe and a pulse pump are aligned to the Si waveguide’s TE-like mode and coupled together. After propagation through the long waveguide, the CW probe is inversely modulated by the pulse pump during the non-degenerated TPA process in the nonlinear WG. By properly controlling the delay and power relation between the attenuated pump and inversely modulated probe, positive and negative UWB monocycle pulses with different shape can be generated in the optical domain after their recombination. With the optical-to-electrical conversion at a photodetector, a UWB monocycle pulse is obtained in the electrical domain.
\nThe schematic diagram of the working principle for TPA-based monocycle pulse generation.
UWB pulses can also be generated based on optical spectral shaping and frequency-to-time conversion using a Fourier transform device. Fourier transform optical spectral shaping and dispersive stretching were implemented to generate adaptive broadband microwave arbitrary waveforms [22, 23]. UWB pulse generation has been widely demonstrated via spatial-light-modulator (SLM)-based spectrum shaper and frequency-to-time mapping [24, 25, 26]. But in this approach, the pulse shaping is implemented in free space, which makes the system bulky and complicated. UWB pulses can also be generated based on spectral shaping and frequency-to-time conversion using pure fiber-optic components [27]. The use of fiber-optic components instead of free space optics has the advantage of smaller size, light weight, and the potential for integration using the photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technique.
\nFigure 7 shows a UWB pulse generation system based on spectral shaping and frequency-to-time mapping using all-fiber components. In the system, the optical power spectrum of a femtosecond pulse from a mode-locked fiber laser (MLFL) is shaped by optical spectral shaper to obtain a spectral shape corresponding to a UWB monocycle or more power-efficient waveform. The wave shaper based on MEMS can act as an excellent spectral shaper for this scenario. A certain length of single-mode fiber (SMF) acting as a dispersive element can be used to perform the frequency-to-time mapping. In the meantime, the SMF can also distribute the UWB signals to a remote site. A UWB-IR pulse is then obtained at the output of a high-speed PD. The UWB pulse has a shape that is a scaled version of the user-designed power spectrum. The pulse width is determined by the total dispersion of the SMF. In fact, an ultrashort pulse from the MLFL source can also be divided into two paths by an optical coupler. When the input pulse spectrum from one port is shaped by a reflection filter, the input pulse from the other port is spectrally shaped by a transmission filter. The spectra shapes of the two filters are complementary, which ensures that the time-domain pulses are polarity reversed. Similar to PM-IM conversion, this technique can generate more complicated pulses other than monocycle pulse by applying asymmetric spectral shaping in the complementary filters. Then, the spectrum-shaped pulse is then sent to a length of dispersive fiber to perform frequency-to-time mapping.
\nThe block diagram of a UWB-IR generation system based on optical spectral shaping and frequency-to-time mapping. MLFL, mode-locked fiber laser.
We have discussed the generation of monocycle, doublet and triplet pulse generation in the previous section. It is known that monocycle, doublet, and triplet represent the first-, second-, and third-order derivative of the Gaussian pulse. In principle, different order derivatives can be approximated by first- or higher-order differences, which can be implemented via a photonic microwave delay-line filter, with two or three taps, with one negative tap. For a photonic microwave delay-line filter, the filter should operate in the incoherent regime using incoherent detection to avoid optical interference. A photonic microwave delay-line filter with incoherent detection normally has positive coefficients only [28, 29, 30]. Thus, it is necessary to design filter with negative coefficients while maintaining the incoherent detection.
\nThe general working principle can be described in Figure 8. UWB-IR can be generated by such a system that consists of an N-tap photonic microwave delay-line filter, a light source, an optical modulator, a time delay element, and a PD. The microwave signal is modulated onto the light wave using an optical modulator. The modulated light wave is then sent to an N-tap delay-line device to introduce different time delays with an identical time delay difference between each adjacent tap. The time-delayed signals are then converted to electrical signal via a PD. The multitap delay-line device acts as a multitap RF filter in the electrical domain. The free spectral range (FSR) and the tap coefficients can be designed by introducing appropriate time delay difference. Thus, the desired frequency response of the RF filter can be realized using the photonic devices.
\nThe schematic diagram of the UWB signal generation principle based on microwave delay-line filter.
We have mentioned a handful of approaches that can generate the UWB-IR in optical domain. Most of the systems relied on the discrete packaged components like optical fiber, lithium niobate electrooptic modulator, thin-film filter, fiber Bragg grating, spatial light modulator, and so on. Such system is quite bulky and requires sophisticated control on optical phase, polarization, optical intensity, wavelength, and many other parameters. Some of these parameters are extremely sensitive to the environmental variations and thus are difficult to stabilize. From the economical point of view, the UWB system based on many discrete packaged components will suffer from additional losses at the interface between different devices and also suffer from high packaging costs.
\nPhotonic integrated circuits (PICs) have become a new paradigm for on-chip subsystem with a plethora of applications like optical computing, interconnection, sensing, microwave photonics, and so on. Similar to the electronic integrated circuits, the idea of PIC originates from the large-scale integration of various photonic devices and functionalities on a single chip. The benefits from on-chip system based on PIC include low cost, low power consumption, stable performance, and small footprint. Silicon and III–V material systems have been widely used for integrated photonic devices. While III–V material has limited wafer dimension and high cost, silicon is now considered as the most promising photonic integration platform. The past two decades have witnessed the huge success of silicon photonics that advanced from scientific research to commercialization.
\nHere, we introduce a UWB-IR generation technique using silicon microring resonator, which consists of a bus waveguide and a microring waveguide. The working principle of a microring resonator is shown in Figure 9. The bus waveguide and the microring are coupling with each other via a coupler. When light of the resonant wavelength is passed through the bus waveguide, it will cross couple into the microring and builds up in intensity over multiple round trips due to constructive interference. Once it travels through a round trip, it is output to the output bus waveguide. Because only a selected few wavelengths will satisfy the resonance condition within the cavity, the optical ring resonator can function as a filter. If only one bus waveguide is implemented as shown in Figure 9, the microring will serve as a notch filter with the output spectrum shown as the inset of the figure. The microring resonance spectrum normally has a Lorentz shape with very large extinction ratio, and the resonance dip of the notch filter induces an abrupt phase change. Thus, microring resonator is a good candidate for a frequency discrimination filter, which can be used for PM-IM conversion. By generation of different types of monocycle pulses as described in Figure 1, a delay and superimpose method can produce much more complicated and power-efficient UWB pulses. The advantages of using silicon microring are the possibility of integration and the extremely small footprint. A possible system setup of the on-chip monocycle UWB-IR generation can be depicted in Figure 10.
\nThe schematic diagram of a microring resonator. Inset: the schematic optical spectrum at the through port of the microring.
Experimental setup of the UWB generation using MRR and integrated Ge photodetector. PD, photodetector.
If we recall the principle illustrated in Figure 2, doublet and triplet UWB waveforms can be generated by using a pair of identical filters. In a nonintegrated system, we need to double the efforts and costs to set up another set of filter, cables, connectors, and so forth. In contrast, PIC holds one of the most exciting features of just copying the circuit layout and sharing the same fabrication process. Importantly, the cost is not necessarily doubled since many expenses are shared in a multiproject wafer [31]. A PIC layout for doublet or triplet pulse generation is shown in Figure 12 where two identical microring resonators produce two asymmetric monocycle pulses. The microring pair can be electrically controlled to adjust the working wavelengths. The microscope image of the tunable microring pair is shown as the inset. After PM-IM conversion via the ring resonator, one of the light waves is time-delayed by a certain length of long waveguide. Then, two paths of optical waves are combined and superimposed by a coupler. Finally, the optical to electrical conversion is performed in the photodiode and hence the electrical doublet or triplet UWB-IR is generated. The microscope images of the long waveguide and the photodiode are shown in the inset of Figure 11.
\nThe PIC layout of the on-chip UWB generation system. The inset are the microscope images of the microrings, photodetector, and long waveguides.
UWB-IR is a wide band RF spectrum with extremely low power spectral density. It actually functions as a wireless carrier to deliver information in a short reach scenario. The modulation of UWB-IR is also a fundamental issue in the transmitter design. One of the most intuitive modulation formats that can apply for UWB-IR is the on-off keying (OOK). This format is easy to implement, but it suffers from intensity noise. Pulse position modulation and biphase modulation are alternative formats apart from OOK. Here, we introduce a novel UWB signal modulation scheme using the tunable filter, which can be compatible for both OOK and biphase modulation.
\nIn Figure 12, we illustrate the working principle of how to generate and modulate the UWB monocycle pulse using a single tunable filter. Such a tunable filter should have a large extinction ratio and fast tuning speed. Electrooptic silicon microring is one of the perfect candidates for this scheme. As shown in Figure 12(a), when the laser wavelength is set at the center of the linear slope of the ring resonance, a monocycle pulse with a certain intensity is generated. When a driving voltage is applied to the ring resonator, the ring resonance is shifted and its resonance dip is shifted to match the laser wavelength. As a result, the pulse will vanish due to the low intensity at the ring resonance dip and the OOK modulation is achieved.
\nThe schematic principle of the tunable-filter-based (a) UWB OOK modulation and (b) UWB biphase modulation.
If the driving voltage is larger, a larger wavelength shift will be introduced to the ring resonance as shown in Figure 12(b). First, the laser wavelength is set to a midpoint at one side of the resonance slope center. Without the electrooptic tuning, a monocycle pulse will be generated. By applying an appropriate swing voltage, the laser wavelength can be just located to the other side of the resonance slope. As a result, the polarity of the monocycle pulse will be reverted since it experiences a π phase shift. The biphase modulation can be realized if the driving voltages are well controlled with equal intensity for the polarity-reverted monocycle pulse.
\nAn active microring resonator (microring modulator) can be used to simultaneously generate and modulate the UWB-IR. The top view and cross section schematic structure of a silicon ring modulator are shown in Figure 13(a) and (b). The resonance wavelength tuning is achieved by modifying the resonance condition, which is expressed by
\nwhere neff is the waveguide effective refractive index, L is the round-trip length, m is an integer, and λi is the resonance wavelength. The cavity waveguides are normally doped with P- and N-type implantations as shown in Figure 13. Silicon is a semiconductor; the doping improves the conductivity of the waveguides, which introduces the free carriers inside the waveguides. The P- and N-type doping forms a P-N junction inside the waveguide with several hundreds of nanometers width. By electrical tuning, the effective index of the waveguide changes due to the variations in carrier distribution, which is called free carrier dispersion effect [32]. The index change results in the resonance shift indicated in Eq. (4), and thus, it could be utilized for UWB-IR generation and modulation.
\n(a) The top-view schematic diagram of the silicon microring modulator and (b) the schematic diagram of the P-N silicon waveguide.
UWB-over-fiber (UWBoF) has been proposed to effectively distribute UWB-IR signals while keeping the wireless transmission within tens of meters range. For such optical distribution, it can be more cost-effective to implement the generation and distribution of UWB-IR in optical domain, thus avoiding the need for multiple electrical to optical to electrical conversions. An interesting idea is to integrate the UWB signal distribution networks into the existed access networks. By sharing the same fiber, optical UWB-IR and wired downstream signal coexist in the access fiber networks. The fiber to the home brings the wireless UWB signal to the home as well. There are many UWBoF architectures discussed in the literatures. Among those access network solutions, wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical network (WDM-PON) is one of the most promising systems as it has extremely large data capacity. Though it has not been commercialized yet due to the cost issues, it has a bright future since it can fully utilize the nearly infinite optical bandwidth. Here, we introduce a hybrid solution of UWB-IR wireless service that is integrated with a WDM-PON. It provides a wired baseband data service and a UWB-IR signal distributed from the other remote antenna unit (RAU).
\nThe schematic system configuration is shown in Figure 14. In such a WDM distribution system that integrates the UWB-IR and wired baseband signal, a silicon PIC is implemented in an optical network unit (ONU) within the WDM-PON architecture. The silicon chip serves as a wireless access point and a wired signal receiver. Centralized light sources are located at the central office, and there are two laser diodes with wavelength close to each other for each transmitter (Tx). This is a trick that is used for separation of the UWB and wired signal at the ONU side. For Tx1, laser diode1 (LD1) is intensity modulated with wired signal, while LD2 is phase modulated with the UWB wireless data. The wavelengths of LD1 and LD2 occupy two adjacent channels of the AWG. All the channels are multiplexed and transmitted in the distribution fiber. At the remote node, the wavelength channel allocated to wired signal is sent to the receiver directly. The other channel is separated into two branches with a portion of the signal remodulated by the upstream data. Since the UWB signal is a phase-modulated CW, the phase information will not affect the upstream data if intensity modulation format is used. Another part of the signal is coupled onto the silicon chip through a grating coupler. The on-chip microring resonator performs the PM-IM conversion. The UWB monocycle pulse is generated and converted to electrical signal by a waveguide germanium photodetector, which can be fabricated using fully CMOS compatible process. If the photodetector has enough responsivity, its output can be directly fed into the antenna for wireless emission.
\nThe schematic diagram of the UWBoF system, which is compatible with WDM-PON.
Though UWB has not been so widely implemented as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other narrowband services, its broadband nature and intrinsic advantages make it extremely suitable for some particular applications like indoor positioning and tracking. The UWB service has much higher precision and less interferences than other radio systems, which make it promising for Internet of things in the near future. MWP is emerging as an alternative technology for other UWB signal generation and processing in electrical domain. Over the past decade, we have witnessed a lot of lab demonstrations of UWB photonics like UWB waveform generation, UWB signal modulation, UWB-over-fiber, and so on. There are many other topics that remain open to the whole community such as the study on impact of fiber channel impairments, integration of UWB antenna and photonic chip, more power-efficient UWB pulse generation, advanced formats of UWB signal modulation, and so on.
\nBioprocesses, which are consisted of a series of enzymatically catalyzed biochemical reactions in all living things, are necessary for survival. They have a high potential in terms of material synthesis, which has recently been performed by chemical techniques [1]. Furthermore, the advancement of heterologous production systems and genetic engineering techniques has resulted in pioneering initiatives to manufacture usable biomaterials [2]. These advancements also enabled the successful generation of primary and secondary metabolic pathway products in physiologically and genetically well-defined hosts, such as
NRPs are secondary metabolites that are synthesized outside of the ribosomal machinery and have a variety of properties such as cytostatics, immunosuppressants or anticancer agents, antibiotics, pigments, siderophores, toxins [3, 5, 6]. NRPs are typically produced by marine microorganisms and invertebrates, as well as soil-inhabiting microorganisms [5, 7, 8]. The majority of natural products produced by sponges, bryozoans, mollusks, and tunicates are members of the NRP or mixed polyketide–NRP families. Several of NRPs are being used in the development of new medicines for inflammatory, cancer, neurological diseases, and infectious disease nowadays [7].
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) enzymes are poly-functional mega-synthases that biosynthesize NRPs [7, 9, 10]. NRPSs, multi-modular enzyme or enzyme complexes from common bacteria, less common eukarya, and rare archaea, are capable of producing a wide range of natural pharmaceutical products (Bacitracin, antibiotics for skin infections; Bleomycin antitumor; Cyclosporin, antifungal, and immunosuppressive drugs; Daptomycin, antibiotics) [5, 7, 11]. NRPSs use both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids (not encoded by DNA) as building blocks for the growing peptide chain [1, 7, 11, 12]. They catalyze multiple biosynthetic processes, each of which is responsible for particular one amino acid elongation on the growing peptide chain [10]. This chapter looks at the structure, function, and synthesis of NRPs, as well as producer microorganisms and their various applications.
NRPSs are responsible for nonribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis. These are large multi-enzyme complexes that are modularly organized and serve as biosynthetic machinery and templates [5, 11, 12, 13, 14]. For example, a single NRPS of 1.6 MDa synthesizes the Cyclosporine A (7). In fungal systems, such as in the case of cyclosporine A (7), a single NRPS synthesizes peptides, whereas bacteria frequently use numerous NRPSs with genes grouped in an operon. NRPSs have a modular structure [14, 15].
In a genome mining research of 2699 genomes, Wang et al. found that more than half of the NRPS enzymes were non-modular NRPS enzymes [16]. Nonmodular NRPS enzymes can be found in siderophore biosynthesis pathways, such as EntE and VibH in enterobactin and VibE in vibriobactin, or as a standalone peptidyl carrier protein, such as BlmI from the bleomycin gene cluster. NRPS enzymes are found frequently in bacteria, less frequently in eukaryotes, and infrequently in archaea. Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the phyla with the greatest number of these enzymes in the bacterial domain. There was a correlation between genome size and the number of NRPS clusters [5, 17].
A module is a part of the NRPS polypeptide chain that is in charge of integrating one amino acid into the final product. Modules can further be separated into domains (Figure 1), which represent enzyme units that catalyze distinct steps of NRP synthesis. On the protein level, domains are defined by distinctive, greatly conserved order of patterns known as “core motifs.” In certain instances, biochemical and structural data were used to confirm the involvement of greatly conserved residues in domain function (Table 1) [14].
Catalyzed reactions by various NRPS-domains [
A1 L(TS)YxEL A2 LKAGxAYL(VL)P(LI)D A3 LAYxxYTSG(ST)TGxPKG A4 FDxS A5 NxYGPTE A6 GELxJGx(VL)ARGYL A7 Y(RK)TGDL A8 GRxPxQVKIRGxRIELGEIE A9 LPxYM(IV)P A10 NGK(VL)DR | T LGG(DH)SL |
C1 SxAQxR(LM)(WY)xL C2 RHExLRTxF C3 MHHxISDG(WV)S C4 YxD(FY)AVW C5 (IV)GxFVNT(QL)(CA)xR C6 HN)QD(YD)PFE C7 RDxSRNPL | Te GxSxG |
E1 PIQxWF E2 HHxISDG(WV)S E3 DxLLxAxG E4 EGHGRE E5 RTVGWFTxxYP(YV)PFE E6 PxxGxGYG E7 FNYLG(QR) | Cy1 FPL(TS)xxQxAYxxGR Cy2 RHx(IM)L(PAL)x(ND)GxQ C3 D(NLI)xDxxS Cy3 LPxxPxLPLxxxP Cy4 (TS)(PA)3x(LAF)6x(IVT)LxxW Cy5 (GA)DFTxLxLL Cy6 PVVFTSxL Cy7 (ST)(QR)TPQVx(LI)D13xWD |
Ox1 KYxYxSxGxxY(PG)VQ Ox2 GxxxG(LV)xxGxYYY(HD)P Ox3 IxxxYG | M1 VL(DE)xGxGxG M2 NELSxYRYxAV M3 VExSxARQxGxLD |
R1 V(L)(L)TG(A)TG(F)(L)GxxLL R2 Vx(L)(L)VR(A) R3 GPL(G)x(P)x(L)GL R4 V(Y)PYxYLxx(P)NVxxT R5 GYxxSKW(A)(A)E R6 R(P)G R7 YxxxxG(LF)LxxP |
NPRS-domains’ core-motifs [14].
There are three domains in a module. These are 1) the adenylation (A) domain, 2) the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) or thiolation (T) domain, and 3) the condensation (C) domain, all of which are responsible for the synthesis of NRPs. A module may include additional tailoring or altering domains incorporating epimerization (E), methylation and oxidation domains or a heterocyclization (Cy) domain in place of a C-domain. Finally, most NRPS termination modules have a TE-domain, which is in charge of releasing linear, cyclic, or branching cyclic peptides [5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21].
The order of the modules is frequently aligned with the sequences of the resulting peptides. NRP synthesis begins at the N-terminus and ends at the C-terminus, yielding peptides that are typically 3–15 amino acids long. The released peptides contain amino acids, that is, imino acids or ornithine and their structures are linear, cyclic-macrocyclic, branched-cyclic, branched-macrocyclic, dimers or trimers of identical structural elements [5].
The A-domain is responsible for the first step in biosynthesis, which involves recognizing and activating the amino acid substrate via adenylation with Mg-ATP, resulting in an aminoacyl adenylated intermediate. Around 550 amino acids make up domain A. It has 10 amino acid residues that serve as NRPS enzyme “codons” and are essential for substrate specificity. The D and L forms of the 20 amino acids used in ribosomal protein synthesis, as well as non-proteinogenic amino acids like imino acids, ornithine, and hydroxy acids like β-butyric acids and α-aminoadipic, are substrates recognized by the A-domain. The PCP-domain, which consists of about 80 amino acids and covalently attaches the activated amino acid to their cofactor 4′-phosphopantetheine (PP) arm via a thioester bond, completes the second step. And also, the active substrate and elongation intermediates are transferred to the C-domain via this domain. In the last step, C-domain, which contains approximately 450 amino acids, catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the carboxyl group of the incipiently synthesized peptide and the amino acid transported by the side module [5, 22]. Furthermore, this domain allows the expanding chain to be translocated to the next module. Following this step, the linear intermediate peptide is liberated in bacteria via internal cyclization or hydrolysis with the help of the Thioesterase (TE) domain. On the other hand, it appears less commonly in fungi’s NRPSs. Fungi use a variety of ways to release chains. The first is a thioesterase NADP(H)-dependent reductase domain (R), which catalyzes NADPH reduction to create an aldehyde and the second is a terminal C domain, which catalyzes release by forming intermolecular or intramolecular amide bonds. By N-, C-, and O-methylation, halogenation, acylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, or heterocyclic ring formation, the primary product of this synthesis can be changed post-synthetically to reach its mature form by additional tailoring enzymes that are not part of the NRPS. The structural diversity of NRPs is formed in part by these enzymes and their reactions [5].
Because of their extensive multidomain organization, NRPS genes are easier to identify using recent genome mining technologies, and they are also relatively easy to detect. Secondary metabolites production genes are frequently found in bacterial and fungal gene clusters. The clusters’ core is thought to be NRPS genes. Nevertheless, they are linked to genes involved in building blocks synthesis, product ornamentation, self-resistance, and peptide export. For the purpose of analyzing and in silico exploration of NRPS pathways, advanced genome sequencing techniques have made genome mining methodologies available, which are assisted by a variety of bioinformatics tools, such as AntiSMASH, PRISM, and SMURF [23].
Nowadays, known NRP structures are divided into various categories, each with its own structural characteristics. Lipocyclopeptides with varied linkage patterns, such as fengycin, iturin, surfactin, and head-to-tail-cyclized peptides of varying ring sizes, such as cyclosporine, gramicidin S, maybe the largest group. There are also a lot of linear peptide configurations. They include tripeptides (such as sevadicin and bialaphos) as well as 20-mer peptides (e.g., alamethicin, peptaibols). The current highest size limit for NRPs is syringopeptin 25A, which has 25 amino acids (syringopeptin 25A). Tailoring enzymes modify the structure of some NRPs. The most structurally complicated molecules are probably bleomycins, ergopeptides, glycopeptide antibiotics, and β-lactams [23].
Figure 2 shows some NRPs with diverse structures and a wide spectrum of activities. ACV-tripeptide (6), for example, is a precursor to antibiotics of the penicillin and cephalosporin families. Gramicidin S (4), tyrocidine A (1), and vancomycin (5) are three other antibiotic-active substances. Cyclosporin A (7), an immunosuppressive drug, is used in the post-transplantation care of patients. Cancer is treated with cytostatic agents, such as bleomycin A2 (8) and epothilone (9). Enterobactin (10), bacillibactin (11), mixochelin A (12), yersiniabactin (13), and vibriobactin (14) are examples of iron chelating agents. These compounds, known as siderophores, are created in iron-deficient environments to provide bacteria with an iron source. Figure 2 also depicts the structures of pigments like indigodin (15), toxins like thaxtomin A (17), and peptides with uncertain functions like anabaenopeptilide 90-A (18) [14].
Some NRPs with structural diversity [
NRPs have a number of structural characteristics that distinguish them from ribosomal peptides. For example, non-proteinogenic amino acids, such as ornithine in 1, 2, and 4, hydroxyphenyl or dihydroxyphenyl-glycine in 5 and (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L. -threonine (Bmt) in 7, are included. Furthermore, the structures are frequently macrocyclic (1), branched macrocyclic (2), or dimers of two (4) or trimers of three (10, 11) structural components. Smaller heterocyclic rings, such as thiazole in 9, thiazoline in 13, or oxazoline in 14, are common structural properties of nonribosomal peptides. In addition, fatty acids (3), glycosylations (5), N-methylations (7), and N-formylations (18) may also be present, as well as the addition of propionate units (8) or acetate [14].
NRPs are typically produced by marine microorganisms, soil-inhabiting microorganisms, including
Novel peptide products’ biological functions are strictly associated with their chemical structure, which is constrained by a peptide sequence that ensures specific interaction with a specific molecular target. Chemical alterations, such as the incorporation of fatty acid chains, D-amino acids, glycosylated amino acids, and heterocyclic rings, as well as cyclization or oxidative cross-linking of side chains, add a lot to these unique interactions. Bacitracin, fengycin, pristinamycin, surfactin, tyrocidine, and vancomycin are examples of novel peptides with antibacterial and antifungal properties [25].
When the ribosomal code was deciphered in the 1960s, Tatum and coworkers discovered that ribosomes had no effect on cell-based tyrocidine production [23, 26]. The first NRPs agent is tyrocidine, a cyclic decapeptide that is biosynthesized outside of the
Compound | Biosynthetic class of agent | Source | Disease/Molecular target |
---|---|---|---|
Bacitracin | Cyclic peptide | Antibiotic/dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate | |
Bleomycin | Hybrid peptide | Antibiotic/inhibition of DNA synthesis | |
Capreomycin | Cyclicpeptide | Antibiotic/protein synthesis inhibitor | |
Carbapenems | Synthetic thienamycin | Antibacterial (multidrug resistant)/bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis (peptidoglycan;β-lactamase inhibition) | |
Cephalosporin | Antibiotic/Alters bacterial outer membrane | ||
Chlorampheniol | Synthetic;further derivatives: thiamphenicol [c], florfenicol | Antibacterial/inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis | |
Colistin (Polymyxin E) | — | Antibacterial/binding to lipopolysaccharide (outer membrane), interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane | |
Dalbavancin | Semisynthetic teicoplanin derivative | — | Antibacterial (Gram-positive)/membrane anchoring; disruption of cell membrane and inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis |
Daptomycin | Lipopeptide | Antibiotic (Gram-positive)/disrupts the cell membrane | |
Gramicidin | Linear pentadecapeptide | Antibiotic/ion-channel formation, increasing the permeability of the membrane | |
Lincomycin | — | Antibacterial (patients allergic to penicillin) inhibition of the ribosomal protein synthesis (50S-subunit, dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosome) | |
Monobactams | — | Antibacterial (Gram-negative)/bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis | |
Oritavancin | — | Semi synthetic | Antibiotic/disrupts the cell membrane |
Polymyxin B | Polypeptides | Antibacterial (Gram-negative)/binding to lipopolysaccharide (outer membrane), interaction with cytoplasmic membrane | |
Pristinamycin | Depsipeptide | Antibacterial (Gram-positive)/ribosomal biosynthesis (50S-subunit, peptidyl transfer, and elongation of protein synthesis) | |
Teicoplanin | Glycopeptide | Antibiotic/inhibit cell wall synthesis | |
Telavancin | — | Antibacterial (Gram-positive) disruption of cell membrane and inhibition of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis | |
Tyrothricin | — | Antibacterial (Gram-positive)/disruption of cell membrane | |
Vancomycin | Glycopeptide | Antibiotic/inhibit cell wall synthesis | |
Virginiamycin | — | Antibacterial/ribosomal biosynthesis (50S-subunit, peptidyl transfer, and elongation of protein synthesis) |
As demonstrated in Table 2, systemic and topical antibacterials are the most often used NRPs-based drugs, accounting for billions of dollars in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry sales. Table 3 lists their other applications, which include anticancer agents, antifungals, animal feed additives, immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), obstetrics (ergometrine), and pain management (ergotamine).
Agent | Origin | Properties and area of application |
---|---|---|
Actinomycin D (Dactinomycin) | Antitumor/DNA intercalator, inhibition of transcription | |
Bialaphos | Herbicide/tripeptide prodrug, inhibitor of glutamine synthetase | |
Bleomycin A2, B2 | Antitumor/metal-dependent oxidative cleavage of DNA in presence of molecular oxygen | |
Capreomycin | Antituberculous/ inhibition of the ribosomal protein synthesis (16S and 23S-rRNA) | |
Carfilzomib | Synthetic derivative of epoxomycin ( | Anticancer/proteasome inhibitor |
Caspofungin | Antifungal (candidiasis, aspergillosis) fungal cell-wall integrity ((1-3)-β-D-glucan synthase) | |
Cyclosporine A | Immunosuppressant/cyclophilin binding, inhibition of IL-2 expression (inhibition of T-cell activation) | |
Emodepside | Anthelmintic/Slo-1 receptor (K+ channel) | |
Enduracidin (Enramycin) | Antibacterial, food additive/inhibition of MurG (essential for cell-wall biosynthesis in Gram positive bacteria), inhibition of the transglycosylation step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis | |
Enniatins (fusafungine) | Antibacterial (topical), antifungal, anti-inflammatory/ ionophore (NH4+) membrane depolarization | |
Ergometrine (ergonovine) | Obstetrics/interaction with a-adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonin receptors | |
Ergotamine | Migraine vasoconstrictive (5-HT1B receptor, but also dopamine and noradrenaline receptors) | |
Romidepsin | Antitumor/histone deacetylase inhibitor (inducing apoptosis) | |
Trabectedin | Bacterial symbiont of | Antitumor (antiproliferative, treatment of soft tissue sarcoma) DNA binder, blocks binding of transcription factors |
Marketed-NRPs agents [23].
In the medical field, NRP-based marketed drugs, such as Cyclosporin A and Bleomycin A2, have high selling prices. The cost of these medicines is $107 for 25 mg of Cyclosporine A (98% purity) obtained from
The 70% discovery of NRPs with antibacterial, antiviral, cytostatic, immunosuppressive, antimalarial, antiparasitic, animal growth promoters, and natural insecticides activity is mostly attributed to marine organisms [13]. NRPs obtained from marine organisms (sponges, tunicates, and their associated phyla, such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Nitrospira, Planctomycetes, Poribacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Archaea) have excellent binding properties, low off-target toxicity, and high stability and these properties make them a promising molecule for the development of new therapeutics pharmacologically active in many clinical searches. Table 4 shows the chemical structure and source of various NRPs isolated from marine sponges and tunicates.
NRPs agents | Chemical class | Origin | Target |
---|---|---|---|
Miraziridine A | Linear pentapeptide | Cancer/inhibit protease cathepsin B | |
Haligramides A-B | Cyclic hexapeptides | Cancer/A-549 (lung), HCT-15 (colon), SF-539 (CNS), SNB-19 (CNS) | |
Prepatellamide A | Cyclic peptide | Cancer/P388 murine leukemia cell lines | |
Tamandarins A-B | Depsipeptides | Cancer/pancreatic carcinoma BX-PC3, prostatic cancer DU-145, head and neck carcinoma UMSCC10b | |
Microsclerodermins F–I | Cyclic peptides | Cancer/HCT-116 cell line | |
Wainunuamide | Cyclic hexapeptide | Cancer/A2780 ovarian, K562 leukemia cancer cells | |
Leucamide A | Cyclic hexapeptide | Cancer/Tumor cell lines HM02, HepG2, Huh7 | |
Axinellin C | Cyclic octapeptide | Cancer/A2780 ovarian, K562 leukemia cancer cells | |
Milnamide D | Linearpeptide | Cancer/HCT-116 cells | |
Kapakahines E–G | — | Cancer/P388 murine leukemia cells | |
Didmolamides A-B | Cyclic hexapeptides | Cancer Tumor cell lines (A549, HT29 and MEL28) | |
Bistratamides E–J | Cyclic hexapeptides | Cancer/Human colon tumor (HCT-116) cell line | |
Milnamide C | — | Cancer/MDA-MB-435cancer cells | |
Scleritodermin A | Cyclic peptide | Cancer | |
Microcionamids A-B | — | Cancer/Human breast tumor cell lines MCF-7 and SKBR-3 | |
Kendarimide A | Linear peptide | Cancer/KB-C2 cells | |
Phakellistatin 14 | Cyclo heptapeptide | Cancer/Murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 cell line | |
Polytheonamides A-B | Polypeptides | Cancer/P388 murine leukemia cells | |
Neopetrosiamides A-B | Tricyclic peptides | Cancer | |
Seragamides A–F | Depsipeptides | Cancer | |
Theopapuamide | Cyclic depsipeptide | Cancer/CEM-TART, HCT-116 cell lines | |
Azumamide A-E | Cyclo tetrapeptides | Cancer | |
Callyaerin G | Cyclic peptide | Cancer/Mouselymphoma cell line (L5178Y) and HeLa cells | |
Stylopeptide 2 | Cyclo decapeptide | Cancer/BT-549 and HS578T breast cancer cell lines | |
Ciliatamides A-C | Lipopeptides | Cancer/HeLa cells | |
Diazonamides C–E | Macrocyclic peptides | Cancer/Human tumor cell lines (A549, HT29, MDA-MB231) | |
Rolloamide A-B | Cyclic heptapeptides | Cancer | |
Euryjanicin A | Cycloheptapeptide | Cancer | |
Callyaerin A–F and H | Cyclic peptides | Cancer/L5178Y cell line | |
Papuamides E-F | Depsipeptides | Cancer/Brine shrimp | |
Stylissamide X | Octapeptide | Cancer/HeLa cells | |
Gombamide A | Hexapeptide | Cancer/K562 and A549 cell lines | |
Microspinosamide | Cyclic depsipeptide | HIV | |
Neamphamide A | Cyclic depsipeptide | HIV | |
Mirabamides A-D | Cyclic depsipeptide | HIV | |
Homophymine A | Cyclodepsipeptide | HIV/PBMC cell line | |
Celebeside A-C | Depsipeptides | HIV/Colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells | |
Theopapuamides B–D, Mutremdamide A, Koshikamides C-H | Cyclic depsipeptide | HIV | |
Ceratospongamide | Cyclic heptapeptide | Inflammation | |
Halipeptin A-B | Cyclic depsipeptide | Inflammation | |
Perthamide C-D | Cyclopeptide | Inflammation | |
Solomonamide A- B | Cyclic peptide | Inflammation | |
Stylissatin A | Cyclic peptide | Murine macrophage RAW264.7 | |
Dicynthaurin | — | Antimicrobial | |
Nagahamide A | Depsipeptide | Antibacterial | |
Plicatamide | Octapeptide | Antimicrobial | |
Callipeltins | — | ||
Citronamides A- B | — | ||
Renieramide | Cyclic tripeptide | — | |
Phoriospongins A-B | Depsipeptide | Nematocidal/ |
Agents produced from marine sponges and tunicates which are based on NRPs [7].
In the NCBI database, there are currently about 1.164 distinct non-ribosomal peptides that form over 500 different monomers including both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic L- and D-amino acids, as well as amines and carboxylic acids. These complex secondary metabolites’ linear, cyclic, branching, or other complicated primary structures are frequently altered to enhance clinical qualities and/or bypass resistance mechanisms. Indeed, the nucleotide sequence modification of a native NRPS gene or mixing modules from multiple NRPSs makes them more efficient with pharmacological properties. Several bioengineering and molecular techniques have been developed during the last few decades to produce modified NRPs with improved physicochemical characteristics and bioactivity [13].
In this chapter, we discussed the significance, synthesis, and application areas of NRPs-based agents, which have received a lot of interest as a new source of pharmaceutical agents. NRPs with unique chemical structures and diverse biological actions, such as antibacterials (penicillin, vancomycin), anticancer compounds (bleomycin), and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), have been researched as novel compounds for new drug discovery and development throughout the last several decades.
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It is currently affected by different pressures, mainly driven by human activities such as climate change and bioinvasions. This Sea, also due to its geographic position (wedged between the temperate climate of central Europe and the arid climate of northern Africa), seems to be one of the regions most susceptible to global climate change. The increased rates of introduction and spread of marine alien species may represent a supplementary stress factor to Mediterranean marine native biota already challenged by climatic abnormalities. The Suez Canal is considered to be the main vector of introduction of non‐indigenous marine species into the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the dramatically accelerating rate of such introductions and due to the sheer magnitude of shipping traffic, the Mediterranean Sea may be considered as a true hotspot of marine bioinvasions. The complexity of interactions between native and invasive species and the associated resulting impacts make environmental management of such an issue particularly difficult. A collaboration between researchers, resource management agencies and policy makers is called for to bolster the effectiveness of invasive species management procedures.",book:{id:"5995",slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Anna M. 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The effects in regard to the time trends, vegetation, and soil will be reflected in the species distribution, forest composition, and soil potential productivity. In general, it can be said that the larger the fire and the shorter the time between two consecutive occurrences, the higher the probability to originate shifts in vegetation and soil degradation. In the Mediterranean region, the number of fire ignitions does not reflect the burnt area due to the occurrence of very large fires. The latter occur in a very small proportion of the number of ignitions, but result in very large burnt areas. Also there seems to be an increasing trend toward larger fires in the Mediterranean region due mainly to climatic and land use changes. This case study highlights the importance of vegetation regrowth a short time after the fire to maintain both forest systems and soil conservation.",book:{id:"5995",slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Adélia M.O. 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This inspired a study to assess the role of eco-village practices in strengthening climate change adaptive capacity and mitigating desertification in semi-arid areas of Chololo village, Dodoma region in central Tanzania. Data were collected using mixed methods, that is, household survey (92), focus group discussions (21), key informants interviews (6), field observation and documentary review. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis were used in analyzing quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The study found a relatively high level of community awareness on the eco-village initiative; the initiative rehabilitated village forest reserve; improved land productivity for sorghum and pearl millet; increased number of planted trees; and strengthening communities’ adaptation to climate change through improved households’ nutrition, income and reduced water stress.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Fredy S. Mswima and Abiud L. Kaswamila",authors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"},{id:"415117",title:"Dr.",name:"Fredy S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mswima",slug:"fredy-s.-mswima",fullName:"Fredy S. 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The system of H. ammodendron plantations always stayed in disorder recession, vegetation and soil were prone to loss type during the process of sand-fixation. Five principal components evaluated that the first rank was 42-yr-old plantation. It was inferred that the trend of the vegetation and soil system was from senescence to harmonious development. So the trend of coordinated development between vegetation and soil would be promoted, if the artificial tending and management measures strengthened.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Qinghong Luo, Qimin Chen, Miao He and Na Li",authors:[{id:"340564",title:"Dr.",name:"Qinghong",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"qinghong-luo",fullName:"Qinghong Luo"},{id:"347848",title:"Mr.",name:"Qimin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"qimin-chen",fullName:"Qimin Chen"},{id:"348214",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Miao",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"miao-he",fullName:"Miao He"},{id:"348215",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Na",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"na-li",fullName:"Na Li"}]},{id:"77086",title:"Bowing Sand, Dust, and Dunes, Then and Now–A North American Perspective",slug:"bowing-sand-dust-and-dunes-then-and-now-a-north-american-perspective",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Dune fields of the present day, the Dust Bowl disaster of the 1930s U.S. Great Plains, and contemporary efforts to forecast, simulate, and understand dust storms have a striking, uniform commonality. What these apparently diverse phenomena have in common is that they all result from blowing sand and dust. This review paper unifies these three disparate but related phenomena. Its over-arching goal is to clearly explain these manifestations of windblown sand and dust. First, for contemporary dune fields, we offer reviews of two technical papers that explain the eolian formation and the continuing development of two major dune fields in southeastern California and northwestern Sonora, Mexico: the Algodones Dunes and the Gran Desierto de Altar. Second, historical, geological, meteorological, and socioeconomic aspects of the 1930s Great Plains Dust Bowl are discussed. Third, and last, we return to the present day to summarize two lengthy reports on dust storms and to review two technical papers that concern their forecasting and simulation. The intent of this review is to acquaint the interested reader with how eolian transport of sand and dust affects the formation of present-day dune fields, human agricultural enterprises, and efforts to better forecast and simulate dust storms. Implications: Blowing sand and dust have drastically affected the geological landscape and continue to shape the formation of dune fields today. Nearly a century ago the U.S. Great Plains suffered through the Dust Bowl, yet another consequence of blowing sand and dust brought on by drought and mismanagement of agricultural lands. Today, this phenomenon adversely affects landscapes, transportation, and human respiratory health. A more complete understanding of this phenomenon could (and has) led to more effective mitigation of dust sources, as well as to a more accurate predictive system by which the public can be forewarned.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Peter Hyde and Alex Mahalov",authors:[{id:"348247",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hyde",slug:"peter-hyde",fullName:"Peter Hyde"},{id:"419631",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Mahalov",slug:"alex-mahalov",fullName:"Alex Mahalov"}]},{id:"61738",title:"Assessment of the Riparian Vegetation Changes Downstream of Selected Dams in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province on Based on Historical Aerial Photography",slug:"assessment-of-the-riparian-vegetation-changes-downstream-of-selected-dams-in-vhembe-district-limpopo",totalDownloads:1571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Dams have been associated with various impacts on downstream river ecosystems, including a decrease in stream flow, species biodiversity, water quality, altered hydrology and colonisation of the area by invasive alien plant species. The impacts normally interfere with the ecosystem functioning of riparian and aquatic environments, thereby leading to decreased biodiversity. This study aims to assess the impacts of dams on downstream river ecosystems, using data from aerial photographs and orthophotos, supplemented by field work. Five dams in Limpopo Province, South Africa, were selected (Albasini, Damani, Mambedi, Nandoni and Vondo), and photographs from different years were used. The area devoid of trees of certain species both downstream and upstream of the dams was calculated using grids of predetermined square sizes on each available photograph. Aerial photographs and orthophoto data were supplemented by field work. The nearest-individual method was used in the field to determine tree density of particular tree species. The environments downstream of the dams show a loss of obligate riparian vegetation and an increase of obligate terrestrial vegetation (Acacia Karroo, Acacia Ataxacantha and Bauhinia galpinii). Treeless area increased in all cases, especially in the case of Mambedi and Vondo dams, indicating lower resilience and higher fragility there.",book:{id:"6706",slug:"environmental-risks",title:"Environmental Risks",fullTitle:"Environmental Risks"},signatures:"John M. Mokgoebo, Tibangayuka A. Kabanda and Jabulani R.\nGumbo",authors:[{id:"224099",title:"Prof.",name:"Jabulani",middleName:null,surname:"Gumbo",slug:"jabulani-gumbo",fullName:"Jabulani Gumbo"},{id:"250766",title:"Mr.",name:"M.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Mokgoebo",slug:"m.j.-mokgoebo",fullName:"M.J. Mokgoebo"},{id:"250767",title:"Prof.",name:"T.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Kabanda",slug:"t.a.-kabanda",fullName:"T.A. Kabanda"}]},{id:"78428",title:"Jojoba - The Gold of Desert",slug:"jojoba-the-gold-of-desert",totalDownloads:247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is evergreen, perennial and drought resistant shrub belongs to the family of Simmondsiaceae. It is a multipurpose oil seed crop mainly grown in desert regions of world. This plant has unique oil among plant kingdom which is chemically a liquid-wax. The liquid-wax is made up of an ester of long chain fatty acids and alcohols. The liquid-wax is unique in nature because have no traces of glycerine and easily modified via hydrolysis, hydrogenation, halogenation, sulfurization, phosphosulfurization and ozonization techniques. The main uses of liquid-wax in various industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and lubricants. It is a potential seed oil crop for desert region so it is well known as the gold of desert. The main purpose of this chapter is to review the complete information about this plant so that it can produce and utilized maximally. Moreover, the review focuses on biology, biogeography, physico-chemical properties of jojoba oil and propagation techniques of the plant of desert regions.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Raman Bala",authors:[{id:"347678",title:"Dr.",name:"Raman",middleName:null,surname:"Bala",slug:"raman-bala",fullName:"Raman Bala"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"135",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313856/images/system/313856.png",institutionString:"University of Orléans",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",institutionString:"Spanish National Research Council",institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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